Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Castro Solano, A. & Fernández Liporace, M. (2017) - La Evaluación Psicológica en Niños. Buenos
Castro Solano, A. & Fernández Liporace, M. (2017) - La Evaluación Psicológica en Niños. Buenos
B AV BQ IDÙE
]YDI
]YD I NB Ù HD
HDII AE E D ÜNY
[äieddils ka s raaedeh
[äie kdlheùstdin
Deibuya
AAKD Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb)
YEE
YEE QO Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns ‛ Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras)
BAC EK_N
EK_N I Y[_N YNB EN
GA_IAKAY
GA_IAK AY
ING]DBLKN_AY FA_EÌEKAS
FA_EÌEKAS BD]N
BD]N_
_ IA
[asts puobdilkns
ODOBDN[AIL KA AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL
BL AVLBQLIDÙE
]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY
BL AVLBQLIDÙE
]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY
[äied
[ä ils ka siraaedeh y kdlheùstd
iedils kdlheù stdin
in
]LDKNY
Ouaens Ldras • Olriabnel • Gäxdin
Bnss lutnr
Bn lutnras
as
ING]DB KN_AY
INBLON_LKN_AY
BQIDLEL OAIA__L. Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. De-
vastdhlknrl kab Iaetrn ka Devastdhlidneas Ynidlbas y Juglels plrl bl Kafaesl ae ab
Inbahdn G dbd
dbdtlr
tlr ka bl Elidùe.
LELBDL O_DSSDN. Bdiaeidlkl ae ] sdinb
sdinbnhçl
nhçl y knitnrl ae ] sdinbnhç
sdinbnhçll pnr bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka
Ouaens Ldras. As prnfasnrl ae bl Fliubtlk ka Idaeidls Ynidlbas ka bl Qedvarsdklk
ka ]lbargn.
BNY LQ[N_AY 8
Çekdia
H_ KAIDGDAE[NY <9
]_DGA_L ]L_[A
Lspaitns ineiaptulbas y täiedins plrl bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns
IL]Ç[QBN 9.
IL]Ç[QBN 9. Destrugaetns
Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns
pnr Hulklbupa ka bl Dhbasdl
Dhbasdl 18
< Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl 18
? Bls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat 6=
9 Bls asilbls Xaijsbar 69
; Bl oltarçl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne 6:
1 Ntrns destrugaetns 8
6 Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka lspaitns en detabaitulbas3 avlbulidùe
agnidnelb ingpnrtlgaetlb
agnidnelb ingpnrtlgaetlb y snidlb 8<
6 < Ab sdstagl LY AOL Lijaeoli`, 8?0 6.?. Ab OLY I, 8;0 6.9. Ab devaetlrdn ka parsn-
sdstagl
elbdklk ]DI, 860 6.;. Ntrns destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ag nidnelb, ingpnrtlgaetlb
y snidlb, 8:
8 Ineibusdneas 84
_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils :=
ÇEKDIA
YAHQEKL ]L_[A
Destrugaetns ka siraaedeh y kdlheùstdin plrl edüns
<= EKDIA
IL]Ç[QBN
IL] Ç[QBN 8.
8. Ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns
Edüns YEE-QOL),
YEE-QOL),
pnr Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K'Leel ??8
<. Bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletd
defletdbb y bns destrugaetns ka av lbulidùe psdinbùhdil ??8
?. Ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns (YEE-QOL) ?9=
l . Nocatdvns ka bl pruaol ?9=
o . Kasirdpidùe ka bl pruaol ?9=
i . Lkgdedstrlidùe ?99
[lral <. Nrdaetlidùe haearlb, 9;0 [lral ?. _apatdidùe ka plblorls 9;0 [lral 9.
Ileiablidùe, 910 [lral ;. _aiuarkn kdfardkn, 960 [lral 1. _ainenidgdaetn ka
nocatns, 960 [lral 6. Fbuaeidl Y agìetdil y F nenbùhdil,
nenbùhdil, 980 [lral 8. Nrdaetlidùe
tagpnrlb, 980 [lral :. Lelbnhçls Vdsulb y Varolb, 9:0 [lral 4. Inpdl ka kdsaün, 940
[lral <=. Inetan ka eógarns, 94
k. ]ue tulidùe a detar
detarpratli
pratlidùe
dùe ?;=
a. ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrd
psdingätrdils
ils ?;<
f. ]ue tulidneas ka inrta plrl ilkl frlec
frlecll ka aklk ?;9
h. Ilsuçstdil ?;;
Ilsn <. Lzub, ;;0 Ilsn ?. G ltan, ;4
9. Yçetasds fdelb y orava huçl plrl u e inrraitn usn kab destrugaetn ?1<
_afaraeidls o dobd
dobdnhrìfdils
nhrìfdils ?1?
ÇEKDIA <
Lhrlkaidgdaetns
]rùbnhn
K rl. E nrgl Inetd
I netded
ed
F L I Q B [ L K K A ] Y DIDI N B N H Ç L
Q E D V A _ Y D K L K E L I DN
DN E L B K A [ Q I Q G Ì E
] _NBNHN <1
Kaska ue puetn ka vdstl gatnknbùhdin saülbl qua bls täiedils kaoae inetlr ine avd-
kaeidl ka in efdlodbd
efdlodbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz sahóe ab inetaxtn ka l pbd
pbdilidùe.
ilidùe. Lb gdsg n tdagpn,
liblrl, ine lidartn, qua tletn n gìs dgpnrtleta qua kdspnear ka olragns lkaiulkns
as taear praidsdùe liaril ka quä avlból bl pruaol, iuìb as ab gnkabn qua bl rasplbkl
y sd tlb gnkabn sa snstdaea ae
ae bl iubturl ae bl iulb sa vl l lpbdilr
lpbdilr kab gdsgn gnkn
qua ae bl iubt
iubturl
url ka nrdhae. Lbuka pnr ntrl plrta l iùg n ineku idr y iarrlr ab prniasn
prniasn
psdinkdlheùstdin
psdinkdlheùstd in y inesdkarl tlgo däe bns ilgpns k a lpbdilidùe
lpbdilidùe ka bl avl bulidùe ka
edüns, aspaidlbgae ta ab ibçedin
ibçedin y ab aku ilidnelb. Bl dkal raitnrl ka asta ilpçtubn, y bl
gìs p ntaeta l g d irdtardn,
irdtardn, as qua bl avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil ddefletdb
efletdb inestd
inestdtuya
tuya ue gnk n
ka detarvaeidùe pravaetdvl, ae tletn dkaetdfdil
dkaetdfdil npnrtuel y tag prlelga eta sdhens y kds-
fueidneas letas ka qua sa irdstlbdiae ingn iulkrns psdinpltnbùhdins.
Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K Leel kastdele kns ilpçtubns -pnr idartn ue
lpnrta envaknsn- l bls rablidneas aetra iaraorn y ingpnrtlgdaetn, ine ab prn-
pùsdtn ka kasirdodr trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn. Ae ue ilpçtubn lonrkle tagls
ineiaptulbas00 ae ntrn lpnrtle uel täiedil aspaiçfdil ka avlbulidùe3 bl YEE-QOL.
ineiaptulbas
Lfdrgle qua as asaeidlb taear ae iuaetl bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletdb iulekn sa ral-
bdzl uel avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae ak
aklkas
lkas tagprlels l fde ka katargdelr pltrneas
pltrneas
defraiuaetas ae fueidneas psdinbùhdils supardnras, yl sal ae ab pblen pariaptdvn-
gntnr ae bl inhedidùe n ae ab in
ingpnrtlgdaetn.
gpnrtlgdaetn. Asibl
Asiblraiae
raiae enidneas k
ka
a kdsfueidùe
y ka klün eaurnbùhdin, lsç ingn ka trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn. Lvlezle ine
tagls ka axtragl litulbdklk
litulbdklk ae bl ine subtl psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il defletdb,
defletdb, ing n bns trlstnrens
hbnolbas kab kasl rrnb
rrnbbn,
bn, bl kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe detab
detabaitulb
aitulb y bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens k a bl ingu edilidùe,
bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab lpraekdzlca y bns trlstnrens pnr kä fdfdidt
idt ka ltaeidùe, astlobaidaekn
aeblias ine bls iltahnrçls
iltahnrçls kab KYG 1.
Ynora astl olsa taùrd
taùrdil
il kastdele ue ilpçtubn l bl prasaetlid
prasaetlidùe ùe ka u el pruaol ka
rlstrdbblca, aspaidlbgaeta kdsaülkl pnr ab aqudpn ka bl Qedvarsdklk, l bl qua kaengd-
elrne Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhd
Eaurnpsdinbùhdin in plrl E düns (YEE -QOL ) y nfraiae enrgls plrl bl
pnoblidùe
pnoblid ùe ka I duklk ka Ou aens L drdras
as y Ì ral G atrnpnb
atrnpnbdtdtlel.
lel. Ing n odae pbletale, sa
trltl ka uel pruaol guy ótdb
ótdb ae ab ilgpn ka bl ]sdinbnh
]sdinbnhçl
çl Akuilidnelb puastn qua
avlból kdfaraetas fueidneas
fueidneas inhe dtdtdvls
dvls ae ue tdagp n orava0 prnpnridnel lsç defnrgl-
idùe aspaiçfdil plrl edüns ine kdfdiubtlkas ka lpraekdzlca kab iìbiubn y ka bl baiturl.
Lb trltlrsa ka uel täiedil ka siraaedeh Ilstrn Ynblen y K Leel raingdaekle su ag-
pban ingodelkn ine ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Jug lel y ab [ ast ka Oaekar, l bns qua sa
kastdele saekns ilpçtubns.
Hulklbupa ka bl Dhbasdl nfraia ue ilpçtubn kneka ralbdzl uel kasirdpidùe gdeu-
idnsl ka destrugaetns psdingätrdins ine vlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk vardfdilkls plrl
avlbulr tletn fueidneas inhedtdvls ingn snidnagnidnelbas ae edüns. Ae su rain-
rrdkn astìe prasaetas bls Asilbls Ytlefnrk Odeat, bls Asilbls Xaijsbar, bl oltarçl
Xnnkini` Cnjesne, bls Gltrdias Inbnralkls ka _lyae y ntrls en kdspnedobas ae
asplünb, ingn XDL[ DDD, XC DDD, YO1, X]]Y
X]]YDD DDD, XEYL. Gaeidnel
Gaeidnel ttlgodäe
lgodäe prua-
ols plrl avlbulr fueidneas asp aiçfd
aiçfdils
ils ae ab ìgodtn asinblr, y ka bls iulbas axdstae
devastdhlidneas ine pnoblidùe lrhaetdel. Lb gdsgn tdagpn jlia uel rasaül rdhu-
rnsl ka destrugaetns plrl avlbulr kdgaesdneas snidnagnidnelbas kab edün, ingn
LYAOL-IO
LYA OL-IOIB,
IB, asilbls, aetravdstls astruiturlkls, rahdstrns ka nosarvlidùe sdsta-
gìtdil IL]D OF\-I. InIngaetl
gaetl tlgodäe astukdns bni
bnilbas
lbas snora fueidneas a
agnidn-
gnidn-
elbas aspaiçfdils
aspaiçfdils ingn lhrasdvdklk axpaitltdvls leta ab inesugn ka lbinjnb litd-
tukas lbdgaetlrdls, jlodbdklkas snidlbas, aetra ntrls.
]_ÙBNHN <8
sns jlrag ns litulbdzlkns ka pruaol s ibìsdils, ka losnbutl vdhaeidl pnr su utdb utdbdklk,
dklk,
ae plrtdiublr ae bnsbns ilg pns ka bl avlbulidùe ibçedil
ibçedil y akuilidnelb. T lkag ìs, bl ha-
earnsl deibusdùe, plrl bls täiedils
täiedils ibìsdils, ka ue l eaxn ka katlbbas
katlbbas täiedins plrl bl
puetulidùe a detarprat
detarpratlidùe
lidùe ka bls pruaol s, tnkn bn iulb lhrahl vlbnr l bl prnpuastl.
Ab fde ka astl puobdilidùe, lfdrgle bns lutnras, as inetrdoudr lb bnhrn ka kdlheùstd-
ins fdlobas ae bl defleidl, parçnkn
parçnkn sdhelkn pnr bl gnvdbdklk y ab ilgo dn, y ae ab iu lb
sa a etrairuzle vlrdlobas kab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn ine ntrls ka deidpdaeta
deidpdaeta inrta psdinpltnbùhdi
psdinpltnbùhdin0n0
ingn odae lrhuga etle, sa trltl trltl ka ue su catn qua, pnr su inekdidùe
inekdidùe eaiasdtl ka gób-
tdtdpbas
pbas defnrgletas,
defnrgletas, astlekn l su vaz degarsn ae u e inetaxtn ainbùhdin y iubturlb qua
ba inefdara ingpbacdklk y sdehublrdklk. ]nr óbtdgn, qudsdarl raglrilr ue ineiaptn
iaetrlb vartdkn ae bl norl, y as bl ineiapidùe ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae bl de-
fleidl ingn uel fnrgl ka detarvaeidùe pravaetdvl abb
abbnn bl pnsdidnel ingn uel en oba
tlral l bl qua odae vlba bl pael kakdilrsa, y l bl qua bns lutnras jle jaijn uel guy
vlbdnsl inetrdouidùe.
<: N_GL INE[DED
]_DGA_ ] _[A
LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY
T [ÄIEDIN
[ÄIED IN Y ]L_L BL
AVLBQLI D ÙE ]YD
]YDIN
IN BÙH D IL
AE EDÜN
ED ÜN Y
Detrnkuii
Det rnkuiiddùe l bl ] rdrdg
g arl ]lrt
] lrtaa
Ae astl ] rdgarl ]lrta ens rafardragns lb olslg aetn taùrdin raquardkn
raquardkn plrl bbavlr l
ilon lprnpdlklg aeta bl avlbulidùe psdinbpsdinbùhdil
ùhdil ka ue edün.
Ae ab Ilpçtub
Ilpçtubnn < k astlilgns lbhuens l spaitns l inesdkarlr ae bl avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil defletdb
defletdb,, qua ltlüae l sus kdfkdfaraeidls
araeidls raspaitn ka bl avlbulidùe ae lkubtns,
kdfaraeidls qua tnkn aspa idlbdstl
idlbdstl ae ab ìral en ka oa snsblylr ka ilrl l bl afdilz y afd-
afd-
idaetaa tngl ka ka idsdneas.
idaet idsdneas. Bns raid
raidaetas
aetas lpnrtas taùrdins
taùrdins snora a b tagl saülble qua
astl avlbulidùe kaoa snstaearsa gakdleta avdkaeidl agpçrdil, bn iulb supnea qua
tnkn ab prniasn kaoa hudlrsa pnr bl lkaiulkl detarpratlidùe ka bns dekdilknras ae-
inetrlkns ae ab kavaedr kab prniasn ae sç, l bl buz ka bl avdkaeidl idaetçfd
idaetçfdil
il qua ab avl-
iulknr dkùean railolrì ka fuaetas lilkä gdils litulbdzlkls. Astn devnb devnbuirl
uirl ue lg pbdn
ineni dgdaetn pnr plrta kab psdiùbnhn ka bns jl bblzhns idaetçf
idaetçfdins
dins raidaetas snora psd-
inpltnbnhçl defletdb
defletdb,, iltahnrçls kdlheùstdils, destr
destruga
uga etns ka avlbulidùe kdspnedobas y
gnkl bdklkas
bdklkas ka detar
detarvaeidùe
vaeidùe aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdils
ils l taear a e iuaetl l bl jnrl ka afaitulr rain-
gaek lidneas. Ae astl bçeal inorl aspaidlb rabavleidl
rabavleidl ab agpban ka destrugaetns ka
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ine lkaiulkls avdkaeidls ka ine fdlodbd
fdlodbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz, kaodaekn
kasilrtlrsa lquabbns tasts tasts qua sa ag pbale pnr sdgpba trtrlkdidùe,
lkdidùe, ingnkdklk n saeid-
bbaz, parn sde avdkaeidls ka ilbdklk psdingätrdil.
Lkag ìs jag ns deibudkn lspaitns aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdins
ins rafardkns l bns ìgodtns ka l pbdilidùe
pbdilidùe
ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns, pnedaekn ka rabdava bl dgpnrtleidl ka bls tlrals
qua bns psdiùbnhns
bl avlbulidùe defletdralbdzle
ralbd
b snezle
defletdb ab akaeuilidnelb
il kl ueny ka abbns.n y,
ab ibçedi
ibçedin Bnsaeìgodtns
gaen r ggìs pa rt
akdkl, rtdeaetas
abdeaetas plrl
fnraesa. Ya
kastlil lsdgdsgn ab ilg pn ka bl devastdevastdhlid
dhlidùe
ùe ing n ue ìgodtn pnin trlesdtlkn
trlesdtlkn qua,
ae bns óbtdgn
óbtdgn s lüns, jl inorlk n aspaidlb rabavleidl ae pns kab kaslrrnbbn y ab leìbdsds leìbdsds
ka bl ilbdklk ka bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe (aspaiçfdilgaeta sus prnpdaklkas,
tlbas ingn vlbdkaz, inefdlodb
inefdlodbdklk
dklk y ilpl idklk plrl il ptlr bls kdf
kdfaraeidls
araeidls dekdvdkulbas
aetra bns axlgdelkns). Lsdgdsgn, snora ab fdelb kab ilpçtubn ingaetlgns bns plsns
qua ba parg dtae lb psdiùbnhn odae fnrglkn a e ab ìral pnear ae litn bls tlrals ka avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns.
Ae ab Ilpçtubn ? lonrklgns bns lspaitns rafardkns lb kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin ka
bns defletas y kasirdodgns bns jdtns avnbutdvns gìs dgpnrtletas l inesdkarlr ae ab
prniasn ka avlbulidùe. Jliagns jdeilpd
jdeilpdää ae bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn
eaurnkaslrrnbbn qua
rasubtle
rasubt le prdnrdtlrd
prdnrdtlrdns
ns ae bl kataiidùe sahóe bl gn karel e nsnbnhçl detar
detarelidnelbgae
elidnelbgae ta
?? L A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙH
]YDINBÙHDIL
DIL AE EDÜN
EDÜNY
Y
?; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
- Bns plkras ingn defnrgletas. Bns prnhaedtnras sne defnrgletas asaeidlbas kab
prniasn ka a vlbulidùe defletd
defletdb,b, luequa rasubt
rasubtle
le g aens dgpnrtletas ae bl ga kdkl ae
qua ab edün vl iraidaekn. L bl vaz bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe l pnrtlkl pnr bns plkras puak a astlr
lfaitlkl pn r psdinpltnbnhçl aspaiçfdil. Lsç, pnr acagpbn, sd ab plkra su fra lbhóe kas-
nrkae ka prasdvn, astn taüdrì
taüdrì tnkn ab defnrga snora su jdcn, yl qua axdstdrì
axdstdrì uel taeka e-
idl l paridodr ka g nkn ea hltdvn ab ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn kab edün ae kdfaraetas ìrals vdtlbas
vdtlbas
(_dijtars, <44?). Astl defnrglidùe pua ka rasubtlr dgpnrtleta plrl bl ing praesdùe kab
ilsn, yl qua , lb ttrltlr
rltlrsa
sa ka ue prnobag l detarliid
detarliidnelb
nelb y en dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb iaetrlkn
iaetrlkn ae a b
edün, bl pltnbnhçl sufrdkl pnr bns prnhaedtnras pnkrçl lfaitlr ab ingpnrtlgdaetn kab
axlg delkn. Asta tdtdpn
pn ka defnrglidùe rasubtl guy vlbdnsl plrl bl raingaek lidùe ka bl
detarvaeidùe lkaiulkl.
- Ab kniaeta ingn defnrgleta. Ab inetaxtn asinblr rasubtl iblva klkn ab tdagpn
qua bl a siuabl desuga ae bl vdkl deflet
defletdbdb.. Lsdgdsgn tlb inetaxtn
inetaxtn nfraia lbhuens kasl-
fçns3 ab edün kaoa detarlitulr fraiuaetagaeta ine plras, sahudr rahbls, pargleaiar
ltaetn bl glynr plrta kab tdagpn, ati. ]nr bn tletn, ab kniaeta ens prnvaa ka uel
defnrglidùe ka lbtçsdgn vlbnr, l bl qua en tdaeae liiasn bns plkras ed ab prnpdn psd-
iùbnhn ae bl ine subt
subtl.
l. ]nr ntrl plrta, ab gl astrn
astrn tdaea l su ilrhn uel hrle iletdklk
ka lbugen s, pnr bn
bn qua pu aka ing plrlr bbll inekuitl dekdvd
dekdvdkulb
kulb ae iuastdùe ine bl kab
hrupn ka plras. Lsç, as ilplz ka paridodr
paridodr quä ing pnrtlgdaetns rasubtle
rasubtle lkaiul kns
y iuìbas en bn sne plrl ilkl sdtulidùe ae plrtdiublr. Bns lutnras indeidkae ae qua
bns glastrns sne oua ens defnrgletas ka bns prnobagls k a ltaeidùe a jdparlitd
jdparlitdvdklk
vdklk
parn sa vuabvae g aens ine fdlobas
fdlobas iulek n sa trltl
trltl ka prnobagl s detarelbdzletas
detarelbdzletas (a.h.3
dejdodidùe,
dejdodidùe, tdgdkaz, avdtlidùe) y ka ine kuitls letdsnidlbas (a.h.3 rnon) (Olrry, Frdi` y
@lgpjlus, ?=<9).
- Ab edün ingn defnrgleta. Tl ingaetlgns qua l aklkas tagprlels ab rnb kab
edün ingn lu tnd
tndefnrgleta
efnrgleta ka su ing pnrtlgdaetn kaoa sar tng
tng lkn ine ilu tabl.
tabl. _a-
subtl dgpnrtleta inesdkarlr qua ae bl gakdkl ae qua as gìs paquaün, gìs vubea-
rloba sarì leta ab ilesleidn y ab gletaedgdaetn ka bl ltaeidùe, pnr bn qua puaka
prasaetlrsa flbtl ka inblonrlidùe kurleta ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe. Astl sdtulidùe
puaka lfaitlr su kasag paün ae bls pruaols psdinbùhdils y ae bls ineibusdneas kard-
vlkls ka bls puetulidneas notaed
notaedkls
kls (a.h.3¾en
(a.h.3¾en raspnekdù l ue çtag
çtag pnrqua en in en-
içl bl raspua
raspua stl, pnrqua astlol ile slkn , n pnrqua ab gltardlb en ba rrasubtù
asubtù ltrlitdvn
ltrlitdvn
n flgdbdlr>).
flgdbdlr>). Yahóe lbhuens lu tnras, bns
bns edüns rasubtle guy o uaens defnrgletas snora
trlstnrens
trlstnrens detarelbdzletas
detarelbdzletas (dejdod
(dejdodidùe,
idùe, tdgdkaz, aetra ntrns), qua puakae rasubtlr kasin-
enidkns tletn plrl plkras ing n plrl gl astrns (Fr (Frdi`
di` at lb., ?=<=).
- Bns plras ingn defnrgletas. Yd odae en as fraiuaeta deibudr l bns plras ae bns
prniasns avlbultdvns, as pnsdoba y l vaias ótdb tnglr ae iuaetl lqu abbn abbn qua abbns pdae-
sle snora ab axlg delkn ae iuastdùe. ]nr acagpbn, ae edüns ine prnobaglprnobagl s ka snidl-
bdzlidùe
bdzlidùe puaka agp balrsa bl täiedil kab snidnhrlgl plrl notaear, ka gl earl hrìfdil,hrìfdil,
ue asqua gl sn ora bls rab
rablidneas
lidneas ine bns plras qua in efnrgle ab hrupn. Astl täiedil
rainha defnrglidùe qua ordekle bns plras raspaitn ka bns ntrns edüns (a.h.3 l qudäe
prafdarae
prafdarae l bl jnrl ka ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr tlb n iul b litdvd
litdvdklk,
klk, l qudäe prafdarae ga ens, ati.). Astl
puaka s ar uel defnrglidùe vlbdnsl plrl ine fdrglr
fdrglr n k asilrtlr lbhuels jdpùtasds kdlh-
eùstdils ae a spaidlb.
uel defnrglidùe idriuesirdptl tlg odäe l su prnp dn edvab ka defaraeidl (a.h.3 ingpnrtl-
defaraeidl
gdaetn, lutnpariapi dùe, prniasn detr
detrlpsçqudin).
lpsçqudin). Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn as ab axpartn aeilrhl kn
ka rauedr astns kdfaraetas tdpns ka kltns (guijls vaias kdsirapletas) plrl lrrdolr
l bl ine iaptulbdzlidùe
iaptulbdzlidùe kab kdlheùstdin. Ae iuletn l bls täiedils l utdb
utdbdzlr
dzlr as praidsn
inesdkarlr3
?6 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
bns sdhedfdilkns
agpbalkns dgpbdilkns
pnr uel ae gnkdsgns,
inguedklk, usns,tlgodäe
inetag pblekn targdenbnhçl a dgìhaeas
bls frlec ls atlrdlsaspaiçfdils
frlecls inrraspne-
inrraspne-
kdaetas, ab edvab akui ltdvn ka bns plkras, bbll rahdùe y jlstl ab astrltn
astrltn snidnaine ùg din
ae ab qua ilkl dekdvd
dekdvdkun
kun sa kasag paül. Bls aqudvlbaeidls
aqudvlbaeidls ineiaptulbas katargdele
sd ab ineiaptn avlbulkn pnr ue destrugaetn pnsaa ae bl ing uedklk ae bl qua ab sucatn
jlodtl ue aqudvlbaeta ae tärgdens ka kafdedidùe
kafdedidùe ineiaptulb y ka ing pnrtlgdaetns qua
bn raprasaetae. ]nr acagpbn, ab inestruitn rlpdkaz plrl bl rasnbuidùe ka prnobagls
gltagìtdins en taekrì ab gdsg n sdhedfdilkn
sdhedfdilkn ed bl gdsgl g ledfastlidùe inekuitulb ae
kns iubturls kneka ab tdagpn ravdsta uel vlbnrlidùe kdfaraeidlb, ingn sne bl iubturl
urolel y bl rurlb
rurlb.. Fdelbgaeta, bls aqudvlbaeidls gätrdils sa vdeiuble ine ab astloba-
idgdaetn ka a vdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz, inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk y ntrls ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdils
ils psding ätrdils
ätrdils
ka bns tasts. Abbls ddeibuyae
eibuyae l bns olrag ns, parn astns en sne bl óedil prnpdaklk qua
kaoa sar lelbdzlkl
Bl dgpnrtleidl ae olragn
ka ue ue destrugae tn, ed sne,
sa vuabva eubl,pnr guijn,
l paslr kaabsulspaitn gìs ydgp
litulbdklk nrtleta.
bnilbdklk,
sd en sa jl astlobaidkn quä gdka ab tast, sahóe quä gnkabn taùrdin, sd asa gnkabn
puaka sn staearsa ae euastrl iubturl kab gdsg n gn kn qua ae bl iubturl ka nrdhae,
nrdhae, lsç
ingn sd tlgpnin sa jl ralbdzlkn uel trlkuiidùe qua tnga ae iuaetl tnkns bns ls-
paitns letas g aeidnelkns. T as dekdspaesloba rainrklr qua tnkn bn letardnr en sa ka-
idka ka g nkn detudtd
detudtdvn
vn n bdvdlen,
bdvdlen, sden qua ka oa kardvlrbn ue psdiùbnhn avlbulk nr ka bl
baiturl ineidaezukl y prnfuekl ka devastd
devastdhlidneas
hlidneas idaetçf
idaetçfdils
dils odae ka slrrnbblkls,
slrrnbblkls, kltl-
kls raidaetag aeta y jaijls ae in etaxtns bnilbas. Ka ntrn g nkn, bl litdvdklk
litdvdklk ka avl-
bulidùe ilraiarì ka saetdkn y pnkrì haearlr rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns arrùeans y klüdens plrl bns
detaraslkns, pnr bn iulb astì ae cuahn bl lbtçsdgl
lbtçsdgl raspneslodbd
raspneslodbdklk
klk ätdil kab prnfasdnelb.
usn ka tast
tasts,
s, haearlb
haearlbga
ga eta pnr trlkd
trlkdidùe,
idùe, qua prnvaae defnr
defnrgli
gli dùe rakuekleta y qu a
lugaetle flbslgaeta bl supuastl inevarhaeidl y/ n raiurraeidl aetra bns dekdilknras
ka pru aols su pua stlga eta kdstdetls
kdstdetls (a.h.3 tasts
tasts hrìfdins sdgdblras
sdgdblras -KFJ, kdoucn bdora,
bdora,
kns parsnels, tast ka bl flgdbdl- ae bns qua sa notdaea uel raiurraeidl ae ab trlzn
iulekn ae ralbdklk bl raiurraeidl astì lpuetlekn lb gdsgn edvab ka defaraeidl qua
sarçl bl
bl ine kuitl hrìfdil). Yd bns tasts
tasts ilptle bl g dsgl fuaeta k a arrnr, sa rakuia bl
vlbdkaz
vlbd kaz ka bls ineibusdneas kab kdlheùstdin. Ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin sa ae rdrdquaia
quaia iulek n bls
fuaetas ka defnrgl
defnrgl idùe dgpbd
dgpbdilkls
ilkls prnvaae praid
praidslga
slga eta defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe en rakuekle ta
qua l pnrtl vlbdkaz deiragaetlb lkdidnelb pnr snora bls n trls täiedils.
täiedils. Ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil sa
rasuabva deinrpnrlekn l bl oltarçl
oltarçl kdlheùstdil tasts qua raspnekl e l kdstdetns edvabas
ka defaraeidl3 tast hrìfdins, inekuitulbas, olslkns ae rlshns, ae lutnpariapidneas,
ae pariapidneas ka bns kagìs, ae tra tra ntrns.
< L]BDILIDNEAY KA BL
BL AVL
AVLBQLIDÙE
BQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY
Qe l vaz ing aetlkns bns lspaitns ineiaptulbas oìsdins ka bbll avlbulidùe psdin-
bùhdil ae edüns, rastle kns detarrnhletas fueklga etlbas3 <) ¾]lrl quä sdrva bl avlbul-
idùe psdinbùhdil ae bns edüns> y ?) ¾Iùgn y in e quä destrugaetns sa ralbdzl>
Detaetlragns raspne kar lb prdga
prdga r ddetarrnhleta
etarrnhleta ae asta lpl rtlkn ragdtd
ragdtdaekn
aekn l bns
usns gìs fraiuaetas ka bls tlrals ka avlbulidùe qua sa kaslrrnbble ae bns kdfarae-
tas ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe. Ab sahuekn detarrnhleta sarì lonrklkn ae ab Ilpçtubn 9,
kneka katlb
katlbblragns
blragns bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil gìs utd
utdbdbdzlkns
zlkns sahóe
lspa itns aspa içfd
içfdins
ins (inh edtd
edtdvn,
vn, ag nidnel b, flgdbdlr, aetra ntrns), sus ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdils
ils
psdingätrd
psdingätrdils
ils y a b inetaxt
L in etdeulidùe
etdeulidùe inetaxtn
asirdodnragn
ka lpbdilidùe
k asirdodragn lpbd ilidùe aeta
s oravag ae abbns
quaprnpùsdt
rasubtlensgìs
prnpùsdtns ka bllkaiul kns. psdin-
avlbulidùe
bùhdil
bùhdil sahóe bns trtras
as ìg odt
odtns
ns ka lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe gìs in guea s ae bl defleidl, ingn sne a b
ibçedin, ab akuilidnelb y ab fnraesa. Lhrahlragns ue iulrtn ìgodtn, en gaens dgpnr-
tleta3 ab ìgodtn ka bl devastdhlid
devastdhlidùe.
ùe.
?ä L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
Kdfdiubtlkas
Kdfdiubtlkas ae bl snidlbdzlidùe ine plras (a.h.3 asilsls jlodbdklkas snidlbas, lhrasdùe, ati.).
Kdlheùstdin
Kdlheùstdin ka trlstnrens aspaiçfdins kab lpraekdzlca (a.h.3 baiturl, gltagìtdil, asirdturl).
Kdlheùstdin
Kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidùe detabaitulb l bns
b ns afaitns ka katargdelr detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils.
Iloa inesdhelr qua sd odae lquç jagns saplrlkn bns ìg odtns odtns ibç
ibçedin
edin y akuil idn-
elb, ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil ineiratl abbns sa jl bbbble
le çetdglga eta rablidnelkns pnr ab dgplitn k a
9N L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
Avlbulr ab astlkn psdinbùhdin kab edün ae fueidùe ka ue avaetn trlugìtdin (a.h.3 glbl prlxds, liid-
kaeta, lousn, eahbdhaeidl, ati.).
Astlobaiar karaijns ka tutabl ae ilsns ka kdvnridn.
_albdzlr ue kdlheùstdin kab edün ae ilsns ka glbtrltn, lousn n vdnbaeidl jlidl bns edüns.
bnhdl ingn kdsidpbdel idaetçfdil. Asta ìgodtn pargdta haearlr euavns inenidgdaetns qua
sarìe trlesfardkns,
idnelr trlesfard kns, ing
kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiub tlkas ga kdltl n dega
n pl rl kdltlgaeta
g acnrlr pr
prnobaglslb ìgn odtn
nobagls odt n ka neas
sdtulid lpbdilidùe,
lpbdilid
sdtulidneas ùe, tletn(Fareìekaz
ineiratls plrl snbu-
Bdpnrlia, ?==4). Ineiaodgns ing n dekdspaesloba bl vd vdeiublid
eiublidùeùe aetra bls tlrals qua
sa ralbdzle ae bns ìgo dtdtns
ns lpbdilkns y bls litdvd
litdvdklka
klka s ka devastdhlidùe, klkn qua bls
prdgarls sa eu trae ka bls óbtdgls.
óbtdgls. Ae a faitn, jjny
ny ae k çl rasubtl
rasubtl dekdspaesloba en a stlr
litulbdzlkn
litulbdz lkn raspaitn ka iuìb n quä tdpn ka destrugaetn as g ìs lprnpdlkn plrl rasnbvar
katargdelkl sdtulidùe avlbultdvl. Vnbvdaekn lb ìgodtn ka bl devastdhlidùe, ae bns óbtdgns
lüns ae bl Lrhaetdel astl ìral jl surhdkn ing n uen ka bns parfdb parfdbas
as prnfasdnelbas axds-
taetas. Yd odae
odae ibìsdilg aeta ab plpa b kab psdiùbnhn sa raku içl l ralbdzlr avlbuli dneas
psdinbùhdils
psdinbùhdils y trltlgdaetns,
trltlgdaetns, jny ae kçl sne ilkl vaz gìs bns inbahls qua sa kasag -
paüle in gn devastdhlknras y qua tdtdaeae
aeae in gn ìg odt odtnn ka trlolcn bbll Qedvarsdklk. Ae bl
[lobl ; kasirdodgns bls prdeidplbas tlrals qua puakae ralbdzlr bns psdiùbnhns ae asta
ilgpn ae rablidùe ine ab kdsaün y lklptlidùe ka täiedils ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil.
il.
Kdsaün ka euavns tasts ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil snora bl olsa ka euavns inestruitns, eaiasdklkas,
tanrçls, ati.
Inestruiidùe y litulbdzlidùe
litulbdzlidùe ka olragns. Devastdhlidneas
Devastdhlidneas plrl prnvaar avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz y ine-
fdlodbdklk.
_akliidùe ka gleulbas plrl avlbulr y lelbdzlr rasubtlkns ordeklkns l plrtdr ka bl lpbdilidùe ka tasts
ka avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil.
[rlesfaraeidl pargleaeta gakdleta iblsas, iursns, tlbbaras kab inetaedkn kab ìgodtn ka bl devastdhl-
idùe l kdfaraetas tdpns ka póobdin (lbugens ka hrlkn, pnshrlkn, inguedklk gìs lgpbdl, ati.).
9? L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
inekuitl ae ab lubl
inetaxtn asinblr y ine
kaska bns plras,
ab puetn llbns
ka vdstl
vdst ka afaitns ka notaear
ue defnrgleta iblvadefnrglidùe
y intd kdlen. snora
intdkdlen. ab
_asubtl
lkagìs inevaedaeta deibudr gltardlb asinblr lkdidnelb tlb ingn trlolcns kab edün ae ab
lubl, onbatçe ka ilbdfdilidneas,
ilbdfdilidneas, iulk arens, kdoucns, ati., qua tlg odäe sarìe ótdbas plrl
bl avlbulidùe. Astns gltardlbas puakae sar raquardkns y lelbdzlkns gdaetrls ab psdiù-
bnhn ralbdzl bl prdgarl y sahuekl aetravdstl ine bns plkras, qua tdaeae ingn nocatdvn
dkaetdfdilr
dkaetdfdilr ab prnobagl y pn earbn ae parsp aitdvl l bl buz ka bns inetaxtns dgpbdilkns y
ka bl jdstnrdl
jdstnrdl kab edün. Ine bns plkras sa dekl hlrì ab gntdvn ka in esubtl, letaiak aetas
kab edün y ka bl flgdbdl ae fueidùe kab prnobagl pnr ab qua sa inesubtl. L bl
b l vaz ka-
oarìe axp bnrlrsa bls snbuidneas
snbuidneas lbtareltdvls qua bns prnhae dtnras juodarle detaetlkn
pravdlgaeta plrl rasnbvar bl prnobagìtdil, y ravdslr ab plpab qua jle taedkn ae ab g le-
taedgdaetn kab gdsgn. Bns plkras rasubtle defnrgletas prdvdbahdlkns snora bns jdtns
BL AV
A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE
A E EDÜNY
EDÜNY.. LY]AI
LY]AI[NY
[NY INEIA][QLBA
INEIA][QLBAYY 99
]rniurlr qua bns destrugaetns iugpble ine bns astìeklras detarelidnelbas ka inefdlodbdklk y vlbdkaz.
Ae ab ilsn ka q ua sale täiedils axtrlecarls qua jlyle sdkn lk lptlkls, vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr bl lkaiulidùe ine -
iaptulb, bdehòçstdil y gätrdil raidaetas y bnilbas.
_avdslr sd bns
bns olragns (enrgls) sne lkai ulkns plrl ab usn qua sa ba qudara klr.
Yabaiidnelr tasts qua sa rafdarle l kdfaraetas sahgaetns ka inekuitl prnvdstns pnr góbtdpbas defnr-
gletas (varolb, hrìfdin, inekuitulb, lutndefnrga, jatarndefnrrea, ati.).
Yabaiidnelr täiedils qua raspatae ab oli`hrnuek iubturlb, ätedin y snidlb kab gaenr.
Avdtlr bl rakuekleidl ka gltardlbas l bns afaitns ka kdsgdeudr bl vlrdlezl ka arrnr y avdtlr ab sashn
inefdrgltnrdn.
9; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
Qe l vaz lk gdedstr
gdedstrlkls
lkls bls täiedils, sa kaoa prniak ar l su puetuli dùe y leìbd
leìbdsds
sds
plrl ineiaptulbdzlr ab ilsn. Bl puetulidùe sa bbavl l ilon sdhudaekn bns prniakdgdae-
tns astleklrdzlkns dekdilk ns ae bns gl eulbas ka bns tasts utdb
utdbdzlkns.
dzlkns. Kaoa ralbdzlrsa
ue l eìbdsds iuletdtltd
iuletdtltdvn
vn y iulbdtltdvn.
_aspaitn kab leìbdsds iuletdtltdvn, bls puetulidneas notaedkls (orutls n irukls)
kaoae inevartdr
inevartdrsa
sa l puetulidneas tr
trlesfnrgl
lesfnrgl kls (pariae tdbas,
tdbas, puetulidneas t, z, ID,
ati.) ine ab fde ka sdtulr ab ilsn ae rablidùe ine ab kasagpaün kab edün raspaitn ka
su hrupn ka rafrafaraeidl,
araeidl, haearlbgaeta
haearlbgaeta ka su gdsgn jìodt jìodtlt,
lt, aklk y saxn, qua sa tngl
ing n plrìgatrn ka raekdg daetn tçtçpdin.
pdin. Ae tärgdens haearlbas bls puetulidneas trles-
fnrglkl s tdtdaeae
aeae ing n rafaraeidl jd jdpntätd
pntätdil
il ab gnk abn ka bl iurvl enrglb. Asta gn-
kabn as plrtd
plrtdiublrgae
iublrgae ta ótd
ótdbb yl qua ens pargdta rasug dr tnkls bls bls puetulidneas ka
bns kdfaraetas tasts ae ue pltrùe óedin, ka gnkn ka astdglr iuìbas pruaols astìe
ae rablidùe ine ab prngakdn notaedkn raspaitn ka su hrupn ka aklk, iuìbas pue-
tóle pnr aeidgl y iuìbas astìe pnr kaolcn kab raekdgdaetn tçpdin. Ae bns tasts ka
raekdgdaetn gìxdgn (a.h.3 detabdhaeidl) bls puetulidneas pnr kaolcn y pnr lrrdol ka
bl gak dl ka aklk as tlrç
tlrçle
le dekdilek n puetns käodbas y fuart
fuartas,
as, raspaitdvlga eta. Yd sa
trltll ka prua ols ka rae kdgdaetn tçpdin (t(trlstnrens
trlt rlstnrens detarelbdzletas, inekuitls jlodtul-
bas), bns rasubtlkns pnr aeidgl n pn r kaolcn ka bl gak dl astlrçle
astlrçle dekdilekn u e pltrùe
ka raspuastl pnin asparlkn0 sd as pnr axiasn sa trltl ka inekuitls pnin asparl-
obas plrl ue edün ka su ak lk y prasug dobagae ta kdsfueidnel
kdsfueidnel bas. Yd as pnr kafaitn, ab
sdhedfdfdilkn
sdhed ilkn q ua sa ba ltrd
ltrdouyl
ouyl ka paek arì ka bl vlrdlob
vlrdlobaa avlbulk l. Ya trltl aetneias
ka kns edvabas ka leìbdsds, ae prdgar buhlr kaoae trlesfnrglrsa bls puetulidneas y
sdt
sdtulrbls
ulrbls ae rablid
rablidùe
ùe ine bl iurvl enrglb klkl pnr bl guastrl ka in gpl rlidùe snora
bl qua sa i nestruyù ab olragn y, ae sahuek n buhlr, kaoa astlobaiarsa bl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe
psdinbùhdil ka tlbas puetulidneas plrl ralbdzlr uel detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe lka iulkl ka bns ra-
subtlkns
subt lkns lpnrtlkns pnr bns tasts tasts plrl asa edün ae ue gn ga etn klkn, ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine
ue gn tdtdvn
vn ka inesu btbtll katargdelkn.
96 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kaoa inesdkarlr iuìb as bl def
defnrgli
nrgli dùe qua sa jlbbljlbbl g ìs rasplbklkl pn r
avdkaeidl ae fueidùe ka b gltardlb y iuìb eaiasdtl avdkaeidl lkdidnelb.
lkdidnelb. Ing n sa sa ül-
blrl letas, en as ine vaedaeta lkg ded
dedstrlr
strlr gltardlb rakue kle ta plrl rafnrzlr bl jdpùta-
jdpùta-
sds kdlheùstdil, yl qua astn l ug aetlrçl lrtd
lrtdfdfdidlbgaeta
idlbgaeta bl avdkae idl l flvnr ka lquabbl,
lpnrtlekn snblgae ta vlrdleidl ka arrnr y fltdhl plrl ab edün avlbulkn.
Ae su gl, ae astl atlpl ab psdiùbnhn kaoa ralbdzlr bls
bls sdhudaetas tlrals ([lobl 6)3
]lsn 9. K
Kavnbuidùe
avnbuidùe defnrga y raingaeklidneas
gdelr uel snbuidùe plrl ab ilsn (Fdee y Glrtde, ?=<9). Ab snbn jaijn ka inguedilr
y trlolclr ine bns ine subtlet
subtletas
as (tletn ab edün in gn sus prnhae dtnras)
dtnras) bns prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas
rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe lpl raia, ae sç gdsgn, ingn u e g nkn ka det detar-
ar-
vaedr. Ae asta idarra
idarra kab prniasn ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kl su p rnpdl rainga eklidùe ae fueidùe
ka lquabbn qua jl ineiaptulbdzlkn snora ab ilsn, aeblzlekn ab gntdvn ka inesubtl
nrdhdelb ine sus prnpdls ineibusdneas, trltlekn ka knsdfdilr bl defnrglidùe qua vl
ingu edilekn, jlidäeknbns detarvaedr,
detarvaedr, detarrnhlekn
detarrnhlekn su plraiar, bbbbavìeknbns
avìeknbns l paeslr,
rablidnelr,
rablid
ka blsnelr, lrgl rka
sasdneas astrltahd
astrltahdls,
ls, plkras
tasts, bns afaitulekn ue l (y
asparle lbdlezl ine
tlb vaz a bbns.
bbns. Klkn
tlgodäe qua,
ab edün) kaspuäs
uel rasn-
buidùe kab ilsn kab gaenr, as asta gngaetn praidslgaeta ab qua raqudara ka uel
gl ynr jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk y iudklkn. A stl dest
destleidl
leidl as iruidlb sd ab ilsn fua kardvlkn pn r ntrn
prnfasdnelb y ab psdiùbnhn kaoa ralbdzlr bls raingaeklidneas haearlbas eaiaslrdls
plrl qu a ab prnfasdnelb trltleta
trltleta sal ntrn.
As fueklg aetlb qua ab avlbulknr litóa litóa sde saetaeidlr , atdquatlr
atdquatlr täiedilga
täiedilga eta n
klr tagls n rasubtlkns iarrlkns. Lb inetrlrdn, su kavnbuidùe kaoa sar baetl, prnhrasdvl,
prnhrasdvl,
jlidaekn plrtdidplr
plrtdidplr l bls pl rtas, ffngng aetlekn bl lbdlezl aetra psdiùbnhn y flgdbd
flgdbdl,
l, deiae-
tdtdvìeknbns
vìeknbns l u el li tdtdtuk
tuk irçt
irçtdil
dil y lutnirçt
lutnirçtdil,
dil, ka ilrl l bnhrlr liuarkns ae in góe snora
quä astì kdspuastl l jliar ilkl plrta plrl prngnvar ue ilg odn jlidl bl gacnrçl. gacnrçl. Lka-
gìs k aoa taearsa ae iblrn iuìbas sne bls raingaeklidneas plrl bl asiuabl asiuabl y iuìbas
plrl bns plkras. As kaidr, qua kao ae tngl rsa ae iuaetl lb gaen s kns lspaitns3
l ) Bl inguedilidùe ine bns plkras. Ya kaoa prnvaar uel sçetasds kdlheùstdil kab
ilsn ae baehulca bblen y ingpraesdoba, bçeals haearlbas ka detarvaeidùe, dekd-
ilr quä tlrals puakae ralbdzlr ae bl ilsl y fuarl ka abbl plrl lyuklr ae bls
kdfdiubtlkas kab edün, iuìbas sne bls inekuitls n litdtukas ka bns plkras qua
rafuarzle n agpa nrle ab ilsn, iuìbas sne bns plsns l sahudr ae rablid
rafuarzle rablidùe
ùe ine ab
prnobagl kab edün.
o ) Bl inguedilidùe ine bl asiuabl. Ae tärgdens hae arlbas blbl ing uedilid
uedilidùe
ùe ine
bl asiuabl sa ralbdzl l trlväs ka ue defnrga asirdtn, qua kaoa sar raklitlkn
ae tärgdens iblrns y sde taiedidsgns. Asta defnrga puaka ingpbagaetlrsa ine
uel ing uedilidùe nrlb ine bns kniaetas, l pnstardnrd ka jloar raidodkn abbns
abbns ab
defnrga plrl iblrdfdilr
iblrdfdilr kukls y bl prnobagìtdil kab ilsn ae hae arlb. Ya k aoa de-
ibudr uel sçetasds
sçetasds kdlheùstdil y sdtulr ab prnobagl
prnobagl kab edün ae ab aetnren asin blr.
Kaoae aspaidfd
aspaidfdilrsa
ilrsa bls inek didneas
didneas qua flidbd
flidbdtle
tle n ag panrle a b lpraekdzlca,
lpraekdzlca,
¾iuìb as ab tdpn ka aesaülezl, gltardlbas y gnklbdklk ka prasaetlidùe gìs
lkaiulkns plrl asta edün> Ka ea iasdtlrsa
iasdtlrsa lbhóe prnhrlgl asp aidlb (a.h.3 j l -
odbdklkas
odb dklkas sn idlbas) n lsdstaeidl lkdidnelb (a.h.
(a.h.33 aesaül ezl a spaidlb), bl asiuabl
¾puaka prnvaarbn> Ae asta defnrga kaoae inetaxtulbdzlrsa bns rasubtlkns nota-
edkns l plrtdr ka bls
bls aetravdstls y ttasts
asts ae fueidùe ka b aetnren asinblr, ka gn kn
qua bl defnrglidùe lbbç inesdhelkl
inesdhelkl taehl bl g lynr vlbdkaz ainbùhdil pnsdobpnsdobaa y
sal ótdb ae ab lubl y a e bl tntlbdklk
tntlbdklk kab asplidn asin blr.
Ae iuletn lb defnrga, kaoa prnkuidrsa sde kagnrl uel vaz fdelbdzlkl bl avlbul-
idùe, y su inetaedkn kaoa sar inguedilkn l bns plkras y lb edün ae tärgdens ing-
praesdobas y inesdstaetas ine bl bl kavnbuidùe. Iloa g aeidnelr qua en a xdsta uel óedil
gl earl k a asi rdrdodr
odr ddefnrgas
efnrgas psdinbùhdins
psdinbùhdins y tlb vaz ae a bbn
bbn rlkdqua bl kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk ka su
inefaiidùe. As fueklg aetlb tng tng lr ae iuaetl jlidl qudäe vl kdrdhdkn,
kdrdhdkn, pneka rìeknsa
9: L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
ae ilkl ilsn bl deibusdùe
deibusdùe n axibusdùe
axibusdùe ka k atargdelkns kltns y bl gnk lbd lbdklk
klk ka pra-
saetlidùe. Ab psdiùbnhn kao a astlr sdagpra lo dartn
dartn l kdsiutdr ab inetae dkn kab defnrga
ine su s pntaeidlbas usulrdns.
Ae su gl , ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinb
psdinbùhdil
ùhdil as ab puetn ka plrtd
plrtdkl
kl ka bl detar-
detar-
vaeidùe psdinbùhdil, y ing n tlb kaoa ralbdzlrsa ue sahu dgdaetn pns-detarvaeidùe l fde
ka g nedt
nedtnralr
nralr bns lvleias y bl raiuparlidùe kab ededün.
ün. Bl ing plrlidùe aetra lgons
gngaetns kdlheùstdins
hrlkn ka lvleia äxdtnn karasubtl
n äxdt plrtdiublrgaeta
k atargdelkl ótdby,ylpnr
detarvaeidùe qua pargdta
aeka, astlobaiar
avlbulr bl ilplid-ab
klk k a raiupa rlidùe kab edün y ka su flg dbdbdl,
dl, bl afdilidl
afdilidl kab trltlgdaetn y bl pardidl
pardidl ka
qudae bn bbava l ilon , y ab lcusta
lcusta n e n ka bls jdpùtasd
jdpùtasdss kdlheùstdils l bls qu a sa l rrd
rrdoù
où
ae bl avlbulidùe.
]LBLO_LY FDELBAY
L bn blrhn ka asta ilpçtubn sa jl detaetlkn jliar uel ravdsdùe haearlb snora bns
prdeidplbas lspaitns ineiaptulbas y täiedins l inesdkarlr ae a b prniasn ka avlbul-
prdeidplbas
idùe psdinbùhdil ka ue edün. Kaoa rainrkl rsa qua asta tdtdpn
pn ka avl bulidùe kdfdara
kdfdara ka bl
qua sab, bbavl
defletdb,
defletd l ilon
lb dhulb inelkubtl,
qua bl l kubt
kubtns
ns y enralbdzlrsa
kaoa pua ka jng nbnhlrsa
nbnhlrstäiedils
gakdleta a uel l bl
quantrl. Bl avlbulidùe
iuaetae in e lg -
pbdls
pbdls avdkaeidls ka inefdlod
inefdlodbdbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz y k aoae inetagpblrsa bns k dfaraetas
dfaraetas ine-
taxtns ae bns qua ab edün detarlitól. ]lrl abbn as praidsn qua sal g óbtdbpa óbtdbpa a detahrlkl
tnglekn ae iuaetl bl parspaitdvl gubtddefnrgleta, gubtdinetaxtn, pburdtäiedil y gub-
tdgätnkn. Kaoae ltaekarsa a spaidlb spaidlbga
ga eta lqu abbns
abbns flitnras ka vlrdleidl
vlrdleidl drrabavleta
drrabavleta
qua pu akle det detarfard
arfardrr ae bn qua ilkl tast vlbnrl
vlbnrl plrl avdtlr uel avlbulidùe sashl kl.
]nr bn tletn, bl avlbulidùe kaoa sar iubturlbgaeta lcustlkl ltaekdaekn lb inetaxtn
aspaiçfdin
aspaiçfdin ae ab qua sa ka saevuabva ab edün. Ab prniasn tng l su aspai dfdid
dfdidklk
klk sah óe
ab inetaxtn ka lpbdilidùe, puastn qua bls kaglekls sne kdfaraetas ae ilkl ilsn y
abbn
abbn raquardrì ingpa taeidls aspaiçf
aspaiçfdils
dils kab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn ae ilkl npnrtuedklk. Lkag ìs
dgpbdil uel fuarta fnrglidùe a e ps dinbnhçl avnbutdvl, psdinpltnbnhç
psdinpltnbnhçll defletdb, trlstnrens
trlstnrens
kab eaurnka slrrnbb
slrrnbbn,
n, aspaidlb ltaeidùe l bls detarliidneas y inefdhurlidneas flg dbdbdlras,
dlras,
hrle ilplidklk ag pìtdil
pìtdil ine ab edün y litulbd
litulbdzlidùe
zlidùe pargleae ta ae iuletn l usn s,
gnk ls y gn kdsgns ag pbalkns pnr abb abbns.
ns.
_AFA_AEIDLY ODOBDNH_ÌF
ODOBDNH_ÌF DILY
Olrry, I., Frdi`,
Frdi`, ]., y @lg pjlus, _. (?=<9). ]syijnbnhdilb lssassg aet de ijdb
ijdbkk g aetlb jalbtj
sattdehs. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. <1 (pp. ?19-?8=). Xlsjdehtne
K.I.3 L]L.
Ilsubbn, G. G. (<446). Avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
Fareìe kaz Bdpnrlia , G. (?==4). ]sding atrçl, avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil y ìg odtns ka lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe.
ùe.
Ae3 Fareì ekaz B dpnrlia, G., Ilyssdlbs,
trçl3 [anrçl ibìsdil. Ilp . < (pp. 8-
8-;;). L., ns
;;). Ouae y ]äraz,
Ldras3 G. L. (aks.),
Ak dtnrd
dtnrdlb
Iursn oìsdin ka psdinga-
lb Buhlr.
Fdee, Y. A., y Glrtde, J. (?=<9). [jarlpau tdtdii lssa ssg aet3 Qsdeh psyijn bnhdilb tastdeh
tastdeh ls ordaf
tjarlpy. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. ?6 (pp ;19-;6
;19-;61).
1). Xlsjdehtne
Xlsjdehtn e
K.I.3 L]L.
BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY 94
?. D ek
ekdd ilknras
ilk nras g lk lkurltd
urltdvns
vns kkab
ab
kaslrrnbb
ka slrrnbbnn defletd
efle tdbb y prd
p rdei
eiddplb
pl bas
t rlstnrens
rlst nrens kab
ka b eau
eaurnkasl
rnkaslrr
rrnbb
nbbnn
Lbaclekrn
Lbac lekrn Ilstr
I lstrnn Y nblen y Lel K'Leel
ga eta,bl
bnhrlr bljlidl
jlid l bl tariarl
g lkuraz sagl el
astruiturlb k a hastlidùe,
y fueidnelb. Astlygtrlesdt
trlkurlidùe
lesdtll pnr sa
ue lvlsarda ka flsas pnr
p rnkuidaekn jlstl
bl
iraidaeta gdabdedzlidùe
gdabdedzlidùe ka bls vçls earvdnsls, bl prnhrasdvl
prnhrasdvl fnrglidùe k a sdelpsds eau-
rnelbas y bl ing pbac
pbacdzlid
dzlidùe
ùe ka bl inrtazl iaraorlb. Ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn e aurnbùhdin tdaea
tdaea su
inrrabltn ae uel sarda ka fueidneas inhedtdvls ka nrkae supa rdnr y tlgodäe ae bn ing -
pnrtlgaetlb. Ab raidäe elidkn iuaetl ine ue lintlkn rapartnrdn inekuitulb, inhed-
tdvn y lfaitdvn,
lfaitdvn, kaodkn ae plrta lb asilsn kasl rrnbbn rrnbbn eau rlb y lb bdbdgdtlkn
gdtlkn l iiasn l bls
axpardaeidls
axpardaeid ls g akdnlgodaetlbas letas ka eliar. Ine bl def defbuaeidl
buaeidl kab lpnrta astdastdgu
gu -
bltdvn
bltdvn kab lgodaeta ab sdstagl
sdstagl earvdnsn glku rlrì y jlbblrì jlbblrì su axprasdùe ae ab kasl-
rrnbbnn defletdb
rrnbb defletdb.. Ya i nesdkarl ue e dün glkurn l lqu ab ae qudae a b edvab edvab ka nrhledzlidùe
y kasl rrnbbn
rrnbbn gl kurltdvn
kurltdvn parg dtdtaa ab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn ka fueidneas inhedtd
inhedtdvls
vls y in ekuitulbas
ka l iuarkn in e bl aklk irnenbùhdil kab sucat sucatnn (]n rt
rtabb
abblen,
len, Gltans, Gl rt rtçeaz,
çeaz, [lpdl y
H rlelkns, ?===). Iloa saülblr qua asta prniasn
prniasn ka g lkurlidùe as aspaidlbga
aspaidlbga eta
vubearloba l bls defbuae
defbuae idls kab lgo daeta, pr
prdeidplbgaeta
deidplbgaeta ae bl atlpl praasin blr y as-
inblr, ae bl qua sa haea rle ilg odns l edvab fueidnelb
fueidnelb y astruiturlb
astruiturlb ae ab sdstag
sdstag l ea r-
vdnsn qua pargdtae bl lkqudsdidùe ka bls jlodbdklkas inhedtdvls oìsdils,
oìsdils, aetra ntrns
prniasns (Qrzól, _lg ns, Lbkly y L bqud
bqudetl,
etl, ?=<=).
Ynora bl olsa k a bn ingae tlkn, uen ka bns nocatdvns
nocatdvns g ìs dgpnrtletas ka bl avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns inesdsta ae dkaetdfdilr lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls y/n ing-
pnrtlgaetlbas ka as ta pltrùe
pltrùe g lkurltdvn enrglb qua ka entae lbhóe tdpn ka lbt
lbtarlidùe
arlidùe
n kdsfueidùe iaraorlb y qua nostliubdiae bl lkqudsdidùe ka bls fueidneas inhedtdvls
oìsdils.
Kurleta ab prdgar lün k a vdkl bl pblstd
pblstdidklk
idklk iaraorlb kab defleta as gìxdg l, yl qua
ab iaraorn sa gn bkal y g nkdfd
nkdfdil
il fìidbga
fìidbga eta. Astl fbaxd
fbaxdodb
odbdklk
dklk as gu y dgpnrtleta plrl
ab kaslrrnbbn enrglb y l gakdkl qua lbilezl bl aklk lkubtl bns sdstagls earvdnsns
sa vle astlodbdzlekn y bl pblstdidklk iaraorlb kdsgdeuya parn sde kaslplraiar ing-
pbatlgaeta (_nsabbd, Gltuta y Lrkdbl, ?=<=). Ya aetdaeka pnr pblstdid klk iaraorlb bl
pblstdidklk
ilplidklk ka bls iäbubls earvdnsls plrl ilgodlr sus prnpdaklkas (kaslrrnbblr euavls
sdelpsds,
sdelpsd s, kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbblr
blr euavns prniasns) ing n rasubtlkn n o dae ka l bhuel axpardaeidl
ka lpraek dzlc
dzlcaa n ingn raiuparlidùe fueid
fueidnelb
nelb inesaiuaeidl ka lbhuel basdùe n kds-
fueidùe tletn
tletn aekùhae l ing n axùhael. Klk n qua ab edün pnsaa uel g lynr pblstpblstdid
did--
klk ea urnelb qua ab lkubtn, bl kataiidùe tagprlel qua pargdtl avlbulr ratrlsns, kas-
vçns, kdsnidlidneas n rahrasdneas kab kaslrrnbbn sa vuabva uel pdazl fuekl ga etlb, Astn
pargdta kdsaülr ue pble ka detarvaeidùe aspa içfdiçfdin
in plrl bl raiuparlidùe ka bl fueidùe
inhedtdvl lbtarlkl.
Bns prniasns inhe dtdtdvns
dvns supard
supardnras
nras ingpraekae uel vl rdrdaklk
aklk ka fueidneas tlbas
ing n bl ltaeidùe, bl ga gn rdrdl,
l, ab lpraekdzlca,
lpraekdzlca, bl pariapidùe, ab baehulca
baehulca y bl ilplid-
klk plrl rasnbvar prnobagls,
prnobagls, aetra ntrntrls
ls I lkl uen ka astns prniasns sdhua uel sa-
iuaeidl prnpdl ka kaslrrnbbn qua sa rablidnel ine bl g lkurlidùe kab sdstagl earvdnsn
iaetrlb. ]lrl abbn rasubtlrì
rasubtlrì ótdb
ótdb ingpraek ar iuìb as bl saiuae idl ka lkqu dsdidneas
dsdidneas inh-
edtdvls
edtdvls y ingp nrtlgaetlbas asparlkls plrl ilk l atlpl kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn kab edün enrglb
y iuìbas kaentle frlhdbdklk kab sdstagl earvdnsn, letaiakaetas ka bls kdfdiubtlkas ka
lpraekdzlca ae bl atlpl asin blr.
Bls kdsfueidneas gaenras, tlbas ingn bls kdfdiubtlkas plrl ab lpraekdzlca, bl jd-
parlitdvdklk, bl lkqudsdidùe n ab kaslrrnbbn kab baehulca y ka bl innrkdelidùe gntnrl,
aetra ntrls,
ntrls, sne inesaiua eidl ka lbtarlid
lbtarlidneas
neas ka b sdst
sdstagl
agl earvdnsn ka g aenr hrlva-
klk sd sa bls ingplrl ine bls ka uel plrìbdsds iaraorlb. Ya prnkuiae ae ab parçnkn
pra, pard n pnseltlb, ae bns prdgarns
prdgarns lüns ka vdkl y ae haearlb guijl s vaias en sn e
nosarvlobas ae astukdns
astukdns ka eaurndglhae leltùgdil. Qen ka bns prnobagls ka astls
kdsfueidneas
kdsf ueidneas as qu a sus sçetngls puakae kag nrlr su g ledfastlidùe,
ledfastlidùe, deibusn
deibusn vlrdns
lüns kaspuäs ka prnkuidkl bl lbtarlidùe kab sdstagl earvdnsn, sde qua ab prnobagl
sal vdsdoba, jlstl qua katargdelkn sdstagl fueidnelb sa litdvl n jlstl qua bls ka-
gl ekls asinblras bn pneae ka g ledfdastn.
ledfdastn. [lbas
[lbas ilplidklkas lfaitlkls sa lsnidle
l bl kdsfueidùe iaraorlb y ab óedin gätnkn fdloba y afdilz plrl su kdlheùstdin as bl
avlbulidùe eaurnpsdinbùhdil. Bl detabdhaeidl kab edün suaba astlr prasarvlkl parn as
fraiuaeta nosarvlr sdhens eaurnbùhdins oblekns n gaenras lsnidlkns (]nrtabblen,
?==8). Asta lutnr jl dekdilkn lbhuens flitnras ka rdashn plrl ab lpraekdzlca ae bl
aklk asinblr3
Letaiakaetas flgdbdlras
[rlstnrens pardeltlbas
_atrlsn
_atrlsn kab baehulca
[rlstnrens ka inekuitl
[rlstnrens ka bl bltarlbdklk
Ae vdrtuk
vdrtuk ka bn ing aetlkn, bl axpbnrlid
axpbnrlidùe
ùe eaurnpsdinbùhd
eaurnpsdinbùhdil
il defletdb
defletdb sa vuabva uel
pdazl fueklga etlb l aklkas tag prlels plrl bl kataiidùe ka bns pltrneas deusulbas
ens
KYGgDDDaetlb
aetlbas,
DDD-_ as, L,
-_ (L] KYG<4:8DDDDDD) ka
sa bl Lsnidlidùe
deibuyarne bns Lg ard
ardilel
ilel kab
trlstnrens ka ]sdqudltrç
]sdqudlt
rrnbbrçl
n,l (L]
kasl rrnbbn, bns
bns kaL, <4:=).
jlodbAe
bls jlodbdkl-ab
dkl-
kas li lkäg dils, kab baehul ca y kab jlobl y ka bls jlodbdklk jlodbdklk as g ntnrls0 bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens
ltaeidnelbas sa aehbnolrne kae trn ka bns [rlstnrens ka In ekuitl Kdsruptd Kdsruptdvl.vl. Facar-
gle jloçl kaslrrnbblkn uel iblsdfdilidùe sdgdblr, kneka sa raineniçle iultrn sçekrn-
gas kaetrn ka bl kdsf
kdsfueidùe
ueidùe iaraorlb g çed çedgl3
gl3 sçekrnga jdpar`deät
jdpar`deätdin,din, ttnrpazl
nrpazl g ntnrl,
trlstnrens kab kasl rrnbb
rrnbbnn kab baehu lca (kdsflsdls) y ttrlstnrens
rlstnrens as paiçfdins kab lpraekd-
zlca (kdsbaxdl,
(kdsbaxdl, kdshrlfçl
kdshrlfçl y k dsilbiub
dsilbiubdl).
dl). Aefnquas pnstardnras
pnstardnras rain enidarne lsnidlidneas
aetra sdhens y sçetngls k a bl kdsf kdsfueidùe
ueidùe iarao rlb gçedgl y su prnol oba bnilbdzlidùe.
bnilbdzlidùe.
Klkl bl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk qua ab rùtubn kdsfueidùe iaraorlb gçedg l prasaetlo l (puastn qua
olcn asta sa raueçl uel aenrg a vlrdaklk ka trlstnrens guy jatarnhäea ns), lquabbl
kaeng delidùe
delidùe sa raagpblzù pnstardnrga
pnstardnrga eta pnr bbll ka trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn ine
käfdidt ka lpraekdzlca
lpraekdzlca pnr käfdidt n ingprngdsn kab jagdsfardn karaijn (Facargle,
<44;). Gìs lbbì kab engora qua sa utdbdia plrl su kaengdelidùe, ae iulbqudar pnobl-
idùe asinblr axdsta ue eógarn lgpbdn ka edüns ine trlstnrens pariaptdvn-gntnras,
inhedtdvns n ingpnrtlgaetlbas, prnkuidkns pnr lbtarlidneas kab sdstagl earvdnsn,
iuyl axprasdvdklk ibçedil kapaekarì kab hrlkn ka savardklk Iulekn kdijl axpra-
sdùe as bava n sutdb, as prnoloba qua sa gledfdasta ingn prnobagls ka ltaeidùe,
baehulca, baiturl, rlznelgdaetn, iìbiubn n inekuitl, ae edüns ine ue kaslrrnbbn de-
tabaitulb
tabaitulb enrglb (]nrtabblen,
(]nrtabblen, ?==8 ). Ka liuarkn ine bns aefnqua s g ìs litulbdzlkns,
sa jl ine saesulkn -ine a xiapidùe ka lbhuens lutnras- uedf uedfdilr
dilr bls
bls kaeng delid
delidneas
neas
pnsdobas agpbalekn ab rùtubn kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil plrl rafardrens l tnkl lbtarlidùe
ka bls fueidneas iarao rlbas y/n ab rastn kab sdstag
sdstag l earvdnsn. As ka k astlilr qua , lb
en sar tnkls bls kdsfueidneas vdsdobas gakdleta dgìhaeas n odae katargdelkls pnr
bl eairnsds n guarta ka bls iäbubls earvdnsls, bl enidùe ka kdsfueidùe plraia gìs
lolrilknrl, lprnpdlkl y praidsl. Lkagìs, en tnkls bls kdsfueidneas sa kle ae ab
iaraorn, sden tlgodäe ae ntrls rahdneas kab sdst
sdstag
ag l earvdnsn. Ka l bbbbçç qua l plrtd
plrtdrr ka
lquç uedfdilragn
uedfdilragn s tlgo däe euastrns irdtardns
irdtardns y ens rafardr
rafardrag
ag ns ae tnkns bns ilsns l
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil.
Ae rasuga e, bl axpbnrlid
axpbnrlidùe
ùe k a bns dekdilknras g lkurltdvns kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn defletdb
defletdb
ens parg dta3
dta3
Dkaetdfdilr
Dkaetdfdilr fueidneas inhedtdvls lbtarlkls
Lkaiu lr ab iurrçiubn
iurrçiubn asinblr ae fueidùe ka bns käfdidts kataitlkns
Ae lbl k[lobl
tletas ataitlr9 jliag
ae bls ansvlbulidneas
ue bdst
bdstlkn
lkn ka bns ttrlstnrens
rlstnrens
psdinbùhdils kabbas.
defletd eaurnkaslrrnbbn gìs dgpnr-
defletdbas.
Ab edvab kab kaslrrnbbn kab raidäe elidkn sa nosarvl ae inekuitls gntnrls y rafba-
cls guy sdgpbas, sdaekn asparloba ue Lphlr ka 8 l <=. Astl pruaol as ue axlgae
rìpdkn qua sa ralbdzl ae ab prdgarn y buahn ae ab qudetn gdeutn l plrtdr kab elidgdaetn
kab oaoä. Bl puetulidùe ae ab gdeutn < katargdel quä tle odae tnbarù ab oaoä ab prn-
iasn ka elidgdaetn. Bl puetulidùe notaedkl lb gdeutn qudetn dekdil quä tle odae astì
avnbuidnelekn ab raidäe elidkn pnr fuarl kab vdaetra gltaren. Ya olsl ae idein dekd-
ilknras qua sa puetóle =, < ù ?, kapaekdaekn ka sd ab sdhen astì lusaeta n prasaeta
(detaesdklk olcl y lbtl raspaitdvlgaeta).
raspaitdvlgaeta). Qe oaoä enrglb prasaetl uel litdvdklk gn-
tnrl aspnetìeal, ue inbnr rnslkn ka pdab, uel tlsl ilrkçlil supardnr l <== y ue bbletn
dzqudarkn sa jlbbl gìs rablidnelkn ine bls fueidneas inhedtdvls vdeiublkls lb baehulca
y ab karaijn ine bl raprasaetlidùe agn idnelb ka bns snedkns y bns
bns lspaitns prlhg ì-
tdins/snidlbas
tdins/snidlb as ka bl ing uedilidùe. Bl kdfaraeidl aetra ue iaraorn defletdb y uen l kn-
basiaeta rasdka
rasdka ae ab gl ynr eógarn ka ineaxdneas earvdnsls lug aetn ka sust sustleidl
leidl
obleil) qua astì inrrablidnelkn ine ue gacnr kasagpaün inhedtdvn ingn odae jl
kniug aetlkn bbll bdtarlturl
bdtarlturl idaetçf
idaetçfdil
dil Yjlw at lb. ?==60 Ynw abb at lb. ?==9).
Bns kns prdgarns lüns ka vdkl rasubtle iaetrlbas plrl ab kaslrrnbbn ka bls jl-
odbdklkas inhedtdvls gìs ingpbacls. Asta iraidgdaetn glkurltdvn inrtdilb niurra pnr
nbalkls, bns parçnkns ka hrle iraidgdaetn sdeìptdin
sdeìptdin sa jle nosa rvlkn aetra bns 9 y ;
lüns, bns <= y <? y aetra bns <; y <6. Kurleta asta prdgar lün k a vdkl bl pblstd
pblstdidklk
idklk
iaraorlb as gìxdgl, yl qua ab iaraorn sa gnbkal y gnkdfdil fìidbgaeta. Astl fbaxdod-
bdklk as guy dgpnrtleta plrl ab kaslrrnbbn enrglb y l gakdkl qua lbilezl bl aklk
lkubtl bns sdstag
sdstag ls earvdnsns sa v le astlodbdzlekn y bl pblstdid
pblstdidklk
klk iarao rlb kdsgdeuya.
Yd odae ab iaraorn defletdb as gìs pbìstdpbìstdin,
in, pnsdodb
pnsdodbdt
dtlekn
lekn uel raiu parlidùe gì s rìpdkl
fraeta l lbhóe
lbhóe trlugltdsgn, as tlgo däe gìs vubearloba yl qua iulbqudar klün savarn
sufrdkn
sufrdkn ae asta parçnkn kacl saiuabls g ìs hrlvas, bn iulb lfait lfaitll bls ilplidklkas ka
lkqu drdr
drdr euav ns lpraekdzlcas _n sabbd, Gl tuta y Lrkdbl, ?=<=).
Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae astl atlpl sa ralbdzl ralbdzl ae prasaei dl ka bl glkra, plkra
n lbhóe flg dbdlr,
dbdlr, y ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn ka b baehulca y ka bl axprasdùe hrìfd
hrìfdil
il a s g uy bdgdtlkn
lb dhulb
dhulb qua ab rapartnrdn inekuitulb y snidlb. Bls ìrals g ìs kaslrrnbblkls l nosa rvlr
y/n avlbulr sarìe bls saesnrdlbas y bls gntrdias. As ingóe qua sa utdbdiae ae astl
atlpl asilbls astlek lrdzlkls plrl avlbulr ue katargdelkn edvab ae ab kaslrrnbb kaslrrnbbnn y sd
asta sa inrraspneka ine bls lkqudsdidneas enrglbas asparlkls plrl asl aklk. Ya
notdaea haearlbgaeta ue in afdid
afdidaeta
aeta ka kasl rrnbb
rrnbbnn qua en s dekdil ab edvab ka glku raz
kab edün.
Asilbls tçpdils plrl avlbulr asta parçnkn sne bl asilbl Olybay ae su varsdùe DDD
?=<1), qua iuaetl ine uel lk lptlidùe asplün bl guy raidaeta, rralbdzlkl albdzlkl pnr ddevas-
evas-
tdhlknras ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Guridl, qua pargdta vlbnrlr bls ìrals avnbutdvls gìs
dgpnrtletas plrl katargdelr ab edvab ka kaslrrnbbn defletdb, lsç ingn dkaetdfdilr tag-
prlelg aeta ratrlsns ae as ta edvab y notaear defnrglidùe vìbdkl plrl pbledfdilr bbll de-
tarvaeidùe.
tarvaeid ùe. Ya puaka lkg ded
dedstrlr
strlr l oaoäs l plrtd
plrtdrr ka ue gas jlstl bns ;? gasas. Ae
Lrhaetdel,
Lrhaetd el, inet
inetlgns
lgns ine bl ]_QE L]A ]ruaol Elidnelb ka ]asqudsl) qua par pargdta
gdta
kataitlr edüns ae rdashn ka s ufrd
ufrdrr lbtar
lbtarlidneas
lidneas ka b kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn psding ntnr aetra bns N
y bns 1 lüns << gasas y ?4 kçls. Inestl ka ue inecuetn ka 8: plutls ka bls iultrn
ìrals kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn psdingntnr y astì kastd
kastdelkl
elkl l bl kataiid
kataiidùe
ùe ka prnobagls delpl-
raetas
ue hrupnkabka
kaslrr
kaslrrnbb
nbbnn Baclrr
Baclrrlhl,
devastdhlknras lhl, @abgles`y,
lrhaetdens
lrhaetdens kaslrr]lsiuiid,
kaslrrnbb y Ylblglein,
nbbùù bl asilbl ALDY Asilbl?==;). Lsdgdsgn
Lrhaetdel ka
Detabdhaeidl
Detabdhaeidl Ya esng ntrdz) ine ab prnpùsdtn ka avl bulr ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn psding ntnr ka bns
oaoäs, snora bl bl olsa kab gn kabn ka astastlkdns
lkdns ka ]dlhat Ndoargle , NrabbNrabblel
lel y Glesd-
bbl, ?==6).
Ae ab iulk rn sdhud
sdhudaeta
aeta katlbblgns bl avnbuidùe enrgl b kab bbaehulca
aehulca y bl g ntrd
ntrdidklk
idklk
ka bns edüns ka N l 9 lüns.
Kaslrrnbbn Fueidùe B ne h
? lüns Yuoa y olcl asilblras sde lbtarelr bns pdas. Agdta frlsas ka kns plblorls.
Ka pda rainha nocatns kab suabn. Qtdbdzl yn, tu y gd.
Hdrl bl gle dcl ka bl puartl. Cuahns sa eidbbns.
Ya vdsta plridlbgaeta snbn. Yaülbl ; n 1 p lrtas kab iuarpn.
odae ae bl odobdnhrlfçl
odobdnhrlfçl sa aeiuaetrle gu ijns lrtçiub
lrtçiubns
ns ae kneka sa lsnidl asta iul-
krn l bl kdsilplidklk detabaitulb
detabaitulb (a deib
deibusn
usn ab KY G lfdrgl qua puakae sar indeid
indeidkae-
kae-
tas). Litulbgaeta astn sa aeiuaetrl ae kdsiusdùe, puas sa ltrdouya astl lsnidlidùe l
bls ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils ka bls pruaols ine bls qu a sa g dka ingó egae ta bl det
detabdhaeidl
abdhaeidl n l
bl kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk varolb ka bls parsnels avlbulkls qua en pua kae sar gak dkls ine gätn-
kns inevaeidnelbas, u ntrns flitnras). Ae ab gaeidnelkn gleulb, sa axpbdidtl qua bls
lbtarlidneas jlbblkls ae dekdvdkuns ine [AL en kaoae axpbdilrsa pnr bl kdsilplidklk
detabaitulb n ab ratrlsn hbnolb kab kaslrrnbbn.
]lrl lrrdolr lb kdlheùstdin as praidsn inesdhelr su lsnidlidùe n en in e kdsilplid-
klk detabaitulb y katardnrn kab baehulca, u ntrl lfaiidùe
lfaiidùe g äkdil n trlstnren kab kasl-
rrnbbn eaurnbùhdin.
Ing n sa g aeidneù, bbns
ns [AL lplraiae let
letas
as ka bns 9 lüns ka aklk y kurle tnkl bl
vdkl, pasa l qua bns sçetngls puakae gacnrlr ine ab tdagpn y/n ine uel detarvaeidùe
tagprlel lkaiulkl. Lbhuens edüns ine [AL kle saülbas ka qua prasaetlrìe prnobagls
futurns l bns
bns pnins g asas ka elidkns. Ae ntrns, ae ilgo dn, bbns ns sçetngls pnkrçle en
gledfastlrsa sden jlstl bns ?; gasas n kaspuäs, klkn qua ae lbhuens edüns ine [AL
bns sçetngls astìe lsnidlkns l flbbls ae ab baehulca y sa prasaetle gìs tlrka, ingn
pnr acagpbn ae ab sçekrnga ka Lsparhar, qua fnrglol plrta ka asta hrupn plrl bls var-
sdneas letardnras
letardnras kab KYG . Lbhuens edüns ine [ AL plraiae kaslrrnbkaslrrnbblrsa
blrsa enrglbgaeta
jlstl lbrakaknr ka bns <: l ?; g asas ka aklk, iulekn ka cle ka lkqudrdr lkqudrdr euavls kastra-
zls n pdarkae bls qua yl taeçle, pnr bn qua sa kaengdele rahrasdvns.
Ab KYG 1 astlobaia tras edvab edvabas
as ka hrlvaklk plrl ilkl kng ded dedn.
n. Ab edvab 9 (raqudara
(raqudara
plrl su g acnrçl ka ue lpnyn guy sustleidlb) sa ilrlitardzl
ilrlitardzl pnr k äfdidts
äfdidts ae bls jlodbdklkas
ka ing uedilidùe snidlb varolb y en varolb, qua bdgdtle sardlgaeta bls detarliidneas
detarliidneas sn-
idlbas, defbaxdodbdklk
defbaxdodbdklk ka bl ineku itl y hrle g lbastlr. Ab edvab ? (raqudar
(raqudaraa lpnyn sustleidlb)
as sdgdblr lb letardnr
letardnr luequa bl kdfaraeidl
kdfaraeidl rasdka ae qua bl raspuastl l bls sdtulidneas sn-
idlbas as gaens bdgdt
bdgdtlkl3
lkl3 astls parsnels puakae kaidr frlsas sdgpbas, lsdgdsgn tdaeae
inekuitls defbaxdobas, rapatdtdvls y gledfdastle kdsinefnrgdklk plrl lbtarlrbls. Ab edvab <
(raqudara lpnyn) as ab edvab gìs avnbuidnelkn ka asta hrupn. Yd odae prasaetle bdgdtlidn-
eas ae bl inguedilidùe snidlb y gledfdastle inekuitls ltçpdils, sa ilrlitardzle pnr taear
ue g aenr edvab ka detaräs ae bls detarliid
detarliidneas
neas sni dlb
dlbas,
as, prasaetle flbbls plrl g letaear
uel ing uedilidùe, ralbdzle
ralbdzle detaetns paiubdlras plrl jliar eua vls lgdstlkas, ati. [daeae
idartls kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas plrl nrhl edzlr y pbledfdilr qua detarfdarae ine su fueidnelg daetn deka-
paekdaeta.
Ab psdiùbnhn puaka jliar ue siraaedeh rìpdkn ka bns prdeidplbasprdeidplbas sçetngls ine ue
sdgpba ijai`bdst ab G-IJL[ Gnkdfdak Ijai`bdst fnr Lutdsg de [nkkbars, ka _nodes,
Fade, Olrtne y Hraae, ?==<) qua jl sdkn vlbdklkl ae Lrhaetdel (Gleznea, ?=<<). Lsd-
gdsgn , as pnsdoba ralbdzlr ue sahudgdaetn tabafùedin ka bns çtags irçtdins plrl lsahu-
rlr bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe tagprlel kab iulkrn.
Qe edün ine [ AL pua ka gledfastlr bns sdhud sdhudaetas
aetas sdhens3
En saülbl nocatns plrl gnstrlr su detaräs (a.h.3 en saülbl ue lvdùe qua astì vnblekn) jlidl bns <=-<?
gasas.
[daea kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlk
lk plrl ing praekar bns saetdgd
saetdgdaetns
aetns ka ntrls parsnels n plrl axpraslr sus prnpdns sae-
tdgdaetns.
Guastrl ratrlsns ae ab kaslrrnbbn kab jlobl y ab baehulca.
_alii dnel ka glearl axtrlül l bl fnrgl ae qua bls insls j uabae, sa vae, sa sdaetae n suaele.
En kdia frlsas aspnetìea ls ka kns plblorls (en ainbìbdils) l bns ?; gas as.
As pnsdoba dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr bns [AL l bns <: g asas ka aklk n letas. Jlidl bns ? lüns,
ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin qua jlhl ue prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb axpard
axpardgaetlkn
gaetlkn puak a inesdkarlrsa guy ine-
fdloba. Yde
Yde agolrhn, guijns edüns en raidoae ue kdlheùstdin kafded
kafdedtdvn
tdvn sden jlstl
aklkas glynras. Yd odae en axdsta uel iurl plrl astastaa td
tdpn
pn ka iulkrns, bls devastd-
devastd-
hlidneas kag uastrle qua bl detar
detarvaeidùe
vaeidùe tagprlel puaka gacnrlr sdhed
sdhedfdilt
fdiltdvlgaeta
dvlgaeta
su kaslrrnbbn. Astls detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils lyukle l qua kdijns edüns puakle
lpraekar kastrazls dgpnrtletas ingn bls jlodbdklkas inguediltdvls a deibusn ab
jlobl, qua bnhrae jloblr, ilgdelr a detarlit
detarlitulr
ulr ine bns kagì s ka bl fnrgl gì s lka-
iulkl pnsdoba.
Yd odae en sa jle kasiuodartn tnkns bns flitnras detarvdedaetas ae bns [AL, bl psd-
inbnhçl jl vardfdilkn fajlidaetagaeta qua en sne iluslkns
i luslkns pnr uel delkaiulkl
irdlezl ingn sa supneçl jlstl jlia lbhuens lüns ltrìs. Bl glynrçl ka bns idaetçfdins
indeidkae
indeidkae ae q ua axdsta ue ingpn eaeta haeätdin dgpnrtleta qua nparl ingn flitnr
ka rdashn y jlia qua uel parsnel sal gì s vubearloba
vubearloba l plkaiar ue [AL (Facargle t
Bl sahue kl atlpl ing praeka aetra bns 9 y 6 lüns. Ab edün ae asta parçnkn tdaea
ue baehulca varolb bn sufdidaetagaeta kaslrrnbblkn y, ae bns inetaxtns urolens, sa
trltl ka edüns asinblrd
trltl asinblrdzlkns
zlkns tag prlelgaeta. Kaska ab puetn ka vdstl pdlhatd
pdlhatdlen
len ens
sdtulgns a e ab parçnkn pranparltnrdn. Ab bç bçgdta
gdta ka astl a tlpl suaba sar ab lpraekdzlca
ka bl baitnasir
baitnasirdtur
dturll y/n ab bnhrn ka bls nparlidneas ineiratls y bl ravarsd
ravarsdodbd
odbdklk
klk n pa-
rltnrdl.
Ab nocatdvn
prlelgaeta blskalbtar
bl avlbulidùe
lidneas ae ae
lbtarlidneas asta gng
ab kaslrrnbb n aetn
kaslrrnbbn ka blfdarle
qua detar vdkl
detarfdar inesdsta
le ine ae kataitlr
ab lpraekdzlca tag-
asinblr
y/n ab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn ka bl inguedilidùe. Ka astl glea rl sarì pnsdoba kdsaülr detarvaeidn-
eas tag prlels y/n ordeklr defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe l bl asiuabl plrl qua bns aspaidlbdst
aspaidlbdstls
ls (a.h.3 ab
psdiùbnhn asinblr, bns psdinpaklhnhns) jlhle bls lkaiulidneas iurrdiublras eaiasl-
rdls plrl bl ltaeidùe
ltaeidùe ka bns edüns k ataitlkns ingn ae rdashn rdashn ltaekdaekn sus eaia-
sdklkas puetulbas, pnr acagpbn deibuyaekn ue glastrn detahrlknr n ka lpnyn. Astl
ilrlitarçstdil pravaetdvl gakdleta bl tag prlel dkaetdf
avlbulidùe taekrì uel ilrlitarçstdil dkaetdfdilidùe
dilidùe ka
pnsdobas ilsns qua raqudar
raqudarle
le ltaeidùe aspa idlbd
idlbdzlkl.
zlkl.
Ab edün ae astl atlpl tdaea lbhuels ilrlitarçstdils aspaiçfdils. Ae
Ae prdgar buhlr
puaka g letaear bl ltaeid
ltaeidùe
ùe pnr parçnkns g uy inrtns ka tdagpn0 g ledfdastl
ledfdastl parçnkns
ka hrle litdvdklk y ka inekuitl arrìtdil, puaka detarrugpdr bl sasdùe ka avlbulidùe
vlrdls vaias, puaka axpardgaetlr gnbastdls leta bl acaiuidùe ka lbhuel tlral prn-
puastl pnr ab psdiùbnhn, puaka raiurrdr l bl glkra plrl gnstrlrba su prnkuiidùe, ati.
Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kaoa sar ilplz ka inestr udr ue ouae rlppnrt plrl lkgdedstrlr bns destru-
inestrudr
gaetns pblealkns y kaoa taear prasaeta qua puaka deiurrdr ae uel suoastdglidùe
ka bls jlodbdklkas kab edün ae fueidùe ka bns flitnras ingaetlkns (]letar y Orli`ae,
?=< 9). Ae iul etn l bls pruaols l l kgdedstrlr
kgdedstrlr,, kaoa sabaiidnelr täiedils praf prafaraeta-
araeta-
gaeta ka siraaedeh qua pargdtle uel dkaetdfdilidùe tagprlel ka bns edüns ae rdashn
y qua eaiasdtae uel avlbulidùe gìs aspaiçfdil ae uel sahuekl atlpl. Ya trltl ka
pruaols guy saeidbbls ka lkgdedstrlr, ka kurlidùe orava y guy saesdobas l prnolobas
lbtarlidneas ae ab kaslrrnbbn y/n pnsdobas kdsfueidneas snidnagnidnelbas. Ae euastrn
gakdn ha earlbgaeta sa axl gdel ab g ltard
ltardlb
lb hrìfdin qua prnkuia ab edün (tast kab kd-
oucn ka bl fdhurl jug lel, tast `deätdin ka bl flg dbdl,
dbdl, kdoucn bdora, ati.),
ati.), inecuetlg aeta
ine ab tast ka Oaekar l plrtdr
p lrtdr ka bns ; lüns ka aklk
ak lk (välesa bns Ilpçtubns 1 y 6).
Ab psdiùbnhn kaoarçl axlgdelr ae astl atlpl bls jlodbdklkas ka baehulca axprasdvn y
raiaptdvn, bls
bls ineku itls lklptltdvls, ab kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbbn
bn gntnr fden y hruasn y ab fueidnel-
gdaetn inhedtdvn, snidlb y agnidnelb kab defleta. Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns agnidnel-
bas y inekuitulbas, inorl aspaidlb rabavleidl lb plpab ka bns plkras y bns glastrns
ingn defnr
defnrgletas
gletas ka bl inekuitl kab edün fuarl ka bl sdtulid
sdtulidùe
ùe ka tast (välsa ab I lpç-
tubn <). ]lrl abbn as eaiaslrdn jliar uel avlbulidùe kab inetaxtn ae ab qua sa k asae-
vuabva ab paquaün. As praid
praidsn
sn axlg delr ae asta parçnkn bl rablid
rablidùe
ùe kab edün ine sus
plkras n iudklknras, ab astdbn plraetlb y bls rablidneas ine bns jarglens (Edi`arsne,
Kuvlbb y Hlhene, ?==8).
Bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil utdb
utdbdzlkns
dzlkns kaoarçle iug pbdr ine bns as-
tìeklras detarelidnelbas
detarelidnelbas (LA_ L, ?==1 ). Kaoae tnglr ae iuaetl avdkaeidls ka ine-
fdlodbdklk y vlbdkaz sufdidaeta y lusaeidl ka sashn qua lsahura bl aqudklk ae bl avl-
bulidùe ka gdenrçls, ätedils
ätedils n pno blidneas ka olcns raiursns aineùg dins. Ya kaoa
taear ue plrtdiublr iudklkn
iudklkn in e bl avlbulidùe ka pnoblidneas aspaidlbas, tlbas ingn
edüns iuyl prdgarl baehul en sal ab asplünb, edüns axtrlecarns, ka pnoblidneas as-
ilslgaeta asinblrdzlkls, ka plkras ine olcn edvab ka destruiidùe n ka inetaxtns en
urolens. Ae astns ilsns bl avlbulidùe kaoa ralbdzlr ka gnkn iubturlbgaeta lcustlkn
l bl pnoblidùe aspaiçfdil ka bl qua sa trlta Orl`ae, ?==80 Frle` ka Vartjabyd, ?===).
Ae iuletn l bl sabaiidùe ka destrugaetns sa kaoa abdgdelr ae bn pnsdoba tnkls bls
pntaeidlbas fuaetas ka vlrdleidl drrabavleta kab inestruitn l avlbulr. Aetra bls gìs
dgpnrtletas inesdkarlgns ab edvab ka jlodbdklk varolb raquardkl plrl inetastlr l ka-
targdelkns çtags n plrl raspnekar l katargdelkls tlrals, ab edvab ka akuilidùe kab
edün, ab hrlkn ka liubturlidùe ae ilsn ka sar axtrlecarn n partaeaiar l ue inetaxtn
en urolen y bls axpardaeidls prnpdls ka vdkl.
Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns aspaiçfdins kab kaslrrnbbn, bns jdtns gìs ilrlitarçstdins
ka astl atlpl fuarne rasugdkns pnr ab astukdn ka Hassabb at lb. <4:<), qua sa katlbbl
ae bl [lobl ;
[lobl ;. Jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn aetra bns ; y 6 lüns sahóe Hass abb at lb
Ylbtl uslekn bns pdas lbtar- Yloa su engora y lpabbdkn. Inpdl ue iulkrlkn y ue
eltdvlgaeta ]rahuetl ab sdhedfdilkn ka trdìehubn
]uaka leklr ae puetls ka bls plblorls Iuaetl <= nocatns saül-
pda Kasirdoa dgìhaeas. blekn ine su kakn.
1 lüns Hlrloltal su engora.
Ya vdsta y kasvdsta ine
lyukl
Ya kdsfrlzl ine rnpl ka
lkubtn.
aetra bns 1 y : lüns. L bns 6 lüns ue edün kaoa sar ilplz ka kdsirdgdelr aetra kara-
ijl a dzqudarkl snora sç gdsgn y l plrtdr ka bns : kaoa pnkar haearlbdzlr asta ine-
iaptn l bns kagìs.
_aspaitn ka bl gagnrdl iloa inesdhelr qua bls tlrals rablidnelkls ine bl ga-
gnrdl en varolb y ab sahudgdaetn ka rutls y/n bloardetns sne guy saesdobas l kdsfue-
idneas tagprlels. Yd bls kdsfueidneas sa gledfdastle u niurrae kaspuäs kab prdgar
lün ka vdkl, ab edün taekrì gìs kdfdiubtlk ae tlrals en varolbas qua varolbas. Yd niu-
rrae kaetrn kab prdgar lün suiakarì l bl devarsl. Bl jlodbdklk avdkaeidl ue kaslrrnbbn
dgpnrtletaa l gakdkl qua bns edüns iraiae. Astl ilplidklk en astì ae rablidùe ine bl
dgpnrtlet
ilplidklk ka lbgliaelgdaetn ka ilkl eaurnel sden qua sa prnkuia ue deiragaetn
ae ab eógarn ka bls eaurnels qua plrtdidple ae ab prniasn ka gagnrdzlidùe y bns
edüns
orn kaagpbale astrltahdls
astrltahdls
bl defnrglidùe.
defnrglidùe. kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas
Bns edüns ka 1 qua
lünsbas parg dtdtae
prasaetle aeue
g acnrlr
p nora su ilplidklk
kasagpa ün aekatlrals
rain-
ka avnilidùe. Astl jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk vl gacnrlekn l g akdkl qua iraiae, hrlidls l bl gakdl-
idùe ka bl inrtazl prafrnetlb.
Ae iuletn l bls fueidneas acaiutdvls, ab kaslrrnbbn ka bl ilplidklk p lrl dejdodr bns bns
astçgubns
astç gubns prnlitdvlgaeta
prnlitdvlgaeta sa prasaet
prasaetll aetra bns 6 y bns : lüns, lbilezlekn su g ìxdgn
kaslrrnbbn l bns <?. Hrlkulbga eta, bns defletas
defletas vle l kqudrdaekn bls fueidneas acaiu-
tdtdvls
vls y in gdaezle l utdb
utdbdzlr
dzlr astrltahdls
astrltahdls ga tlinhedtd
tlinhedtdvls.
vls. L bns ; lü ns astìe p rasaetas
ab lutninetrnb y ab lutngnedtnran plrl inetrnblr bl acaiuidùe
acaiuidùe ka arrnras n ka k atargd-
elkl litdvdklk, y lbilezl su g ìxdgl raprasa etlidùe aetra bns 6 y bbns ns : lüns .
Ab trlstnren gìs dgpnrtleta kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn l kasilrtlr ae astl atlpl as bl
kdsilplidklk detabaitulb (KYG 1), qua as ab euavn eng ora qua raidoa ab letd
letdhun
hun kdlh-
eùstdin ka Detabaitulbas
plidklkas Detabaitulbas y kaeab bns
ratrlsn gaetlb KY G letard
letardnras.
Kaslrrnbbn nras.
kafd
kafdea Bl Lsnidlidùe
ea l asta trlstnren Lgardilel
trlstnren ing ka K dsil-
n uel kdsilplid-
klk ine bdgdtlidneas ilrlitarçstdils tletn ae bns lspaitns detabaitulbas ingn ae bl
ineku itl lklptltdvl qua iuora bl gl ynrçl ka bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas snidlbas y bls jlodbdkl-
jlodbdkl-
kas prìitdils plrl bl vdkl kdlrdl y qua sa gle dfdfdastl
dastl kurleta ab parçnkn ka ka slrrnbb
slrrnbbnn
letas ka bns <: lüns (jttp3//lldkk.nrh/detabbaitulb-kdslodbdty/kafdedtdne#.VfrQXuStkfA)
bl vdkl kdlrdl. Devnbuirl jlodbdklkas ine iaptulbas a.h.3 baehulca, gleacn kab tdagpn),
snidlbas a.h. jlodbdklk plrl noakaiar y raspatlr rahbls, jlodbdklkas detarparsnelbas)
y jlodbdklkas prìitdils ka bl vdkl kdlrdl (a.h.3 iudklkn parsnelb, slbuk, usn raspne-
sloba kab kdearn, ati.).
ati.). Bls euavls g nkdfdilidneas
nkdfdilidneas detrnkuidkls ae ab KY G 1 dekdile
lb ibçedin qua kaoa tnglr ae iuaetl lgons dekdilknras (detabaitulbas y ka lklptl-
idùe) plrl vlbnrlr asta iulkrn. [rlkdidnelbg
[rlkdidnelbg aeta ab äeflsds astlol gìs pu astn ae ab
fueidnelgdaetn detabaitulb
detabaitulb qua ae bl asfarl l klptltdvl.
Yd ab edün letas ka bns 1 lüns en iugpba ine bns jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn asparlk
asparlkns
ns
ae vlrdns ilgpns k ab ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn detabait
detabaitulb
ulb y en puaka sar avlbulkn k a gle arl
sdstagìtdil
sdstagìtdil n as guy paquaün, aetneias sa k dlhenstdil
dlhenstdil ratrlsn hbnolb kab kaslrrnbbn
y raqudara uel raavl bulidùe kaspuä s ka ue pa rçnkn ka tdagpn i ne ab fde ka vardfdilr
vardfdilr sd
sa trltl ka uel kdsilplidklk detabaitulb.
Yd ab ratrlsn
ratrlsn lplraia k aspuäs ka bns <: lüns, yl en sa trltl ka kdsilplidklk deta- deta-
baitulb, sden ka ntrn tdpn ka lbtarlid
baitulb, lbtarlidùe
ùe n k asnrkae y sa kao a l u e trlstnren lkqudrdkn
lkqudrdkn
y en k ab kaslrrnbbn.
Ae ue 9= n ;= % ka parsnels qua sufrae asta iulkrn en sa dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdil
il bl atd
atdnbnhçl.
nbnhçl.
Yahóe _nsabbd at lb. (?=<=) as pnsdoba raineniar kns tdpns ka iulkrns3
1? . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL
1; L. ILY[_N
I LY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEE
LEEL
L
Lgardile ]syijdltrdi
KYG-1®). LgardileLssnidltdne (?=<9).
]syijdltrdi ]uo.
Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars
Olrry, I., Frdi`, ]. y @lgpjlus, _. (?=<9). ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet de ijdbk gaetlb jalbtj
sattdehs. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. <1 (pp. ?19-?8=). Xlsjdehtne
K.I.3 L]L.
Olybay, E. (?=<1). Olybay Yilbas nf Deflet Kavabnpgaet. Varsdne DDD3 Gleulb. ]syijnbnhdilb Inr-
pnrltdne.
Orli`ae, O. (?==8). Iraltdeh tja nptdgl) prasijnnb tastdeh sdtultdne. Ae3 O. L. Orli`ae y
_. C. E lhba (aks.), [ja ]syijnakuiltdnelb Lssassgaet nf ]rasijnnb Ijdbkrae (pp.<98-<19).
Gljwlj, EC.3 Arbolug.
Injae, _. C., Ywarkbd`, G. A., Ilstlüakl, G. K. B. L., Hlordab, Y. ]., Euüaz, G. K. I. G., y
Guünz, A. H . G. K. (?==6). ]ruaols y avlbulidùe psdinbùhdils3 Detrnkuiidùe l bls pruaols
yl bl gakdidùe. Olriabnel3 GiH rlw-Jdbb.
Facargle, E. (<44
rlitdvdklk.
rlitdvdklk. Ae3 ;). Kdsb
Kdsbaxdl,
axdl, kdsf
E. Facargle, kdsfueidùe
J.ueidùe
Lrrnyn,iaraorlb gçedgl
G . Glsslrn y V.y _u
trlstnr
trlstnren
en, kaLutdsgn
hhdard
hhdard, bl ltaeidùe iney jdpa-
defletdb ntrns
trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn (pp. <4<-?91). Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Facargle, E. (?=<=). [rlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn. Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
pakdìtrdil. Ouaens Ldras3 ]lelgardilel.
Facargle, E. y Fareìe kaz Lbvlraz, A. (?==8). Eaurnbnhçl pakdìtrdil.
Facargle, E., Lrrnyn, J., Glsslrn, G. y _uhhdard, V. (<44;). Lutdsgn defletdb y ntrns trlstnrens
kab kaslrrnbbn. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Fdbdpa`, ]. L., Liilrkn, ]. C., Olrlea`, H. [., Inn` Cr, A. J., Klwsne, H., Hnrkne, O. y Gde-
sjaw, E . C. (<444). [ja siraaedeh lek kdlhensds nf lutd
lutdstd
stdii spaitrug kdsnrkars. Cnurelb nf
Lutdsg lek Kavabnpgaetlb Kdsnrkars, ?4 (6), ;94-;:;.
9. Destrug
Destr ugaetns
psdinbùhdilaetnsedplrl
püns
lrls bl avlbulidùe
ae edün
Hulklbupa
Hul klbupa ka bl Dhb
Dhbasdl
asdl
ka tnkn lquabbn qua dgpbdqua ab usn ka lbhuel fueidùe detabaitulb. T lsç fua kagns-
trlkn pnr ab lutnr gakdleta ab iìbiubn ka inrrablidneas
inrrablidneas ae tra eugarnsçsdgls g akdkls
ka jlodbdklkas, jlbbìeknsa
jlbbìeknsa qu a aetra tnkls axdstçl lbhóe hrlkn ka lsnidlidùe, glynr
n ga enr, parn eueil eubn n parfaitn. Asl plrta qua arl axpbdilkl pnr bl lsnidlidùe
fua engorlkl ingn h n flitnr haearlb.
Bl enidùe ka flitnr h puaka s ar lostrlitl y ka kdfçidb
kdfçidb ing praesdùe. ]lrl aetae-
karbl, pnkrçlg ideätdil y su rablidùe
pnkrçlg ns jliar uel le lbnhçl ine ab ineiaptn ka aearh çl ideätdil
ine bl litdvdklk kap nrtd
nrtdvl.
vl. [nkls bls litdvdklkas kapn rtdvls
rtdvls dg pbdile kdstd
kdstdetn
etn tdpn ka
kastrazls -plrtas ingpneaetas qua vlrdlrìe ka liuarkn ine ilkl litdvdklk-, parn
tnkls tdaeae ae ingó e ab usn ka aearhçl ideätdil. Yd tnglg ns, pnr acagpbn, bl ilpl-
idklk plrl cuhlr lb fótonb pnkrçlg
pnkrçlg ns kaidr qua plrl p rlitdilr
rlitdilr asta kapnrta sarì eaia -
slrdn3 inenidgdaetn
inenidgdaetn ka bls rahbls kab cuahn, gleacn ka bl pabntl sde ab usn ka orlzns y
glen s, ineniar cuhlkls astrltähdils,
astrltähdils, aetra guijn s ntrns abagaetns, y, pnr sup uastn,
ab usn ka bl aearhçl ideätd
ideätdil.
il. Ab lcakraz, pnr ntrl plrta, ingn axtragn ing pbatlgaeta
kdfaraeta, dgp
dgp bdil
bdil ab inen idgdaetn ka n trn tdpn
tdpn ka rahbls, ka ntrls cuhlkls a strltähd
strltähd--
ils, bl jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk plrl g nvar pdazls y lk gdedstrlr ab tdagpn
tdagpn ka cuahn, aetra vlrdns ntrns
ideätdil. En pnkag ns var bl aearhçl
lspaitns y, kaska yl, tlgodäe ab usn ka aearhçl ideätdil.
ideätdil,
ideätdil, parn pnkag ns defard
defardrbl
rbl l trlväs kab gnvdgdaetn y slo agns qua as plrta kab
ingpnrtlgdaetn kapnrtdvn. Ae lbhuels litdvdklkas su usn sarì glynr qua ae ntrls.
]lrl cuhlr ue plrtdkn ka 4= gdeutns ka kurlidùe sa eaiasdtlrì guijl gìs aearhçl
ideätdil
ideätdil qua pl rl cuhlr ue plrtdkn
plrtdkn ka lcakraz. Yde agol rhn, ae lgo ls litdvd
litdvdklkas
klkas ka -
abbl astlrì prasae ta. Bn gdsg n niurra ine ab flitnr h0 en pnkag ns nosarvlrbn
pnrtdvls, abbl nosarvlrbn
parn defardgn
defardgn s qua as ue ing pneaeta ka tnkls bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas detabaitdvls
detabaitdvls y supnea-
gns qu a lbhuels ka abbls raquardrìe uel glyn r n gaenr defbuaeidl ka h.
Lkagìs, bls parsnels ens kdfaraeidlragns pnr inetlr ine glynr n gaenr ile-
tdklk ka flitnr h plrl uslr , lb dhulb qua bns cuhlknras ae ue plrtdkn ka fóton
fótonbb qua
inetlrìe dekdvdkulbgaeta ine glynr n gaenr aearhçl plrl cuhlr
c uhlr bns 4= gdeutns kab
plrtdkn. Ka lquç surha ab detaräs psdingätrdin, iaetrlkn ae ilptlr asls kdfaraeidls
as y ineniar quä iletdklk ka flitnr h pnsaa il kl sucatn. Lsç ingn a b kdrai-
dekdvdkulbas
dekdvdkulb kdrai-
tnr täiedin
täiedin kab aqudpn ka fótonb eaiasdtl sloar quä cuhlk nr iuaetl ine g lynr aearhçl
ideätdil
ideätdil plrl plrtdidplr
plrtdidplr ka bns <1 g deutns axtrl ka cuahn qu a ab ìrodtrn lilol ka astl-
obaiar, kaodkn l qua ab flitnr h cuahl ue dgpnrtleta rnb ae guijls ìrals ka bl vd vdkl
kl ka
bls parsnels -ingn pnr acagpbn, ab kasagpaün a e bl asiuabl n ab trlolcntrlolcn (Hnttf rak-
sne, ?==?)-, ae ab ìgo dtn ka bl psdinbnhçl
psdinbnhçl sarì ótdb inetlr ine defnrglidùe snora as a
lspaitn.
Ypalrgle pnstubù
pnstubù qua pnkçle dkaet
dkaetdfdfdilr
dilrsa
sa kns ilplidklkas ingpneaetas ka h 3
raprnkuitdvl. Bl ilplidklk akuitdvl rafdara l bl
bl ilplidklk akuitdvl y bl ilpl idklk raprnkuitdvl.
jlodbdklk
jlodbd klk p lrl ralbdzlr lostrliid
lostrliidneas,
neas, ilptlr rablidneas n pl trneas qua en sne novdns
l sdgpba vdstl, y lrrdolr l ineibusdneas leta sdtulidneas envakn sls. As uel jlodbd
jlodbdklk
klk
asilslg aeta bdbdhlkl
hlkl l bn varolb, qua sa astdgl pnin aetraeloba y glynrga eta bdhlkl
bdhlkl
l flitnras odnbùhdins pnr sn ora bns iubturlbas. Bl ilplidklk raprnkuitdvl, ae ilgodn,
sa ingpnea ka tnkn ab inenidgdaetn lkqudrdkn pnr uel parsnel, y bl pnsdodbdklk ka
rataear, raiuparlr y avnilr defnrglidùe lbgl iaelk l. L kdfaraeidl ka bl akuitdvl, bbll
raprnkuitdvl
raprnkuitd vl astì lbtlgaeta defbudkl
defbudkl pnr ab inetaxtn ae ab qua ab dekdvdkun sa ae iuae-
trl desartn yl qua kapaeka ka su liiasn lb inenidgdaetn y ka su axpnsdidùe l äb.
Lgons ineiaptns sa aeiuaetrle çetdglg
çetdglg aeta bdbdhlkns,
hlkns, kaska ue puetn ka vdstl kas-
irdptdvn,
irdptdvn, a deibusn snblpìek nsa ae a sa sa etdkn, l bns ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl fbudkl
fbudkl (Hf) a detabd
detabd--
1: . KA BL DHBAYDL
haeidl irdstlbdzlkl (Hi), prnpuastns nrdhdelbgaeta pnr Ilttabb (<469) y buahn ravdslkns
cuetn l su astukdleta Cnje B. Jnre (Ilttabb y Jnre, <48:). L
Lsç
sç as qua bl detabdhaeidl
fbudkl sa puaka aqudplrlr, ka lbhóe gnkn, l bl ilplidklk akuitdvl y bl detabdhaeidl
irdstlbdzlkl l bl ilplidklk raprnkuitdvl (Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Nehl rltn, Yllv akrl y
Ilsubbn, ?==;).
Ae astl tanrdzlidùe
tanrdzlidùe snora bl detabdetabdhaeidl,
dhaeidl, Ypalrgle, lkag ìs ka pnstublr l h ingn
ab flitnr ingóe y haea rlb l tnkn ing pnrtlgdaetn detab detabdhaeta,
dhaeta, tlgodäe jdpntatd
jdpntatdzù
zù ntrn
flitnr plrl a xpbd
xpbdilr
ilr tlbas inek uitls, ab flitnr s n spaidfdi. Asta sa rafdara
rafdara l j lodbd
lodbdklkas
klkas
aspaiçfdils raquardkls
raquardkls ae li tdvdklkas
tdvdklkas plrtdiublras
plrtdiublras y qua, pnr a eka, sa utdbdzlrìe
utdbdzlrìe kdfa-
raeidlbgaeta
raeidlbgaeta s ahóe ab nocatd
nocatdvn
vn ka bl tlral. Yd bbll plrta ae ing óe l tnkls bls jlodbd
jlodbdkl-
kl-
kas qua axpbdilol bls inrrablid
inrrablidneas
neas a etra abb
abbls
ls arl l trdoudkl
trdoudkl l h, bl ntrl plrta, en ax-
pbd
pbdilkl
ilkl pn r h, qua plraiçl sar dekapaekdaeta y p rnpdl ka asl jlodbdklk,
jlodbdklk, inrraspnekçl
l bn aspaiçfdin n prnpdn ka tlb jlodbdklk.
jlodbdklk. As pnr a bbbbnn qua, ae tanrçl, ffnrgubù
nrgubù ue eóg arn
pntaeidlbgaeta defdedtn ka flitnras aspaiçfdins, vlrdlobas detar a detrldekdvdkulbgaeta,
klkn q ua su ka slrrnbbn
slrrnbbn ens kdfaraeidl aetra saras jug lens pa rn, l bl vaz, bl bl inefdhu-
rlidùe plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr ka flitnras aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdins
ins ka il kl parsnel as ing pbatlgaeta kdvarsl,
sde qua puak l nosarvlrsa u e hrlkn aq udvlbaeta ka kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn kaetrn kab prnpdn parfdb.
parfdb.
L pnstardnrd ka bls tanrdzlidneas
tanrdzlidneas prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas jlstl lquç aeu garlkls, Yp alrgle (<4?8)
rainenidù bl axdstaeidl ka flitnras ka hrupn plrl rafdarsa l flitnras kdvarsns qua sa
pneae ae cuahn inecuetlgaeta ae lbhuel litdvd litdvdklk,
klk, y qua defbuyae
defbuyae ae ab raekdgdaetn
dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb tletn n g ìs qua bns prnpdns h y s, ing n pnr acag pbn bl vnbuetlk, ab detaräs
detaräs
pnr bl litdvdklk, bl
bl parsdstaeidl, n sdgdblras (Fblelhle y J lrrdsne, ?==1).
Jdstùrdilgaeta ae bl avlbulidùe ka bns lspaitns inhedtdvns, ab kdsaün ka destru-
gaetns psdingätrdins astuvn aefnilkn ae bl avlbulidùe ka h. Yde agolrhn, bns ka-
oltas taùrdins jle bbavlkn l qua guijns ka bns tasts gìs raidaetas y ka usn detar-
elidnelb ba lkcukdilrle
lkcukdilrle g aenr dgpnrtleidl (ka tnkls g learls, h as ue lspaitn qua
sdagpra sa gdka) y glynr rabavleidl l sus suolspaitns. Astn bbavù l Ilrrnb (<449,
<448), pnr acagpbn, l ralbdzlr uel sarda ka devastdhlidneas agpçrdils ae bls qua utdbdzù
ab leìbdsds
leìbdsds flit
flitnrdlb
nrdlb ingn gätnkn ka astukdn plrl axlg delr ka gle arl axjlu stdvl stdvl bns
tasts ka detabdhaeidl.
detabdhaeidl. Ineibuyù qua bl avdkaeidl l flvnr ka ue flitnr haearlb ka bl de-
tabdhaeidl
tabdhaeidl arl dekukloba y qua, lkag ìs, sa pnkçl paesl r bl bl detabdetabdhaeidl
dhaeidl gak dleta ue
gn kabn ka tras edvabas,
edvabas, inrraspnekdaetas l bns flitnras ka prdgar, sahuekn y tariar
nrkae jlbblkns ae tlbas astukdns flitnrdlb
flitnrdlbas.
as. Ae ab astrltn DDDDD,D, qua raprasaetl bl ió s-
pdka, sa uodil a b flitnr h ing n óedil kdg aesdùe. Buahn, ae ab astrltn DDDD,, sa dkaetdf
dkaetdfdile
dile
kdstdetls
kdstd etls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas suo nrkdelkls3 Baehulca, _lzn elg daetn, Ga gnrdl y Lpraekdzlca,
]ariapidùe Vdsulb, ]ariapidùe Lukdtdvl,
Lukdtdvl, ]rnkuiidùe ka Dkals, _l pdkaz Inhe dtdvl, dtdvl, In-
enidgdaetn y _aekdg daetn, y Gdsiabìeals. Ab eógarn ka jlodbdklkas kab sahuekn as-
trltnn haea rlbgaeta vlrçl aetra : y <=, kapaekdaekn kab lutnr. Fdelb
trlt Fdelbgae
gae ta, ab astrltn
astrltn D
astì ingp uastn pnr euga rnsls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas n flitnras aspaiçfdins. Lquç kaoa rainr-
klrsa qua, sahóe bls fnrgublidneas taùrdils dedidlbas ka Ypalrgle ae <4=;, astls
jlodbdklkas n flitnras aspaiçfdins pnkçle paeslrsa ingn pntaeidlbgaeta defdedtns.
[aedaekn ae i uaetl asta lpnrta y bns ka Ilttab y Jn re snora detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl fbudkl
fbudkl y irds-
tlbdzlkl,
tlbdzlkl, G iHraw y Fblelhle (<44: ) pnstublr
pnstublrne
ne ab gnkabn Ilttab-Jnre-Ilrrnbb (IJI)
ae ab iulb, luequa en sa edahl bl axdstaeidl ka h, as ngdtdkn ingn uel gakdkl ka
detaräs y su iìbiubn en sa jlbbl inetag pblkn. Ka li uarkn ine a sta gn kabn, bl detabd
detabd--
haeidl puaka avlbulrsa ga kdleta kdkdaz
az astrltns lgpbdns qua lhruple gìs ka sataetl
astrltns lintlkns -lbhn aqudplrlo ba l bns astrltns DD y D ka Il rrnbb (<448 )-.
Axdstae ntrls tanrçls snora bl detabdhaeidl qua kdarne sustaetn lb kdsaün ka gub-
tdpbdidklk ka tasts. Ydagpra qua sa prataekl lpbdilr a detarpratlr lbhuen, ab usulrdn
kaoarì ineniarbns y k lr iuaetl ka abbns ae su detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe.
ùe. L g akdkl qua rainrrl-
gns bns tasts qua jny ae kçl sne bns gìs utdbdzlkns plrl gakdr lspaitns inhedtdvns
ae edüns, sa jlrì ga eidùe l quä ineiap tns sa prataeka avlbulr y bl tanrçl
tanrçl ae bl qua
astìe olslkns.
[lb ingn sa gaeidnelrl pravdlgaeta, bns axpartns ae ab tagl kastlile qua bns
lspaitns inh edtdvns,
edtdvns, y a spaidlbgaeta ab flitnr h, cuahle ue rnb fueklga etlb ae ab ka-
slrrnbbn kab edün ae asl atlpl avnbutdvl, ingn lsç tlgodäe ae bls suosdhudaetas. As
pnr abbn qua su avlbulidùe ine jarrlgdaetls lkaiulkls qua iuaetae ine hlrletçls
ka
inevlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk
destrugaetns rasubtl fueklgaetlb.
delkaiulkns, en pnkrçlgnsYd astlr
avlbuìrlgns
sahurnstlbas ltrdoutns
ka qua ae edüns
bns rasubtlkns
notaedkns fuarle vìbdkns y inefdlobas y, ae inesaiuaeidl
inesaiuaeidl,, bls kaidsdneas qua tngì-
rlgns l plrtdr
plrtdr ka abbns pnkrçle astlr aqudvnilkls, parcukdilekn
parcukdilekn bl vdkl kab edün y su
flgdbdl.
Axdstae gó btdpbas
btdpbas asilbls kdsaülkls plrl tlb fde.
fde. Yde agolrhn , lbhuels sa kastlile
pnr uel vlstl trlyaitnrdl qua kl iuaetl ka bl hrle liaptlidùe qua tdaeae
td aeae pnr plrta
ka bns prnfasdnelbas. Ae asta hrupn pnkagns uodilr bls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat, bls
asilbls kdsaülkls pnr Klvdk Xaijsbar y bl oltarçl Xnnkini`-Cnejsne.
Ae <4=1 Lbfrak Odeat cuetn l [janknra Ydgne kaslrrnbblrne ab prdgar tast plrl
ga kdr bl detabd
detabdhaei
haei dl3 ab Odeat-Ydgne Detabbdhaeia [ast (Odeat y Ydgne, <4=1). Astl as-
ilbl en sa ol slol ae edehuel tanrçl y su no catd catdvn
vn prdeidplb inesdstçl
inesdstçl ae avl bulr il-
plidklk detabaitulb
detabaitulb ae edüns plrl ordeklr defdefnrglidùe
nrglidùe l asiuabls plrdsdels qua eaia-
sdtlole kaidkdr ae quä tdpn ka hrupn lóbdin kaoçl iurslr ilkl astukdleta sahóe sus
ilplidklkas.
Ae <4<6 , Bawds [argle -ue psdiùbnhn ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ytlefnrk- tngù bl var-
sdùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb y, olsìekns a ae abbl
abbl kdsaüù bl prdgarl Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba
([argle, <4<6). _avdsdneas ka bl asilbl kardvlrne ae uel sahuekl (T argle y Ga rrdbb
rrdbb,,
<498), uel tariarl (Targle y Garrdbb, <46=, <489), uel iulrtl ([jnrekd`a, Jlhae y
Ylttbar, <4:6), y bl litulb qudetl va rsdùe3 bl Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yil/a, Fdftj Akd-
tdne (YO1) (_n dk, ?==9).
?==9). Astls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat (YO) sa kastlile pnr jlo ar ded-ded-
idlkn bl g akdidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl,
detabdhaeidl, pnr su raineni dkl trlyaitnr
trlyaitnrdl
dl y su kdfuekdkn
kdfuekdkn usn
ae tnkn ab pbleatl.
Bl ineia ptulbdzlidùe ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl qua fueklga etù ab kdsaün ka bl YO1 (_ ndk,
?==9) fua lquabbl pnstublkl
p nstublkl ae ab gaeidnelkn gnkabn IJI (G
(GiHraw
iHraw y Fblelhle,
<44:). Bl YO1 gdka -luequa ine ntrns engoras- idein flitnras qua partaeaiae lb
gnka bn IJI 3 _lznelg daetn Fbudkn,
Fbudkn, Inenidgdaetn, _ lznelg daetn Iuletdtltdvn,
Iuletdtltdvn, ]rn-
iaslgdaetn Vdsnasplidlb,
Vdsnasplidlb, Gag nrdl ka [rlolcn. Ilkl uen ka a stns flitnras
flitnras as gak dkn
gakdleta ue suotast varolb y uen en varolb -ae tntlb, bl asilbl sa ingpnea ka <=
suotasts-. Yu lkg ded
dedstrlid
strlidùe
ùe lkg dta
dta ab iìbiubn ka uel gak dkl detabaitulb
detabaitulb haearlb, uel
varolb y uel en varolb.
Bls kdstdetls varsdneas ka bls as ilbls YO acagpbdfdile
acagpbdfdile iblrlgaeta bls kdfaraeidls
ineiaptulbas ae rablidùe ine ab tärgden inafdidaeta detaitulb prnpuastn pnr Ytare
6= . KA BL DHBAYDL
(<4?;) plrl engdelr ab rasubtlkn notaedkn ae ue tast ka detabdhaeidl. Bls prdgarls kns
varsdneas ka bls asilbls Y O raiurrçle lb inidaeta detabaitulb -rltdn D\ ae dehbäs- ingn
gak dkl haearlb ka detabd
detabdhaeidl.
haeidl. Asta vlbnr kardvl kab iìbiubn P(aklk g aetlb/
aetlb/aklk
aklk irn-
enbùhdil)m< ==W, qua prasaetlol hrlekas bdgdtlidneas, bl prdeidplb arl qua ae äb suoyl-
içl bl enidùe ka qua bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl lug aetl ae uel rablidùe bdealb ine bl aklk. Astl
dkal as arrùeal yl q ua ab iraidgdaetn ddetabait
etabaitulb
ulb as raglriloba ae bns prdgarns lün s
ka vdkl, ine uel avnbuidùe en tle lpraidloba ae bns lüns pravdns l bl lknbasiaeidl y
ue slbtn dgpnrtleta jlidl lrrdol ae bl lknbasiaeidl, gngaetn trls ab qua en sa no-
sarvle ilg odns guy e ntnrdns,
ntnrdns, plrl kairaiar ae bl tariarl aklk (Hrnss, ?=<=). As pnr
abbn qua ab inidaeta detabaitulb
detabaitulb rasubtlol
rasubtlol uel g akdkl delkaiul kl plrl bl astdglidùe
ka bl detabdhaeidl, aspaidlbgaeta ae bns rlehns atlrdns ae bns qua lquabbl yl en sa
deiraga etl ine ab inrrar ka bns lüns. [letn as lsç qua l plrtdr ka bl tariarl varsdùe
ka bl asilbl YO, ae <46= sa kaidkdù utdbdzlr ab inafdidaeta detabaitulb pnr kasvdlidùe
-kavdltdne D\ ae dehbäs- ine ab qua sa ing plrl ab raekdgdaetn kab avlbulkn ine uel
guastrl enrgltdvl. Ae ab ilsn kab YO1, bns puetlcas hbnolbas (ID haearlb, ID ka bl
varsdùe loravdlkl, ID varolb, ID en varolb y bns Fli tnras Çekdia) sa detarpratle inetrls-
tlekn ine uel g akdl ka <== y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka <1. Bns kdaz suotast suotastss sa
detarprat
detarpratle
le ine ue l g akdl ka <= y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka 9.
Qel plrtdiublrdklk
plrtdiublrdklk qua kdfaraeidù
kdfaraeidù l bl glyn rçl ka bls asilbls YO fua y as ab usn ka
çtags avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns olslkn s ae bl aklk. Bns çtags ka ilkl suotast astìe lhruplkns ae
kdstdetns
kdstdetns edvabas ka aklk yl qua fuarne kdsaülkns in e ue irdtardn
irdtardn avnbutdvn qua dekdil
bn qua sa asparlol qua lbhudae ka katargdelkl aklk puakdarl raspnekar. Asta fnr-
gltn jl taedkn guijls irçtdils
irçtdils (Oai`ar, ?==9), aspaidlbgaeta pnrqua nrdhdelbgaeta
sa utdbdzlol
utdbdzlol plrl ka targdelr bl aklk g aetlb kab avlbulkn. Lb kdsaülr bl iulrtl varsd
varsdùe
ùe
[jnrekd`a at lb. (<4:6) kaclrne ka blkn ab fnrgltn
fnrgltn olslk n ae bl aklk y plslrne l uel
asilbl sustaetlkl ae bl kdfdiubtlk kab çtag -ingn sa utdbdzl ae bls asilbls Xaijsbar
qua sa kasirdodrìe
kasirdodrìe ae a b lplrtlkn suosdhudaeta-.
suosdhudaeta-. Ae abbl bns çtags
çtags sa prasaetle sahó e
ue nrkae k atargdelkn pnr ab pnriaetlca ka edüns qua bns raspnekdù axdtnslga eta0 bbns ns
g ìs fìidbas rasubtle
rasubtle sar lqua bbns qua gì s edüns bnhrlrne inetastlr odae-. Asta dekd-
ilknr sa inen ia ing n edvab ka kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlk,
lk, y as fueklg aetlb l bl bl jnrl ka lkg dedst
dedstrlr
rlr
astns tasts puastn q ua prasaetlr çtags kdfçkdfçidb
idbas
as lb prdeid
prdeidpdn
pdn puaka haearlr lesdaklk,
frustrlidùe
frustrlidùe y gl bastlr psçqudin,
psçqudin, bnhrìeknsa ue o uae rlppnrt sd sa lpbdile prdgarn bns
gìs
lesdakl fìid
fìidbas
kbas y sa
leta bl vl lugaetlekn
tlral y ab sucatn hrlkulbgaeta
sa linstug orl bll abbl.
kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk Ka astaplrl
Fdelbgaeta, g nkn sa olclakd-
bl qudetl bl
idùe sa kaidkdù ag pbalr uel astruiturl jçordkl ae bl qua ilkl suo tast prasaetl kds-
tdtdetns
etns edvabas ka akl k -n fueitdnedeh bavabs-, ine ab nocatdvn ka qua ilkl edvab iuaeta
ine çtags qua s a kdfaraeidle avnbutd
avnbutdvlg
vlg aeta ka ue edvab l ntrn0
ntrn0 parn kaetrn ka ilkl
uen ka asns edvabas
edvabas sa deibuyarne
deibuyarne oravas gdedtasts -n tatsbats- ae bns qua sa lhru-
plrne çtags nrkaelkns ka liuarkn ine su h rlkn ka kdfdiubtlk. kdfdiubtlk. Bl avlbulidùe olslkl
ae bl aklk sa kl gakdleta uel gakdkl kaengdelkl Ilsa Yaesdtdva Yinra -puetlca
saesdoba lb ilsn-, ae bl qua ab puetlca orutn sa trlesfnrgl
trlesfnrgl ae uel g akdkl qua dekdil
l quä ak lk irnenbùhdil inrraspnekarçl ab raekdgdaetn notaedkn pnr ab avlbulkn. Astl
gak dkl inrraspneka l uel gak dkl ka irdt
irdtardn
ardn (y en enrgltdvl, ingn tnkls bls ntrls).
Bns lutnras saülble qua astns puetlcas rasubtle suglgaeta ótdbas ae bns ilsns ka
raekdgdaetns axtragns -kdfdiubtlk/tlbaetn-. Dhulbgaeta, ae bl avlbulidùe enrgltdvl,
bl varsdùe YO1 sa kas tlil, lkagìs, pnr deibudr
deibudr ue gì s lg pbdn aspaitrn
aspaitrn ka çtags qua
pnsdodbdtle bl avlbulidùe ka sucatns ae lgons axtragns kab inetdeun.
DEY[_QGAE[N
DEY[_QGAE[NY
Y ]L_
]L_L
L BL A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 6<
Ntrn abagaetn kdstdetdvn ka bls asilbls YO sne sus rnutdeh tasts -n asilbls ka ae-
rutlgdaetn dedidlb-. Ya trltl ka suotasts qua sa lkgdedstrle lb ingaezlr bl avlbulidùe
ka gnkn tlb qua ab raekdgdaetn kab avlbulkn ae abbns pargdtl lb avlbulknr katargdelr
ab edvab ka dedidn plrl bns suotasts rastletas. Ae ab ilsn ka bl qudetl akdidùe, bns rnu
tdeh tasts sne Vniloublrdn (varolb) y Yardas ka Nocatns/Gltrdias (en varolb). Qe kltn
dgpnrtleta inesdsta ae qua astns kns suotasts pargdtae uel avlbulidùe inhedtdvl rì-
pdkl ae ab ilsn ka qua abbl fuara eaiaslrdl y lgons, pnr sç gdsgns, puakae utdbdzlrsa
plrl ilbiublr ue ID loravdlkn.
Lkagìs, ilkl suotast
suotast iuaetl ine su rahbl ka katargdelidùe
katargdelidùe ka edvab olsl y edvab
ka taijn. As kaidr, plrl ilkl suotast axdstdrì uel plutl snora quä kaoarçl inetas-
tlr/jliar ab avlbulkn plrl qua sal pnsdoba lkgdedstrlr bns çtags suosdhudaetas (edvab
olslb) y snora iuìekn kaoarçl kaclr ka lkgdedstrlrsa ab suotast sd ab raekdgdaetn kab
sucatn lbilezù su gìxdg
gìxdgn n puetn (edvab ka taijn). Haearlbg
Haearlbgaeta
aeta bls rahbls olslbas sa
rafdarae l qua ab avlbulkn kaoa inetastlr inrraitlgaeta lb gaens x iletdklk ka bns
çtags dedidlbas, y bls rahbls ka taijn dekdile ue inrta ae bl lkgdedstrlidùe buahn ka x
iletdklk ka arrnras. Asta prniakdgdaetn tlgodäe as inenidkn, ka gnkn guy haearlb,
y en kab tnkn praidsn, parn as uel gnklbdklk ka kaengdelidùe, ingn lklptdva tastdeh
-n tasts lklptltdvns-, qua pargdta lhdbdzlr tdagpns en deingnklekn, saesdodbdzlekn n
frustrlekn
frustrlekn lb avlbulkn ine çtags kag lsdlkn fìidbas n kdfçid
kdfçidbas
bas plrl äb (Oai`ar, ?==9).
Bl astleklrdzlidùe kab YO1 ae Astlkns Qedkns deibuyù bl avlbulidùe ka ;:== dekdvd-
kuns. Ae iuletn l su ilbdklk psdingätrdil, ae tärgdens ka inefdlodbdklk sa ilrlitardzl
lb VDIJG <
YO1
Ytlefnr k-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba Fdftj Akdtdne
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
_ndk, H. J . (?==9). Ytlefnrk-Odeat betabbdhaeia Yilbas, 1 ak., Dtlil, DB, _dvarsdka
]uobdsjdeh.
6? . KA BL DHB
DHBAYDL
AYDL
pnr uel a xiabaeta inesdst
inesdstaeidl
aeidl detarel
detarel (pnr aeidgl ka .4=) y ouael astlodbdklk tagpn-
rlb astlobaidkl
astlobaidkl gak dleta tast-ratast
tast-ratast.. Qe leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka puetulidneas detarcuaias tlgodäe
lrrncù rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns sl tdsflit
tdsflitnrdns.
nrdns. As dgpnrtleta raslbtlr qua, l ga kdkl qua sa bbavlrne l
ilon bns a stukdns psdingätrd
psdingätrdins,
ins, bns lutnras qudtlrne çtags
çtags qua g nstrlrne en taear a b
ingpnrtlgdaetn asparlkn y g letuvdarne
letuvdarne lquabbns qua sç fueidnelr
fueidnelrne
ne kab gn kn raqua-
rdkn ingn plrl hlrletdzlr uel ouael g akdkl. Ae iuletn l bns astukdns ka vlbdkaz, sa
snga tdù
tdù bl asilbl l leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka ine taedkn (c(cudid
udidnn axpartn, as-
tukdns agpçrdins), y astukdns ka avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka irdtardn ineiurraeta (ine var-
sdneas letardnras kab tast y asilbls X aijsbar) y prakditd
prakditdvl
vl (ine ga kdkls ka raekdg daetn
ingn bl ka X aijsbar y bbll ka X nnkini`-Cnjesne). [lgodäe sa jle a faitulkn leìbd leìbdsds
sds
flitnrdlbas qua ineibuyarne qua ue gnkabn ka idein flitnras rasubtlol suglgaeta
lkaiulkn l bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns a gpçrdins
gpçrdins (_ndk y Olrrlg, ?==;). Ya trltl ka uel asilbl
guy ingpbatl. Ka jaij n, Injae y Y warkbd` (?==4),
(?==4), kns rafaraet
rafaraetas
as ae ab tarraen ka bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil, en defnrglrne edehuel ka svaetlcl ine raspaitn l abbl.
[DIJG
[DIJG ?
XDYI-DV
X aijsbar Detabbd
Detabbdhaeia
haeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae Fnurtj Akdtdne
]uetulidneas
]uetulidneas qua
qua sa notdaeae3 Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb, ; puetulidneas çekdia
(Ingpraesdùe Varolb, _lznelgdaetn Vdsulb, Vabnidklk ka ]rniaslgdaetn y Ga-
gnrdl ka [rlolcn) y bns puetlcas inrraspnekdaetas l bns <1 suotasts.
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
X aijsbar, K. (?==9). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae, ; l ak., Yle Letn-
edn, [Z, ] syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
u g l [ ba
bagg bba g ?
X]]YD-DDD
Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglry Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia
[jdrk Akdtdne
[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 <; suotasts (Kdsaün ine Iuons, Defnrglidùe,
Gltrdias, Vniloublrdn, Ineiaptns ine Kdoucns, Oósquakl ka Yçgonbns, ]dstls,
Iblvas, Ingpraesdùe, Fdhurls Deingpbatls, Yagaclezls, Vniloublrdn _aiaptdvn,
_ngpailoazls y Engorlr Kdoucns).
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
Xaijsbar, K. (?==?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglry Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia, 9 :
. KA BL DHBAYDL
tdil, bl asirdturlka
ab lpraekdzlca y ab baehulca
edüns, nrlb yl lkubtns.
cùvaeas bns afaitns ka katargdelr
Astns pnsdobas kdfdiubtlkas
tasts sne inenidkns ingn tastsaeka
raekdgdaetn (lijdavagaet) y pargdtae ingplrlr ab parfdb ka bls jlodbdklkas inhedtdvls
ka ilkl sucatn ine su raekdgdaetn aspaiçfdin ae ilkl ìral. Bl Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb
Lijdavagaet [ast, [jdrk Akdtdne (XDL[-DDD) (]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne, ?==4) as uel
asilbl kdsaülk l plrl tlb fde.
F Q I J L r df
df DI
DI J J I L
X DL[ DDD
Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb L
Lijdavagaet
ijdavagaet [ast [jdrk Akdtdne
[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlid
lkgdedstrlidùe3
ùe3 ka ;1 gdeutns l ? jnrls.
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
]syij nbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne (?==4).
(?==4). Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb Lijdavagaet [ast (9rk
ak.), Yle Letnedn, [Z, Lutjnr.
Ae <4 88 sa pu obdiù
obdiù bl prdgarl varsdùe ka bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne ]syijn-Akuiltdn-
elb Olttary (XC), (Xnnkini` y Cnjesne, <488). Kaska aetneias bl asilbl tuvn vlrdls
varsdneas kaslrrnbblkls pnr _dijlrk Xnnkini` y inbahls. Bl gìs utdbdzlkl lb gn-
gaetn ka bl rakliidùe ka asta ilpçtubn as bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne <<< (XC DDD), (Xnnk -
ini`, GiHraw y Gltjar, ?===), luequa jl sdkn kdsaülkl bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DV
(XC DV), (Yijrle`, GiHraw y G ltjar, ?=<;l)
?=<;l)..
Bl oltarçl
Inhedtdva astì
Lodbdty ing
(XC DDD puastl
pnr
(Xnnkns
LIJ), suo-oltarç
suo-oltarçls3
kini`, ls3 blG ltjar,
GiH rawy
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf
?==< o) n tasts
tasts ka jlo dbd-
dbd-
klk i nhedtdvl, y bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Lijdavagaet (XC DDD LIJ), (X (X nnk-
ini`, GiHraw y Gltjar, ?==< l) n tasts ka raekdgdaetn. Kaska bl prdgarl varsdùe,
uen ka bns lspaitns gìs detarasletas ka bl prnpuastl inesdstd
inesdstdùù ae bl astleklrdzlidùe
ae inecuetn ka lg ols oltarçls, qua pargdta
pargdta bl ing plrlidùe
plrlidùe ka bns lspaitns inhed-
tdvns
tdvns y ka raekdgdaetn ine enrgls notaedkls ae uel g dsgl guastrl. Bl X C DDDDDD INH,
lkagìs, iuaetl ine ue oltarçl kaengdelkl Yupbag aetn Kdlheùstdin (KY), (Xnnk-
Yupbagaetn
ini` at lb., ?==9) ae bl qua sa deibuyae
deibuyae << suotasts lkdidnelbas.
lkdidnelbas.
Bl varsdùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb ka bl asilbl en astlol olslkl ae edehuel tanrçl
tanrçl ka bl detabd
detabdhae-
hae-
idl. Bl X C DDD INH fua kdsaülkl ae sdetneçl ine bns pnstublkns
pnstublkns kab gnka bn IJI. Yu
6: . KA BL DHBAYDL
lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe pargdta notaear uel hrle ile tdklk
tdklk ka gak dkls ka flitnras aspaiçfdins
aspaiçfdins
n lintlkns -bls elrrnw lodbbtdas kab astrltn D- ga kdleta sus su otasts0 lb lbhuel
huel s jlodbd-
klkas in hedtdvls
hedtdvls lg pbdls
pbdls -bls ornlk lodbdtbas kab astrltn DD-
DD- g akdleta bl sugl ka suo-
tasts, y ue flitnr hae arlb ka bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl -ab prnpuastn pl rl ab astrltn DDD- DDD- ga kdleta
ab iìbiubn
iìbiubn ka u el g akdkl hbnolb.
[letn ab XC DDD INH ingn a b XC DDD LIJ iuaetle ine uel varsdùe varsdùe astìeklr y uel
varsdùe axtaesl. Ae ab ilsn kab X C DDD DDD INH , bbll varsdùe astìeklr astì ingp uastl pnr
<= suotasts y bl axtaesl deinrpnrl <= suotasts
suotasts lkdidnelbas0 y ae ab ka bl X C DDD LIJ sa
deibuyae <= y <? su otasts, raspaitd
raspaitdvlg
vlg aeta. Ya raing daekl utdbdutdbdzlr
zlr bl varsdùe astìeklr
sd bns fdeas
fdeas ka bl avlbulidùe sne ka siraaedeh y bl axtaesl iulekn a b nocatdvn nocatdvn as ralbd-
zlr kdlheùstdins. Qel plrtdiublrdklk
plrtdiublrdklk kab X C DDD as qua parg dta lb avlbulknr sabaiidnelr
suotasts ka liuarkn in e lquabbns lspaitns qua ba detarasa avlbulr. Ae iulbqudarl ka
bns ilsns
lbhóe bl sabaiidùe
suolspaitn ka bns s uotasts sa pua ka klr pnr ab ìral iurrdiublr
katargdelkn. iurrdiublr ka detaräs n
Bl puetulidùe ka bl X C DDDDDD INH as in gpbacl plrl ralbdzlrsa
ralbdzlrsa gl eulbg aeta, pnr bnbn
qua sa s uaba raiurrdr
raiurrdr l snftwlras plrl afaitulr bns iìbiubns.
iìbiubns. Qel va z trlesfnrglkns ,
tletn bns puetlcas hbnolbas ingn bns ka bns flitnras n ibustars y bns ka bns suotasts
sa detarprat
detarpratle
le ine puetlc
puetlcasas astìeklr ine g akdl ae <== y k asvdlidneas
asvdlidneas astìeklr ka
<1, n ine pariaetdbas. Yahóe bl iletdklk ka suotasts lkgdedstrlkns sa puaka no-
taear ue puetlca hbnolb ka Jlodbdklk Detabaitulb Haearlb ae sus varsdneas astìeklr,
lg pbdlkl n orava. ]l rl ilbiublrb
ilbiublrbn,
n, pnr acagpbn, sùbn sa raqudara bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe ka
tr
tras
as suotasts qua desugae lprnxdglklg aeta <1 gdeutns. Astl gakdkl rìpdkl ka de-
tabdhaeidl
tabd haeidl ordekl defnrglidùe liaril ka ing praesdùe varolb, ffnrgl
nrgl idùe ka ineiaptns
y glpan vdsulb.
Bl detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe
ùe ka bl X C DDD INH sa kl ae iultrn edvabas (Yijrle` y Fblelhle,
?==9)3 uen iulbdtltdvn,
iulbdtltdvn, ae ab qua sa in esdkarl bl defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe sn ora ab ing pnrtlgdaetn
kab avlbulkn, lsç ingn defnrglidùe prnvaedaeta ka defnrgletas sdhedfdiltdvns ingn
puakae sar bns plkras n glastrns0 ue sahuekn edvab ka kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn, ae ab
qua sa kataitl ine quä aklk irnenbùhdil
irnenbùhdil n hrlkn (ae ab ilsn ka bns edüns) sa inrras-
pneka ab raekdgdaetn kab sucatn0 ue tariar edvab ka kngdedn ae ab qua sa ralbdzl uel
avlbulidùe ka irdtardn ingplrìeknsa ab raekdgdaetn kab axlgdelkn ine idartn edvab
ka kdfdiubtlk -avlbulkn, pnr acagpbn, gakdleta ue puetlca hbnolb kaengdelkn Çekdia
ka ] rnfdidaeidl
rnfdidaeidl Hbnolb-
Hbnolb-00 y ue óbtdgn edvab ka ingplrlidùe ine plras ae ab qua sa ine-
trlstle bns puetlcas
puetlcas ine bl guas trl enrgltdvl y sa bns trlesfnrgl.
Ae rablidùe ine sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils, bl astleklrdzlidùe ae pnoblidùe
astlknuedkaesa deibuyù bl avlbulidùe ka ::<: dekdvdkuns.
dekdvdkuns. Kapae kdaekn ka bls ilrli-
tarçstdils
tarç stdils ka bns çtags , sa utdbd
utdbdzlrne
zlrne bns g ätnkns ka kdvdsdùe
kdvdsdùe pnr g dtlkas n le ìbdsds
ìbdsds ka
_lsij ([_D). Lkagìs sa afaitulrne astukdns ka tast-ratast. Yus astukdns ka vlbdkaz
deibuyarne ab cudidn axpartn, bns leìbdsd
leìbdsdss flitnrdlbas axpbnrltnrdns
axpbnrltnrdns y in efdrgl
efdrgl tnrd
tnrdns,
ns, le ì-
bdsds
bdsds kaska g ätnkns ka bl [_D y ka vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz ineiurraeta ine ntrls ga kdkls (Yijrle` y
Fblelhle, ?==9). Ae ab lün ?==1 sa kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbùù bl Oltarçl DDD Xnnkini`-Guünz (Oltarçl
DDD), Guünz-Yleknvlb at lb., ?==1l) qua a s bl varsdùe ae asplünb ka bl X C DDD. DDD. ]lrl su
lklptlidùe sa lelbdzù uel guastrl ka <;<9 jdsplenjlobletas astlknuedkaesas.
DEY[_QGAE[NY
DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL A
AVLBQLIDÙ
VLBQLIDÙE
E ]YDINBÙHD
]YDINBÙHDIL
IL AE EDÜNY 4
r~ Ge [DIJADI,<
XC DDD
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne
[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlid
lkgdedstrlidùe3
ùe3 ka 1 l <= gdeutns pnr suotast.
[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 bl XC DDD INH iuaetl ine <? suotasts (Ing-
praesdùe Varolb, Lpraekdzlca Vdsulb-Lukdtdvn, _ablidneas Asplidlbas, Det
Detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe
ka Ynedkns,
blorls Fnrglidùe
Deingpbatls, ka Ineiaptns,
Gagnrdl ]lean
ka [rlolcn Vdsulb,
Lukdtdvl, Devarsdùe
Gagnrdl ka Eógar
Eógarns,
ns, ]l-
Kdfardkl-Lpraekdzlca
Vdsulb-Lukdtdvn,
Vdsulb-Lukd tdvn, Defnrglidùe Haearlb, Fbudkaz ka _aiuparlidùe) y <= suotasts
lkdidnelbas (_ainenidgdaetn ka Kdoucns, Ltaeidùe Lukdtdvl, Leìbdsds-Yçetasds,
Leìbdsds-Yçetasds,
_lpdkaz ae bl Kaidsdùe, Gagnrdl ka ]lblorls, _lpdkaz ae bl Dkaetdfdilidù
Dkaetdfdilidùe
e ka
Kdoucns, ]blealgdaetn, Ileiablidùe ka ]lras). Bl XC DDD LIJ iuaetl ine <?
suotasts (Dkaetdfdilidùe ka Batrls y ]lblorls, Fbudkaz ae bl Baiturl, _aiuarkn ka
Iuaetns, Ingpraesdùe ka Dekdilidneas,
Dekdilidneas, Iìbiubn, Fbudkaz ae Gltagìtdils, Nr-
tnhrlfçl, Fbudkaz ae bl Asirdturl, Ingpraesdùe ka [axtns, ]rnobagls Lpbdilkns,
Guastrls ka _akliidùe, Gagnrdl Kdfardkl, _aiuarkn ka Iuaetns) y <= suotasts
lkdidnelbas (Leìbdsds ka ]lblorls, Vniloublrdn snora Kdoucns, Ingpraesdùe Nrlb,
Inrraiidùe ka [axtns, Vniloublrdn ka Baiturl,
Baiturl, Ineiaptns Iuletdtltdvns, Inen-
idgdaetns Lilkägdins, Leìbdsds
Leìbdsds ka Ynedkns, Kdsiaredgdaetn ka Ynedkns, ]uetul-
idùe y Qsn ka Glyósiubls).
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
Xnnkini`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?===). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD,
Dtlil, DB, _dvarsdka.
8= . KA BL DHBAYDL
1 N[_NY DEY[_QGAE[NY
6 DEY[_QGAE
DEY[_QGAE[NY
[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KA LY]AI[NY
EN DE[ABAI[QLBAY3 AVLBQLIDÙE AGNIDNELB
ING]N_[LGAE[LB
ING]N_[LG AE[LB T YNIDLB
hdkn, lbtareltdvl
lbtareltdvl qua rasubtl ka sug l utdbdklk
utdbdklk pl rl ab avlbulknr, aspaidlbgaeta pnrqua
suaba trltlrsa
trltlrsa ka raiursns sdstagltdzlkns. Aetra bns bns gätnkns g ìs agpbalkn s sa kas-
tlile bls asilbls, bls aetravdstls
aetravdstls y bls huçls sdstagltdzlkls plrl ab rahdstrn ka nosar-
vlidneas ka ingpnrtlgdaetn.
Kaetrn ka bl hrle vlrdaklk k a destrugaetns plrl ralbdzlr avlbulidneas gìs hbnol-
bas y/n aspaiçfdils, bns gìs uslkns sne ab Lijaeolij Yystag nf Agpdrdilbby Olsak
Lssassgaet (LYAOL0 Lij aeolij y _as inrbl,
inrbl, ?===, ?==<), ab Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet
Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae-[jdrk Akdtdne (OLYI-90 _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?=<1) y ab ]ar-
snelbdty bevaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae-Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?0 Blijlr y H ruoar, ?==<)
?==<).. [nkns
abbns sne sdstagls gubtdgätnkns plrl ab astukdn gubtdkdgaesdnelb ka bl prnobagìtdil
qua ab edün prasaeta, qua sa katlbble l inetdeulidùe.
6 < Ab sds
sdstagl
tagl LYAOL ka Lijaeoli`
Lijaeoli`
b Lijaeolij Yysta
Yystagg nf Agpdrdilbby
Agpdrdilbby Olsak Lssassgaet (LYAOL0 Lijaeolij
y _asinrbl, ?===, ?==<) fua kaslrrnbblkn plrl avlbulr prnobagls agnidnelbas y ka
ingpnrtlgdaetn lsç ing n tlg odäe fueidnelg
fueidnelg daetn
daetn l klptltdvn
klptltdvn ae edüns. _afb
_afbacl
acl bl kd-
intngçl inekuitls axtarelbdzletas-detarelbdzletas prnpuastl pnr Lijaeolij y Akab-
orni` (<48:). Ab kdsaün kab prdgar LYAOL (Lijaeolij, <466) fua ravablknr yl qua
dekd
dekdilol
rloleilol
ae qua a xdstçle
ab KYGxdstvdhaeta
çle guij
ae ls gìsgng
lquab lhruplidneas
lhruplid
aetn neas ka sçetngl
sçet
(_ayenbks y ngl s qua
@lgpj lus,lquabbls
?==9l). qua fdhu-
Iuaetl ine tras varsdneas3 uel plrl plkras, ntrl plrl kniaetas y ue lutnrrapnrta.
Bl kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l plkras n tutnras as bl Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst (IOIB), y ka liuarkn ine
bl aklk kab avlbulkn sa u slrì bl IOIB/< /?-1 ae ab ilsn ka edüns aetra < lün y gakdn
l 1 lüns (Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?===) n bl IOIB/6-<: plrl edüns ka 6 l <: lüns
(Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<). [lgodäe axdsta uel varsdùe plrl lkubtns ka aetra <: y
14 lüns, bl Lkubt Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst (LOIB0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==9). Ab gltardlb
qua sa utdb
utdbdzl
dzl ine bns glastrns g letdaea ilsd tnkns bns çtçtags
ags ka bls varsdneas plrl pl-
kras, l axiapidùe ka lquabbns qua deklhle snora lspaitns rablidnelkns ine a b jnhlr
qua sne raag pblzlkns pnr ntrns ntrns vdeiublkns lb ingpnrtlgdaetn ae ab lubl. Ae ab ilsn
ka bns kniaetas ka e düns paqua üns sa utdbdzl bl bl Ilrahdvar-[alijar _apnrt Fnrg (I (I--
[_F0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?===) qua as sdgdblr l bl IOIBC<</?-1, y bl [alijar s _a-
pnrt Fnrg ([_F0 Lijaeolij y A kaborni`, < <4:60
4:60 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<) qua as
bl fnrgl plrlbabl ka bl IOIB /6-<:. Fdelbgae ta, axdstae
axdstae bns lutnrrapnrtas qua sùbn sa
dzle ine edüns ka << lüns ka ak lk n g ìs. Bl Tnutj Ya bf- _apnrt (TY_0 Lijaeolij
utdbdzle
utdb
y A kaborni`
kaborni`,, <4:80 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<) inet inetdaea
daea prìitdilgaeta
prìitdilgaeta bns g dsgns
çtçtags
ags qua bl IOI BC6-<: parnparn raklitlkns ae prdgarl
prdgarl parsnel. ] lrl lkubtns ka aetra
Yabf-_apnr t (LY_0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==9).
<: y 14 lüns sa lpbdil bl Lkubt Yabf-_apnrt ?==9). Bl
avlbulidùe sa puaka ing pbat pbatlr
lr ine ntrls gakdkls kdsaülkls pnr Lija eolij3 bl ae-
travdstll s ag dkdrdhdkl
travdst dkdrdhdkl Yagdstruiturak Ibdedilb Detarvdaw fnr Ijdbkrae lek Lknbasiaets
(YIDIL0 GiIneluhjy y Lijaeolij, ?==<), ab fnrgublrdn ka nosarvlidùe kdraitl Kdrait
Nosarvltdne Fnrg (KNF0 Lijaeolij, <4:60 GiIneluhjy, Lijaeolij y Haet, <4::) y
ab ka nosarvlidùe
nosarvlidù
sarvltdne e ka
Fnrg ([NF0 ingpnrtlgdaetn kurleta bl <444).
GiIneluhjy y Lijaeolij, lkg dedstr lidùe ka ue tast, [ast No
dedstrlidùe
Ka liuarkn ine bl varsdùe, bl iletdklk ka prahuetls vlrçl lbrakaknr ka <==. Ya
lhruple sahóe kdstdetns sçekrngas3 Lesdnsn/Kaprdgdkn, Ldsblkn/Kaprdgdkn, \uacls
8? . KA BL DHBAYDL
GIG vLiju=e a
LYAOL - IOIB
Lijaeolij Yystag nf Agpdrdilbby Olsak Lssassgaet -
Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst
[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ing pneae3 en axdstae suotasts, sden kdstdetls varsdneas
ka liuarkn ine ab defnrgleta y bl aklk kab avlbulkn. Bl varsdùe IOIBC<<?-1
tdaea 44 çtags y bl IOIB/6-<: iuaetl ine <<9 çtags.
Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
Lijaeolij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. (?===). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL
LYAOL prasijnnb
fnrgs lek prnfdbas, Ourbdehtne, Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet.
Lijaeolij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. (?==<). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL sijnnb-lha
fnrgs lek prnfdbas, Ourbdehtne, Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet.
gls kdsaülkls ka liuarkn ine bl aklk y a b saxn ka bns avlbulkns. Ab snft snftwlra
wlra ine ab
qua sa ilbiub
ilbiuble
le bns pue tlcas
tlcas parg dtdtaa uel ingplrlidùe aetra g óbtdpbas
óbtdpbas fuaetas.
Bl sabaiidùe ka bns çtags
çtags qua in gpne ae ab LYAOL sdhudù uel astrltahd
astrltahdll kaeng d-
elkl onttng-up ae bl qua sa tastal uel hrle iletdklk ka abagaetns qua sne puetul-
kns pnr vlrdns avlbulknras y sa vle sabaiidnelek n sahóe su pnkar ka kdsirdgdelidùe
aetra edüns ine y sde
sde prnobagls ka lk lptlidùe (_ayenbks y @lgpjl us, ?==9l). Lka-
gìs, bls asilbls fuarne kardvlkls ka leìbdsds agpçrdins gakdleta astukdns flitnrdlbas.
Bl g uastrl plrl bbll lklptlidùe astlknuedkaesa k a bl IOIB/<<d?-1
IOIB/<<d?-1 fua ka 8== edüns
y bl ka bl IOIB/6-<: astuvn ingpuastl pnr gìs ka <8==. Astlol inestdtudkl pnr
dekdvdkuns sde trlstnrens g aetlbas pnr bn qua bls ing plrlidneas ine abbls
dekdvdkuns abbls parg dtae
dtae
avlbulr kasvdlidneas
kasvdlidneas raspaitn ka bn asparlkn. Ae iu letn l sus avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz,
lkag ìs ka bns astukdns ka vlbdkaz kd
kdsirdgdeleta
sirdgdeleta gaei dnelkns, sa afaitulrne leìbdsds
leìbdsds
flitnrdlbas y ka vlbdkaz inevarhaeta y kdvarhaeta ine ntrls gakdkls. B
Bns
ns astukdns
ka i nefdlodbdklk
nefdlodbdklk deibuyarne leìbdsds ka ine sdstaeidl detarel, tast-ratast
tast-ratast y in efdlodb
efdlodbdklk
dklk
aetra avlbulknras (Frdi`, Olrry y @lgpjlus, ?=<=).
Asta sdstagl ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe fua lklptlkn ae g uijns plçsas (Oäruoä y Lijaeolij ,
?==9). Ae Lrhaetdel, Ylgledahn (?==:) lklptù bl IOIB ‛ varsdùe
varsdùe kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l plkras‛,
ae bl qua sa astukdlrne bns çtags inrraspnekdaetas l prnobagls ka inekuitl. Yu
lklptlidùe deibuyù uel guastrl lbaltnrdl ka ?;= ilsns y leìbdsds ka vlbdkaz kdsird-
gdel eta, inesdstaeidl detarel, tast-ratast,
tast-ratast, liuarkn ae tra plkras y astlodbdklk l blrhn
pblzn.
6.?. Ab OLYI
Ntrn sdstag
sdstag l ka lg pbdn
pbdn usn ae bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ing pnrtlgaetlb ka edüns as ab O a -
jlvdnr Lssassg aet Yystag fnr Ijdb krae (OLYN0 _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, <44:). Kaska
Ijdbkrae
ue aefnqua gubtdkdgaesdnelb y gubtdgätnkn prataeka avlbulr pnsdobas trlstnrens
agnidnelbas y ka ingpnrtlgdaetn ae edüns. Litulbgaeta sa aeiuaetrl vdhaeta bl
tariarl varsdùe kab sdstagl OLYI-9 (_ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?=<1) qua fua litulbd-
zlkl
ka bnska liuarkn ine
[rlstnrens bns euavns
G aetlbas, \udetlbdealgdaetns
Akdid kab10 Gle
ùe (KYG
Akdidùe ulb Kdlheùstdin y Astlkçstd
Lg ardile ]syijdltrdi Astlkçstdin
in
]syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne,
?=<9). Lolril axlg delkns ka aetra ? y ?1 lüns ka akl k, lkagìs ka deklhlr snora
inekuitls prnobagìtdils, ab OLYI-9 avlból ine kuitls lkl ptlt ptltdvls
dvls y fnrt
fnrtlbazls.
lbazls. Ae
rablidùe
rablidùe ine abbn,
abbn, iloa kastlilr bn saülblkn pn r _ayenbks y @lg pjlus (?==9l), quda-
eas dekdilrne qua bns lspaitns lklptltdvns sne gacnras prakditnras kab lcusta kab
edün ae inetaxtns ing n ab asinblr ae ingplrlidùe ine bns kasl klptltdvns.
[lb ingn ab LYAOL, ab OLYN-9 astì ingpuastn pnr vlrdls varsdneas plrl uslr
ine kdfaraetas defnrgletas y kdstdetns gätnkns ka rainbaiidùe ka kltns. Bls tras
ltdeh Y ilbas ([_Y) plrl uslr ine g lastrns, bbll ]lraet
prdeidplbas sne3 bl [alijar _ ltdeh
_ltdeh Yilbas (]_Y ) kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l bns plkras y ab Yabf-_apnrt nf ]arsne lbdt
lbdtyy (Y_]), uel
ga kdkl ka lu tnrrapnrt
tnrrapnrtaa plrl ab edün qua puaka u tdtdbdbdzlrsa
zlrsa l plrtdr ka bbns
ns : lü ns. [lg-
odäe sa puaka raiurrdr l ntrls jarrlgdaetls ka avlbulidùe ingpbagaetlrdl3 bl Ytrui-
turak Kavabnpgaetlb Jdstnry (YKJ) qua sa utdbdzl plrl notaear kltns snidnkagn-
hrìfdins n avnbutdvns aetravdstlekn haearlbgaeta plrl abbn l bns plkras0 ab Ytukaet
Nosarvltdne Yystag (YNY) as ue gätnkn ka rahdstrn y iblsdfdilidùe nosarvlidnelb
ka ingpnrtlgdaetns kaetrn kab lubl0 ab ]lraetdeh _a bltdnesjdp
bltdnesjdp \u astdneeldra (]_\)
astdneeldra
8; . KA BL DHBAYDL
F h © G e V D I J P dG
dG L 8
OLYI 9
Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae - 9
Kltns ka bl puob
puobdilidùe3
dilidùe3
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjlus, _. X. (?=<1). Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr
Ijdbkrae, 9k ak., Yle Letnedn, [Z, ]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
sdrva plrl deklhlr liaril kab vçeiubn aetra bns plkras y ab edün0 ab Oajlvdnrlb lek
Yiraaedeh Yystag (OAYY) as uel jarrlgdaet
Agntdnelb Yiraaedeh jarrlgdaetll ka siraaedeh plrl avlbulr
rdashn ka prnobagls agnidnelbas y ingpnrtlgaetlb
ingpnrtlgaetlbas0
as0 y bns Fbax Gnedtnr y Fdxak
Gnedtnrdeh Fnrgs sa agpbale plrl gnedtnralr bl avnbuidùe kab avlbulkn l bn blrhn
ka
susue parçnkn ka tdagpn.
jarrlgdaetls Luequa
ingpneae
ingpneaetas axdstae
tas lóe varsdneas
en iuaetle ineaelklptlidneas
asplünb, ab OLYI-9
plrl suyusn
tnkls
ae
pnoblidùe lrhae tdel.
Ilkl u el ka a bbbbls
ls l bl vaz tdaea
tdaea varsdneas ka l iuarkn ine bl aklk kab avlbulkn.
Ae ab OLYI-9, tletn bl bl [_Y ing n bl ]_Y sa prasaetle ae varsdneas
varsdneas plrl edüns ka ? l
1 lüns, ntrl plrl edüns ka 6 l << lün s y ntrl plrl lknbasiaetas ka <? l ?< l üns. Bl
Y_] , pnr ntrl
ntrl plrt
plrta,
a, pnsaa kns varsdneas3 uel plrl edüns ka ae tra : y << lüns, uel
plrl lknbasiaetas ka <? l ?< l üns y n trl plrl astukdletas
astukdletas uedvarsdtlrdns
uedvarsdtlrdns ka aetra <: y
?1 lüns. Yu lkg dedstrlidùe pargdta ab iìbiubn ka kdstd
kdstdetls
etls asilbls ibçedils, lklptltdvls
y ka ine taedkn qua puak ae varsa ae bl Fdijl [äiedil 8. Ine abbls as pnsdoba ilbiub
ilbiublr
lr
kdstdetns çekdias gìs hbnol bas y asilbls ka vl bdkaz plrl deklhlr liaril ka bl vdlodbdklk
ae bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe kab prntninbn. As kaidr, sa notdaeae g akdkls plrl ine sdkarlr bl kds-
tnrsdùe
gaeta. ka raspuastl
Lkag y bline
ìs iuaetl pnsdodbdklk
çtçtags ka
ags irç
irçtd quaplrl
tdins
ins ab defnrgleta jlyl inetastlkn
kataitlr lspaitns l bns quakasiudklkl-
sa kaodarl
prastlr
prast lr gly nr ltaeidùe. [let
[letnn bns puetlcas ingpuastns ing n bls g akdkls plridlb
plridlbas
as sa
detarpratle
detarpratle ga kdleta puetlcas [ (gakdl ka 1= y kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka <=).
Ab sdstagl OL YN fua kas lrrnbb
lrrnbblkn
lkn sdhudaekn ue irdtardn gdxtn ‛ag pçrd
pçrdin
in y taùrdin‛.
Bl astleklrdzlidùe kab OLYI-9 ae pnoblidùe astlknuedkaesa sa kastlil kaodkn l
qua sa ralbdzù snora guastrl lbaltnrdzlkl ka gìs ka <:.=== dekdvdkuns. Bls kdstde-
tls varsdneas jle notaedkn lka iulkls av dkaeidls ka astlodb
astlodbdklk
dklk ka bls puetulidneas
ga kdleta tast-ratast,
tast-ratast, inesdst
inesdstaeidl
aeidl detarel, ka vlbd
vlbdkaz
kaz inevarhaeta, inei urraeta, kds-
irdgdeleta y ka inetaedkn (_lgsly, _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?==?0 _ayenbks, ?=<10
_ayenbks y @lg pjlus, ?==9l). Luequa axdstae lbhuels varsdneas ae asplünb, lóe en
sa jl kaslrrnbblkn
kaslrrnbblkn uel l klptlidù
klptlidùee lrhaetdel.
8 6 . KA BL DHBAYDL
_ I J d b V DI
DI J J I L R
]DI ?
]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae - ?
[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 bl ]DI-? as uel óedil asilbl ka ?81 çtags, bl
]DT tdaea ?:= çtags y bl YOY tdaea <=? çtags.
]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 bl ]DI-? iuaetl ine bls asilbls Käfdidt Inhed-
tdvn (Jlodbdklkas Delkaiulkls, _aekdgdaetn ]nora, _atrlsn ae ab Kaslrrnbbn),
Dgpubsdvdklk y Kdstrlitdodbdklk (Ingpnrtlgdaetn Kdsruptdvn, Detrapdkaz), Kabde-
iuaeidl (Inekuitls Letdsnidlbas, Kasinetrnb, Kasnoakdaeidl), Kdsfueidùe Flgd-
bdlr (Inefbditn aetra bns Gdagorns, Kaslcusta ]lraetlb), Kdstnrsdùe ka bl ralbdklk
(Kasvdlidùe ae ab Kaslrrnbbn, Lbuidelidneas y Kabdrdns), ]raniuplidùe sngìtdil
(]raniuplidùe ]sdinsngìtdil,
]sdinsngìtdil, [aesdùe Gusiublr y Lesdaklk), Glbastlr ]sdin-
bùhdin (Gdakn y ]raniuplidùe, Kaprasdùe, ]rnobagls kab Yuaün/]raniuplidùe
pnr bl Guarta), Ldsblgdaetn Ynidlb (Detrnvarsdùe Ynidlb, Ldsblgdaetn) y Jlodbdklkas
Ynidlbas Kafdidtlrdls (Astltus aetra ]lras Bdgdtlkn, Inefbditn ine ]lras). Bl ]DT
deibuya bls asilbls Käfdidt Inhedtdvn (_aekdgdaetn ]nora y Gagnrdl, Jlodbdklkas
Delkaiulkls, ]rnobagls ka Lpraekdzlca), Dgpubsdvdklk y Kdstrlitdodbdklk (Dgpa-
tunsdklk, Kdstrlitdodbdklk/Ynoralitdv
Kdstrlitdodbdklk/Ynoralitdvdklk,
dklk, Dgpubsdvdklk),
Dgpubsdvdklk), Kabdeiuaeidl (Inekui-
tls Letdsnidlbas, Kasinetrnb, Kasnoakdaeidl), Kdsfueidùe Flgdbdlr (Inefbditn aetra
]lkra a Jdcn, Kaslcusta ]lraetlb, Kdsinrkdl Glrdtlb), Kdst
Kdstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl _albdklk
(Yaetdgdaetns ka Lbdaelidùe,
(Yçekrnga ]sdinsngìtdin, Lbuidelidneas
[aesdùe Gusiublry yKabdrdns),
Lesdaklk, ]raniuplidùe Yngìtdil
]raniuplidùe pnr bls
Aefargaklkas), Glbastlr ]sdinbùhdin (Gdakn y ]raniuplidùe, Kaprasdùe, ]rnoba-
gls kab Yuaün), Ldsblgdaetn Ynidlb (Detrnvarsdùe
(Detrnvars dùe Ynidlb, Ldsblgdaetn), Jlodbdklkas
Ynidlbas Kafdidtlrdls (Astltus aetra ]lras Bdgdtlkn, Inefbditn ine ]lras). Bl YOY
iuaetl ine bls asilbls _aekdgdaetn
_aek dgdaetn Lilkägdin, Jìodtns Lilkägdins, Jlodbdkl-
kas Ynidlbas, ]lrtdidplidùe ka bns ]lkras, ]raniuplidneas snora bl Ylbuk, Kds-
träs Agnidnelb, Ingpnrtlgdaetn Deusulb, ]rnobagls Ynidlbas, Lhrasdùe Varolb,
Lhrasdùe Fçsdil, ]rnobagls ka Ingpnrtlgdaetn, Käfdidt ka Ltaeidùe/Jdparlitdvd-
klk, Kaslfdleta Npnsdidnedstl y ]rnobagls ka Inekuitl.
Kltns ka bl puob
puobdilidùe3
dilidùe3
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (<449). "Kavabnpgaet nf tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr
Tnutj3 L sabf-rapnrt ingpledne tn tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae",
Cnurelb nf ]arsnelbdty Lssassgaet, 6<, :<-4:.
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae Yainek Akd-
tdne ]DI-?) Ytleklrk Fnrg lek Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry gleulb,gleulb, Bns Ìehab
Ìehabas,
as,
Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
Blijlr, K. Xdehaefabk, Y.L., @bdea, _.O. y Hruoar, I.]. (?===). Ytukaet Oajlvdnr
Yurvay gleulb, Bns Ìehabas, Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
DEY[_QGA
DEY[_QGA E[NY ]L_ L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙ
]YDINBÙHDIL
HDIL AE EDÜNY 8
devaetlrdns. Bl varsdùe prdeidplb as lquabbl raspnekdkl pnr bns plkras (]DI-?), qua sa
ingpbagaetl ine ab ]arsnelbdty bevaetnry nf Tnutj (]DT0 Blijlr y Hruoar, <449) y ab
Ytukaet Oajlvdnr Yurvay (YOY0 Blijlr, X dehaefab
dehaefabk,
k, @bd
@bdea
ea y H ruoar, ?===). Edehuel
ka astls varsd
varsdneas
neas p nsaa lk lptlidùe bnilb lrhaet
lrhaetdel.
del.
Bl ]DI-? iuaetl ine ?81 frlsas qua fuarne litulbdzlkls ae iuletn l su ineta-
edkn plrl qua rasubtlrle gìs ingpraesdobas, iuordarle glynr iletdklk ka lspai-
tns y fuarle gìs saesdobas l bns in
inetaxtns
etaxtns snidlbas y flg
flgdbdlras
dbdlras litulbas _ayenbks
y @lgpjlur, ?==9l). Deibuya ?< suoasilbls qua sa lhruple ae euava asilbls ka
lcusta. As pnsdoba lkgdedstrlr bl asilbl ingpbatl, ka ?81 çtags, n bl varsdùe orava
bblglkl Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry qua ines tl ka bns prdgarns 46 ralitdvns ka bl letardnr.
]nr ntrl plrta, bl ]DT deibuya ?:= çtags y tlgodäe puaka lkgdedst
lkgdedstrlrsa
rlrsa su fnrgl lora-
vdlkl, qua inetagpbl sùbn bns prdgarns := çtags. Yu frlecl atlrdl as ue pnin gìs
rakuidkl yl qua ab pdsn sa jl astlobaidkn ae bns 4 lüns ine taijn ae bns <4 lüns.
[letn bl ]DI -? ing n bl ]DT deinrpnrle asilbls ka vlbdkaz plrl vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr bl detarprat
detarpratl-
l-
odbdklk kab prntninbn3 bls asilbls Deinesdstaeidl, Ydgublidùe y Kafaesdvdklk. Bns çtags
deibudkns
deibud kns ae bl YO Y en a stìe rablid
rablidnelkn
nelkn s ine bns kab ]DI-? ed ine bns kab ]DT. Astl
varsdùe
varsd ùe sa kdsaüù pl rl sar ingpbatlkl pnr bns kniaetas ka liuarkn ine sus nosarvl-
idneas liaril ka bns ing pnrtlgdaet
pnrtlgdaetnsns kab edün ae bl asiuabl.
Bns puetlcas orutns sa trlsfnrgle ae p uetlcas [, qua sne detarpratlkns
detarpratlkns sahóe uel
gakdl ka 1= y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka < = y kdfaraeidlkns pnr aklk y saxn. Bls
astleklrdzlidneas
astleklrd zlidneas ka bls tras varsd
varsdneas
neas inetlrne ine gu astrls eugarnsls ‛ gìs ka
kns g db ilsns ae tnkls abbls‛. Yus astukdns psdingätrdins deibuyarne inrrablidneas
inrrablidneas
çtag-asilbl, inesdstaeidl detarel, astlodbdklk
astlodbdklk tagpnrlb g akdleta tast-ratast
tast-ratast,, inesds-
taeidl aetra defnrgletas y aetra avlbulknras, leìbdsds ka ingpneaetas prdeidplbas,
vlbdkaz ineiurraeta, vlbdkaz kdsirdgdeleta (Blijlr, ?==;).
Ae bl Lrhaetdel, sa kaslrrnbblrne destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka parsnelbd-
klk ae edüns. Iupled y _ ulrta (?==:), pnr acagpbn, astukdlrne
astukdlrne ab Iuastdnelrdn ka bns
Idein Flitnras plrl Edüns OF\-I), qua as uel gakdkl olslkl ae ab gnkabn ka
parsnelbdklk dh Fdva plrl lknbasiaetas ka <9 l <1 lüns, y Bagns (?==;) inestruyù
ab Iuastdnelrdn ]arsnelbdklk Defletdb (IL]D) qua avlból kaska ab gdsgn
rhaetden ka ]arsnelbdklk
gnkabn bl frlecl kaska bns 6 l bns : lüns.
6.;. Ntrns
Ntrns destrugaetns p lrl bl avlbulidùe agn idnelb
ing pnrtlgaetlb y snidlb
8: . KA BL DHBAYDL
8 INEIBQYDNEAY
tulbd
tulbdzlkns
zlkns lidneas
raingaek a s vdtlb plrl en deiurrdr
ka Fbyee (?=== )aeaeuel avlbulidùe
ùe ine a baafaitn
rablidùe
rablid rrùeal
af sd sabbavl
aitn qua tdaeae
su ae iu aetlAstl
engora. bls
jdpùtasds, sdetätdilgaeta pnstubl qua, ine ab inrrar ka bls lüns, sd utdbdzìrlgns bns
gdsgns olragns plrl ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr bl trlesfnrgli
trlesfnrgli dùe ka pu etlcas orutns l astleklrdzlkns,
bns avlbulkns ka haearlidneas suiasdvls notaekrçle ilkl vaz gacnras puetulidneas
ae bns tasts ka detabdhaeidl, pnr bn qua as eai aslrdn litulbdzlr rahublr
rahublrg
g aeta bls enr-
gl s bnilbas plrl en deiurrdr ae arrnras ing n pnkrçl sar ineibudr qua tnkns bns avl-
bulkns prasaetlrle kasagpaüns axiapidnelbas ingplrlkns ine sus letaiasnras.
Yde ago lrhn, as dgpn rtleta rainrklr qua ab afaitn Fbyee jl sdkn vardfdilkn
vardfdilkn p lrtdiublr-
lrtdiublr-
gae ta ae rablidùe ine bls raspuastls ordeklkls ae tasts ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl ingpu astns
pnr astçgubns vdsulbas-fdhurltdvns,
vdsulbas-fdhurltdvns, vd
vdeiublkns
eiublkns ine bl ingprae sdùe ka fnrgls lo strla-
_AFA_AEIDLY ODOBDNH_ÌFDILY
Louslgrl, V., Farraras, L., _ldtar, L., Ka Oaed, _. y Inrenbkd, I. (?=<=). [ast Baar plrl Ing-
ingpraesdùe ka taxtns. Ouaens L dras3
praekar ([BI). Avlbulidùe ka bl ingpraesdùe dras3 ]ldkùs.
Lijaeo lij, [. G. (<4 66). [ja iblssdfdiltd
iblssdfdiltdne
ne nf ijdkrae's psyijdltrdi sygptng s3 L flitnr-lelbytd
flitnr-lelbytdii
stuky. ]syijnbnhdilb Gnenhrlpjs, Haearlb lek Lppbdak, :=(8), <-98.
Lijaeolij, [. G. (<4:6). [ja Kdrait Nosarvltdne Fnrg nf tja Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst. (ray.
ak.). Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net, Kaplrtgae t nf ]syijdltry.
Lijaeo lij, [. G. y Akaborni` I. ((<4:6).
<4:6). Gleulb fnr tja [alijar s _apnrt Fnrg lek [alijar
Varsdne nf tja Ijdbk Oajlvdnr ]rnfdba. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf
]syijdltry.
Lijaeolij, [. G. y Akaborni`, I. (<48:). [ja iblssdfdiltdne nf ijdbk psyijnpltjnbnhy3 L ravdaw
lek lelbysds nf agpdrdilb affnrts. ]syijnbnhdilb Oubbatde, :1, <?81-<9=<.
]syijnbnhdilb
Lijaeolij, [. G. y A kaborni` I. (<4:8). Gleulb fnr tja Tnutj Yabf-_apnrt lek ]rnfdba. Ourbdeh-
tne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf ]syij dltry.
Lijaeolij, [ . G., GiI neluhjy, Y. J. y J nwabb, I. [. (<4:8). Ijdbk/lknbasiaet
Ijdbk/lknbasiaet oajlvdnrlb
oajlvdnrlb lek
agntdnelb prnobags3 Dgpbdiltdnes nf irnss-defnrglet inrrabltdnes fnr sdtultdnelb spaidfdidty.
]syijnbnhdilb Oubbatde, <=<, ?<9-?9?. knd3<=.<=98/==99-?4=4.<=<.?.?<9
Lijaeolij, [ . G. y _ asinrbl, B. L. (?===). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL ]rasijnnb Fnrgs lek ]rnfd-
bas. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net.
Lijae olij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. ((?==
?== <). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL Yijnnb-lha Fnrgs lek ]rnfd-
bas. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net.
Lijaeolij, [. G . y _asinrbl, B. ((?==9).
?==9). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL Lkubt Fnrgs lek ]rnfdbas. Our-
bdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar fnr Ijdbkrae, Tnutj, lek Flgdbdas.
Lg ardile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltd
Lssnidltdne
ne (<44;). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars
;tj ak.). Xlsjdehtne, KI 3 Lutjnr.
Lgardile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne (?=<9). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars
1tj ak.). Xlsjdehtne, KI3 Lutjnr.
Olrrayrn, C. ]. y Fbnras, G. B. (?=<=). [lral ka Lg pbdt
pbdtuk
uk ka N rlidneas Asiuijlkls Vlbdkaz y
Fdlodbdklk ka uel tlral ka Ilplidklk ka Gagnrdl ka [rlolcn plrl Edüns. _avdstl L rhaetdel rhaetdel
ka Eaurnpsdinbnhçl,<1, <-<9.
Oai`ar, @. L. (?==9). Jdstnry nf tja Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilbas3 Inetaet lek ]syijn-
gatrdis (Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia
Detabbdhaeia Yilbas, Fdftj Ak dtdne
dtdne L ssassg aet Yarvdia O ubbatd
ubbatdee E ½ <).
(tlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka ]uobdsjdeh.
Oäruoä, _. B. y Lijaeolij, [. G . (?==9). Odobdnhrlpjy nf ]uobdsjak Ytukdas Qsdeh LYAOL bes-
trugaets. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar fnr Ijdbkrae, Tnutj, lek Fl-
gdbdas.
:= . KA BL DHBAYDL
Odeat, L. y Ydgne, [. (<4=1). Gätjnkas enuvabbas pnur ba kdlhenstdi ku edvalu detabbaitulb kas
lenrglux. B Leeäa psyijnbnhdqua, <<, <4<-996.
Ileden, H., Odrk, J. _., _uodn-Ytdpai, G. y Orlvn, G. (<441). Ijdbk psyijdltrdi apdkagdnbnhy3
Xjlt wa jlva balreak lek wjlt wa eaak tn balg. Detareltdnelb Cnurelb nf Gatjnks de
]syijdltrdii _a salrij,
]syijdltrd 1, 84-4?.
Ilspd, L. y _noarts, O. X. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty kavabnpgaet lirnss tja bdfa inursa3 [ja lrhu-
gaet fnr ijleha lek ine tdeud
tdeudty.
ty. ]syijnbnhdilb Dequdty, <?(?), ;4-66.
Ilrrlkl, G . y Dsne, G. Y. (?=<9 ). Bl afdilidl ltaeidnelb. Astukdn enrg ltdvn ae edüns asinblrdzl-
kns ka Gaeknzl. ]YDAEIDL, _avdstl Bltdenlgardilel ka Idaeidl ]sdinbùhdil, 1 ?), 69-89.
Ilrrnbb, C. O. (<449). Jugle Inhedtdva Lodbdtdas3 L Yurvay nf Flitnr-lelbytdi Ytukdas. Ilgordkha,
Aehblek3 Ilg ordkha Qedvarsdt
Qedvarsdtyy ]rass.
Ilrrnbb, C. O. (<448). [ja tjraa-strltug tjanry nf inhedtdva lodbdtdas. Ae3 K. ]. Fblelhle at lb.
(aks.), Inetagpnrlry betabbaitulb Lssassgaet3 [janrdas, [asts, lek bssuas (pp. <??-<9=).
Eaw Tnr`3 Hudbfnr
Hudbfnrkk ]rass.
Ilttabb, _. O. (<469). [janry nf fbudk lek irystlbbdsak detabbdhaeia3 L irdtdilb axpardgaet. Cnurelb nf
Akuiltdnelb ]syijnbnhy, 1;, <-??.
Ilttabb, _. O. y Jnre, C. B. (<4 8:). L ij ai` ne tja tjanry nf fbudk lek irystlbbdzak det
detabbd
abbdhaeia
haeia wdtj
kasirdptdne nf eaw suotast kasdhes. Cnurelb nf Akuiltdnelb Galsuragaet, <1, <94-<6;.
Inja e, _. C. y Ywarkbd`, G. (?==4). ]syijnbnhdilb [astdeh lek Lssassgaet3 Le betrnkuitdne tn
[asts lek Galsuragaet
Galsuragaet 8tj Akdtdne).
Akdtdne). Eaw Tnr` G iHrlw-Jdbb
Iuabbn, G. y Nrns, B. O. (?=<9). Lklptlidùe ka uel asilbl ka lhrasdvdklk fçsdil, varolb y ra-
blidnelb plrl edüns lrhaetdens ka <= l <9 lüns. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y
Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil, 96, ?=4-??4.
Iupled, G. y _ ulrta, G. (?==:). ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrdils kab Iuastdnelrdn
Iuastdnelrdn ka bns Idein Fli-
tnras plrl Edüns (OF\
(OF\ -I) ae uel g uastrl ka lknbasiaetas lrhaetd
lrhaetdens.
ens. Astukdns ka ]sdinbn-
hçl, ?4(9), 91<-96;.
nttjadb,, l , Lbkray, L., Cdgäeaz Fareìekaz, H., ]uclbs, G. _nsl
Kafdnr Idtnbar, Y., Fnesail , B., H nttjadb
H. y Y arrlen Ijdil, F. K. (?==6). BAA. [ast ka baiturl y asirdturl ae asplünb. Ouaens L dras3
]ldkùs.
Abbdntt, I. K. (?==8). Kdffaraetdlb Lodbdty Yilbas
Yilbas ?ek ak.). Yle L etned
etnedn,
n, K(3 ]syijnbnhdilb Inrpn-
rltdne.
Abdzltja, B.,
B., Gurlws`d, O., Lrlel, F. y _ utsztade, H. (?=<?). ]rnpdaklkas psding ätrd
ätrdils
ils kab I jdb-
krae s Altdeh Lbtdtukas [ast (IjAL[)3 uel asilbl ka dkaetdfdilidùe ka rdashn ka trlstnrens
lbdgaetlrdns
lbdgaetlrd ns ae edüns. _avdstl Av lbulr, <<, <:-94.
Abdzltja, B., Gu rlws`d, O. Lrlel, F., Kdaz, G., Gdrliin, G. y _utsztade, H. (?=<= ). Kataiidùe ka
trlstnrens lbdgaetlrdns ae edüns3 Lklptlidùe bdehòçstdil y ineiaptulb kab Ijdbkrae's Altdeh
Lttdtukas
Lttdt ukas [ast (I jAL[ ). Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qed-
varsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras, <8, 99-;=.
Fabk, V., [lussd`, D. y Lzzlratn, I. (?==6). [ast ]_N-ILBIQBN.
]_N-ILBIQBN. [ast plrl bl avlbulidùe kab prn-
iaslgdaetn kab eógarn y ab iìbiubn ae edüns. Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, G., N ehlrltn, ]., Yllvakrl, A. y Ilsubbl, G. (?==;). Ab [ast ka Gltrdias
]rnhrasdvls, Asilbl H aearlb3 ue leìbdsds psdingätrdin. Avlbulr, ;, 1=-64.
Fblelhle, K. ]. y Jlrrdsne, ]. B. (?==1). Inetagpnrlry Detabbaitulb Lssassgaet3 [janrdas,
[asts, lek bssuas. Eaw Tnr`3 [ja H udbfnrk
udbfnrk ]rass.
Fbyee, C. _. (?===). [ja jdkkae jdstnr
jdstnryy nf D\ lek spaidlb akuiltdne3 Ile tja prnobags oa snb-
vak> ]syijnbnhy, ]uobdi ]nbdiy, lek Blw, 6, <4<-<4:.
Frdi`, ]. C., Olrry, I. [. y @lg pjlus, _. X . (?=<=). Ibdedilb lssassgaet nf ijdbk lek lknbasiaet
oajlvdnr 9rk ak.). Eaw Tnr`, ET3 Yprdehar. knd3<=.<==8/48:-<-;;<4-=6;<-=.
parsnelbdtyy lek oajlvdnr
parsnelbdt
Hjdhbnea, G. A. y _dijluk ka Gdezd, G. I. (?==4). Astukdn psdingätrdin ka uel varsdùe lora-
vdlkl kab iuastdnelrdn lrhaetden ka lfrnetlgdaetn plrl edüns. Litl ]sdqudìtrdil y ]sdinbù-
hdil ka Lgärdil Bltdel, 11 ;), ?94-?;:.
Hrdejluz, L. Y. y I lstrn Ynblen, L. (?=<9). V lbdkaz Flitnrd
Flitnrdlb
lb kab Devaetlrdn ka Vdrtukas y F nrtlb
nrtlba-
a-
zls ]lrl E düns (D. V. y F. Edüns). Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas, ?=, 918-96;.
Hnttfraksne, B. Y. (?==? ). h3 Jdhjby haearlb lek jdhjby prlitdilb. Ae3 _. C. Ytareoarh y A. B. Hrd-
Detabbdhaeia3 Jnw Haearlb Ds Dt> Gljwlj, EC3 Akolug
hnrae`n (aks.), [ja H aearlb Flitnr nf Detabbdhaeia3
Hrnss, _. (?=<=). ]syijnbnhy3 [ja Yidaeia nf Gdek lek Oajlvdnr (6tj ak.). Kuold3 Jnkkar Aku-
iltdne.
Decnqua _diba, D. y Ourçe, K. <. (?==:). Vlbdkaz y fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk ka bl pruaol ka [ nrra ka Bnekras plrl
prabdgdelr.. _avdstl Lrhaetdel ka Eaurnpsdinbnhçl, <<, ?<-9<.
edüns3 Qe astukdn prabdgdelr
Decnqua _diba, <. y Ourçe, K. <. (?=<<). Ga gnrdl ka trlolcn y pbledfdilidùe ae edüns3 Vlbdklidùe ka
bl pruaol [nrra ka Bnekras. Eaurnpsdinbnhçl Bltdenlgardilel, 9(?), 9<-9:.
Decnqua _diba, <., Ilbarn, L. y Ourçe, K. <. (?=<9). Vlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk ka uel pruao l ka Ga -
gnrdl ka [rlol cn plrl edüns3 Yarda ka Kdoucns. _avdstl Lrhaetdel ka Idaeidls kab Ingpnr-
tlgdaetn, 1 <), <4-?6.
'sne, G. Y. y Letl, F. (?==6). [ast ka ] ariapidùe ka Kdfaraeidls
Kdfaraeidls IL _LY ae edüns gaekni dens.
Detarkdsidpbdelrdl, ?9 ?), ?=9-?9<.
Dsne, G. Y. y I lrrlkl G (?=<<). Avl bulidùe ka bl afdilidl ltaeidnelb3 Astukdn enrgltdvn prabd-
gdelr ae asin blras lrhaetdens. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdin-
bùhdil, ?4 <), <?4-<;6.
@nrsue, E. y Ba gns, V. (?==8 ). Inestruiid
Inestruiidùeùe ka ue destrugaetn plrl avlbulr bl lutnast
lutnastdgldgl ae
edüns ka 4 l <? lüns. ]sdinkdlhens tdilr, <8, 41-<<=.
]sdinkdlhenstdilr,
@rugg , E. y Bag ns, V. (?=<<). Astukdn axpbnrltnr
axpbnrltnrdn
dn ka bls prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils ka bl As-
ilbl ka ]arsnelbdklk Iralknrl (A]I) ae su varsdùe Jatarnavlbulidùe. betarlgardile Cnurelb
nf ]syijnbnhy, ;1(<), ?<-?:.
@rug g, H . B., Lrìe Fdb
Fdbdppatt
dppattd,d, V., Bag ls, V., Lrlehurae, G. y V lrhls _uo dblr,
dblr, C. ((?=<
?=< 9). Devl-
rdrdleidl
leidl ka g akdkls ka bl pruaol ka fdhurls kab [ast ka ]aeslg daetn IraltdIraltdvn
vn ka [nrrleia
sahóe bl aklk3 Qe astukdn ae edüns y lknbasiaetas ka jlobl jdsplel. ]lelgardile Cnurelb
nf Eaurnpsyijnbnhy, 8(?), ?4-;;.
@rugg, H., Bagns, V. y Lrìe Fdbbdppattd, V. (?=<;). Flitnr struitura nf tja [nrrleia [asts nf
Iraltdva [jde`deh Fdhurlr Fnrg O de Ypledsj-spal`deh
Ypledsj-spal`deh ijdbkrae3 Galsuragaet devlrdleia
lirnss
Blijlr, K. haekar. Iraltdvdty
(?==;). [ja _asalrij
]arsnelbdty Cnurelb,
Devaetnry <), 8?-:<.
fnr?6Ijdbkrae, Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?), ]arsnelbdty
Devaetnry fnr Tnutj (]DT), lek Ytukaet Oaj lvdnr Yurvay (YOY). Ae3 G . C. Jdb Jdbsaerntj,
saerntj, K. B.
Yahlb y G Jarsae (aks.). Ingprajaesdva Jlekonn` nf ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet (pp. <4?-
?<?). Eaw Carsay3 Cnje Xdbay y Ynes, Dei.
Blijlr, K. y H ruoar, I.]. (<449). Kavabnpg aet nf tja ]arsnelbdty
]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Tnutj3 L sabf-r
sabf-ra-
a-
pnrt ingple dne tn tja ] arsnelbdt
arsnelbdtyy Devaetnry fnr I jdbkr
jdbkrae.
ae. Cnurelb nf ]arsnelbdty Lssassgaet,
6<, :<-4:.
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?)
Ytleklrk Fnrg lek Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry Gleulb. Bns Lehabas3 X astare ]syijnbnhdilb Yar-
vdias.
Blijlr K Xdehaefabk, Y.L., @bdea, _.O. y Hruoar, I.]. (?===). Ytukaet Oajlvdnr Yurvay Gl-
Bns Lehabas3 Xastare ]syij nbnhdilb Yarvd
eulb Yarvdias.
ias.
Bliuezl, L., Ilstrn Ynblen, L. y I netded ka Hnezìbaz, E. (?==4). Jlodbdklkas snidlbas praasin-
blras3 uel asil bl plrl edüns ka inetaxtns ka pno razl. _avdstl ka ]sdinbnhçl, Qedvarsdklk
]netdfdidl Iltùbdil ka ]aró, ?8(<), 9-?:.
Bagns, V. (?==;). Nparlidnel
Nparlidnelbdzlidùe
bdzlidùe kab inestruitn parsnelbdklk defletdb l plrtdr kab aefnqua
ka bns idein hrlekas flitnras ka parsnelbdklk (tasdss ka knitnrlkn deäkdtl). Qedvarsd
(tasd Qedvarsdklk
klk E l-
idnelb ka Yle Buds, Yle Buds Lrhaetdel.
Bagns, V . (?==6). Bl kasal odbdklk
odbdklk snidlb ae bl av lbulidùe ka bl parsnelbdklk defletd
defletdb.b. Yugl ]sd-
inbùhdil, <9 <), 8-<;.
Bagns, V. y _dijluk ka Gdezd, G. I. (?=<=). Inestruiidùe ka ue destrugaetn plrl avlbulr ab
rlznelgdaetn prnsnidlb ae edüns ka 8 y : l üns3 uel varsdùe pditùrdil. Qedvarsdtls ]syijnbn-
hdil, 4 9), :84-:4<.
GiIneluhjy, Y. G. y Lijaeolij [ G (<444). [ast Nosarvltdne Fnrg. Ourbdehtne3 Q edvarsdtedvarsdtyy
nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf ] syijdltry.
GiIneluhjy, Y. J. y Lijaeolij, [. G. (?==<). Gleulb fnr tja Yagdstruiturak Ibdedilb Detarvdaw
fnr Ijdbkrae lek Lknbasiaets (?ek ak.) Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar
:? . KA BL DHBAYDL
:; . KA BL DHBAYDL
Xaijsbar, l (<4;;). [ja Galsuragaet nf Lkubt Detabbdhaeia (9rk ak.). Olbtdgnra3 Xdbbdlgs
Xdbbdlgs y
Xdb`des.
Xaijsbar, K. (<4:9). Asilbl Xaijsbar ka Detabdhaeidl plrl Edüns ae aklk ]raasinblr y ]rdglrdl
X]]YD). Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglr)/ Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia (9rk ak.). Yle Letn-
edn, [Z3 ]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==9). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae (;tj ak.). Yle Letnedn, [Z3
]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==:). X aijsbar Lkubt Detabbd
Inrpnrltdne.
Detabbdhaeia
haeia Yilba ;tj ak.). Yle Letnedn, [Z3 ]syij nbnhdilb
Xaijsbar, K. (?=<< l). [ast ka Detabdhaeidl plrl edüns XDYI DV3 gleulb täiedin y ka detarpratl-
idùe. Ouaens L dras3 ]ld
]ldkùs.
kùs.
Xaijsbar, K. (?=<< o). Xaijsbar Looravdltak
Looravdltak Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia, Akdtdne XLYD-DD). Yle
Detabbdhaeia, Yainek Akdtdne
Letnedn,
Letned n, [Z3 E IY ] alrsne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?=<?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia ;tj ak.). Yle Letn-
]rasijnnb lek ]rdgle,/ Yilba
edn, [Z3 ]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xai jsbar, K. (?=<;). Gleulb fnr tja Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae (1tj ak.). Yle Le-
tnedn3 ]alrsne.
Xaijsbar, K., @lpble, A. F., Fade, K., @rlgar, C. J., Gnrrds, _., Kabds, K. I. y Glarbaekar, L.
(?==;). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae - Fnurtj Akdtdne Detahrltak. Yle Letnedn3
Jlrinurt Lssassgaet.
Xaijsbar, K. y Elhbdatd, C. L. (?==6). Xaijsbar Enevarolb Yilba nf Lodbdty. Yle Letnedn, [Z3
]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xdrt, _. K., Blijlr, K., @bdeakdest, C. @. y Yalt, ]. K. (<488). Gubtdkdgaesdnelb kasirdptdne nf
Ijdbk ]arsnelbdty3 L Gleulb fnr tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae. Bns Lehabas, IL3
Xastare ] syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
Xdbbds, C. N., Kugnet, _. y @lufgle, L. Y.
Y. (?=<9). Lssassgaet nf Detabbaitulb Fueitdnedeh de
Ijdbkrae. Ae @. F. Hadsdehar, O. L. Orli`ae, C. F. Ilrbsne, C. I. Jlesae, E. _. @ ueiab, Y. ].
_adsa y G. I. _n krçhuaz (aks.). L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy3
Vnb. 9. [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy lek Akuiltdne (pp. 94-8=). X lsjdeh-
tne, KI3 Lg ardile ]syijnbnhdilb Lssnidltdne.
Xnnkini`, _. y Cnjesne, G. (<488). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne ]syijn-akuiltdnelb Olttary. Lbbae,
[Z3 KBG [alijdeh _asnurias.
Xnnkini `, _. X., GiH raw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?===). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD. (tlsil, DB3 _dvar-
sdka.
Xn nkini`, _. X., GiH raw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. ((?==<
?==< l ). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Lijda-
vagaet. _lsil, DB3 _ dvarsd
dvarsdka.
ka.
Xnnkini `, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. ((?==<o).
?==<o). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Inhed-
tdva L odbdty. Dtlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka.
Xnnkini`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y., Gltjar, E. y Yijrle`, F. L. (?==9).Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD
Kdlhenstdi Yuppbagaet tn tja [asts nf Inhedtdva Lodbdtdas. Dtlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka.
YAHQEKL ]L_[A
DEY[_QGAE[NY
KA Y _ A A E D E H
T KDLHEÙY[DIN
]L_L EDÜN
ED ÜN Y
Detrnkuiidùe
Det rnkuiidùe l bl Yahuekl
Yahue kl ]lrt
] lrtaa
Ae asta bdorn plrtdgns ka bl dkal ka qua bls tlrals ka avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil ines-
tdtdtuyae
tuyae uel iltahnrçl guijn g ìs lgp bdbdll qua bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas ingó ega eta lsnidlkls
ine ab psdinkdlheùstdin. Ae asta óbtdgn
óbtdgn sa supnea qua ab edün yl j l sdkn dkaetd
dkaetdfdfdilkn
ilkn
ingn i lsn ibçed
ibçedin
in y sa ousil kl r tletn
tletn ine bns raiursns slens ingn ine bns ingpn-
eaetas pltnbùhdins l fde ka kasi rdodr y inei aptulbdzlr asa ilsn, ine a b nocatd
nocatdvn
vn óbtdgn
ka raing aeklr ab gacnr trltlgdaetn n detarvaeidùe pnsdoba.
Yde agolrhn, guijns ilsns en sne dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilkns
ilkns tagprlelgaeta y parglea-
iae sde liiasn l bl inesubtl psdinbùhdil. Iulekn bn jliae, bl
b l prnobagìtdil yl sa
jlbbl destlblkl y haearlbgaeta ravdsta ue hrlkn glynr ka savardklk qua ae bls flsas
gìs tag prlels ka ing daezn ka bns sçetngls.
sçetngls. Astn dgplitl ka fnrgl eahl tdvl
tdvl snora
ab trltlgdaetn n detarvaeidneas raingaeklobas, y ae inesaiuaeidl lfaitl su vlrda-
klk y afdilidl sahóe ab hrlkn ka avnbuidùe qua bl inefdhurlidùe sdetngìtdil prasaeta
ae ilkl gngaetn. ]nr supuastn, tlgodäe ab prneùstdin kab ilsn rasubtlrì lfaitlkn.
]lrl a bbbbnn sa vuabva eai aslrdn destruga
destruga etlr liidneas ka rlstrdbb
rlstrdbblca
lca (n siraaedeh) plrl
kataitlr prnolobas ilsn s ibçed
ibçedins
ins ae bl pno blidùe haearlb n ae pnoblidneas ka rdashn.
Astls tlrals pnr bn ha earlb sa ralbdz
ralbdzle
le ae ìgo dtns
dtns póo bdins
bdins n prdvlkns (asiuabls,
jnspdtlbas)
jnspdtlb as) y tdtdaeae
aeae ingn nocatdvn dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr pnsdobas trlstnrens psdinbùhdins qua en
jle liuk dkn l inesubtl pnr kdvarsls rlzneas. Bl s täiedils ka avlbulidùe utdbdzlkls utdbdzlkls ae
astls destleidls sa kaengdele destrugaetns ka siraaedeh, rlstrd rlstrdbbbblca
lca n i rdolkn pu as
parg dtae, ing n su eng ora bn bn ddekdil,
ekdil, ab fdb
fdbtrlkn
trlkn ka ilsns ae rdashn y/n ilsns pltnbù-
hdins ae uel pno blidùe
blidùe g ìs n g aens axtaesl, kaodäeknsa fdelbdzlrfdelbdzlr ab kd kdlheùstdin
lheùstdin ae
uel flsa p nstardnr qua inesdstdrì ae bl prnfuekdzlidùe y rafdelgdaetn ka bl avlbulidùe.
Inei ratlgaeta ae as tl norl detaetlgns nfraiar lb baitnr lbhuels jarrlg daetls ótd ótd--
bas l bl jnrl ka afaitulr ue siraaedeh n avlbulidùe rafardkl lb rdashn rdashn ka plka iar lbhóe
trlstnren psdinbùhdin ilplz k a detarfard
detarfardrr ine ab lprae kdzlca n ab odaeastlr agn idnelb
kab edün
edün ae aklk asin blr. Yd asta edün n edül edül as kataitlkn ing n ae rdashn , abbn abbn en
dgpbdil qua eaiasl rdlgaeta plka zil ue trlstnren, sden
sden qua asa dekdilkn r ka rdashn
rdashn
kaoa sar avlbulkn ae bl flsa ubtardnr kab kdlheùstdin, qua tlgodäe fnrgl plrta ka
asta bdorn.
bdorn. Asta sahu ekn p lsn tdaea ab nocatdvn ka ine fdrglr
fdrglr n kasilrtlr ab dekdilknr
ka rdashn ing aetlkn, y lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin aspaiçfdin y kdfkdfaraeidlkn
araeidlkn qua saülba
ue p rneùstdin prnoloba y, sd abbn
abbn as raquardkn, dekdilr
dekdilr uel detarvaeidùe
detarvaeidùe n trltlgdaetn,
trltlgdaetn,
n uel hlgl ka npidneas pnsdobas ae bl gacnr ka bls idriuestleidls. Lquç as kneka
bl AAK D (Aetravdstl
(Aetravdstl ka Avlbulidùe K dlheùstdil Defletdb),
Defletdb), qua a s uel jarrlgdaetl ótdb y
aspaidlbgaeta kdsaülkl, ingn su engora bn dekdil, plrl bl sahuekl flsa ka kdlh-
eùstdin -sd as qua ab pravdn suhdara su eaiasdklk- sa vuabva dgpnrtleta.
siraaedeh
Astl aetravdstl jl sdkn raidaetaga
raidaetaga eta kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbblkl
lkl pnr euastrn aqudpn ka knia etas
a devastdhlknras ae bl
bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ou aens Ldras, y sa prasaetl ae astl sahuekl
plrta ka bl norl.
Bl flsa ka kdlheùstdin sa jlbbl gìs agplraetlkl ine bn qua ibìsdilgaeta jl
klkn ae bblglrsa psdinkdlheùstdin. Ljnrl o dae, plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr lprnpdlklg aeta bl atlpl
dedidlb ka rls trdb
trdbblca
blca n siraaedeh sa raqudara
raqudara qua bns dest
destrugaetns
rugaetns ag pbalkns pnsale
uel lbtl saesdodbdklk. Bl saesdodbdklk ens dekdil bl ilplidklk ka bls jarrlgdaetls
ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil plrl kataitlr ingn ilsns l lquabb
lquabbns
ns edüns qua sa ae-
iuaetrle ralbgaeta ae rdashn y qu a rahdstr
rahdstrle
le lbhóe tdpn ka sdetngltnbnhçl. Ae ntrls
plblorls, uel pruao l lbtlgaeta saes doba tdaea
tdaea bl ilplidklk ka k ataitlr dekdilknras
dekdilknras
prnolobas ka psdinpltnbnhçl,
psdinpltnbnhçl, luequa bl snspaijl sal g aenr, en kaclekn fuarlfuarl ede-
hóe ilsn prnoloba, gìs lbbì ka qua buahn sa inefdrga n en ab kdlheùstdin ae uel
sahuekl destleidl. As kai dr qua, ae tärgdens haearlbas, bns destr
destruga
uga etns ka irdolkn
pnsaae ue llue
fìidbgaeta, lbtl iulekn
saesdodbdklk
saesdodbdab
klk qua jli a en
axlgdelkn quaglrqua
bls puetulidneas
n en axjdolka uel
rdashn sailetdklk
hrle abavae
abavae gka
uy
sçetngls. As tn klrì buhlr l bl flitdodbd
flitdodbdklk
klk ka kataitlr flbsns pnsdtdvns. Bns flbsns pn-
sdtdvns sne prasuetns ilsns atdquatlkns ingn ae rdashn ae ab siraaedeh, parn qua
ae ralbdklk en rasubtle inefdrglkns ingn tlbas ae bl atlpl ubtardnr ka kdlheùstdin.
Bl rlzùe ka astl lbtl saesdodb
saesdodbdklk
dklk rasdka, axprasìeknbl ae baehulca inbnqudlb, ae qua
sa inesdkarl prafardoba supnear qua ilsns en pnsdtdvns (eahltdvns, en ae rdashn, sde
pltnbnhçl) sç sa jlbble ae rdashn,
rdashn, lue ka g nkn aqudvnil kn, letas qua parkar ka vdstl
ae asta prniasn ka fdbtrlkn ilsns varklkarns pnsdtdvns (varklkarlgaeta ae rdashn
y/n ine pltnbnhçl) qua sa plsae pnr lbtn l ilusl ka bl flbtl ka saesdodbdklk kab des-
trugaetn. Ae óbtd
óbtdgl
gl destleidl, asns flbsns pnsdtd
pnsdtdvns
vns qua en arle varklkarns ilsns ,
sarìe kasilrtlkns ae a b gng aetn pnstardnr kab kdlheùstdin.
Lsdgdsgn
suabae y ingn
rahdstrlr inetrlplrtdkl ka su lbtl saesdodbdklk,
olcl aspaidfdidklk, yl qua tdaeae
tdaeae bls pruaols
pni l ilplidklk ka siraaedeh
p lrl astlobaiar kd-
kd-
faraeidls dekdvdkulbas aetra trlstnrens0 ka gnkn qua as dgpnsdoba, l trlväs ka asta
tdpn ka jarrlgdaetls, bbahlr l ue kdlheùstdin kdfaraeidlb y aspaiçfdin
a spaiçfdin kab ilsn. Bls
pruaols ka siraaedeh kaoae sar oravas, fìidbas
fìidbas ka lkgdedstrlr
lkgdedstrlr y ka avlbulr, plrl qua
puakl axlgdelrsa l uel hrle iletdklk ka sucatns ae ab gaenr tdagpn pnsdoba l bns
afaitns ka kataitlr prnetlgaeta bns il sns pns dtdvns
dtdvns pn taeidlbas
taeidlbas y kardvlr
kardvlrbns
bns plrl su
kdlheùstdin kafdedtdvn y pnstardnr trltlgdaetn, sd sa inefdrgl su inekdidùe ka ilsns
pnsdtdvns varklkarns (ae rdashn ralb n ine pltnbnhçl ralb, pnsdtdvl).
]nr ab inetrlrdn bls pruaols ka kdlheùstdin psdinbùhdin sne lbtlgaeta aspaiç-
fdils y tdaeae olcl saesdodbdklk. Bl aspaidfdidklk, sd ka kdlheùstdin jloblgns, sa
kafdea ljnrl ingn bl ilplidklk kab destrugaetn plrl kataitlr bl lusaeidl ka trls-
tnrens lsç ingn bl ilptlidùe ka sutdbazls ae bl vlrdlodbdklk qua axdsta aetra bns kd-
faraetas iulkrns ibçedins. L bl vaz astns destrugaetns ka kdlheùstdin tdaeae olcl
saesdodbdklk yl qua avdtle kkataitlr
ataitlr ilsns flbsns pnsdtdvns , as kaidr qua
qua en sa
ousil a e asta kdlheùstdin bl kataiidùe ka dekdilknras prnolo bas ka trlstnrens sden
aspaiçfdilgaeta bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka sucatns ralbgaeta inesdkarlkn
inesdkarlkns
s ingn ilsns
(pnsdtdvns varklkarns).
varklkarns). ]nr bn tletn, bls
bls jarrlg daetls ka kdlheùstdin pnsaa e bls il-
rlitarçstdils ka sar gìs axtaesls, deibuyae uel glynr iletdklk ka dekdilknras y su
4= L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE
A E EDÜNY
lkgdedstrlidùe
lkgdedstrlidùe as gìs ingp bacl
bacl a desuga gìs tdagpn,
tdagpn, custlgaeta pnr su raquardkl
aspaidfdidklk.
\udzì ab kdbagl ka tnkn avlbulknr inesdsta ae bnhrlr astlobaiar ue lkaiulkn o l-
bleia aetra saesdodbdklk y aspaidfdidklk ae bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil yl qua, ae fue-
idùe ka uel puetulidùe n hrupn ka puetulidneas ae kdfaraetas pruaols, kaoae tn-
glrsa kaidsdneas lpuetlekn lb glynr hrlkn ka praidsdùe pnsdoba, puastn qua tlbas
kaidsdneas dgplitlrìe ka fnrg l kdraitl snora ab fut
futurn
urn kab avlbulkn. T ae asta ils n
asa avlbulkn as ed gìs ed g aens qua ue edün ae pbaen kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn,
avnbutdvn, ine tnkns
bns rdashns y vaetlcls qua abbn dgpbdil. Bls vaetlcls prnvdaeae ka qua, ae guijls
nilsdneas, sa astì l tdagpn plrl pravaedr n ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr detarvaeidneas
detarvaeidneas p sdinbùhdils,
sdinbùhdils, flgd-
bdbdlras
lras n psdinakuiltdvls. Bns rdashns
rdashns rlkdile ae qua g uijls ntrls, puaka sar kag l-
sdlkn tlrka kaska bns puetns ka v dst
dstll avnbutdvn n agn idnelb, pnr acagp
acagp bn.
Yahóe bns pìrrlfns praiakaetas, ae astl norl prnpneagns uel avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil ae kns flsas3 l) uel prdgarl flsa ka siraaedeh, kastdelkl l kataitlr ilsns
prnolobas, y o) uel flsa ka kdlheùstdin, kakdilkl l prnfuekdzlr bl avlbulidùe ka
lquabbns edüns qua jle gnstrlkn dekdilknras ka rdashn, l qudaeas sa bas ralbdzl uel
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae prnfuekdklk plrl inefdrglr n kasilrtlr bl jdpùtasds kdlh-
eùstdil. Ab fnin dedidlb
dedidlb ka bls täiedils ka avlbulidùe p rasaetlkls sa uodil, lsç, ae bls
tlrals ka siraaedeh ine edüns. Aetneias, ingn ingaetìrlgns letas, astls pruaols
kaoarìe sar saeidbb
saeidbbls,
ls, sdgpbas, oravas, ka fìidb lkg dedstrlidùe,
dedstrlidùe, avlbulidùe a detarpra-
detarpra-
tlidùe. Ab psdiùbnhn kaoa s ar ilplz ka i neiratlr bl avlbulidùe ae ue blpsn rabltdvl-
gaeta i nrtn.
Jag ns deibud
deibudkn
kn ae as tl saiidùe destrugaetns ka lg pbdl idridriublidùe
iublidùe y trlkdid
trlkdidùe
ùe ae
euastrn gakdn, ingn sne bns yl odae inenidkns [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Ju-
gle l y ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar (välesa bns ilpçtubns 1 y 6), qua sa
agpbale ae tlrals ka rlstrdbblca, tletn ae asiuabls ingn ae sarvdidns jnspdtlblrdns
y ntrns iaetrns ka ltaeidùe psdinbùhdil póobdins y prdvlkns. L paslr ka su hrle kd-
fusdùe, astls asilbls en inetlole ine olragns litulbdzlkns y bnilbas lkaiulkns
ingn plrl lrrdolr l uel inrraitl detarpratlidùe ka bns rasubtlkns notaedkns. ]nr bn
tletn, uen ka bns lpnrtas qua asta bdorn prataeka ralbdzlr inesdsta ae ordeklr enr-
gl s astlkçstdils bnilbas y raidaetas, cuetn ine defnrglidùe idaetçfdil
idaetçfdil litulbdzlkl plrl
bl lkaiulkl vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe ka bns ilsns sahóe tlb tlbas
as asilbls. Kdijns olrag ns jle sdkn
inestrudkns l plrtdr
plrtdr ka leìbdsds kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbblkns
blkns ae uel l gp bdbdll g uastrl ka edüns, ingn
plrta ka euastrls tlrals kniaetas y ka devastdhlidùe bbavlkls l ilon ae bns óbtdgn óbtdgn s
idein lüns ae bl Iìtakrl DD ka [anrçl y [äiedils ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlheùstdin ]sdin-
bùhdin, Gùkubn D, ka bl Fliu btlk
btlk ka ]sdinbnhçl
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ou aens Ldras.
Bns destrugaetns letas engorlkns snbçle lkgdedstrlrsa ae ue fnrgltn ingod-
elkn, inenidkn ingn bl gdedoltarçl ka siraaedeh psdinakuilidnel
psdinakuilidnelbb ka @nppdtz, ine-
cuetlgaeta
cuetlgaeta ine bl pruaol VL KY Vdsulb Lukdtnr)/ Kdhdt Yple) kdsaülkl pnr bl gdsgl
Krl. @nppdtz0 lgons sa uslole ae inecuetn plrl katargdelr sd ue edün prasaetlol
pnsdobas lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls y/n agni dnelbas qua pu kdarle detarfardr
detarfardr ine su lk a-
iulkn kasag paün ae bl asiuabl.
Ab VLKY a s uel pruaol kdsaülkl pnr Abdzloatj @npp dtdtzz jlidl bl käilkl ka <4:=,
olslkl ae bl tanrçl ka bl detabdhaeidl ka C. ]. Kls. [ngl ingn deput prdeidplb ab
raiuarkn ka kçhdtns qua sa p rasaetle lb edün, lbtareltd
lbtareltdvlg
vlg aeta, ingn astçgubns var-
olbas y fdhurltdvns,
fdhurltdvns, plrl qua buahn raiuarka y rapdtl nrlb
nrlbgaeta
gaeta y/n asirdol asns gl-
tardlbas avnilkns ae ue blpsn orava. Astl asilbl detaetù sar ue praiursnr ka bls
;. Bl Aetr
A etravdst
avdstll plrl
pl rl bl
bl AAvlbulidùe
vlbulidùe
K dlheùstd
lheù stdil
il Defletd
Defletdbb (AAKD)
(AAK D)
Flodlel Qrdab,
Qrdab, Glrçl
G lrçl Cnsafdel
Cnsafdel Yijadesnje,
Yi jadesnje,
Buidlel Oaiarrl y Lel K'Leel
BL AE[_AVDY[
AE[_A VDY[L
L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY
KDLHEÙY[DIL
[DIL DEFLE[DB (AA
(AAKD)
KD) 1
Bls irçtdils
irçtdils g ìs jlo dtulbas
dtulbas l bls aetravdstls
aetravdstls jle su rhdkn kab iuastdnelgdaetn ka
tras ka sus lspaitns iaetrlbas (Gìrquaz, ?=< ;0 ]arpdüì, ?=<?)3
ae bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil.
psdinbùhdil. Iulekn sa lbuka l bl astruiturl sa pnekarl ab hrlkn ka
tdpdfdilidùe
tdpdfdilidùe y a stleklrdzlidùe
stleklrdzlidùe ka bns ingp neaetas qua bl detahrle,
detahrle, as kaidr, ab gnkn y
nrkae ae q ua sa prasaetle bls prahuetls y bl fnrgl ae qua sa ralbdzlrì
ralbdzlrì ab rahdstrn,
rahdstrn, bl
avlbulidùe y bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka bl defnrglidùe n otaedkl. Inesdkarlekn astl iblsdfdil-
iblsdfdil-
idùe pnkag ns iltahnrdzlr bns tdpns
tdpns ka aetravdstl
aetravdstl ae3
Yne lquabbls ae bls qua bns abagaetns qua bls ingpneae sa jle nrhledzlkn y
astlobaidkn ine letablidùe. Bls prahuetls sa jlbble pravdlgaeta katargdelkls y sa
axpnea e ae ue nrkae astdpublkn. Ae gui jns ilsns , y ine ab nocat
nocatnn ka avlbulr bl el-
turlbazl,
turlbazl, dgpnrtleidl, avnbuidùe y kurlidùe ka lqu abbn qua sa prahuetl, bls raspuas-
tls sa inkdfdile
sdstagl utdbdzlekn
kdintùgdin asilbls
(sçetngl tdpn bC`art, luequa
prasaeta-lusaeta). ae ntrls
Iuaetle, nilsdneas
lkagìs, sa utdbdzl
ine uel sarda ue
ka
irdtardns
irdtardns nocatd
nocatdvns
vns qu a dekdile iùg n prniaka r plrl avlbulr a detarpratlr bls bls raspua s-
tls kab aetravdstlkn.
aetravdstlkn. Ae ab ìg odtn ka bl avlbulidùe ibç ibçedil
edil bns gätnkns g ìs g nkarens
plrl notaear kdlheù stdins
stdins lbtlgaeta in efdlobas
efdlobas y vì bdbdkns
kns kardvle kab kaslrrnbbn ka ae-
travdstls
travdstls astruiturlkls astleklrdzlkls sahóe irdtardns
irdtardns astlobaidkns y inesaesulk ns,
ingn sne bns ka bns KYG n bl IDA. Bl tdpdfdilidùe kab prniasn ae su inecuetn jl
pargdtdkn kdsgdeudr bl vlrdlodbdklk,
vlrdlodbdklk, bls deines dstaeidls y kdsiraplei dls ka bns rasubtl-
kns notaedkns p nr kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas avlbulknras, gdedgdzlekn l sç ab bblglkn
bblglkn sa shn kab ae-
travdstlknr.
travdstlknr. Ka astl g learl bns kdstdetns
kdstdetns aefnqu as taùrdins y bls kdvarsls ens nbnhçls
agpbalkls pnr bns aetravdstlknras sne uedfdilobas ae uel óedil engaeiblturl qua
hlrletdia uel inguedilidùe afdilz ka bns rasubtlkns ae olsa lb usn ka ue irdtardn
kdlheùstdin óedin,
idùe plrl ilkl ka ilrl l bl abaiidùe ka bls gacnras raingae klidneas ka detarvae-
ilsn.
idlb
idlbas
as kasflvnrlobas)
gacnrle y ka
bls raspuastls bnslgae
l bls
bls flitnras
lzlsprntaitnras (lquabbns
(lquabb
kab lgodaeta qua ns raiursns
pnkrçle q ua
jloa g nkdfd
nkdfdile
ile n
r prakdspuastn
prakdspuastn
l kaslcustas lklptltdvns).
paiçfdins. En nostleta, y luequa bl glynr plrta kab destrugaetn prnpnea prahuetls
iarrlkls tlgodäe jly asplidn plrl deinrpnrlr bls lentlidneas qua ab aetravdstlknr
inesdkara partdeaetas, lsç ingn plrl iulbqudar lgpbdlidùe qua pukdarle jliar bns
aetravdstlkns.
Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe3
Lkgdedstrlidùe3 inetdaea tnkls bls prahuetls qua kaoa ralbd-
zlr ab prnfasdnelb, y ue leaxn lb fdelb
fdelb ine _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils. Ae ästls
sa dekdil bl pnsdoba rablidùe aetra katargdelk ns çtags y bns trlst
trlstnrens
nrens rabavl-
kns pnr bl AA KD, defnrglidùe qua p uaka rasu btlr ka utdbdklk
utdbdklk lb prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb plrl
jliar uel detarpratlidùe gìs rafdelkl y inetrdoudr l ue inrraitn kdlheùstdin
kdfaraeidlb.
- _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls3 kneka ab prnfasdnelb puetulrì bls raspuastls qua
ordekl ab sucatn l ilkl çtag.
_asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçedil3
bçedil3 ine asta Iu lkaredbb
lkaredbbnn sa prniaka l bl avlbulidùe y
sçetasds
stlkaAAKD.
aetravdstl
aetravd bns kltns
Ae äbqua fuarnelsaetlkl
quaklrì rainh dkns
bl ldefnr
bn blrhn
bglidùe
lrhn karabavleta
defnrglidùe bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstr
qualidùe
jlylekain-
bl
guedilkn bns plkras snora bns letaiakaetas kab edün y bls plrtdiublrdklkas ka
su kaslrrnbbn. [lgodäe sa avlbulrìe y quaklrìe rahdstrlkls tletn bl prasaeidl
n lusae idl ka trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins ing n bls ìrals bdbdorasoras ka in efbditn.
efbditn.
Asta inecuetn ka kltns inestdtuya uel Jdstnrdl Ibçedil, pargdta ue gnkn afdilz
ka sçetasds y raiuparlidùe ka bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe kab ilsn, y puaka sa r ingp bagae-
tlkl pnr bl deklhlidùe qua ab prnfasdnelb inesdkara npnrtuel.
sne]nr a b inetrlrdn,
fnrgublrdns qua abinrraspnekae
_ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil
l ilkl aetravdstlkn n plracl ka prnhaedtnras ae-
travdstlkl,
travdstlkl, ae bns qua a b prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb kaoa rì inesdhelr bns kltns notaedkns y su s no-
sarvlidneas. ]nr tletn, jle ka raenvlrsa plrl ilkl ilsn avlbulkn.
Bl avlbulidùe ka bl AAKD puaka sar gleulb, y sa ralbdzlrì snora ab iulkaredbbn
k a _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil. ]arn tlgodäe, plrl flidbdtlr bns iìbiubns, as pnsdoba
ilrhlr bns kltns ae uel pbledbbl
pbledbbl Axiab qua sa puak a kasilrhlr ae bls ing putlknrls
?. Bl Akdtnrdlb pnea l kdspnsdidùe kab prnfasdnelb bl pnsdodbdklk ka kasilrhlr a dgprdgdr bns lrijdvns kab
_ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil. ]lrl abbn, sdhl bls sdhudaetas (qua fdhurle
lsdgdsgn ae ab knrsn ka lgons iulkaredbbns3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sabai-
idnea ae ab gaeó
gaeó bl np
npidùe
idùe [asts y sarvdidns defnrgltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetrlrì ue raiulkrn kaengdelkn
kaengdelkn
Oaeafdidns lb prnfasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel ilsdbbl.
ilsdbbl. ]lrl kasilrhlr ab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls, dehrasa
ab iùkdhn3 AAKD_ah_ T plrl kasilrhlr ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil, dehrasa ab sdhudaeta iùkdhn3
AAKD_aJI Lgons lrijdvns pnkrìe sar kasilrhlkns ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y pnstardnr
dgprasdùe.
parsnelbas kaska a b sd
sdtdn
tdn wao ka Akdtnrd
Akdtnrdlb
lb ]ldkùs, Kaplrtlga etn ka Avlbulidùe ]sd-
inbùhdil.
[äehlsa a e iuaetl qua ab prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb puaka utdbd
utdbdzlr
zlr bl AAKD ka gnkn loravdlkn y
ingo delr bls kdstdetls
kdstdetls saiidneas sahóe bns no cat
catdvns
dvns ka bl avlbulidùe qua kasaa ral-
bdzlr.
Ab tdagpn ka bl lkgdedstrlidùe ingpbatl sa astdgl aetra 6= y <?= gdeutns, qua
puakae k dst
dstrdrdoudrsa
oudrsa ae uen n k ns aeiuae trns.
9. Yd ab prnfasdnelb kasal kasilrhlr ab lrijdvn Axiab qua ba pargdtdrì ilrhlr bls puetulidneas ka bl AAKD
y lbdharlr bns iìbiubns, sdhl bns sdhudaetas plsns3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sa-
baiidnea ae ab gaeó bl npidùe [asts y sarvdidns defnrgltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetrlrì ue raiulkrn kaengdelkn
Oaeafdidns lb prnfasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel ilsdbbl. Dehrasa ae bl ilsdbbl ab sdhudaeta iùkdhn3 AAKDAxi
Aetneias sa kaspbahlrì ab lrijdvn, ab iulb pnkrì sar kasilrhlkn ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y
pnstardnr dgprasdùe.
BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) =<
Letaiakaetas gäkdins
EY/
EN E I Nosarvlidneas
.;8 aasfrdns. lebdels. Vlrdiabl
?.;:
?.;4
< N? . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL
l) Bns ralitdvns
ralitdvns ae bns qua s a saülbl [nkns , kaoae sar lkg dedstrlkns
dedstrlkns l tnkns
bns plkras.
o ) Lquabbns qua kdiae 2 6 lüns sùbn kaoae prahuetlrsa l bns plkras ka bns
edüns/ls iuyls aklkas en s uparae bns
bns 6 lüns.
i ) Bls prahuetls saülblkls
saülblkls ine 6 ù + kaoae sar fnrgublkls l tnkns bns plkra
plkrass
ine jdcns/ls
jdcns/ls g lynras ka asl aklk.
k) Lquabbns qua kdiae 2 4 lüns sùbn kaoae prahuetlrsa l bns plkras ka bns
edüns/ls iuyls aklkas en s uparae bns
bns 4 lüns.
a) Bls prahuetls tdtublkls 4 ù + kaoae sar fnrgublkls l tnkns bns plkras ine
jdcns/ls
jdcns/ls g lynras ka asl aklk.
Ae ilsns axiapidnelbas, plrl bns edüns gaenras puakae utdbdzlrsa bns çtags ka
avlbulidùe kas tdelkns l bns g lynras, ine ab fde ka lg pbdlr
pbdlr bl
bl defnrgli dùe iulbdtltdvl.
iulbdtltdvl.
Astl prìitdil
prìitdil sa bbavl
bbavl l ilon iulek n bns plkras jle raspnekdkn qua s u jdcnjdcn lbilezl
bns bnhrns asparlobas sahóe bls prahuetls qua inrraspnekae l su aklk. As dgpnr-
tleta kastlilr qua asns çtags en kaoae suglrsa lb puetlca ka bl Yaiidùe pnrqua
fuarne lkg ded
dedstrlkns
strlkns k a g learl npidnelb.
npidnelb.
L bl vaz,
vaz, plrl bns edüns glynras puakae u tdtdbdbdzlrsa
zlrsa bns çtags ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k astdel-
kns l bns g aenras iulekn bns plkrasplkras jle raspnekdkn ine bl npidùe
npidùe < (uen) (frlilsn
(frlilsn
ae asa bnhrn as parloba
parloba)) l bbls
ls prahuetls qua inrraspnekae s ahóe aklk. Yde ag olrhn,
asns çtçtags
ags en kaoae su g lrsa yl qua qua fuarne lkg dedstrlkns
dedstrlkns ka g nkn nptltdvn
nptltdvn (välsa
ab Hrìfdin 9).
Ya raing daekl prastlr ltaeidùe
ltaeidùe l bl inbug el ka bl dz
dzqudarkl,
qudarkl, qua dekdil aklkas.
ahurdklk
9.<: Y u a b a ttaa e a r l i i d k a e t a s k l e ä s t ddii n s , tlt l b a s i n r e n q u a g l r s a n i n r t l r s a >
kgdedstrlr nkns
9.<4 A s i u d k l k n s n / l i n e b n s a e i j u f a s n l p l r l t n s a b ä i trt r d i n s >
kgdedstrlr
24 .?= u l e k n i r u z l b l i l b baba ¾ s u a b a s n b tlt l r s a n l b a c l rsrs a k a b n s f l g d b d l r a s n l i n g p l ü l e t a s >
Lkgdedstrlr <
.?< ] d k a l s d s t a e i d l p l r l o l c l r n s u o d r l b u h l r a s g u y a b a v l k n s > ( O l e i n s , s dbd b bbll s , a s i l b a r l s .). ) pidnelb
9.?? V l s d e l s d sts t a e i d l l bub u h l r a s s a ü l b l k n s p n r b n s f l g d b ddll r a s i n g n p a b d h r n s n s n puetulr
p n r a c a g p b n p d b a t l s , g l r , rçr ç n , z n e l s l b a c l k l s , i l b b a s , a t i . >
4n• - L e t a s k a i r u z l r u e l i l b bbaa , s a fdf d clc l s d v dad a e a e l u t n s n p r a s t l l t a e i d ù e l b s a g ì f n r n
Npidnelb 9 n t r l s s a ü l b a s k a t r ì e s d tnt n >
E n puetulr ; ] d k a p a r g d s n p l r l d r l b u h l r a s f u a rlr l k a s u i l s l n p l r l t n i l r i n s l s k a s i n e n i d k l s > Lkgdedstrlr
1 J l s ddkk n k a t a e d k n / l k a g n r l k n / l l b h u e l v a z p n r b l p n b d i ç l > d D5 asirdodr g ntdvn
Acagpbn3
[ng lekn ae in esdkarlidùe ab iulkrn letard
letardnr3
nr3
9.
9.1.
1. L g pbd
pbdlidùe
lidùe ka deklhlidùe
Ae bl Yaiidùe ; k ab Iulka
Iulkaredbbn
redbbn ka Lkgdeds
Lkgdedstrli dùe, bl deklh
trlidùe, deklh lidùe ka bns kdfaraet
kdfaraetas
as
trlstnrens astì kdvdkdkl ae çtags
çtags oìsdins y ka lgpbdlidùe.
l. Bns çtag
çtag s oìsdins s ne lquabbns
lquabbns qu a kaoae fnrgublrsa l tnkns bns plkras pnr
dhulb.
o . Bns çtags ka lgpbdlidùe prnfuek dzle bl bl deklhli dùe kab ìral prnobag
prnobag ìtdil ae
plrtdiublr
plrt diublr railolekn kltns s nora gìs dekdilknras rab
rablidnelkns
lidnelkns .
Hrlfdin ;. Çtags
Çtags ka lg pbdlidùe
pbdlidùe
9.6. Avlbulidùe
Ab iulkare dbdbbn
bn ka _asu btlkns .a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçed
bçedil
il pargdta rasug dr bls raspu
raspu astls no-
taedkls ae ab ilsn y nrhledzlr bl defnrglidùe railolkl ae bls kdstdetls saiidneas.
] rniurl nfraiar lb prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb asquagls plrl sdetatdz
sdetatdzlr
lr bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe notaedkl ine ab
nocatdvn
nocat dvn ka s dstagltdzlr
dstagltdzlr sus lpraidlidneas
lpraidlidneas k dlheùstdils. Bl vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe rainha puetul-
idneas k a tnkl bl aetravd
aetravdstl,
stl, jlidaekn ine fbudr
fbudr bbls
ls as tdglidneas sdhedfdiltdvls
sdhedfdiltdvls ka i lkl
ìral. ]nr acagpbn, ae ab ilsn ka k dlheùstdin ka k dsilplidklk
dsilplidklk detaba
detabaitulb
itulb sa nosarvlrì
lbtl
lbtl puetulidùe , prnku
prnku itn, pnr ue blkn, ka raspu astls pns dtdtdvlsdvls snora kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlkas
lkas ra-
fardkls
fard kls ae bl Yaii dùe ? (Le lg eas ds), tlb ing n kdfdiubtlk plrl slbtlr ((çtçtagag ?.;1), y ae
bl Yaiidùe 9 (Ìrals Lk lptltdvls),
lptltdvls), kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk plrl vastdrsa y ilbzlrsa
ilbzlrsa (çtags 9.4 y 9 .<=,
•
Dkdi
ä , ―, Inesdkarlidneas
dtares tdklk,j<1/Ea ]DE, kdlhenstdils
?.< lb ?.<8 Agolrlzn ... 8
?.<: lb ?.?8 Elidgdaetn y pnst-plrtn N
...... = N
..
?.?: lb ?.91 ]rdgarns <? gasas ka vdkl 3 /
...... =./q
..-... Dblrb+n
L. N .
?.6? lb ?.64 Asinblrdklk y .. = ,1? Ybywrsil+jbn
Ae ab acagpbn hrlfdilkn snbn uen ka bns çtags ka bl saiidùe fua glrilkn ine
E Y/E I (välsa iabkl
iabkl su pardnr),
pardnr), pnr bn qua puaka supne arsa qua bl ddefnrg
efnrg lidùe orde-
klkl jl s dkn su fdidaet
fdidaeta.
a. Yahóe sus plkras, ab edün snbn prasaetlr
prasaetlrççl letaiakaetas ka
prnobagls ae ab ìral asinblr (gledfdastle qua en fua lb clrkçe ka defletas, qua ra-
pdtdù tariar hrlkn y qua raidodù lpnyn asinblr ae iulrtn hrlkn çekdia ka savardklk
glynr l =,1). ]uaka nosarvlrsa qua edehuel ntrl ìral ka bl Y aiidùe Lelgeasds
Yaiidùe
lrrncl puetlcas
puetlcas su pardnras
pardnras l =,1, as kai dr, en s a jle rahdstrlkn dekdilknras k a ntrns
letaiakaetas s dhedfdilt
dhedfdiltdvns.
dvns. Bl detahrlidùe ka asta jlbblzhn
jlbblzhn ine bns kltns notaedkns
ae ab rastn ka bls saiidneas pargdtdrì avlbulr sd axdstae raiurraeidls ae ab gltardlb
rabavlkn. ]nr acagpbn, sd ab lplrtlkn Asinblrdklk ka bl Yaiidùe 9 (Ìrals Lklptltd-
vls) y ab ka dekdilknras ka [rlstnrens ka Lpraekdzlca ka bl Yaiidùe ; (Dekdilknras
ka Ydetngltnbnhçl) lrrnclr
lrrnclrle
le tlgodäe ue çekdia ka savardklk glyn r l =,1, asta
asta edün
astlrçll prasaetlekn prnoba
astlrç prnobagg ls y s çetng ls qu a inevarhae ae ab ìral asinblr,
asinblr, rahds-
rahds-
trlekn letaiakaetas ka prnobagls asinblras (Yaiidùe ?), kdfdiubtlkas litulbas ae
su detahrlidùe lb ìgodtn lilkägdin Yaiidùe 9), y sçetngls lsnidlkns l [rlstnren
kab Lpraek dzlca
dzlca (Yaiidùe ; ).
saülblAe kls
saülblklsbl Yaiidùe
Yaiid
ine ùe ? (Lelg
< (uen) easds)tnglrsa
en kaoae kaoa rrainrklrsa
ainrklrsa
ae iu aetlqua bbns ae bl sug
ns çtags l ka bls
bls raspuastls
lkgdedstrlkns npidnelb-
g aeta ae aklkas kdstdet
kdstdetls ls l bls astd
astdpublkls
publkls ae ab Iulkaredbbn.
Iulkaredbbn. Ls dgdsg n iulek n en s a
eaiasdta lkgdedstrlr çtags çtags ka lg pbdlid
pbdlidùe
ùe ae bl Yaiid
Yaiidùe ùe ; (kaodkn
(kaodkn l qua bns plkras en
dekdilrne
dekdil rne prnobag
prnobag ìtdil
ìtdilss ae ab ìral avl avlbulkl)
bulkl),, ae ab iìbiub
iìbiubnn s nblgaeta sa s ug lrìe bns
çtag
çtag s afaitdvlg
afaitdvlg aeta lkgdedstrlkns y lquabbns qua fuarne prahuetlkn s ae ntrls ìrals
y astìe glrilkns ine ab sçg sçg onb
onbnn N .
Bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k a bl Yaiidùe ; parg dta klr iuaetl ka Dekdilkn ras ka Ydetng ltnbn-
hçl Ls nidlkl l [rlstnrens ] sdinpltnbùhdins. ] lrl abbn, abbn, a dekapaekdaetag
dekapaekdaetag aeta ka qua
bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe jlyl sdkn railolkl ae uel n vlrd vlrdls
ls s aiidneas kab I ulkared
ulkaredbbbbnn ka Lkgd-
edstrlidùe, ae ab iulkare dbdbbn bn ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçedil
bçedil sa tng l ae iuaetl bl ib ibl-
l-
sdfdilidùe
sdfd ilidùe ka bns trlstnrens psdinplt
psdinpltnbùhdins
nbùhdins kab KYG 1. As pnr astn qua, ae g uijns
ilsns , sa deibudrìe
deibudrìe çtçtag
ag s prnvaedaetas ka kdfa kdfaraetas
raetas saiidneas ka bl aetravdstl
aetravdstl plrl
lrrdolr
lrrd olr l ineibusdneas vìbdkls. Ae astl saiidùe tnkns bns çtag çtag s, as k aidr bns
bns i nrras-
pnekdaetas l bl saiidùe katlbblkns
katlbblkns ae bl prdg
prdg arl inbuge l, bns bns lkdidnelb
lkdidnelbas
as qu a fdhurle
ae bl sahuekl inbug el (sùbn sd fuarne lkgdedstrlkns) y lquab lquabbns
bns qua fuarne prahuetl-
kns ae ntrls
ntrls ìrals y astìe
astìe g lril
lrilkns
kns ine ab sçgsçg onb
onbnn N , kaoae sar suglkns , inetl inetl--
odb
odbdzìeknsa
dzìeknsa iuìetns ka abbns abbns n otuvd
otuvdarne
arne raspuastls ine < (uen). Kab gdsg n g nkn qu a
ae bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k a bls Yaiidneas letard letardnras,
nras, ab vlb
vlbnr
nr notaedkn pnr bl su g ltnrdl
ltnrdl kaoa
kdvdkdrsa
kdvdkd rsa pnr ab tntlb ka çtags
çtags qua fdhurl ae bl inbuge l [ntlb btags plrl lsç notaear ab
çekdia k a s avardklk
çekdia avardklk inrraspnekdaeta.
Ae ilkl ìral avlbulkl puak a inetlodbdzlrsa
inetlodbdzlrsa bl
bl iletdklk ka çtags g lrilkns ae bl
npidùe EY/EI. Yd bl ngdsdùe ka raspuastls
raspuastls EY/EI) suparl
suparl l bl gdtlk ka bns çtags
vlbnrlkns ka bl saiidùe, ab prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb kaoarì ines dkarlr kataedklg aeta bl defnrgl-
idùe notaedkl plrl lrrdolr
lrrdolr l lpraidlid
lpraidlidneas
neas kdlheù stdils yl qua bns kltns i ne bns qu a
iuae tl sne bdgdtlkns y, avaetulbg aeta, kukn sns . Bl fflbt
lbtll ka raspuas tl en axibuya bl
bl
pnsdoba prasaeidl ka sdetngltnbnhçl, parn sç pnea ae iuastdùe bl raprasaetltdvdklk
ka bns rasubt
rasubtlkns
lkns notaed
notaedkns,
kns, sdaekn eaiaslrdn ing pbagaetlr
pbagaetlr bl avlb
avlbulidùe
ulidùe ine ntrns
abagaetns ka leìbdsds.
Klkn qua lbhuens sçetngls psdinpltnbùhdins puakae sar prnkuidkns pnr ine-
sugn ka sustleidls y/n gakdilgaetns n odae pnr lfaiidneas gäkdils, rasubtl dg-
pnrtleta kdfaraeidlr
kdfaraeidlr sd sa trltl ka sdetng ltnb
ltnbnhçl
nhçl prnpdl kab ttrlstnren
rlstnren deklh lkn n sd as
afaitnn ka bn letas g aeidnelkn (välsa ing n acagpbn [rlstnren
afait [rlstnren nosas dvn-ing
dvn-ing pubsdvn
pubsdvn
;.:?.a, ae ab I ulkaredbb
ulkaredbbnn ka L kgdedstrlid
kgdedstrlidùe).
ùe). As pnr astn qua ae ab _ahdstrn ka _as-
puastls plr
plrll bns çtçtags
ags qua deklhle snora inesug n ka sustleidls
sustleidls n aefargaklkas
aefargaklkas
gäkdils ab < (uen) astì inbnilkn ae bl inbugel ka bns EN. Ka asta gnkn puaka
kdfaraeidlrsa sd bns sçetng ls rafdarae
kdfaraeidlrsa rafdarae l ue iu lkrn eatlg aeta psdinpltnbùhdin
psdinpltnbùhdin n s d sne
afaitn
afa itn ka dehastl ka sus tleidls
tleidls psdinlitdvls,
psdinlitdvls, gakdilgaetns n ka aefar aefarg
g aklkas g ä-
kdils. Ae ab ilsn ka qu a bl raspuas tl sal eahltdvl, en sarì eaias lrdn ing pbatlr pbatlr bbls
ls
iabkls ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ka bns iulkrns prnku idkns pnr inesu g n ka su stleidls (pnr (pnr ac.
ac.
[rlstnren ka suaün dekuidkn pnr su stleidls).
L b fdelb
fdelb kab I ulkaredb
ulkaredbbn
bn ka Lkg dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe sa prasaetle _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils.
Lsnidlidùe aetra prnobagìtdils ka kdstdetns iulkrns plrl ilkl uel ka bls ìrals avl-
bulkls, kn eka s a dekdil bl pnsdob
pnsdobaa rab
rablidùe
lidùe aetra bns çtags y trlstnrens rab
rabavlkns
avlkns pnr
bl AAKD. Astl defnrg lidùe puaka rasubtlr ka utdbdklk
utdbdklk lb prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb plrl jliar uel de-
tarpratlid
tarp ratlidùe
ùe g ìs rafd
rafdelkl
elkl ka bls kdfd
kdfdiubtlkas
iubtlkas dkaetdfdilkls
dkaetdfdilkls ine ue çekdia ka savardklk
sdhedfdiltdvn. ]nr acagpbn, sd sa jl notaedkn ue çekdia ka savardklk supardnr l =,1
9.8.
9.8. DDbu
bustrlidùe
strlidùe g ak dleta ue i lsn ibç
ibçedin
edin
L gn kn k a dbustrlid
dbustrlidùe
ùe s nora ab usn ka bl AAKD prasaetl
prasaetlg g ns ab Iulkaredb
Iulkaredbbn ka _ a-
subtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibç
Ibçedil
edil ka Cule, l bn qua sa lh rahl lb fdelb ab defnrga ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pnr
bl prnfasdnelb liaril kab ilsn. Asta defnrga inetdaea rafaraeidls lb Iulkaredbbn ka
_ asu btbtlkns
lkns plrl flidbd
flidbdtlr
tlr lb baitnr
baitnr bl ing praesdùe k ab prniakdg
prniakdg daetn ka axtrliidùe ka
defnrglidùe rab rabavleta.
avleta.
Ae bl Yaiidùe < sa jle ingpbatlkn bns kltns snidnkagnhrìfdins, kltns ka fdbdl-
idùe, g ntdvn
ntdvn k a lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe ka bl aetravd
aetravdstl
stl AAKD y letaiakaetas k a aefargaklk as.
Ae bls Yaiidneas ? y 9, ae bl inbugel Ine Inesdkarl
sdkarlidneas
idneas kdl
kdlheù stdils sa jle ing-
heùstdils
pbatlkn
pbatlkn bls i lsdbbls
lsdbbls k a ilkl i ltahnrçl deklhlkl (Ag olrlzn, elidgdaetn y pns t-p t-plrtn,
lrtn,
ati.) ine bns inetaedkns ka bls raspuastls puetulkls ine <, l fde ka qua ab usulrdn
puakl in etlr ine bl tntlbdklk
tntlbdklk ka bl defnrg
defnrg lidùe rainh dkl ae bl aetravdstl.
aetravdstl. Ae bls il-
tahnrçls kn eka bl su g l ka lrrncl ab vlbnr = (iarn) (iarn),, sa jl inbnilkn bl loravd
loravdlturl
lturl s/p
(sde plrtdiublrd
plrtdiublrdlkas
lkas n s de prnobagls), qua s dhedfd
dhedfdil
il qua asl ìral e n jl lrrnclkn plrtd-
plrtd-
iublrdklkas
iublr dklkas lb gng aetn ka bl ddeklhlidùe.
eklhlidùe. Ls dgdsgn, ae bns ils ns ae qua ab çekdiaçekdia ka
savardklk lrrncù
lrrncù u e vlbnr ddhulb
hulb n s upardnr l =,1, sa saülbl qua kdijn vlbnr as YDHE DFD- DFD-
IL[DVN plrl astlob astlobaiar
aiar kdlheùstdin.
Lb fdelb
fdelb ka ilkl u el ka bls sa iidneas , ab Iulk aredb aredbbn
bn ka _as ubtlkns a J dstnrdl Ibç-
Ibç-
edil iuae tl ine ue saitnr plrl rahdstrlr entls snora bl saiidùe y ralbdzlr ralbdzlr uel sçetasds
snora ab lplrtlkn. Lbbç sa jle vartdkn kltns qua ab ibçedin inesdkarù fueklgaetlbas
plrl lrrdolr l bl lpraidlidùe kdlheùstdil kab ilsn y tlgodäe sa rahdstrlrne bls ras-
]lkra3 Cnsä
nsä -- Yaiueklrdn Agpbalkn Flbbaidkn
Glkra3 YdbNl <9 NedVarsd-b-lrdn ;on4lkl Yd
Jen./l3 --
^^ ^^ --
Jen./l3
Jen./l3
Ntrns3
Nosarvlidneas3
Bl ae-f-ravds+l sa ra bdz ae ab YaEidn ka ]aijl-jUdl kab b-bnspd-f-lb Snelb ZZ kneka Cule sa aeiuaetrl
detarelkn.
]lkra Flbbaidkn ae ?==8 (ilrkdnpltçl). Asilsn vdeiubn ine bl Iledbbl ax+aesl.
Bl glkra rlolcl ae ue astukdn curdrdin
Yd EN inevdva ine bl glkra n ab plkra. fnrgublr bls sdhudaetas prahuetls3 Ç EN ' Lgpbdlidneas/Nosarvlidneas
. . .. ^..^. .
¾Iu ìekn flbbaidù>
flbbaidù>
¾Vdva ab plkra/pg3fls"> Z EN Ae q uä idriuestleidls
idriuestleidls>>
¾Iùgn lfaitù lb edün/l>
d d, ¾Gletdaea uel ouael
Yd vdva3
vdva3 ¾ Va ine rahublrdklk
rahublrdklk lb edün/l> ' ablidùe
ablidùe ine ab plkra/glk ra>
Yd e n bn va rahu
rahublr
blrgaeta3
gaeta3 ¾ Kaska iuìekn kacù ka taear inetlitn ine ab plkra/glkra> ¾]nr quä gntdvn>
gntdvn>
Kardvleta .<.
<.<<<
<<<<<<<< < < < < < < < < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~
Yarvdidn k a ]akçl-Frçl. bbnspd-blb Snelb ZZ.
.L taidkaetas ka trltlgdaetns
trltlg daetns psdintar~dbps n psdqudì trdins
psdqudìtrdins
¾Ab/bl edün/l jl ralbdzlkn n ralbdzl trltlgdaetn psdintarlp
psdintarlpäutdin
äutdin n psdqudìtrdin> Yd. ab bns y bns lüns. rrrfloba. asnoa
asnoa -
sç A e quä faijl>¾]nr quä gntdvn> ¾Kurleta iuìetn tdagpn>
di d d3e a nks a drifl rkl ava s d k r Vdeiublidùe
ls id . fnelbni s l . d i [ n ;d;s p bat a
[ngù ad
k r e l idùe
raspdrltnrdls,
¾Lbhóe pltnbnhçls
flgdbdlr psdinbùhdils
sufra n jl n psdqudìtrdils,
sufrdkn lbhuel aefargaklkkdsilplidklk fçsdil
rabavleta, pnr u ntrls>
acagpbn kdloatas,d. Aiìei ar,plk
b plkra aefargaklkas ilrkçlils,
aiçl prnobagls ilrkdlins.
Yd <<5 ¾Iu ìb/Iuìbas> [dpn ka aefargaklk y tdpn ka vçeiubn. l ai dra bdfsafrS. fr a3a3baaee+ = <
7< 8.?
d k aasekal abl Snl.?=/?.
LELGEAYDY
[ntlb Çekdia Inesdkarlidneas
çtags Iletdklk EY/EI3 ]uetlca çtags savardklk kdlheùstdils
?.< lb ?.<8 Agolrlzn ? <8 =,b (dbugaeù <9 `h. T inetrnbas)
?.?: lb ?.91 ]rdgarns <? gasas ka vdkl < 8 = < (Bbnrlol ine fraiuaeidl)
?.96 lb ?.;6 Jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn = bn = s/p (sde plr+diubl
plr+diublrdibl
rdibliba
ibas)
s)
?.;8 lb ?.1: Letaiakaetas gäkdins ? <? =,b (Aeaagarklkas jpdils. Kargltd-Js
ltnpdil)
?.14 lb ?.6< ]arsnels l ilrhn kab iudklkn < ? =.1 YDLC(FDI;[DVN
?.6? lb ?.64 Asinblrdklk = 8 = s/p
?.8= Bltarlbdklk ? Karaijl Dzqudarkl s/p
?.8< _utdel jlodtulb Ya kaspdar-b-l +agprlen pnr bl glülel. Kaslyuel ine su glgù. Vl l
lbb inbahdn.
(Dekdilr inesdkarlidneas sdhedfdiltdvls) ]nr bl +lrka ae su ilsl cuahl l bl pbly s+l+dne y gdrl [V "Inga +nkn ab kdl -
26 9.8 l 9.: - ?
^
Lutnengçl3 Vastdgaetl
n+ 9.4 l 9.<< = 9 = s/p
24 9.<? l 9.<9 Lutnengçl3 Qtdb
Qtdbdzlid
dzlidùe
ùe ka raiursns ?
n+ 9.<; l 9.<8 inguedtlrdns ; =,? Iabn Vl l ue ibuo)
24 9.<: l 9.?? -
4n+ 9.<: l 9.<4 Lutnengçl3 Yahurdklk
1 L . < = pdka pargdsn plrl
/ =.?
9.?9 l 9.?1 +nilr insls lcaels)
[nkns 9.?6 l 9.9< Vdkl intdkdlel3 Ingdkl = 6 = 1/p
[nkns 9.9? l 9.91 Vdkl intdkdlel3 Yuaün ; =,? (Kuarga iulr+n glgì)
24 9.;: l 9.1= 9
Lptdtukas
Lptdtukas ffueidnelbas
ueidnelbas (Lo ine+rnbl Vuabtns. en
n+ 9.1< l 9.1: . .. . : \.d9 baa rabnc. en jlia ingprls
[nkns 9.14 l 9.64 << d
ba asiuabl.
Asiuabl / [rlolcn at.? sine ingplüarns)
[nkns 9.8= l 9.81 Nidn3 Cuahn ; al bdlra3l3<3='ls
ka cuahn.
Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka Ìrals Lklptltdvls Ya jdbdaer?..l y sa vdsa snbn kaska bns 6 lüns. ]lr;-didpl ae li+Gklkas
jnhlraüls. Guas+rl asilsl defarliidùe snidlb. Kuarga ae ab iulrfn ka su glkra. Guas+rl lif-d+ukas ka kasdejdodidùe snidlb.
Ae bl asiuabl en +da
+daea
ea ouae vdeiubn ine sus ingplüarns. Jlodbdklkas
Jlodbdklkas snidlbas (jugnr)3 Ya aencl ine frai
fraiuaeidl
uaeidl.. Kaslrrnbbn
agnidnelb3 <..-a iuas+l liaplr bdgd+as y iugpbdr inesdhels. ; Vaia
Vaiass kdia gae+drls. L bn jlia orngls. Lbn de+ae+l ingpn r+lr
r+lrsa
sa ka
liuarkn l bn qua sa asparl ka äb. Lbn raidoa
raidoa ird+d
ird+dils
ils ka gn kn lkaiulkn. Ubn raspa+l = - ns pue+ns ka Vds+l.
Yaiidùe E K D I L K N _ A Y K A Y DE
DE [ N G L [ N B N H Ç L L Y N I D L K L L [ _ L Y [ N _ E N Y ] Y DDII N ] L [ N B Ù H D I N Y
[lb ingn sa prniakdù ae bls Yaiidne
Yaiidneas
as ? y 9, kao
kaoaa suglrsa ab puetlca ka ilkl [rlstnren n prnobagl plrl ilkl rlehn ka çtags çtags astlobaidkn y inesdhelrsa
inesdhelrsa
astl sugl
su gl ae bl inbugel ]uetlca. Yde agolrhn, astl Yaiidùe ; (deibuy
(deibuyaekn
aekn sus lplrtlkns
lpl rtlkns l, o y i
i)) kdfdara ka bls l etardnras ae iuletn l qua lhrahl
l hrahl çtags ka
lgpbdlidùe ae bl sahuekl inbugel, qua tlgodäe kaoae suglrsa, ingpnedaekn ab puetlca tntlb. Astns çtags ingpraekae l bns ka lgpbdlidùe prnpdlgaeta
kdijns ka ilkl trlstnren n prnobagl qua fuarne detarrnhlkns ae ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe a çtags ka ntrls saiidneas vdeiublkns ine bns trlstnrens
lquç katlbblkns ae bns qua sa letapnea ab sdhudaeta sdhen N
.... (=Ìrals Yd ? n gìs Ìrals Lklptltdvls (Yaiidùe 9) < Ìrals J-ugnr y Kaslrrnbbn
lklptltdvls) tdaeae puetlcas
puetlcas l l =9. lquç vnbilr < puetn agnidnelb)
[ntlb plrl KDYIL]LIDKLKAY DE[ABAI[QLBAY S 1
= df
[_LY[N_ENY KA BL INGQEDILIDÙE
;.; lb ;.: ;.:l lb ;.:k [rlstnren kab baehulca
baehulca = 4
;.4 ;.4l lb ;.4i [rlstnren fnenbùhdi
fn enbùhdin
n ;
[ _L Y[ N _E N K A B A Y]A I [ _N
KAB LQ[DYGN
;.<6 lb ;.<4 Detarliidùe snidlb - Ingpnertlvgr
tnss (Kdfdiubtlk plrl dedidlr y
;.<4ly ;.<4o gletaear Cdeiubns snidlbas)
;.?= lb ;.?? ;.??l _aidprnidklk snidlb
([daea kdFdiub-b-lkas plrl gle-b-a-
;.?9 lb ;.?6 ;.?6l lb ;.?6f Inguedilidùe ear inevarslidneas ine nrns)
Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin Bns sde-b -bngls prasae+as en bbahle l Inr<Y+t jlr edehóe
[rlstnren kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùh din. Ya aVdkaeidl olcn raekdgdaetn lilkägdin ae bls ìrals ka Baehul y Idaei
eaurnbùhdin. Idaeidls
dls Ynidlbas. Ya
radtarl bl kdFdiubtlid plrl Neiublrsa snidlbgaeta. Ya rahdstrle lutnbasdneas.
;.86 ;.86l y ;.86o Gutdsgn sabaitdvn 9
;.88 ;.88l lb ;.88i Fnodl aspaiçfdil
[_LY[N_EN NOYAYDVN
ING]QBYDVN
ING]QBYDVN T [_LY[N_EN Y
_ABLIDNELKNY
;.:? ;.:?l lb ;.:?a [rlstnren nosasdvn-ingpubsdvn = 6
;.:9 ;.:9l lb ;.:` [rdintdbngleçl = ;
;.:; ;.:;l lb ;.:;i [rlstnren ka axinrdlidùe ; =.? (Ya lu+ndasdnel ine bls idbls)
;.:? k
[rlstnren
ren nosasdvn ingpubsdvn
;.:? ;.:?a (YD) akdi s tlleii
=;.:9i (1<< 1
lidùe
lfaiidùe
idùe gäkdil
y ;.:;i (YD ^
.......
[_LY [N _EN Y _A B LI
LI DN ELKN Y I N E
[_LQGLY T FLI[N _AY KA AAY[_ÄY
Y[_ÄY
;.:6l y ;.:6o (frrd-b-losdbklk• Kdfdiub+lkas
[rlstnren ka lpahn ralitdvn
;.:1 y ;.:6 =;.?1, ;.89,
? : =? plrl gle-b-a
g le-b-aear
ear
;.8;, ;.88 inevarslidneas)
;.:8 y ;.:: --- _ablidùe snidlb kasdejdodkl
[_LY [NINY
YNGÌ[DINY
YNGÌ[D _EN TY [_LY[N_E
KA Y ÇE[N GNY
LY
_A B LI DN ELKN Y
;.49 y ;.4; ;.4;o [rlstnren ka sçetngls sngìtdins
ilusle prnobagls ae bl Nkl kdlrdl). <-bl de+ae+lkn qud+lrsa bl Nkl. bn inrraspneka kdlvùsfdin ka [rls+nren
axpbnsdvn de+arredfae;- a. Ab iulkrn sa axpbdil gacnr pnr ab kdleùs-Vdin ka [rls+nren kdsrup+dVn kab as-Flkn ka
de+arredfae;-a.
ìedgn. (KYG-1). ?..aóea ird+ardns ka [rls+nren ka inekui+l (,C n rasp a+l enrgls, l Vaias kdia rlae-Vdrls, dedidl
(,Cn
pabals. ine fraiuaeidl lgaelzl l su glkra. bareae+ns plrl klülrbl sardlreae -Va, jl sdkn iruab ine
ledglbas. as+ns ingpingpnr+lreda
nr+lredaens
ens ba il
ilusle
usle s ard
ardn
n ralba
ralbas+lr
s+lr ae su Nkl kdlrdl)
]_NOBAGLY KA VDVDAEKL
T AINEÙGDINY
]rasae+l prnobagls ka rablidùe pl+aren Fdbdlb (rablidùe inefbdi+dVl qua deibuya hrlvas apdsnkdns ka
Vdnbaeidl
Vdnba eidl Varolb
Varolb y fçsdil
fçs dil y prnVnil prnobagls
prno bagls ae bl de+arliidùe flgdbdlr y ae bl Vdkl kab edün).
"bn inrraspn
inrraspneka
eka kdl1.eùs+din ka Ingp
In gpnr+lgdae+n
nr+lgdae+n le+dsnidl
le+dsnidlbb pnrqua bns sde+nelY as+ìe Vdeiublkns ine ab
[rls+nren kdsrup+dVn kab as+lkn ka ìedgn (KYG-1).
Ibçedil Gäkdil jl kdlvns+dilkn sn orapasn y kardvlidùe
kardvlidùe l Yar
YarVdi
Vdidn
dn ka edu+rdidùe.
<?.ads+rl lolekne
lolekne n ka frl+lgdae+=.
,Cn sa inesdkarl kdleùs+din ka [rls+nren ka bl ;Ddgae+lidùe pnrqua en sa rads+rle ineibui+ls
ras+rdi+dVls ed ingpaesl -fnrcls ed l+rlineas. Ya lsnidl ine [rls+nren As+lkn kab ;edgn.
[rls+nren kab As+lkn
Kasirdol ab astdbn ka raspuastl qua ordekle bns plkras. Dgpubsdvn ]lridlbgae ta rafbax
rafbaxdvn
dvn _afbaxdvn Z
¾\u ä hrlkn ka inefdlezl ba garaia bl defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe Guy pnin inefdloba ]lridlbgaeta inefdloba Guy inefdloba Z
ordeklkl>
Kasirdol ab hrlkn ka injaraeidl aetra ab baehulca Yde injaraeidl Lbhuels deinjaraeidls Guy injaraeta Z
varolb y en varolb.
¾Iuìb as su lpraidlidùe liaril kab edvab ka desdhjt Kafdidaeta _ahublr Ouaen Z
kab aetravdstlkn>
DEFN_GA
Engora3 Cule
Aklk3 4 lüns, ?gasas.
Asinblrdklk3 ;tn. lün
lün ka Asiu abl ]rdglrdl, Hrle Ouae ns L dras.
Kastdeltlrdn3 Yarvdidn ka ] akdltrç
akdltrçl.
l. Jns pdtlb Sne lb.
lkgdedstrlkn3 Aetravdstl ka Avlbulidùe Kdlheù stdil Defletdb (AAK-D)
Destrugaetn lkgdedstrlkn3 (AAK-D)..
Faijl ka avlbulidùe3 ?9 ka nituora ka ?=<1.
Kltns snidnka
sn idnkagnhrìfdins
gnhrìfdins
Cule elidù ae bl prnvdeidl ka Ouaens Ldras ab ?? ka lhnstn ka ?==6. As jdcn ka Ydbvdl y
Cnsä. Ab plkra flbbaidù
flbbaidù iu lekn ab edün taeçl < lün. Ydbvd
Ydbvdll as lonhlkl, trlolc
trlolcll ae ue astukdn curç-
kdin. Cule iursl iu lrtn lün ae uel Asiu abl ]rdglrdl pr prdvlkl
dvlkl ka ccnrelk
nrelk l sdgpba. _asdkae ae ab
ineu rolen onelaraesa. (Var Yaiidùe <. Kltns snidnka
sn idnkagnhrìfdins.
gnhrìfdins. Ingpnsdidùe
Ingp nsdidùe flgdbdl
flgdbdlr).
r).
Lelgeasds
E n sa rahdstr
rahdstrle
le letaiakaetas jarakn-flgdbdlras sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvns
dvns ka psdinpltnb
psdinpltnbnhçls.
nhçls. Agolrlzn,
elidgdaetn
eli dgdaetn y pnst-pl rtn iurslrne sde plrtdiub
pns t-plrtn plrtdiublrdklkas.
lrdklkas. Ab edün bbbbnrlol
nrlol ine fraiuaeidl kurleta ab
prdgar
prdg lün ka vdkl. Yu plkra aefargù ae asa parçnkn y flbb
ar lün flbbaidù
aidù kaodkn l u el ilrkdnpltç
ilrkdnpltçl.
l. Bns
bnhrns kasa
kab kaslrrnbbn
Letaiakaetas lbilezlrne
slbuk3 l bls
_ahdstrù aklkas asparlob
asparlobas.
aefargaklkas as. (VarkaYaiidùe
jlodtulbas ? . Lelgeasds).
bl defleidl y kargltdtds ltù-
pdil l bns idein lüns. En jl sufrdkn liidkaetas. Bl glkra bn kasirdodù ingn ue edün enrglb
jlstl bns ; lüns, luequa rabltù qua sdagpra gnstrù ue astlkn ka ìedgn drlsidoba. En rafdrdù
rlzneas plrl asa ing pnrtlgdaetn. Ae ab clrkçe
clrkçe ka defleta
defletass su hdrd
hdrdarne
arne detarinesubtl ine ] sdinbn-
hçl pnrqua prasaetlol g lrilkl drr drrdtdtlodb
lodbdklk,
dklk, en noakaiçl bls plutls dekdilkls pnr bns k niae-
tas y gn strlol kdfdiubtlkas plrl vdeiublrsa ine plras . Fua trltlkn pnr trlstnren pnr käfdidt ka
ltaeidùe ine jdparlitdvdklk. Ab trltlgdaetn psdintarlpäutdin sa kdsinetdeuù jlidl fdeas kab lün
plslkn pnr k aid aidsdùe
sdùe ka bl glkra lb inesdkarlr qua su jd jdcn
cn jloç
jloçll g acnrlkn
acnrlkn su ing pnrtlgdaetn.
pnrtlgdaetn.
_ah dstr
dstrùù kns deta
detarelidneas,
relidneas, lgols ae ab gdsg n jnspdtlb,
jnspdtlb, vd
vdeiublkls
eiublkls l iuastdneas ine kui-
tulbas.
tulba s. Bl prdgarl, l bns 8 lüns pnr s avarns prnoba prnobagls
gls ka ing pnrtl
pnrtlgdaetn
gdaetn (rngpçl noca
nocatns
tns y
bns lrrnclol kaetrn y fuarl ka s u ils l) y glbns trlt trltns
ns jlidl su g lkra (ba hrd
hrdtlol
tlol y bl hnbpalol)
hnbpalol)..
Ba lkg ded
dedstrlrne
strlrne _dspard
_dspardkne
kne l. Bl sahuekl detarelidùe as bl lit litulb.
ulb. Jl lugaetlkn ; `h ae bns
óbt
óbtdgns
dgns sads gas as, pasl 6= @h0 bbll glk ra bbnn lsnidl l bl tng l ka gak dilid dilidùe.
ùe.
Ydb
Ydbvdl
vdl ralb
ralbdzl
ka trltlgdaetn
dzl trl
trltlgdaetns.
trltlgdaetn
s. Le
tlgdaetn ps dintarlp
Letai
taiaka
akaetas
dintarlpäutdin
äutdin kas ka ab lün ? =<?. (Var Y aiidùe <. Letaiakaetas
etas ka aefargaklk
aefargaklkas
as ka bl flgdbdl).
f lgdbdl).
Ingpnrtlgdaetn
Litdtukas3 As dequdatn y kaslfdleta. Ine fraiuaeidl prasaetl liiasns ka iùbarl. Jl axjd-
odkn litdtukas
litdtukas tag arlrd
arlrdls.
ls. Ae nils dneas sa lu tnbasdnel bblstdgìek
lstdgìek nsa bl pdab ine s us u üls. Aetra
bns ; y bns 6 lüns hnbpalol l sus glsintls. Jle idtlkn l su glkra kaska ab inbahdn pnr su
ingpnrtlgdaetn en noakaia plutls, en ingpbatl bls tlrals, en sa vdeiubl ine plras). Var
Yaiidùe 9 . Ìrals lklptltdvls y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbù-
hdin).
çeiubns detarparsnelbas
Bl rablidùe aetra glkra a jdcn sa ilrlitardzl pnr uel entnrdl lgo dvlbaeidl. Bns liiasns ka
iùbarl hrlvas y raiurraetas ka Cule sa prnkuiae sùbn ine su glkra. Buahn ka ilkl avaetn sa
iùbarl
gledfdastl lpaelkn y sa kdsiubpl. Ae ntrls nilsdneas as lfaitunsn y kdsfrut kdsfrutll lb cuhlr ine Ydbvdl.
Bl glkra rafd
rafdara
ara qua l vaias kdsiuta ine su jdcn, bbaa hrdtl y bn sliuka pnr sus lrraoltns. Lkagì s,
lhrahl qua ae ntrls npnrtuedklkas ingplrtae tdagpn
tdagpn ka gnkn lg aen y kdsfrut
kdsfrutle
le ka plsans.
Bl rablidùe ka Cule ine sus kniaetas as gakdlelgaeta ouael luequa ae bl asiuabl ba
iuastl liap tlr bçbçgdtas
gdtas y iug pbdr ine bls inesdhels. Ab vçeiubn ine plras as a silsn y jnstdb3 en
lsdsta l avaetns ine ingplüarns ed bns raidoa ae su ilsl.
Ae bns óbtdgns lüns bl rak ka lpnyn snidlb ine bl qua inetlole jl kdsgdeudkn, sahóe Ydbvd
Ydbvdl,
l,
pnrqua abbl sa sdaeta guy ileslkl plrl devdtlr haeta l su ilsl n slbdr ine lgdhns. Bns plkras
ka Ydbvdl agdhrlrne jlia qudeia lüns pnr iuastdneas blonrlbas. Eueil tuvdarne ue vçeiubn as-
traijn ine bns
bns louabns pltarens. Var Yaiidùe 9. Ìrals lklptltdvls y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras
ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin).
Lspaitns lklptltdvns
Cule sa jdhdaedzl y sa vdsta snbn kaska bns 6 lüns. ]lrtdidpl ae litdvdklkas
Lutnengçl3
jnhlraüls ingn pnr acagpbn ae bl praplrlidùe ka bl gasl plrl ingar. As iudklknsn ine
sus ótdbas
ótdbas asinblras. Eaiasdt
Eaiasdtll lyukl plrl ralbdz
ralbdzlr
lr tlrals kab inbahd
inbahdnn sa ba kaoa rainrklr qua
tdtdaea
aea litdvd
litdvdklkas
klkas p lrl rasnbvar, raqud
raqudara
ara qua ab lkubtn astä saetlkn l su blkn plrl ing pbatlr
bns kaoaras, luequa astn plraia niurrdr gìs pnr npnsdidnedsgn qua pnr flbtl ka jlodbdklkas).
Luequa iuaetl ine uel jlodtlidùe prnpdl sdagpra jl knrgdkn ae ab iulrtn ka su glkra ae
ilgls kdfaraetas, pnrqua tdaea tagnr ka knrgdr snbn. Kasilesl tnkl bl enija sde kdfdiubtlk.
Var Yaiidùe 93 Ìrals lklptltdvls).
Jlodbdklkas3 Iuaetl in e jlodbdklkas plrl kdouclr y gn kablr ine lridbb
lridbbl.
l. Yuaba ralbdzlr astls
litdvdklkas
litd vdklkas ine fraiuaeidl, sa ineiaetrl ae dr lb lbilezlekn
ilezlekn bns nocatd
nocatdvns
vns qua sa prnpnea y kds-
frutl lb bnhrlrbns.
bnhrlrbns. ]rasaetl gnkarlkls k dfdiubtlkas
dfdiubtlkas asinblras ae bls ìrals ka Baehul y Idaeidls
Ynidlbas. Eueil sa ba ba jl ralbdzlkn avlbulidùe eaurninhedtdvl. Var Yaiidùe 9. Ìrals lklptltdvls
y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin).
Cuahn3 Cuahl ine vdkancuahns ka suparjärnas
suparjärnas y parsnelcas ka [V ae bl ingputlknrl y ae
bl ]blystltdne.
]blystltdne. Klül l sus g uüains bas qudt
qudtll plrtas n bns rrngp
ngp a). En suaba ccuhlr
uhlr ine cuahns
rahblkns. Var Yaiidùe 93 Ìral lklptlt
lklptltdvls
dvls - Cuahn)
Cuahn)..
- [rlstnren ka kasrahublidùe
kasrahublidùe kdsruptd
kdsruptdvl
vl kab astlkn ka ìedgn F.9;.:).
- [rlstnren ka bbll inekuitl F.4<.<).
- ]rnobag ls ka rablidùe pltaren-fdbdlb S.6?.: ?=).
_aingaeklidneas
Ynbdidtlr trlsblkn l bl Ibçedil ZTS, prastlknrl ka bl norl snidlb kab edün, qua iuaetl ine
Yarvdidn ka Ylbuk Gae tlb a detarelid
detarelidùe
ùe ae ìral defletn-c
defletn-cuvaedb.
uvaedb.
Qel vaz ingpaeslkn ab iulkrn litulb afaitulr avlbulidùe psdinkdlheùstdil l Cule plrl
vlbnrlr lspaitns agnidnelbas, inekuitulbas y inhedtdvns. L plrtdr ka bns rasubtlkns, sa katar-
gdelrìe bls ilrlitarçstdils kab trltlgdaetn
trltlgdaetn tarlpäutdin dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb qua sa raingdaeka. A s gae as-
tar afaitulr aetravdstls
aetravdstls ka nrdaetlidùe ine bl glkra ae a b glrin kab trltlgdaetn kab edün, ine-
iakdaekn aspaidlb ltaeidùe lb lonrklca ka lspaitns vdeiublras. Bl rablidùe glkra-jdcn raqudara
detarvaeidneas
detarvaeidneas plrl astlobaiar bçbçgdtas
gdtas ae ab gnkn ka vdeiublrsa.
Lsdgdsgn kaoarì katargdelrsa bl eaiasdklk ka lklptlidùe ka liiasn l bns inetaedkns
iurrdiublras asinblras ae Baehu l y Idaeidls Ynidlbas y bl pnsdoba prasaeidl ka ue lingp lületa
iurrdiublras
tarlpäutdin.
Ya s uhdara qua Cul e plrtdidpa ae tlbbar
tlbbaras
as ka lrta deflet
defletdbdb,, yl q ua kdsfrutl lb kdouclr y gnkablr,
y puastn qua deibuyae litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas qua bn gletdaeae ineiaetrlkn rablclkn y .qua ba pargdtae
iralr y inestrudr.
inestrudr. Astls tlrals puakae tlgodäe inev artdrsa
artdrsa ae uel vçl ka axprasdùe y ing uedil-
idùe flidbd
flidbdtlknrl
tlknrl plrl qua ab edün sa vdeiub
vdeiubaa ka ntrn gnkn ine plras y lkubtns. Ya inetagpbù
Yaiidùe 13 Flitnras ka rdashn y prntaitnras
prntaitnras).
).
Kaoa kastlilrsa qua bl defnrglidùe lquç vartdkl sa idriuesirdoa l kltns railolkns ga-
kdleta bl AAKD l bns fdeas dbustrltdvns
dbustrltdvns snora su ag pban ae ue ils n ineiratn. Yde ag olrhn, astns
kltns kaoae ingpbatlrsa ine ntrns prnvaedaetas ka g óbtdpbas
óbtdpbas jarrlgdaetls ka avlbulidùe lsç
ing n ka avlbulidneas snora bl avnbuidùe kab iulkrn.
sahóe irdtardns yl
ka avlbulidùe kabqKYG 1. Abbn
ua parg flidbdtl lgbns
dtdtaa railolr óbtdprnfasdnelbas
óbtdpbas envabas
pbas kltns snora ab dedidn kab
ab kaslrrnbbn prniasn
y ingpnr-
tlgdaetn defletdb. Inestl ka tras iulkaredbbns, uen plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe, ntrn plrl
rahdstrlr bls raspuastls k a bns plk ras y ab tariarn, prasaetlkn i ngn Jdstnrdl
rahdstrlr Jdstnrdl I bçbçedil,
edil,
kneka sa sdetatdzle rasubtlkns.
Ab hrìfdin 6 ka bl pìhdel sdhudaeta inetdaea ue rasug ae ótdb plrl ab agp ban ka bl
AAKD.
BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AV
AVLBQL
LBQLIDÙE
IDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DE
DEFLE[DB
FLE[DB AAK
AAKD)
D) 4
L YAGD
?) Inesdkarlr qua ae bl Yaiidùe 9 qua avlból Ìrals Lklptltdvls (välsa bl p. 6 kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lk-
gdedstrlidùe) sa aspaidfdile bns çtags
çtags qua kaoae prahue tlrsa ka liuarkn ine bl aklk k ab edün/l.
;) Lkgdedstrlr tnkns bns çtags ka bl Yaiidùe ; l plkras ka edüns ka aetra ; y <? lüns , l axiapidùe
ka bns deibudkns ae Dekdilknras ka [rlstnrens kab Lpraekdzlca, qua sa fnrguble l plkras ka edüns
glynras ka 6 lüns.
6 ) Qtdbdzlr ab iulkaredbbn ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil plrl bl avlbulidùe (baar ab lplrtlkn 9.6. Avl-
bulidùe. Vnbilr bns puetlcas kab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y nrhledzlr bl defnrglidùe rainbaitlkl ae
bls kdstdetls
kdstdetls saiidneas ka asta iulkaredbbn. Inetlodbdzlr
Inetlodbdzlr bl iletdklk ka raspuastls vlbnrlkls ine <
(uen) rahdstrlkls ae ilkl saiidùe kab iu lkaredb
lkaredbbn
bn ka _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.
:) Kdvdkdr ab vlbnr notaedkn ka bl sugl ka raspuastls ine < uen) pnr ab tntlb ka çtags qua fdhurl ae
bl inbugel sdhudaeta, notaedäeknsa lsç ue çekdia ka savardklk (vä lsa Hrìfdin 1 ka asta ilpçtubn).
Iulekn a b çekdia ka savardklk sal dhulb n supardnr l =,1, ab pr
prnfasdnelb
nfasdnelb kaoa tnglr ae iuaetl ine
glynr kataedgdaetn y iudklkn asl sa iidùe, yl qua sahó e bl defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr bns plkras,
ab edün/l prasaetlrçl sçetngls n prnobagìtdils sdhedfdiltdvls ae kdijl ìral.
<= ) Inetagp blr qua plrl ilkl uel ka bls ìrals avlbulkls sa prasaetle _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils lb
fdelb kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe qua dekdile bl pnsdoba rablidùe aetra bns çtags y trlstnrens
rabavlkns pnr bl AAKD. Astl defnrgl idùe puaka rasubtlr ka utdbd
utdbdklk
klk lb prnfasdnelb plrl jliar uel
detarpratlidùe gìs rafdelkl ka bls kdfdiubtlkas dkaetdfdilkls ine ue çekdia ka savardklk sdhedfdiltdvn.
<? ) Vlbnrlr bls raspuastls ka bns plkras lb raspnekar bl Yaiidùe 6 ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil.
DG]N_[L
DG]N _[LE[A3
E[A3 Astl
Astl huçl en rasubtl sufdidaeta
sufdidaet a plrl ralbdzlr ue ouae usn ka bl aetravdstl sden
qua jl sdkn inefaiidnelkl l gnkn ka rasugae kdkìitdin qua kaoa inesubtlrsa uel vaz ral-
bdzlkl uel baiturl katlbblkl ka tnkn ab ilpçtubn lsç ingn ka tnkns bns iulkaredbbns ine as-
paidlb ltaeidùe l bls inesdhels qua lbbç fdhurle.
_AFA_AE ID Y ODOBD
ODOBDNH_Ì
NH_Ì FDI
FD I Y
Gìrqu az, G. =. (?=<;). Bl aetravdstl. Ae3 _. Fareìek az-Olbbastarns (ak.), Avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil. Ineiaptns, gätnkns y astukdn ka ilsns (pp. ?64-?4?). Glkrdk3 Akdidneas ]drìgdka.
Gl rtç
rtçeaz
eaz _ nkrçhuaz, C. (?=<<). Gätnkns ka devastdhlidùe iulbdt
iulbdtltdvl.
ltdvl. _avdstl ka Devastdhlidùe
Ydbnhdsgn, <(=:).
Gdbbar, I. ?=<=). Detarvdawdeh strltahdas, rlppnrt, lek agpltjy. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb y G. Jarsae
(aks.), Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh, ;tj ak. (pp. ?9-9:). Eaw Tnr`3 Yprdehar.
]arpdüì, I. (?=<?). Gleulb ka bl aetravdstl psdinbùhdil. Glkrdk3 Akdidneas ]drìgdka.
]dliaeta, [. (?=<?). Destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en tdpdfdilkns. Nosarvlidùe, aetra-
vdstl y aeiuastl. Inesdkarlidneas Haearlbas. Fdijl ka bl iìtakrl Fueklg aetns, täied
täiedils
ils a
destrugaetns
destrugaetns ka axpbnrlidùe psdinbùhdil. Bl ]bltl3 Qedvarsdklk Elidnelb ka bl ]bltl.
Yahl b, K. B., Cuea, L. y Glrty, G. L. (?=<= ). Olsdi dssuas de ddetarvdawdeh
etarvdawdeh lek tja detarvdaw p rn-
iass. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb y G . Jarsae (aks.), Kdlhenstdi betarvdawdeh ;tj ak.), Eaw Tnr`, Yprde- Yprde-
har Yidaeia y Ou sdeass Gakdl, pp. <-??.
Yahl b, K. B., Guabbar, L. A. y Innbdkha, F. B. (?=<?). Ytruiturak lek sa g dst dstruiturak
ruiturak detarvdaws
fnr kdffaraetd
kdffaraetdlb
lb kdlhensds3 DDssuas
ssuas lek lpp bdilt
bdiltdnes.
dnes. Ae3 G. J arsae, Y. G. [ urear y K. I . Oadkab
(aks.), Lkubt ]syijnpltjnbnhy
]syijnpltjnb nhy lek Kdlhensds 6tj ak.), Eaw Tnr`, Yprdehar Yid Yidaeia
aeia y Ousd-
eass Gakdl, pp. 4<-<<6.
Yjlrp, @. B., Xdbbdlgs, L. C., _jyear, @. [.
[. y Dblrkd, Y. Y. ?=<9).[ja Ibdedilb Detarvdaw. Ae3 @.
F. Hadsdehar (ak.),
L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy3 Vnb. ?. [as-
tdeh lek Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy (pp. <=9-<<8). Xlsjdehtne KI3
Lg ardile ]syijnbnhdilb Lssnidltdne.
Yahl b, K. B., Cuea, L. y Glrty, G. L. (?=<= ). Olsdi dssuas de ddetarvdawdeh
etarvdawdeh lek tja detarvdaw p rn-
iass. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb, y G. Jarsae (aks.). Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh ;tj ak.) (pp. <-??). Eaw
Tnr`3 Yprdehar Yidaeia y O usdeass Gakdl.
Yahl b, K. B., Guabbar, L. A. y Innbdkha, F. B. (?=<?). Ytruiturak lek sa g dst dstruiturak
ruiturak detarvdaws
fnr kdffaraetdlb
kdffaraetdlb kdlhensds3 bbssuas
ssuas le k lppbdiltdnes. Ae3 G. Jarsa e, Y. G. [ urear y K. I . Oad-
kab (aks.), Lkubt ]syijnpltjnbnhy
]syijnpltjnb nhy lek Kdlhensds 6tj ak.) (pp. 4<-<<6). Eaw Tnr`3 Yprdehar
Yidaeia y Ousdeass Gakdl.
Yubbdvle, J. Y. (<41;). [ja ]syijdltrdi Detarvdaw. Eaw Tnr`3 Enrtne.
[urear, G., Jarsae, G. y Jadsar, E. (?=<9).[ja detarvdawdeh
detarvdawdeh prniass. Ae3 G. Jarsaey Y . [urear
(aks.). Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh 9t au ) Eaw Tnr`, Yprdehar Yidaeia y Ousdeass Gakdl, pp.
j < ,
9-<8.
Vdbbl, G. y _adtgle, K. (?==8). Nvarvdaw nf detarvdawdeh strltahdas wdtj ijdbkrae, plraets lek tal-
ijars. Ae3 G. Jarsae y C. I . [jng ls (aks.)
(aks.),, Jlekonn` nf Ibdedilb betarvdawdeh wdtj Ijdbkrae,
[jnu slek Nl `s, Ilbdfnr
Ilbdfnredl,
edl, Ylha ]uobdiltd
]uobdiltdnes,
nes, pp. ?-<1.
X nrbk Jalbtj Nrhledzltd
Nrhledzltdne
ne (<4;:). Gleulb nf tja Detareltdnelb Ytltdstdilb Iblssdfdiltdne nf Kdsal-
sas, Decurdas
Decurdas lek Ilusas Kaltj DIK-6). Haeavl3 Lutjnr.
Ilusas nf Kaltj
Xnrbk Jalbtj Nrhledzltdne ?=<6). Detareltdnelb Iblssdfdiltdne
Iblssdfdiltdne nf Kdsalsas DIK) Defnrgltdne
1. Ab Kdouc
Kdoucnn k a bl
b l Fdhurl Ju g lel
K FJ ) ae aklk asinb
asinblrlr
Ga riakas Fareìeka
Gariakas Fareìekazz Bdpnrlia, Lelbç
Lelbçll Ordzzd
Ordzzdnn y
Buidbll BBùpaz
Buidb ùpaz
oucn
Kaetrnkakab
bl Fdhurl
sahueknJuglel -KFJ-
lonrklca (Hnnkaenuhj,
sa prnpnea <4?60
ue leìbdsds Jlrrds, <4690
iulbdtltdvn @nppdtz,
kab kdoucn <46:).
olslkn ae
bls jdpùtasds kardvlkls kab psdinleìbdsds0 parn tlgodäe axdstae lutnras qua, tnglekn
ae inesdkarlidùe tlbas prasueidneas, inekuiae astukdns iuletdtltdvns ka kdfaraeidls
aetra hrupns ingn gnk n ka p near l pruaol bls jdpùtasd
jdpùtasdss psdinlelbçt
psdinlelbçtdils.
dils.
Ae asta i lpçtubn
lpçtubn jlrag ns ue suidetn rainrr
rainrrdkn
dkn jdstùrdin
jdstùrdin pnr bns lpnrtas g ìs raba-
vletas ae rablidùe ine bns KFJ plrl uodilr lb bait baitnr,
nr, prdgarlg
prdgarlg aeta, ae innrkaelkls
irnenbùhdils.
irnenbùhd ils. Kastlilragns ab tr trlolcn
lolcn ka Fbnraeia H nnkaenuhj, qudae ae <4?6 pu-
obdiù su [ast kab Kdoucn ka ue Jngora, uel rafaraeidl pdnearl y lóe jny ótdb plrl bl
vlbnrlidùe kab hrìfdin
hrìfdin defletdb
defletdb.. Ae bl g dsgl bçeal lonrklrag ns bl ravdsdùe qua J lrrd
lrrdss
<469) ralbdzù snora lquab trlolcn fueklidnelb, en sùbn rasiltlekn bl norl ka Hnn-
kaenuhj, sden tlgodäe gacnrìeknbl y lgpbdìeknbl. Buahn ens kataekragns ae bns
astukdns ka Abdzloatj
Abdzloatj @np pdtz ((<46:
<46: ) qudae, l bns lspaitns tlet
tletnn g lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns yl ine-
sdkarlkns pnr Hnnkaenuhj y J lrrd lrrds,
s, lülkdù vlbnr lb deinrpnrlr
deinrpnrlr sdhens agnidnelbas a
dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. Yd odae bns kaslrrnbbns
kaslrrnbbns snora bns K FJ
jle sdkn eug arnsns ae su tdagpn, rasubtl dgprasidekd
dgprasidekdoba
oba saülblr qua bl rlzùe pnr bl
qua ab fnin astì puastn ae bls inetrdouidneas ka astns tras lutnras rasdka ae qua sne
sus lpnrtas bns qua jle j aijn asiuabl ae euastr
euastrnn g akdn, gletaedaekn
gletaedaekn su vdhaeidl y
saülblekn bl dgpardnsl eaiasdklk ka raenvlr asfuarzns plrl pnear l p ruaol su partd-
eaeidl ae euastrl pnoblidùe, lsç ingn plrl litulbdzlr sus enrgls y afaitulr kdsirdgd-
elidneas g ìs fdels l bl jnrl ka avlbulr prnobagìtdils ineiratls.
Bns KFJ jle bnhrlkn, ae su gngaetn, lgpbdl kdfusdùe guekdlb, lb puetn ka sar
uel ka bls asilbls gìs agpbalkls pnr bns prnfasdnelbas kab ilgpn lpbdilkn. ]nr
]nr
astl rlzùe
lrrdolr tlgodäe
l uel ljneklragns
inrraitl detarpratlidùeaeka
susbnsplutls ka lkg
rasubtlkns dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe yaspai
a dekdilknras puetulidùe
çfdins. plrl
Lsd-
gdsgn sa prasaetlr
prasaetlrìe
ìe astukdns bbavlkns
bbavlkns l ilon j lstl bl faijl ae euastrn gakdn plrl
lpnrtlr avdkaeidls
avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz ka bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras y p lrl bl lklptlidùe kab KFJ ae bls
varsdneas ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds ae iuletn l asilbl glkurltdvl y ka @nppdtz ae bn
rafardkn l su vlbnr ingn destrugaetn plrl rlstralr pntaeidlbas dekdilknras agnidnel-
bas y eaurnbùhdins
eaurnbùhdins ae bl aklk a sinblr. Iloa liblrlr qua sus usns ae lknbasiaetas y
lkubtns en sarìe taedkns ae iua etl lquç klkns bns bçgdtas astlobaidkns pnr bl tag
tag ìtdil
lonrklkl ae astl norl.
Ab ilpçtubn, y fueklgaetlbgaeta bns astukdns bnilbas litulbas lquç defnrglkns,
inefnrgle, ae lbhuel gakdkl, ue paquaün jngaelca l bns trlolcns, pdnearns ae
euastrn gakdn, ralbdzlkns
ralbdzlkns pnr bl K rl. Glrçl Glrtdel Ilsubbn ae rablidùe ine astl as-
ilbl. Inesdkarlgns qua sus asfuarzns jle sdkn ka vdtlb dgpnrtleidl plrl trlzlr ue
ilg den ka devastdhlid
devastdhlidùe
ùe y lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe rabavleta pl rl bns psdiùbnhns devastdhlknras
devastdhlknras y
prnfasdnelbas ae haearlb qua, asparlgns, sal inetdeulkn prnbçfdilgaeta. [lgodäe
lhrlkaiag ns lb Kr. Hustlvn Fdevlro, cafa ka bl Qedklk ka Ylbuk G aetlb kab Jnspdtlb
ka E düns Kr. _dilrkn Hutdärraz pnr sus lpnrtas y inblonrlidùe, y l bl Bdi.
Bdi. Tledel Bu-
ijattd, qudae fnrgù plrta kab Aqudpn k a Devastdhlidùe kakdilkn l afai tulr bns astukdns
bnilbas ka vlbdklidùe ka bns dekdilknras agnidnelbas kab KFJ.
su rablidùe ine bl inestdtuidùe suocatdvl kab edün, lelbdzlkl kaska ue pue tn ka vdstl
psdinlelbçtdin.
Ingaezlekn pnr bl ]arspaitdvl Jdstùrdil, bns astukdns kasirdptdvns sa dedidlrne
ine bns kaslrrnbbns
kaslrrnbbns ka I nn`a (<: : 1), qua ilrlitardzù bns astlkdns
astlkdns avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns nosar-
vlkns ae bls prnkuiidneas defletdbas,
defletdbas, inevdrtdäeknsa
inevdrtdäeknsa ae ue jdtn qua saü lbù ab detar
detaräs
äs
[lobl <. A tlpls avnbutdvls kab hrlfdsgn defletdb sahóe bl parspaitdvl kasirdptdvl
Detaetns ka raprasaetlidùe.
_aeliulcn.
8/4 lüns Ya kdoucl bn qua sa inen ia letas _albdsgn Fdhurl juglel ka fraeta.
qua bn qua sa va. Ya liaetól bl kasirdpidùe letas
qua bl raprasaetlidùe.
_aelidgdaetn rtçstdin
]uoartlk3 en tnkns liiakae. Ka
jliarbn, sa lbilezl
lbilezl ue abavlkn de-
taräs pnr bns abag aetns astätdins,
täiedins y sdgo ùbdins.
AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL
JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ?1
[lobl ?.
?. ]rdeidplbas lpnrtas kab
kab parçnkn jdstùrdin
jdstùrdin Hnnkaenuhj, <4?6)
<4?6)
Astlobaiar uel rablidùe aetra bl detabdhaeidl' ka bns edüns paquaüns y su kaslrrnbbn ineiaptulb l plrtdr
kab leìbdsds ka sus kdoucns.
Aetaekar ab kdoucn ingn ue g akdn ka axprasdùe defletdb y, pnr abbn, ingn ue baehulca.
Kastlilr qua ab edün axlharl y prdnrdzl ae sus kdoucns bns çtags qua, l su aetaekar, rasubtle gìs dg-
pnrtletas n detarasletas.
Nosa
nrkaervlr qua blskatargdelkn,
avnbutdvn kdstdetls
kdstdgdelkn,
katar etls plrtas kabsakdoucn
y astn ka bl
suiaka inefdhurl
fdhurl jug lel lplraiae
dekapaekaeidl ae bns hrlfdsgns
hrlfdsgns
ka bns letaiakaetas sahóe ue
snidnakuiltd-
vns kab kdoucleta.
Lkvartdr qua jlstl bns <= lüns ab hrìfdin ka parsnels as a b tagl prafardkn ae bls prnkuiidneas defle-
tdbas.
ae bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe prnyaitdvl
prnyaitdvl kab K FJ y jliçle rafar
rafaraeidl
aeidl inestleta l bl ibçedil ine
edüns. Kaska asta ìehubn ab kdoucn sa vlbnrl ingn çekdia ravablknr ka bns tdagpns
kab sucatn Fbasbar, ?==8) ae tärgdens ka tagpnrlbdklk
tagpnrlbdklk bùhdil gìs qua irnenbùhdil.
_nkubfn <44?, <444) snstuv
snstuvnn bl pnsdodbdklk ka deklhl
deklhlr,
r, l trlväs kab K
KFJ
FJ,, ae quä
prniasn sdg oùbdin y ka inestruiidùe kab lplrltn psçqudin sa aeiuae trl ue edün, ka-
taitlekn kataeidneas n kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae su kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbn,
n, astlobaidaekn rablidneas aetra
lspaitns g lkurltdvn-gntrdias
lkurltdvn-gntrdias y ab kng dedn dgdg lhdelrdn kab iuarpn, sustaetlkls ae bl
avnbuidùe fdsdnbùhdil,
fdsdnbùhdil, lb tdag
tdag pn qu a defbuyaekn snora a stl. Fbasbar (?==8),
(?==8), Fu`abg le
(?===) y Glrrnea (?==1 ) lkjdrdarne
lkjdrdarne l sus jdpùtasds. Ka asta g nkn sa aetaekçl ab KFJ
ingn raspuastl prnpdl l bns raquardgdaetns ka bns ntrns sdhedfdiltdvns, ab inetaxtn, bl
jdstnrdl parsnelb y bls idriuestleidls litulbas ae rablidùe ine bns plras, kdfdiubtlkas
flgdbdlras,
flgdbdlras, a sinblras, ati.
Ae astl prdgarl plrta kab ilpçtubn jagns lo nrklkn bls prdeidplbas enidneas, tletn
tletn
kaska uel parspaitdvl jdstùrdil ingn ineiaptulb, snora ab astukdn kab kdoucn ka bl
fdhurl
fdhurl jug lel. L inetdeulidùe, y tng
tng lekn ing n aca bn kasirdptn ae ab lplrtlkn snora
bns astukdns sdstagìtdins n lelbçtdins, ens rafardragn
rafardragn s ae plrtdiublr y lgpbdlragns bns
trlolcns y lpnrtas g ìs sdhedfdiltdvns lbbç
lbbç raprasaetlkn s qua, l bl vaz, sne bns qua ae-
iuaetrle su lp bdilidùe gìs axtaekdkl ae tra bns
bns prnfasdnelbas bnilbas ae bl litulbdklk.
Abbns sne bls asilbls detahrletas kab KFJ prnpuastls pnr Fbnraeia Hnnkaenuhj, Klba
Jlrrds y Abdzloatj @npp dtz.
? . BLY AYILBLY KFJ K A QYN BNILB ]L_L ED
EDÜNY
ÜNY
Qel vaz detrnkuidkns
detrnkuidkns ae bns lpnrtas y letaiakaetas taùrdins
taùrdins g ìs rabavletas, ens
iaetrlragns ae bls asilbls KFJ plrl usn ae ak lk asinblr qua sa jlbble vdhaet
vdhaetas
as ae
bl Lrhaetdel
Lrhaetdel y plçsas bdgçtrnfas l bl faijl, ine ab fde ka en axtaekar ab ilpçtubn pnr
fuarl ka bns nocatdvns pbletalkns a e bl norl3 liarilr lb prnfasdnelb qua trlolcl ae a b
ìg odtn ka lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe defnrglidùe snora bns destrug
destrug aetns qua sa jlbble ae inekdidneas
ka sar a g pbalkns ae vdrt
vdrtuk
uk ka su sustaetn idaetçfdin,
idaetçfdin, devastdhlidùe bnilb y litulbdzl-
idùe ka olragns.
As dg pnrtleta taear
taear prasaeta qua, ae euastrn inetaxtn, ab usn kab KFJ ae edüns
aetrlül tras asilbls kardvlkls ka uel óedil lkgdedstrlidùe, qua as bl qua deibuya
tras kdoucns sahóe bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn. Ka lbbç surhae, custlgaeta,
tras bçeals ka defnrglidùe snora ab edün avlbulkn. ]nr ue blkn su edvab ka Glkuraz
rls juglels
odbdklk
odbdklk dkaetdfdilobas.
ine guy ]rasaetlol
ouaens rasubtlkns. En astukdns
kasi rdod ka avdkaeidls
rdodragns
ragns kalbdklk
lquç bl tnt vlbdkaz
tntlbdklk kay bns
ka sdhens
inefdl-
?.?. Bl
Bl p ruaol Hnnk aenuh j-
j-Jlrrd
Jlrrds,
s, lklp tlid
tlidùù e k a Ilsub
Ilsubbb n p lrl
ab gak dn bbnilb
nilb
Ab trlolcn
trlolcn dedidlkn
dedidlkn pnr H nnkaenuhj fua inetdeulkn pnr Jlrrds (<469) ae uel ravd-
sdùe qua detaetlol iralr uel euavl asilbl qua p argdtdarl axtaekar bl
bl avlbulidùe jlstl
lbilezlr bl frlecl atlrdl lknbasiaeta, railolr euavl s avdkaeidls ka v lbdkaz y inefdlod-
bdklk l trlväs ka bl deibusdùe
deibusdùe ka eu avns çtags, lg pbdlr bbll inesdhel ka b destrugaetn,
destrugaetn, lsç
ingn litulb
litulbdzlr
dzlr enrgls. Lkag ìs sa detarasù
detarasù pnr saetlr lbhuels olsas plrl p nsdobas
nsdobas
usns prnyaitdvns ka bl pruaol.
Jlrrds utdbdzù ab tärgden Glkuraz Detabaitulb n Ineiaptulb ae raagp blzn kab ine-
iaptn hbnolb ka detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl qua ag pbalol H nnkaenuhj plrl kafdedr kafdedr ab nocatn
nocatn ka as-
tukdn ka bl pruaol. Bl kafdedù ing n bl ilpli dklk iraidaeta qua, ae bl aklk defletdb-as-
inblr, guastrl ue edün plrl fnrgublr ineiap tns ine g lynr hrlkn ka lostrliidùe, as
kaidr, ingn ab prniasn ka fnrglidùe ka ineiaptns. Astl jlodbdklk dgpbdil prniasns
tlbas ingn bl pariapidùe -kdstdehudr sdgdbdtukas y kdfaraeidls aetra nocatns-, bl los-
trliidùe -iltahnrdzlr
-iltahnrdzlr nocatns sahóe rlshns ing ueas y kdstdetd
kdstdetdvns-,
vns-, y bl haearlbdzlidùe
-iblsdfdilr ue nocatn ae bl iltahnrçl inrraitl ka liuarkn ine asns ltrdoutns letas
kdsirdgdelkns-.
Iraù uel pruaol ka tras kdoucns3
kdoucns3 ab ka ue j ngora (ing n pbletalrl
pbletalrl H nnkaenuhj),
ab ka uel g ucar y ab ka sç gdsgn. Kdsaüù asil bls ka avlbulidùe plrl bns prdgarns kns,
kaclekn ab óbtdgn
óbtdgn (sç gdsgn) plrl lonrklrbn prnyaitdv
prnyaitdvlg
lg aeta. _avdsù bns çtag
çtag s ine-
sdhelkns pnr Hnnkaenuhj ae bl aetneias bblglklbblglkl Asilbl kab Jng ora, astl
astlobaidaekn
obaidaekn
irdtardns astrditns. Ae
Ae prdgar buhlr ilkl çtag kaoçl gnstrlr ue lugaetn rahublr ae
fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe
lplrdidùe ae inesn eleidl ine bl aklk. Lkag ìs ab çtçtag ag kaoçl inrrabl-
idnelrsa ine lbhuel g akdkl haearlb ka bl detabdhaeidl0
detabdhaeidl0 ae sus astukdns agpbalol bns
ID l saetlkns ae bns rahdstr
rahdstrns
ns asinblras. ]nr óbtdgn ilkl ralitd
ralitdvn
vn kaoçl pn saar vlbnr
kdsirdgdeltdvn
kdsirdgdeltdvn aetra sucat
sucatns
ns ine puetulidneas abavlkls ae bl asilbl a dekdvd
dekdvdkuns
kuns ine
puetulidneas olcls.
]lrtdaekn ka idae çtags
çtags dedidlbas,
dedidlbas, sug lekn l bns ka H nnkaenuhj (<4?6) ntrns ttn- n-
relkns pnr Jderdijs (<491) gìs lbhuens prnpdns, sabaiidneù fdelbgaeta sataetl y tras
qua iug pbçle bns irdtard
irdtardns
ns letardnras. [lg odäe trlolcù
trlolcù ae ab K doucn ka bl Gucar parn
puastn qua asta en jl sdkn lklptlkn l euastrn gakdn, quaklrì pnr fuarl plrl en
loueklr a e katlbbas deeaiaslrdns.
]uastn qua astl varsdùe H nnkaenuhj-J lrrds
lrrds kab kdoucn ka bl fdfdhurl
hurl jug lel as bl
gìs agpbalkl ae euastrn gakdn, ab Leaxn O prasaetl bns çtags glkurltdvns ka bl
Asilbl kab Kdoucn kab Jngora, sdhudaekn bns dekdilknras qua fuarne inesdkarlkns ae
bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel
lrhaetdel ralbdzlkl pnr I lsubb
lsubbnn (<4: : ), ae bl qua deibuyù bns
bns prdgarns
6? çtags ka bns 89 prnpuastns pnr Jlrrds ae <469. E
En
n sa lülkae bn
bnss inrraspne-
kdaetas lb kdoucn
kdoucn fag aeden ae vdr
vdrtuk
tuk ka bl yl axpu astl ilraeidl ka lklptlidùe bnilb.
Bns ralitdvns abdgdelkns ae ab trlolcn ka Ilsubbn inrraspnekçle l dekdilknras ka
ing pbacdklk
pbacdklk iul bdbdtltd
tltdvl
vl fraiuaetas ae lkn basiaetas n póoaras q ua, pnr su ol cl ine-
fdlodbdklk kab puetulknr, prasaetlole prnobagls l bl jnrl ka sar vlbnrlkns pnr bns
prnfasdnelbas avlbulknras.
Bl fdhurl kab axlgdelknr acaria gçedgl defbuaeidl, en rabavleta, snora bls puetulidneäs notaedkls.
b aetraelgdaetn
aetraelgdaetn lrtçstdin en inefnrgl ue flitnr defbuyaeta ae ab raekdgdaetn ka bns edüns ae ab tast.
Inesdhel3 [a vny l pakdr qua jlhls tras kdoucns. Ae bl prdgarl jncl (sa saülbl ilrl
axtarel n tlpl qua sa fnrgl lb lrg lr ab iulka redbb
redbbn)
n) qudarn qua kdoucas ue jngora.
[rltì ka jliarbn bn gacnr qua puakls0 tngì tnkn ab tdagpn qua qudarls. Kdoucì bl par-
snel aetarl, en snblgaeta bl iloazl y bns jngorns.
Qel vaz inei budkl
budkl bl tlral sa lbdaetl lb edün l trlväs ka lbhuens i ngaetlrdns abn-
hdnsns y sa ba snbdidt
snbdidtll qua inetdeóa ae ab ravarsn ka bl jncl ae bl qua k doucù lb jng -
ora (ravarsn
(ravarsn ka bl
bl tlpl kab iulkaredbbn, qua as su ilrdbbl dzqudarkl ddetarel),
etarel), kdidaekn3
\udarn qua lquç kdoucas uel gucar. Jliabl bn gacnr qua puakls. Kdoucì bl gucar ae-
tarl, en snblgaeta bl iloazl y bns jngorns. Lb fdelbdzlr astl sahuekl litdvdklk sa sn-
bdidtl ab tariar kdoucn3 Ljnrl vls l kdouclr l lbhudae qua ineniäs guy odae. \udarn qua
jlhls ue kdoucn ka vns gdsgn aetarn/l, en snblgaeta tu ilrl y jngorns, sden tnkn
ab iuarpn(y sa saü lbl bl ilrdbb
ilrdbbll karaij l detarel kab iulka redbbn).
redbbn). En sa ralbdzle kdoucns
ae bl inetrltlpl kab dgprnv dslkn iulka redbbredbbn.
n.
Bns edüns gìs paquaüns puakae raquardr ue kasilesn aetra bns kns óbtdgns
kdoucns.
Yd odae bl pruaol sa lkgdedstrl ingpbatl ine bns tras kdoucns prnpuastns pnr
Jlrrds, bls plutls ka avlbulidùe ka bl asilbl sa rafdarae axibusdvlgaeta l bl fdhurl
kab jngora y snblgaeta l bns fdeas ka avlbulr bl Glkuraz Ineiaptulb, klkn qua bls
lklptlidneas bnilbas (Ilrrarls at lb., ?=<<0 Ilsubbn, <4: : ) sa lonilrne óedilgaeta l
trltlr
trltlr asta kdoucn y en ab ka bl fdhurl ka bl g ucar, ed ab ka sç gdsg n.
Bl puetulidùe kab kdoucn kab jngora rasubtl guy saeidbbl yl qua plrl ilkl çtag
prasaeta sa lsdhel ue puetn, y sa notdaea buahn bl sugltnrdl n inetan ka tnkns bns
çtags prasaetas, qua inefnrgl ab puetlca irukn tntlb, qua buahn sarì trlesfnrglkn
plrl su p nsdoba
nsdoba detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe gakdleta ab olragn i nrraspnekdaeta.
nrraspnekdaeta. L g nkn ka acag-
pbn, sd ab edün
edün kdoucl bl iloazl ka b jng ora, sa ba lsdhel ue p uetn0 sd kdoucl
kdoucl ab iuabbn,
notaekrì ntrn puetn. Yd ng dtadta bl elrdz, not
notaekrì
aekrì iarn p uetns ae asa çtag, y lsç suia-
sdvlgaeta ine bns 6 ? çtags p rnpuastns ae bl óbtd óbtdgl
gl varsdùe rafnrglkl
rafnrglkl p nr I lsubb
lsubbn0
n0 as
kaidr qua ab puetlca kdraitn
kdraitn puak a vlrdlr aetra
aetra N y 6?. ]l rl uel inrraitl puetulidùe,
ae ab Leaxn O sa prasaetle bls aspaidfdilidneas katlbblkls plrl lirakdtlr puetns
sahóe prasaeidl n lusaeidl ka il kl plrta kab kdoucn
kdoucn (välsa tlgodäe [lobl ; ae asta
ilpçtubn).
ilpçtub n). As dgpnrtleta liblrlr
liblrlr qua ab axlgdelknr kaoa i netlr ine ue lkaiulk n ae-
traelgdaetn ae avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ae haearlb y ae astl asilbl a e plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr plrl
ralbdzlr ue trlolcn lprnpdlkn. Bls destruiidneas ka puetulidùe plrl ilkl çtag glku-
rltdvn
rltdvn kaoae sar iudklknslgaeta sahudkls, l fde ka kdsgdeudr ab glrhae ka arrnr. Ae
ab Leaxn L sa deibuya bl hrdbbl
hrdbbl plrl lsaetlr astl puetulidùe ae ilkl ilsn avlbulkn.
]lrl rainrklr3
Ya lirakdtl < puetn pnr çtag prasaeta ae ab kdoucn y N pnr çtag lusaeta sahóe ab Leaxn O.
Ab inetan ka çtags prasaetas n sugl, puastn qua ilkl çtag prasaeta vlba <) tntlbdzl ab puetlca kd-
raitn qua kaoa inevartdrsa l pariaetdb ]) sahóe ab olragn bnilb inesdhelkn ae ab Leaxn
Leaxn A.
A.
Ae bn qua sa rafdara
rafdara l bl trlesfnrglidùe
trlesfnrglidùe ka pu etlcas, l paslr ka q ua H nnkaenuhj
(<4?6) prnpneçl notaear puetulidneas jngnbnhlkls l bl Aklk Gaetlb (AG) vdeiubl-
kls l bl enidùe ka Inidaeta Detabaitulb ka Odeat, qua pbletalol uel rablidùe bdealb
aetra aklk irnenbùhdil y ilplidklk g aetlb, y ka qua buahn J lrrds
lrrds (<469) sdhudarl
sdhudarl bls
dkals ka X aijsbar (<494/<48=), trlolclekn
trlolclekn in e ab Inafdidaeta Detab aitulb ka kasvdl-
Detabaitulb
idùe qua pravä uel gakdl lrdtgätdil ka <== y ue kasvçn astìeklr ka <1, bl varsdùe
bnilb lquç prasaetlkl -Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn- jl agpbalkn ae bns olragns
litulbdzlkns plrl Ouaen s Ldras y Ìral G atrnpnbdtlel,
atrnpnbdtlel, ab pariaetdb (]) ing n puetlca
tr
trlesfnrglkn
lesfnrglkn (välsa ab Leax n A), dekdilekn
dekdilekn l quä pnriaetlca ka sucatns ka bl g dsgl
aklk a e bl gua strl ka rafaraeidl
rafaraeidl suparl ab edün ae su acaiui dùe kab kd kdoucn
oucn kab jng -
ora. Astns olragns sa ine faiidnelrne l plrtdr plrtdr ka uel gu astrl ingpu astl pnr edüns
y edüls ka 1 l < ? lün s, y bns leìbdsds
leìbdsds fuarne
fuarne ralbdzlkns pnr knia etas ka bl I ìtakrl DD
ka [a nrçl y [äiedils ka Axp bnrlidùe
bnrlidùe y Kdlheùstd
Kdlheùstdinin (Gùkubn <) ka bl Fliubtlk ka ] sd-
inbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk
Qedvarsdklk ka O uaens Ldras (Ilrrarls, Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìek az,
Liaolb, y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, ?=<<). Lkag ìs ab ID sa usl jlodtulbgaeta ae tasts ka
detabdhaeidl
detab dhaeidl haearlb, pnr bn qua lquç sa bn jl kaclkn ka blkn.
I ng n letas sa ing aetlrl y ine ab fdfdee ka flidbdtlr
flidbdtlr bl
bl tlral ka avlbulidùe ka bl as-
ilbl glkurltdvl, ae ab Leaxn L sa deibuya uel Hrdbbl ka Avlbulidùe a destruiidneas
praidsls ka puetulidùe ae ab Leaxn O . Ae bl H rdrdbbbbll ka A vlbulidùe
vlbulidùe (Leaxn L ), lkagìs
ka bl Asilbl ka Dekdilknras Glkurltdvns tlgodäe sa lülka e ntrns lspaitns ka avl-
bulidùe kab kdoucn
kdoucn inesdkarlkns g ìs lkableta ae asta ilp çtub çtubn,
n, ing n sne bns Dekdil-
knras Agnidnelbas y sus detarpratlidneas gìs ingueas (Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;0 @n ppdtz,
<46: ). ]lrl astns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas, välsa
välsa pravdlgaeta ab lplrtlkn ?.6., as-
paidlbgaeta ab suolplrtlkn ?.6.<., lsç ing n ab Leaxn I, kneka sa o rdekl uel ing-
pbatl Huçl ka [ loublidùe plrl astns Dekdilknras. Bns Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba Kdsfue- Kdsfue-
idùe Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz, <46:) sa kaslrrnbble ae ab lplrtlkn ?.8., aspaidlbgaeta ae
bls [lobls : y 4 (baar tlgo
tlgo däe [lobl 8). Ab lplrtlkn
lplrtlkn ; ( Yçetasds y huçl
huçl plrl ue inrraitn
usn kab destrugaetn ) lb ffdelb
delb kab ilpçtubn,
ilpçtubn, inetdaea uel orava hu çl ka plsn s ine des-
truiidneas saeidbbls
saeidbbls y rasugdkls plrl afaitulr uel nrkae lkl y lprnpdlkl a vlbulidùe
ka ue prntninbn KFJ q ua kaol i nesdkarlrsa ae uel sdtulidùe
sdtulidùe ka avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil ibçedil n akuilidnelb (välsa lbbç aspaidlbgaeta bl [ lobl <=).
Ydhudaekn bn pbletalkn pn
pnrr Glrçe <4:6) y bls enrg
enrgltdvls
ltdvls plrl bl lkl
lklptlidùe
ptlidùe ka
tasts ka bl Detareltdnelb [ast Inggdssdne (?=<;) y ka L]L/LA_L/EIGA (?==6), bls
devastdhlidneas ae ab ilgpn ka bl psdinbnhçl kaoae avdtlr bl supnsdidùe ka qua bns
qua en eaiaslrdlgaeta
sls iubturls, iuastdùe qua
iuastdùe lsug a bl gdsgl
deibuya kafdedid
kafdedidùe
astukdns ùe bl
snora n bls gdsgls
vlbdkaz k dgaesdneasaeaelgkdvar-
kab inestruitn ons
inetaxtns0 bns bdehòçstdins
bdehòçstdins sa rafd
rafdarae
arae l i nesdhel, inetaedkn y fnrgltn ka bns çtags, lsç
ingn lb sdstagl ka raspuastl, qua en eaiaslrdlgaeta sarì ótdb ae bl euavl pnoblidùe
ka kastden kab gdsgn g nkn ae qua bn arl ae bl nrdhdelb.
nrdhdelb. Eùtasa, lkagìs, qua lb ra-
fardrens
fardrens l lspa itns bdbdehòçstdins
ehòçstdins en snblg aeta aehbnolg ns ab usn kab baehulca varolb,
sden ka iulbqudar gltardlb sdgoùbdin
sdgoùbdin prasaeta ae astçgu bns, inesdhel y sdstagls ka
raspuastls. ]nr óbtdgn, bns lspaitns g ätrdins sa rafdarae
rafdarae l bls prnpdaklkas täiedils n
psding ätrdils kab destruga
destruga etn (avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz, inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk y ilpli dklk kdsird-
gdeltdvl, cuetn ine bns euavns olragns, tnkls prnpdaklkas qua kaoae sar lelbdzlkls
euavlg aeta ilkl vaz qua ab destr destrugaetn
ugaetn sa lklptl l uel euav l iubturl n pnoblidùe).
pnoblidùe).
Bns astukdns qua lquç sa prasaetle tdaeae ab vlbnr ka axjdodr axjdodr kltns litulbd
litulbdzlkns,
zlkns,
bnilbas y qua prataekae lpnrtlr lbhuels avdkaeidls ka vl bdkaz snora bl Asilbl ka Gl-
kurlidùe kab KFJ varsdnelkl pnr H nnkaen uhj-Jlrrd
uhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn.
s-Ilsubbn. Ae aspaidlb ens iae-
trlragns
trlragns ae bl kasirdpidùe ka bns trlolcns vdeiublkns ine ab prniasn ka lklptlidùe
gätrdil kab destrugaetn.
Ae p rdgar
rdgar buhlr, y ae bn qu a sa rafdara l bls enrgls astlkçst
astlkçstdils
dils ka ing plrlidùe
ka bls pue tulidneas lrrnclkls pn r ab tast
tast,, sa inetlol l edvab bnilb ine ab vlbdnsn raba-
vlgdaetn elidnelb ralbdzlkn pnr bl Krl. Ilsubbn (<4::), letas ingaetlkn. [lgodäe bl
Krl. [lonrkl (?==?), ae bl prnvdeidl ka Yle Buds, lpnrtù olragn s plrl edüns paqua -
üns, aetra ; y 6 lüns. L paslr ka astls inetrdinetrdouidneas
ouidneas sa raquarçl dgpardnslgaeta
litulbdzlr
litulbdzlr enrg ls bnilbas. Ilrrarls at lb. (?=<<) bbavlrne
bbavlrne l ilon ue astukdn iaetrlkn ae
asa nocatdvn, ablonrlekn olragns snora uel guastrl ka :;= astukdletas ka asiuabls
prdglrdls ka bl bl Iduklk ka Oua ens Ldras (1?,?%)
(1?,?%) y kab Ineurolen One laraesa (;8,:% ).
Ae tlb guastrl, ;<,8%
;<,8% ka bns plrtd
plrtdidpletas
idpletas arle vlrneas y 1:,9% , gucaras, aetr
aetraa 1 y
<? lüns (Gakdlaklk7 :.:10 KA 7 <.86). Ya ilbiublrne gakdkls ka taekaeidl iaetrlb y
ka kdsparsdùe, ingn lsç tlgodäe bns pariaetdbas (]) inrraspnekdaetas l ilkl puetul-
idùe kdraitl notaedkl qua sa abdhdarne pnr rasubtlr ue puetlca trlesfnrglkn detudtdvl-
gaeta gìs ingpraesdoba. [lb ingn suharçle bls jdpùtasds qua sustaetle bl asilbl, sa
vardfdilrne
vardfdilrne kdfaraeidls astlkçstdilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvls,
sdhedfdiltdvls, deiragae tìeknsa bls puetulidn-
eas sahóe ak lk, pnr bn qua sa inestruyarne
inestruyarne olragns kdfaraeidlkns plrl ilkl hrupn
elbaspneçle
qua ae bns ae
raekdgdaetns ae tasts jlodbdklkas
cuahn bls bblglkls ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl
fbuden
klsvarolb
fbudkls g ìs vdeiublkns
(Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia latbll b.,
dglhae,
?==90
Fbyee, <4:8 ). Lsç, ab avlbulknr taekrì ae iuaetl plrl ilkl il sn bl astdgublidùe y lbd-
gaetlidùe raidodkls, lsç ingn ab edvab akuiltdvn plraetlb ingn flitnras ka p asn.
[lobl 1. Kdfaraeidls ae bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab KFJ, lün <4:: vs. ?=<<
** Ydhedfdiltdvn p 2 .==<
Lsç ing
i ngn
n jagns ka
kastdelkn
stdelkn lplrtlkn
lplrtlkns
s aspaidlbas l bl kasirdpidù
kasirdpidùee ka bl varsdù
varsdùee
Hnnkae nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn plrl avlbulr bbll G lkuraz Ineiap tulb kab asinblr, tlgodäe
bls inetrdouidneas ka Abdzloatj @nppdtz (<46:) garaiae ue orava ingaetlrdn, l bl buz
ka su rabavleidl, aspaidlbgaeta pnr prasaetlr ab KFJ in gn tast avnbutdvn aqudvlbaeta
lb letardnr, y pnr bl deinrpnrlidùe ka Dekdilknras ka pn sdoba
sdoba Kdsfueidùe Eau rnbùhdil pnr
uel plrta, lsç ingn pnr inetagpblr Dekdilknr
Dekdilknras
as Ag nidnelb
nidnelbas
as vdeiublkns ine praniu-
plidneas, litdtukas
litdtukas y l esdaklkas detarparsnelbas ka bns edüns pnr bl ntrl. Bl lutnrl
sdstagltdzù, plrl edüns
edüns ka 1 l <? lüns, uen ka bns detaetns gìs rdhurnsns qua lpnrtl-
rne avdkaeidls rnoustls plrl axpbnrlr bls
bls tras ìrals g aeidnelkls. ]rnpusn sdstagls
ka puetulidùe astleklrdzlkns plrl bns tras
tras aefnquas prasaetlkns ‛ glkurltdvn, eaurn-
bùhdin
bùhdin y ag nidnelb‛
nidnelb‛ , kastlilekn qua bns Ydhens Agnidnelbas y ka K dsf
dsfueidù
ueidùee Ea urnbù-
hdil snblgaeta pnkçle sar taedkns ae iuaetl ae ab glrin ka uel avlbulidùe prabdgdelr
ka rlstrdbblca y ka edehuel glearl ae tärgdens ka ue kdlheùstdin kafdedtdvn.
kafdedtdvn. Ae iuletn
l bns ag nidnelb
nidnelbas,
as, fnrglbdzù
fnrglbdzù ue g ätnkn ka detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe prnyaitd
prnyaitdvl
vl ka bns KFJ ine-
tagpblekn bls rasarvls qua kaoae taearsa a e vdrtuk
vdrtuk ka qua ab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn glku rltdvn
rltdvn
dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb inestrdüa su vlbnr ing n dekdilknr prnyaitdvn, ka gnkn tlb qua en as pnsdoba
afaitulr uel a xtrlpnblidùe l bl defleidl ka bls ibìsdils detarpratlidneas qua sa ra lbd-
zle ine lkubtns. ]nr acagpbn, ue trlzn guy hruasn, raglrilkn, pnin prnbdcn y pnin
inetdeun puaka kaoarsa ae ue edün paquaün l uel sdgpba deglkuraz gntrdz
inetdeun gntrdz y en l bl
ibìsdil lsnidlidùe ine dgpubsdvdklk n lhras dvd
dvdklk
klk qu a suaba jdpntatdzlrsa ae lk ubtns.
Bl lutnrl olsù sus trlolcns ine Ydhens Agnidnelbas ae bl tanrçl ka bls rablidn-
r ablidn-
eas detarparsnelbas
detarparsnelbas ka Jlrry Ytli` Y ubbdvle.
ubbdvle. ]bletaù bl jdpùtasds
jdpùtasds ka qua bns KFJ ra-
fbacle,
fbacle, lkag ìs kab edvab g lkurltdvn kab edün, sus vçeiubns detarparsnelbas, as ka idr,
sus litdtukas jlidl sç g dsgn y jli dl ntrns sdhedf
sdhedfdiltdvns.
diltdvns. Lfd
Lfdrglo
rglo l qua astns k doucns
sne uel vçl plrl dkaetdfdilr bls litdtukas kab edün jlidl bls axdhaeidls y taesdneas ka
bl vdkl y su fnrgl ka aefraetlrbls, lsç ingn bls lesdaklkas y gdakns qua puakle
lfaitlrbn inesidaeta n deinesidaetagaeta ae ue gngaetn klkn. Ka asta gnkn en
inesdkarù bns
bns KF J ing n uel dglhae ka lplrdaeidl ralb ed ingn u e rafb
rafbacn
acn ka rlshns
ka parsnelbdklk
parsnelbdklk pargleaetas ka ue e dün ‛ sd as qua pnkagns pargdtd
pargdtdrens
rens bl bdbdiaeidl
iaeidl
ka
quarafardrens l parsnelbdklk
ab kasliuarkn jl jlbblknaeolstleta
astl atlpl vdtlb, iuastdùe
inesaesn nocatn
lkvarsn‛, sdenka kaolta
ingn y snorakab
bl guastrl bl
astlkdn litulb kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn gaetlb y ka bls litd
litdtukas
tukas y praniuplidneas kab edün ku-
rleta ue parçnkn klkn. L trlväs kab tdagpn, y kaodkn l bl glk urlidùe y bl axpardaeidl,
bns lspaitns avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns puaka e vlrdlr, lsç ingn bns ag nidnelbas (qua sa trltlrìe
trltlrìe ae
ab lplrtlkn ?.6.)
?.6.)..
@nppdtz tlgodäe deinrpnrù bl avlbulidùe ka dekdilknras ka pnsdoba Kdsfueidùe
Eaurnbùhdil, qua sa kardvle ka bns G lkurltdvns
Eaurnbùhdil, lkurltdvns ine lbhuels slbvaklkas, y sa kasl-
rrnbble
rrnbble ae ab lplrtlkn ?.8.
L kdfaraeidl
kdfaraeidl ka bls inesdhels ka Hnn kaenuhj (<4?6) y H nnkaenuhj-J lrrdlrrdss (<469),
@nppdtz snbdidtlol
snbdidtlol snblga eta ab kdoucn ka uel parsnel aetarl. Ynstaeçl astl kdstdeidùe,
L plrtdr ka bl ravdsdùe
ravdsdùe ka bls prnpuastls taùrdils ka lutnras
lutnras qua detarpratlol
detarpratlole
e
hrìfdins ka bns edüns k aska ue aefnqua prnyaitdvn a. h.3 Jlg gar, <41:0 Cnbbas,
bns hrìfdins
<41?0 Bavy, <41:0 G lijnvar, <4;4, <419) y, inetlekn tlgodäe ine bl axpardaeidl
axpardaeidl ka
su prnpdl prìitdil ibçedil,
ibçedil, @nppdtz sabaiidneù plrl bl avlbulidùe kab KF J, Dekdilknras
qua kaengdeù Agnidnelbas (ae lka bleta, DAs). Astns çtags kdfdarae ka bns G lkurltd-
vns qua sa gaeidnelrne asiuatlgaeta ae ab lplrtlkn ?.1. puastn qua deinrpnrle
uel euavl gnklbdklk ka avlbulidùe kab hrìfdin
hrìfdin ka bl fdhurl
fdhurl juglel ae aklk asinblr,
taedaekn
kns ing naesdhens
iua etl lspaitnsaeprnyaitdvns.
nocatdvns prnyaitdv ns. Bns
ab KFJ jdpnt
jdpntätd Dekdilknras
ätdilgaeta
ilgaeta Agnidnelbas
rablidnelkns inefuarne kafded-
bls lesdakl-
kas, praniuplidneas y litdtukas ka lquabbns qua bns prnkuiae ae sus kdoucns. Astl-
obaidù qua bns DAs kaoae sa r ilplias ka iug pbdr ttras
ras irdtard
irdtardns3
ns3 l) kaoae sa r deusulbas
lb prasaetlrsa ine asilsl fraiuaeidl ae bns edüns qua en i nesubtle pnr prnobagìtd-
ils ka çeknba ag nidnelb, as kaidr, ab sdhen
sdhen kaoa astlr prasaeta ae gaens kab <6% ka
bns edüns en inesubtletas ka ue edvab ka aklk klkn. o) En kaoae astlr rablidnelkns
rablidnelkns
ine bl aklk y bl glkurlidùe kab edün, aetaekdäeknsa
aetaekdäeknsa qua su fraiuaeid
fraiuaeidll ka n iurraeid
iurraeidll
ae bns KFJ en kaoa lug aetlr snb snblgaeta
lgaeta y/n eaiaslrdlgaeta snora bl olsa kab ira-
idgdaetn irnenbùhdin kab sucatn. i) Kaoae sar ilplias ka kdfaraeidlr aetra KFJ ka
edüns ine prnobagls ag nidnelbas y bns KFJ ka bns qua en bns tdaeae.
tdaeae.
Bl lutnrl prnpusn dedidlbgaeta ue bdstlkn ka 9: sdhens nocatdvns qua, buahn ka
astukdns enrgltdvns y ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil, rakucn l 9= DAs. Ae bl [lobl 6 qua sa
?. Lkvartaeidl dgpnrtleta plrl ab baitnr3 vnbvdaekn lb ìral Glkurltdvn-Ineiaptulb l bl qua @nppdtz tlg-
odäe prastlol aspaidlb ltaeidùe luequa agpbalekn çtags kdfaraetas ka bns ka bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-
Jlrrds-Ilsubbn prasaetlkl ae bns lplrtlkns ?.<. l ?.;. y Leaxns L y O, kaoagns lkvartdr qua tlb asilbl
ka Glkuraz Ineiaptulb ablonrlkl pnr @nppdtz en sarì lquç trltlkl ae katlbba puastn qua en axdsta uel
varsdùe bnilb raidaeta
raidaeta kaodklgaeta lelbdzlkl y lklptlkl. As pnr abbn qua astl Asilbl G lkurltdvl sa tnglrì
ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn y sç ens axtaekaragns ae bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas
nidnelbas y Eaurnbùhdins
Eaurnbùhdins ka
@nppdtz lplrtlkns ?.6. y ?.8., aspaidlbgaet
aspaidlbgaeta
a [lobls : y 4 y Leaxns I y K), qua as bl óedil lutnrl qua
bns kaslrrnbbl y sdstagltdzl. Lsç, l bns fdeas ka bl oravaklk y bl partdeaeidl, en jagn s deibudkn ab bdstlkn
bdstlkn ka
Çtags Avnbutdvn-Ineiaptulbas ka @nppdtz -iblsdfd
-iblsdfdilkns
ilkns pnr abbl ingn asparlkns, inguea s y axiapidnel-
bas- pnr ilraiar ka utdbdklk plrl ab prnfasdnelb ka euastrn ga kdn.
ingn pnr acagpbn su dgpnrtleidl l bl jnrl ka fnrglr ue cudidn ibçedin, bl glynr fra-
iuaeidl ka niurraeidl ae ab hrupn inesubtleta (lue sde sdhedfdilidùe astlkçstdil), lsç
ingn bl rlrl n eubl prasaeidl ka lbhóe dekdilknr qua en pargdtdpargdtdarl
arl bl ralbd
ralbdzlidùe
zlidùe kab
leìbdsdss astlkçstdin inrraspnekdaeta. Ae asta ó btd
leìbdsd btdgn
gn ilsn, as dg pnrtleta liblrlr qua
sd ue sdhen ka lpl rdid
rdidùe
ùe dejlodtulb sa aeiua etrl prasaeta ae ue hrìfdin klkn puak a
vlbnrlrsa iulbdtltdvlga
iulbdtltdvlga eta ae vdstl ka su pnsdoba sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe ibçedil,
ibçedil, sd abbn inrraspne-
kdara, sdagpra taedaekn ae iuaetl bl tntlbdklk kab gltardlb rainhdkn ae bl avlbuli dùe.
]nr ilsn, ab dekdilknr Haedtlbas as ue DA ka g uy olcl lpl rdidùe ae bns kdoucns defletd
defletd--
bas, parn sd sa prasaetl as linesacloba taearbn ae iuaetl klkls sus pnsdobas detar detarpra-
pra-
tlidneas ae ab glrin ka uel avlbulidùe hbnolb.
Inetdeulekn bns astukdns ka @nppdtz sa rahdstrle trlolcns enrgltdvns y ka vlbdkl-
idùe ibçedil ka bns DAs prnpuastns pnr bl lutnrl, luequa asilsns y en sdagpra raidae-
tas. Aetra abbns sa uodile bns kaslrrnbbns bnilbas qua sa katlbble ae ab suolplrtlkn
?.6.<. -ae asta ilsn sç gìs litulbas-, lsç ingn ntrns prnkuidkns pnr Olrrns a Dsne
(?==?), Iltta
Iltta y Inx (<444), Kdaffaeolij
Kdaffaeolij (<48: ), y Fubbar, ]rauss y Jlw `des (<48=). ]nr
ntrn blkn, lbhuens devastdhlknras kaslrrnbblrne ntrns sdstagls
sdstagls k a puetulidùe ka çtag s
ka çeknba ag nidnelb rabavlkns ae kdoucns ka fdhurls juglels qua , sd odae inetagp ble
lbhuens sdhens inesdkarlkns pnr @nppdtz, sugle ntrns euavns Banenwaes ]attar-
sae, ?==;0 Gl hletn y Hlrldhnrknodb, ?==4, ?=<<0 Elhbdard,
Elhbdard, GiE adsj y Olrkns, <44 <).
Lplrta ka inesdkarlr bl prasaeidl n lusaeidl ka bns dekd
dekdilknras,
ilknras, @nppdtz kastdeù
plrta ka sus astukdns l lsdhelr pnsdobas sdhedfdilkns
sdhedfdilkns l ilkl uen ka bns Ydhens Ag n-
idnelbas qua prnpusn. Ae asta saetdkn, sa olsù ae su prnpdl axpardaeidl ibçedil
ibçedil a de-
vastdhltdvl, lsç ingn ae bls jdpùtasds fnrgublkls y kltns no taedkns pnr ntrns lutnras
ingn G lijnvar (<4;4), Bavy (<41:), Jlg gar (<41:) y Cnbbas (<41?). Ae bn qua ras-
paitl l bls devastdhlidneas qua detaetlrne sustaetlr bls jdpùtasds prnyaitd
prnyaitdvls,
vls, @npp dtz
bbavù l ilo
i lon
n astu
astukdns
kdns ine edü
edüns
ns ine prnoba
prnobagl
gls
s ka ingpnrtlgdaetn
ingpnrtlgdaetn y lpraekdzlca,
ine ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils parsnelbas tlbas ingn tdgdkaz
tdgdkaz n bl lhrasdùe,
lhrasdùe, ine ae fargaklkas
psdinsngìtdils, y tlgodäe
tlgodäe in e edüns qua taeçle letaiakaetas ka rnon, aetra ntrns.
Ae bl gl ynrçl ka bns ilsns suo rlyù qua en as p nsdoba afaitulr ue leìbdsds bbdealb
dealb n rç-
hdkn ae ab qua sa lsnida ue dekdilknr ine uel inekuitl katargdelkl, sden qua pnkrçl
gledfastlrsa lbhuel taekaeidl n prnolodbdklk sdhedfdiltdvl l aeinetrlr idartn dekdil-
knr agnidnelb
agnidnelb vdei
vdeiubl
ublkn
kn ine lbhuel ilrlitarçstdil ka parsnelbdklk n prnobag
prnobagìtdil
ìtdil
agnidnelb gìs haearlb. Qe acagpbn ka astns jlbblzhns sarçl bl prasaeidl gìs lsdkul
kab DA Fdhurl paquaül ae bns prntninbns ka edüns ine rlshns ka tdgdkaz y kapra-
sdùe. Yde agolrhn asta sdhen en sa aeinetrù ae tnkns bns prntninbns ka edüns ine
asta ltrdoutn psçqudin, rlzùe pnr bl qua en puaka praidslrsa qua bl lusaeidl ka ue
dekdilknr avdkaeida bl deaxdstaeidl ka uel ilrlitarçstdil katargdelkl ae ue sucatn.
[lgpnin bl prasaeidl kab DA puaka lsahurlr tlxltdvlgaeta su inrrabltn ingpnrtl-
gae tlb sdaekn
sdaekn astl uel jdpùtasds ibçedil
ibçedil qua kaoarì sng atarsa l pruaol gak dleta ab
rastn kab g ltardlb
ltardlb railolkn (defnrgletas
(defnrgletas iblva, ing pnrtlgdaetn nosarvlkn, rastn ka
bl oltarçl, gn tdvn ka inesubtl, sdtulidùe
sdtulidùe flgdbdlr) ae ue inetaxtn glyn r, luequa astls
lpraidlidneas a detarpratlidneas pn krìe sar ótdbas l bl jnrl ka ilrlitardzlr ab parfd
parfdbb kab
avlbulkn sdagpra qua sa bls lelbdia ine ilutabl. As dgpnrtleta
dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua bl lu-
tnrl lkvdrtdù
lkvdrtdù snora bns p abdhrns ka uslr g aiìedil y bdealbgae ta tlbas detarpratlidneas.
detarpratlidneas.
Indeidkdgns ine @ nppdtz ae avdtlr
avdtlr klr asta tdpn ka ag pban l astls inecaturls puastn
qua bns kdoucns, lb lelbdzlrsa kaska uel ùptdil prnyaitdvl kaoae sar avlbulkns ka
fnrgl jnbçstdil, inetagp blekn ntrns lspaitns rabavletas ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil, ingn ab inetaxtn ka lkgdedstrlidùe, bl aklk, bl glkurlidùe, ab astlkn
agnidnelb, ab edvab snidnakuiltdvn, bl iubturl ka snidlbdzlidùe, lsç ingn ab rastn kab
gltardlb rainhdkn letas gaeidnelkn. Ae ab Leaxn K sa bdstle bns prdeidplbas sdhedfd-
ilkns qua @nppdtz inesdkarù pnsdobas plrl ilkl sdhen, tnglekn ae inesdkarlidùe
axibusdvlgaeta bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas plrl bns qua jag ns jlbblkn avdkaeidls
ka vlbdkaz ae eua strn gakdn (Ordzzdn at l b., ?=<;).
]lslekn ljnrl
prasaetlragns lquçlabastukdns
trlolcn ka
qualklptlidùe bnilblka
jagn s bbavlkn bns lbhuels
ilon Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas,
ka bls lutnrls kab
prasaeta ilpçtubn y qua pargdtdù lpnrtlr lbhuels avdkaeidls agpçrdils plrl vlbdklr
ibçedilgaeta astns sdhens kab KFJ, kafdedkns pnr @nppdtz (Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd
y Ytnvar, ?=<;). Agpraekdgns astl devastdhlidùe olsìeknens ae bl rabavleidl qua
lsdhelgns l tnglr ae inesdkarlidùe bls kdfaraeidls iubturlbas ae bns prniasns ka
lklptlidùe ka pruaols psdinbùhdils (Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Ilyssdlbs y ]äraz, ?==40
Glrde, <4:60 G uüdz, Abnsól y Jlg obatobatne,
ne, ?=<9). Astl tlr
tlral
al lpnrtl, lkagìs, abagae-
tns sdhedfdiltdvns
sdhedfdiltdvns plrl bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka edüns a e rdashn ka aeine trlrsa plkaidaekn
uel prnobagìtdil ka tdpn agnidnelb, pnr bn qua tlgodäe sa bl prasaetl ingn uel
jarrlgdaetl ótdb plrl su usn ae tlrals ka prng nidùe y pravaeidùe kaetrn kab ilgpn
ka bl ltaeidùe prdglrdl ka bl slbuk Ordzzdn, Bùpaz y Buijattd
Buijattd,, ?=<?). As dgpnrtleta
liblrlr qua en jagns bbavlkn lkableta devastdhlidneas taekdaetas l va rdf
rdfdilr
dilr bls detar-
pratlidneas
pratlidneas prnyai tdvls
tdvls qua prnpnea @ nppdtz, sd odae
odae asta aq udpn ka trlolcn ralbdzù
lbhuens asfuarzns ae asta saetdkn (Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ordzzdn, ?=<9), sden qua jagns
iaetrlkn bns leìbdsds óedilgaeta ae klr iuaetl ka bns dekdilknras qua pargdtle kd-
faraeidlr y kataitlr pnsdoba prasaeidl ka prnobagìtdil ag nidnelb. Bls detarprat
detarpratlidn-
lidn-
eas qua sa kaspraekle kab leìbdsd
leìbdsdss ka ilkl dekdilknr plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr inetd
inetdeóle
eóle quaklekn
prnvdsdnelbgae
prnvdsdnelb gae ta sucatls l bls prnpuastls ka @np pdtz,
pdtz, lhulrklekn euav ns astukdns
ae pnoblidùe bnilb, qua rasubtle dgprasidekdobas y sne uel urhaeta ìral ka vlileidl
devastdhltdvl.
Ae fueidùe ka bn axpuastn, sa sdhudù ab nocatdvn ka pnear l pruaol ae pnoblidùe
bnilb bns tras
tras irdt
irdtardns
ardns prnpuastns pnr @np pdtz plrl inesdkarlr ilkl Dekdilknr Ag nidn-
elb ingn tlb (Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;). As kaidr, ousiìolgns vardfdilr
vardfdilr sd ilkl dekdilkn r arl
defraiuaeta, sd en sa rablidnelol ine bl aklk n bl glkurlidùe, y sd pnsaçl ilplidklk
kdsirdgdeltdvl
kdsirdgdeltd vl aetra edüns ine y sde prnobag ìtdils agnidnelbas. Ya trlolcù, raspai-raspai-
tdtdvlg
vlg aeta, ine kns gua strls (L y O) inefnrglkl s pnr <9< edüns ae inesu btl btl psdin-
bùhdil (11 edüls
edüls y 86 vlrneas) y ;:: edüns ka pnoblidùe haearlb (?:: gucaras y <::
vlrneas). [nkns bns avlbulkns rasdkçle
rasdkçle ae Iduklk ka O uaens Ldras y Hrle O uaens
Ldras) y sa aeinetrlole asinblrdzlkns ka ska praasinblr l 8 ½ hrlkn. Bls akl kas vlrdl-
ole aetra bns 6 y bns <? lüns (Gakd laklk 7 :.980 KA 7 <.:).<.:). Lb gngaetn ka bl lkg ded deds-
s-
trlidùe
trlid ùe bns edüns ka bl guastrl L sa aeinetrlole ae inesubtl psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil lgoubltnrd
lgoubltnrdll
y su puetulidùe ka KF J ae lsp aitns glku rltd rltdvns
vns suparlol, ae prng akdn, ab pariaetd
pariaetdbb
9=, as kaidr, sa uodilol ae ab tärgden ga kdn ae iule tn l kaslrrnbbn ineiaptulb. Ae ra-
blidùe ine ab gntdvn ka inesubtl, ab <?,?% (e 7 <6) kagl eklol ltaeidùe pnr prnobagls
ka lpraekdzlca, ab <9% (e 7 <8) pnr prnobagls ka inekuitl, ab <1,9% (e 7 ?=) inesub-
tlol pnr kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ine ab hrupn prdglrdn y ab 4,4% (e 7 <9), pnr irdsds ka lesdaklk.
Bl gu astrl ka pnoblidùe haearlb (O) sa tngù ine bl inblonrlidùe ka lbugens y kn-
iaetas ka bl lsdhelturl [anrçl y [äiedil ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlh Kdlh eùstdin.
eùstdin. Gùkubn <, Iìta -
krl ?, ka bl Fliubtlk ka ] sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka O uaens L dras, y ffua ua utdbd
utdbdzlkl
zlkl l
bns fdeas
fdeas ka rabavlr bns raqudsdtns prnpuastns pnr @npp dtz plrl inesdkarlr ue Dekdilknr
ingn Agnidnelb, axlgdelekn su lplrdid lplrdidùe
ùe deusulb, su kasvdeiublidùe raspait
raspaitnn ka bl
aklk y bl glkurlidùe, lsç ingn su vlbdkaz ibç ibçedil
edil n ilplidklk plrl kdfaraeidlr
kdfaraeidlr prnt
prntn-
n-
inbns ka sucatns ka bl guastrl ibçedil y ka bl ka pnoblidùe haearlb avlbulkns l idahls.
Ae prdgar buhlr
buhlr lkgdedstrlgns ab [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel varsdùe
Hnnkae nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn)
n) l edüns k a pnoblidùe haearlb (guastrl O) y l edüns qua
lsdstçle
agnidnellb inesubtl
(guastrl psdinbùhdil
L). Ae lgonslb ilsns,
gngaetn ka bl savlbulidùe
snbdidtlgn
snbdidtlgn pnr lbhuel
inesaetdgdaetn kdfdiubtlk
defnrglkn ka bns
plkras plrl jliar usn ka bns prntninbns ae bl devastdhlidùe, rahdstrlekn kltns snidn-
kagnhrìfdins -qua sa gletuvdarne leùedgns- y bns ibçedins partdeaetas.
Ingn yl ingaetlgns ine letardnrdklk, ae prdgar buhlr sa dkaetdfdiù bl fraiuaeidl
ka lplrdidùe
lplrdidùe ka bns 9: DAs kab K FJ prnpuastns deddedidlb
idlbgaeta
gaeta pn r @nppdtz ae bns prntn-
inbns ka bns edüns ka pnoblid
pnoblidùe
ùe haearlb, kdsirdgdelkn
kdsirdgdelkn sahóe aklkas plrl katargdelr
sd sa lkvartçl
lkvartçl ue lu gaetn ae su fraiuaeid
fraiuaeidll ka lp lrdi
lrdidùe
dùe l gakdkl qua sa deiragae-
tlole bl aklk y g lkurlidùe ka bns ed edüns,
üns, ka gn kn ka ka silrtlr lquabbns
lquabbns sdhens
sdhens qua
gle dfastlrae
dfastlrae astl ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdil,
il, ousilekn su dekapaekae idl raspaitn ka bl aklk y
ka bl glkuraz.
L plrtdr ka astns kltns sa nosarvù
nosarvù q
qua
ua bns dekdilknras ]darels cuetls y Orlzns
inrtns sa prasaetle ae g ìs kab <1% a e ilsd tnkls bls
bls aklka s, kaodaekn abdgdelrsa
abdgdelrsa
ka bl bdstl ka DAs plrl astl guastrl. Lbhuens sdhens en pnkrçle inesdkarlrsa ingn
agnidnelbas ae bls aklkas gaenras klkl su lbtl fraiuaeidl ae asns hrupns. Abbns
sne Detahrlidùe pnora ka bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl, ]rneueidlkl lsdgatrçl ka bls axtra-
gdklkas y Glens ngdtdkls, iuyl lplrdidùe ae bns prntninbns ka edüns ka 6 lü ns fua
gìs ing óe qua bn asparlkn ingn p lrl inestdtud
inestdtudrr ue sdhen ka kaspdstlca
kaspdstlca ag nidnelb.
nidnelb.
]nr su plrta, Fdhurl paquaül, Ncns vliçns y Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn, rasubtlrne pnin fra-
iuaetas raidäe l plrtdr ka bns : lüns g daetrls
daetrls qua Ngdsdùe ka elrdz y Orlzns inrtns,
kaska bns 4 y <= lüns raspaitdvlg
raspaitdvlg aeta, rasubtlekn
rasubtlekn DAs kaska asls akl kas ae lka-
bleta, yl qua su lplrdidùe pnr aeidgl ka asa bçgdta ka aklk kdsgdeuçl jlstl sar defa-
rdnr lb <1% ka bns ilsns.
Gdrlkls bltarlbas ka lgons ncns sa aeinetrù ae g ìs kab <1% k a bns sucatns kab
hrupn ka << lüns axibusdvlgaeta pnr bn qua ae ab rastn ka bls aklkas pnkrçl sar
deusulb
deusulb y, pnr aeka taear vlbnr ingn <A, axibuyäe
axibuyäeknsa
knsa ing
ingn
n tlb plrl bns <
<<< lüns.
[rlzns frlhgaetlkns/asqudidlkns pnkrçl inesdkarlrsa DA jlstl bns <= lün s, yl qua
l bns << y <? parkarçl su ilrlitarçstdil ka deusulb. ]arn, lkagìs kab pnriaetlca ka
lplrdidùe, lgons dekdilknras gledfastlrne ue deiragaetn plubltden l gakdkl qua
lsiaekçl bl akl k, lb dhulb
dhulb qua ae bns astukdns ka @ nppdtz. As pnr astl rlzùe qua sa
kaidkdù abdgdelrbns ka bl bdstl ka tloublidùe fdelb ka DAs, linrklekn ine bl prasue-
idùe ka asl lutnrl ka qua sa trltlrç
trltlrçll ka sdhens ka snfdstdilidùe
snfdstdilidùe ae ab kdoucn. Edehóe
ntrn DA gnstrù ue lugaetn rahublr y inesdkarloba ae su fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe
sahóe ab lugaetn ka aklk irnenbùhdil, aetaekdaekn qua tnkns bns rastletas iug-
pbae ine asl plutl. Qel vaz katarg
katargdelkns
delkns astns rasubtlkn
rasubtlkns,
s, sa pusn l p
pruao
ruaol
l bl
vlbdkaz ibçedil ka bns 9; DAs inesarvlkns, as ka idr qua pnsayarle ilpl idklk kdsird-
vlbdkaz kdsird-
gdeltdvl aetra bns kdoucns ka bns sucatns ka bl g uastrl ibçed
ibçedil
il y en ibçedil
ibçedil (gu astrls
L y O ).
Bns jlbblzhns ka asta astukdn vardfdilrne bl vlbdkaz ibçedil ka lbhuens ka bns 9;
DAs. Bns Z? ilbiublkns plrl lelbdzlr kapaekaeidl sdhedfdiltdvl
sdhedfdiltdvl aetra astns y bl par-
taeaeidl kab edün lb hrupn inesubtleta (guastrl L) n ka p noblidùe haearlb (gu
(gu astrl
O) fuarne flvnrlobas
flvnrlobas p
plrl
lrl bns sdhudaetas e
eua
uava
va Dekdi
Dekdilknras3
lknras3 Detahrlidùe pnora ka
bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl, Yngoralkn ka bl ilrl n plrta ka bl gdsgl, Fdhurl paquaül,
[rlesplraeidl, Orlzns pahlkns, Glens hrlekas, Glens ngdtdkls, Ngdsdùe ka pdas
y Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn. En n ostleta, sd odae
odae bns DAs Yngoralkn y Orlzns pahlkns pra-
saetlrne kdfaraeidls sdhedfdiltdvls
sdhedfdiltdvls ae lgons hrupns, ab glynr pnriaetlca sa kdn ae
ab hrupn ka pnoblidùe haearlb, rlzùe pnr bl qua sa kaidkdù abd
abdgdelrbns
gdelrbns tlgodäe ka bl
bdstl fdelb ka DAs.
]nr ntrl
ntrl plrta, taedaekn ae iuaetl ntrns irdtardns qua @nppdtz (<46:)
(<46: ) inesdkarù
plrl gletaear lbhuens DAs, lkagìs
lkagìs ka bl vlbdkaz ibç
ibçedil
edil astlk
astlkçstdilga
çstdilgaeta
eta sdh
sdhedfd
edfd--
iltdvl, ntrns <1 sdhens kaoarçle prasaetlrsa ae asta ilsn ae vdrtuk ka su vlbnr
ibçedin, bl glynr niurraeidl kab dekdilknr ae bl guastrl inesubtleta raspaitn ka
bl guastrl ka pnoblidùe haearlb -luequa asl kdfaraeidl en fuarl astlkçstdilgaeta
sdhedfdiltdvl-, n su rlrl lpl rdidùe, qua dgpdkdarl afaitulr bns leìbdsds astlkçstdins in-
sdhedfdiltdvl-,
rraspnekdaetas. Ae asta astukdn sa kaidkdù gletaear sads DAs pnr g lynr niurraeidl
en sdhedfdiltdvl
sdhedfdiltdvl (]rneueidlkl lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas, Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl,
Kdaetas, Orlzns blrhns, Fdhurl gnestrunsl, Ngdsdùe ka elrdz) y euava qua en pu-
kdarne lelbdzlrsa klkl su rlrl n eubl prasaeidl ae bns prntninbns ka bls guastrls
utdbdzlkls, sdaekn gletaedkns pnr uel trlkdidùe ka irdtardn ibçedin (Yngoralkn ka
glens y/n iuabbn, Haedtlbas, Kdoucn aspnetìean, Fdhurl detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka
ka bl jncl, Ngdsdùe ka ncns, Ngdsdùe ka onil, Ngdsdùe ka iuarpn, Ngdsdùe ka orl-
zns y Ngdsdùe ka pdarels).
[lgodäe sa ralbdzlrne pruaols plrl astlobaiar sd bl iletdklk ka DAs prasaetas ae
b sgnsx~~~§~
Aklkas ae bls Aklkas ae bls Aklkas ae bls
Ngdsdneas
Ydhens I ulbdtltdvns qua inesdkarlr Katlbbas Aspaidlbas qua inesd
inesdkarlr
karlr qua inesd
inesdkarlr
karlr
@nppdtz,
@nppdtz, <46:) ab DA O rdzzdn
rdzzdn at @nppdtz, <46:) ab bbA
A Ordzzdn at ab DA Ordzzdn at
<46:)
lB, ?=<;) lb., ?=<;) lb., ?=<;)
Yngoralkn ka bl ilrl,
Ncns odzins Elrdz Kaska 4 lüns
kab iuarpn
Yngoralkn a ls
Kaska 6 lüns Orlz ns inrtns ---- Iuarpn Kaska 6 lüns
glens y/n ab iuabbn
[rlesplraeidls Kaska 6 lüns Glens ngdtdkls Kaska 8 lüns Iuabbn Kaska : lüns
Fdhurl gnestrunsl n
.. Kaska 6 lüns
hrntasil
Kdoucn aspnetìean ka
tras fdhurls n gìs Kaska 6 lüns
? 8 Bns Dek
Dekdilknras
dilknras ka K
Kdsf
dsfueidùe
ueidùe E
Eaurnbùhdil
aurnbùhdil sahóe @
@nppdtz
nppdtz
Fraiuaetagaeta sa utdbdzl
utdbdzl ab K FJ ae ing odelid
odelidùe
ùe ine ntrns dest
destrugaetns
rugaetns ka avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil a.h.3 Oaekar, X DYI y ntrns) plrl katargdelr bl pnsdodbdklk ka pra-
saeidl ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. @nppdtz (<46: ) sa rafdrdù
rafdrdù dedidlbgaeta lb tagl ine ab
tärgden basdùe iaraorlb u nrhledidklk, kafdedaekn lsç iulbqudar prniasn ka elturlbazl
nrhìedil y eni ngn
sa ineiaoçl ag nidnelb n snidlb,ka
inesaiuaeidl ilplz ka lfaitlr bbll(praeltlb,
ue trlugltdsgn inekuitl pardeltlb
kab eltlb
pard edün. nAstl basdùe
pnseltlb)
n uel def
defaiidùe,
aiidùe, gledfastìeknsa ing n käfdidts
käfdidts inekui tulbas kdvarsns, avdkaeidlkns
avdkaeidlkns
tlgodäe ae bl prnkuiidùe hrìf
hrìfdil.
dil. Eùtasa qua ab tärgden ka nrhledidklk lb qua lbukçl
@nppdtz dkaetdfdilrçl uel inekdidùe uedtlrdl ka bls parsnels qua bls kdstdehudrçl tletn
ka lquabbls qua plkaidarle trlstnrens psdqudìtrdins ingn ka bl pnoblidùe haearlb
(Bazl`, <441).
bl fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ka bns sdhens, gìs qua p nr bl prasaeidl ka tlb n iulb sdhen
sdhen
plrtdiublr. ]lrl abbn lelbdzù prntninbns ka 9:: edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil sde
katardnrn gntrdz savarn, ed qua juodarle sufrdkn trlugltdsgns pra, pard y pnseltlbas,
kdvdkdkns
kdvdkdkns sahóe aklk. Y a tnglrne ingn inetrnbas
inetrnbas :=9 edüns sde Dekdilknras ka Kds-
fueidùe Eaurnbùhdil. Ae bl [lobl 8 rasugdg ns bls prdeidplbas kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls aetra lgons
hrupns.
<<
En sa aeinetrù edehóe dekdilknr ldsblkn qua sa kdarl axibusdvlgaeta ae uen u ntrn hrupn.
L ine tdtdeulidùe,
eulidùe, ae bl [lobl 4, sa katlbble
katlbble bns Çtags A vnbutdvns
vnbutdvns y A gnidnelbas ae
Ydhens ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil klk kaska bl qua dhens ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil klk kaska bl qua
ae bns KFJ ka vlrneas aetra 6 y aoa taearsa ae e bns KFJ ka vlrneas aetra 6 y aoa taearsa ae
<? lüns
lüns @nppdtz, <46:) uaetl ? lüns @nppdtz, <46:) uaetl
Ngdsdùe ka pupdbls Kaska 8 lüns Qel praekl ka rnpl n edehuel Kaska 8 lüns
Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn Kaska 8 lüns Gaens ka iultrn praekls ka rnpl Kaska 8 lüns
Ngdsdùe a rlzns e ns Kaska 6 lüns ]nora detahrlidùe ka bls plrtas ka Kaska 8 lüns
kdgaesdneas orlzns plb
plbntas)
ntas) bl fdhurl
Orlzns qua en lpuetle jlidl
Kaska 6 lüns Lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas Kaska 6 lüns
lolcn orlzns jnrdznetl
jnrdznetlbas)
bas)
E ógarn deinrrait
deinrraitnn ka kakns Kaska 6 lüns Fdhurl paquaül Kaska 6 lüns
Jlstl lquç jagns kaslrrnbblkn bns prdeidplbas lpnrtas ka @nppdtz lb astukdn kab
KFJ, buahn ka jloar kasirdptn tlgodäe bns trlolcns
trlolcns ka H nnkaenuhj, Jlrrds y Ilsu-
'bn, cuetn
cuetn ine astukdns bnilbas raidaetas
raidaetas plrl Dekdilknras G lkurltd
lkurltdvn-Ineiaptulbas
vn-Ineiaptulbas y
agn idnelbas.
idnelbas. ]lslrag ns ljnrl l ing aetlr oravagaeta kns ilsns dbustr
dbustrltdvns
ltdvns qua,
asparlgns, sale k a lyukl plrl ab envab prnfasdnelb.
Edinbìs as ue edün ka : lüns y 8 gasas ka aklk. Lsdsta l 9ar hrlkn ka uel asiuabl póobdil
ka bl Iduklk ka O uaens Ldras. Ineiurra l inesubt
inesubtll l ue sarvdidn ka Ylbuk Gaetlb ka ue J ns-
pdtlb ]óobdin ae ingplü çl ka su gl kra. Vdva ine su glkra y tras jarglens vlrneas g lynras.
Yus plkras sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns0 bl glkra rafdara qua ab plkra arl vdnbaetn, ine abbl fçsd-
ilgaeta, y ine bns edüns, ka glearl varolb. Jlia tras gasas qua Edinbìs en va l su plkra.
Kaska bl asiuabl snbdid
snbdidtle
tle qua bl glk ra ralbdia
ralbdia uel ine subtl psdinb
psdinbùhdil
ùhdil yl qua nos arvle qua
Edinbìs jl aetloblkn uel rablidùe ka glbtrltn jlidl sus ingplüarns, bas pahl y sa ourbl ka
abbns.
abbns. [lgodäe prasaetl prnobagls k a lpraekdzlca y ka ingp nrtlgdaetn ae iblsa.
Kdoucn ka Edinbìs,
Edinbìs, : lüns y 8 gasas
Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel Z) dvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
< gons plkras lkra lkra
? ne lgons plkras y jarglen/s de akuilidùe fnrglb
: trl aspaidfdilr)3
Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas <A) @nppdtz, <46:)
]rasaeidl
Lklptlidùe Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;
YI6 [rlesplraeidl N
<< Katlbbas aspaidlbas KA)
KA8 Kdaetas N
KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pnkrçle bbahlr jlstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal ka bls rnkdbbls /
KA4 Glens h rlekas, kab tlglün
tlglün ka bl ilrl /
KA<= Gle ns ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kak ns (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns) N
KA<< Haedtlbas N
DDD3 Ngdsdneas =)
Nosarvlidneas inesdhelr
inesdhelr bns kltns qua ine
inesdkara
sdkara rabavletas)3
Kaoa taearsa ae iuaetl qua sa trltl ka ue defnrga plridlb plrl dbustrlr ab usn kab
tast, y qua ae tnkns bns ilsns ka inesubtl kaoa lgpbdlrsa bl defnrglidùe gakdleta
ntrls fuaetas ka kltns, tlbas ing n ntrns destrugaetns, aetravdstls y nosarvlidneas.
ILYN ?
Letneabbl as uel edül ka : lüns y 9 gasas ka aklk, iuyns plkras inesubtle pnrqua bl
nosarvle ilkl va z gìs lehustdlkl iulek n kaoa saplrlrsa ka a bbns ((lb
lb dr l bl asiuabl, iulekn
sus plkras vle l trlolclr, sd tdaea ue iugpbalüns, sd sus plkras slbae n sd kaoa quaklr lb
iudklkn ka n trl parsnel). Letneabbl as jdc
jdcll óedil, ineiurra l 9ar hrlkn ka uel asiuabl prdvlkl
ine knoba cnrelkl kab H rle Ouaens Ldras. Bns plkras rabltle qua bl sdetngltnbnhçl ka bl edül
ingaezù uels saglels kaspuäs ka qua l bl glkra ba kdlhenstdilrle uel aefargaklk neinbù-
hdil. Bns plkras tlgodäe sa aeiua etrle guy lehustdlkns pnr astl sdtulidùe.
AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L
FDHQ_L JQGLEL
JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 19
Kdoucn ka Letneabbl, : lüns y 9 gasas
: Ntrl aspakfdilr)3
De
Dekk dilk
dilk nras G lk urltdvns
urltdvns DG) Hnnka enuhj,
enuhj, <4?60 Jlrr ds
ds,, <469) Lkl ptlidùe
ptlidùe Ilsubbn
Ilsubbn <4::)
DG ]r asaeid l DG ]rasaeidl
<. Iloazl
Iloazl / 9?. Jngorns DD
?. Iuabbn / 99. Orlzns ka blkn n ae litdvdklk
9. Iuabbn kns kdgaesdneas / 9;. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe inkn
;. Ncns / 91. ]darels /
1. Katlbba
Katlbba ncn3 ia
iacls
cls n pastlüls N 96. Ilkarl D /
6. Katlbba ncn3 pupdbl / 98. Ilkarl DD N
<8. ]uaeta
]uaeta ka e
elrdz
lrdz ;:. ]rnpnridùe iloazl D
<:. Iloabbnb / ;4. ]rnpnridùe iloazl DD
<4. Iloab
Iloabbn
bn DD / 1=. ]rnpnridùe ilrl
?= Iloabbn DDD = 1<. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe orlzns < /
?<. Iloabbn DV = 1?. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe orlzns DD
??. Nracls = 19. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe pdare
pdarels
ls
?9. Nracls3
Nracls3 prnpnridù
prnpnridùee y uodilidùe = 1;. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe gdagorns kns kdgaes. /
?;. Kakns / 11. Vastdgaetl < /
?1. Kakns3 eógarn inrraitn 16. Vastdgaetl DD /
?6. Kakns3 katlbbas inrraitns 18. Vastdgaetl DDD <
?8. ]ubhlr
]ubhlr ae npnsdidùe 1:. Vastdgaetl DV
?:. Glens 14. Vastdgaetl V
?4. Guüail n tnodbbn = 6=. ]arfdb D N
Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas (@nppdtz, <46:)
< 46:)
]rasaeidl
Lklptlidùe Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;
D. Ydhens iulbdtltdvns
KA8 Kdaetas /
KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pn krçle bbahlr jlstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal k a bls rnkdbbls
KA4 Glens hrlekas, kab tlglün ka bl ilrl
KA<= Glens ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kakns (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)
KA<< Haedtlbas
KA<? Fdhurl gnestrunsl n hrntasil
KA<9 Kdoucn aspnetìean ka tras n g ìs fdhurls
KA<; Fdhurl detarrugpdkl
detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl
DDD3 Ngdsdneas
Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe
Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil @nppdtz, <46:)
DKE ]rasaeidl DKE ]rasaeidl
Ab KF<-< Fua lkg deds+rlkn ae ab prdgar aeiuae-b-rn ine bl edül. buahn ka ele-d-aear uel orata
deds+rlkn
ine abbl. pnr bn qua bl glkra rasae+a iburle+a bl +n+lbdklk ka asa prdgar aeiuae+rn.
Letneabbl as uel edül ka : lüns iuyl glkuraz ineiaptulb, aetaekdkl ingn bl ilplidklk
plrl haearlr ineiaptns ine hrlkn iraidaeta ka lostrliidùe, as tärgden gakdn sd sa bl ing-
plrl ine edüns ka su gdsgl aklk y edvab snidn-akuiltdvn. Abbn sdhedfdil qua en prasaetlrì
kdfdiubtlkas ka lostrliidùe sahóe bn asparlkn pnr aklk kaska ue puetn ka vdstl avnbutdvn.
Kurleta bl lkg dedst
dedstrlidùe
rlidùe kab tast astuvn ilbblkl y sa g nstrù trlequdb
trlequdbll y trlolcù ine ine iae-
trlidùe a detaräs, luequa rasubtù eaiaslrdn qua bl gl kra astuvdarl prasaeta kaetrn kab inesub-
tnrdn puas bl edül en qudsn quaklrsa l snbls ine bl axlgdelknrl, pasa l astlobaiar ue ouae
vçeiubn ine a bbl.
_aspa itn ka bl avlbulidùe ka bns dekd
dekdilknras
ilknras ag nidnelbas, ae ab prntninbn sa jle nosar-
vlkn kns3 deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1½n gìs y kdaetas qua, ae ab astukdn raidaetagaeta
ralbdzlkn ae pnoblidùe bnilb rasubtle sdhedfdiltdvns l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns. Ab prdgarn ka bns dekd-
ilknras pnkrçl vdeiublrsa ine uel saeslidùe suocatdvl ka deastlodbdklk y ka flbtl ka aqudbdor
aqudbdordn
dn
ae haearlb (ilraeidl ka olsa fdrga
fdrga ). Yd sa tdtdaeae
aeae ae iuaetl bls idriuestleidls qua rrnkalrne
nkalrne
bl inesubtl (aefargaklk ne inbùhdil ka bl glk ra, lehustdl plraetlb)
plraetlb),, asta dekdilknr pnkrçl astlr
rafbaclekn ab astlkn ka lesdaklk litulb ka bl edül, ingn inesaiuaeidl ka bl lesdaklk qua
astìe sufrdaekn sus plkras. ]n r ntrn bblkn
lkn bl prasaeidl ka kdaetas ae ab kdoucn kaoa inesdka-
rlrsa ine ilutabl ingn dekdilknr ka kdfdiubtlkas agnidnelbas ae vdrtuk ka su glynr parn en
sdhedfdiltdvl fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ae pnoblidùe ibçedil, luequa pnkrçl raprasaetlr ue sdhen ka
pnsdoba lhrasdvdklk qua kaoa axpbnrlrsa gakdleta vçls lbtareltdvls puastn qua ae bl guas trl
bnilb rasubtl
rasubtl dgpnrtleta kaska bns 6 lüns. \ udzì su kdoucn tlgodäe rafbacl bl praniuplidùe pnr
bl prnobagìtdil
prnobagìtdil g äkdil qua ltrlvdasl su flgdbd
flgdbdl.
l. Astl pnsdodbd
pnsdodbdklk
klk g araia sar avlbulkl a e g lynr
prnfuekdklk ae destleidls pn stardnras l fdfdee ka in esdkarlr pnsdobas detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils
qua parsdhle bl gacnrçl ka bl sdtulidùe pbletalkl, lsç ingn bl lkaiulkl ilelbdzlidùe ka bl
lesdaklk ka bl p lracl ka plkras y ka bl prnpdl Letneabbl, fnrt
fnrtlbaidäeknbns
lbaidäeknbns ingn h rupn flgdbdlr
plrl lfrnetlr bl sdtulidùe gäkdil pnr bl qua ltrlvdasle ka sar abbn eaiaslrdn.
Ae iuletn l bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil, sd odae sa prasaetle tras, y sahóe bn
rafardkn pnr bns plkras ae bl lelgeasds snora kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn y ab guy ouae kasagpaün
asinblr ka bl edül, en rasubtle lblrgletas ingn plrl snbdidt
snbdidtlr
lr detarinesubt
detarinesubtl,
l, puakae inetrnblrsa
ae ab tärgden ka tras g asas ae uel euavl avlbulidùe, n odae lülkdaekn gìs pruaols aspaiçfd
aspaiçfd--
ils l fde ka lonelr n kasastdglr astl jdpùtasds ae ab gakdlen pblzn.
Kaoa taearsa ae iuaetl qua sa trltl ka ue defnrga plridlb plrl dbustrlr ab usn kab tast, y
qua ae tnkns bns ilsns ka inesubtl kaoa lgpbdlrsa bl defnrglidùe ine ntrls fuaetas ka
kltns, tlbas ingn ntrns destrugaetns, aetravdstls y nosarvlidneas.
;. YÇE[AYDY T HQÇL ]L_L QE IN__AI[N QYN KAB
DEY[_QGAE[N
Ae ab prasaeta ilpçtubn jagns detaetlkn ordeklr lb baitnr bns lpnrtas gìs rabavle-
tas y lk aiulkn s l bl pnoblidùe bnilb rafard
rafardkns
kns l b leìbdsd
leìbdsdss ka bns kdoucns defletdbas,
defletdbas, ae
aspaidlb iaetrìeknens
iaetrìeknens ae ab KFJ sahóe bls varsdneas ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrd
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
s-Ilsubbnn
plrl Dekdilknras Glkurltdvn-Ineiaptulbas y bl ka @nppdtz plrl bns Agnidnelbas y
Eaurnbùhdins.
bbnsbns
ka ka lutnras
bns lutnras g ìs raprasaetltdvns
pdnearns gaeidnelkns aeae bl tag ìtdil
iuletn lsçtras
l bns ingn bns trlolcns
lspaitns nrdhd
nrdhdelbas
elbas
inetagpblkns
ae bns KFJ plrl bl a klk a sinb
sinblr3
lr3 ab gl kurltd
kurltdvn-i
vn-ineiaptulb,
neiaptulb, ab agnidnelb y ab eaurn-
bùhdin. [lgodäe jag ns klkn iuaetl ka bns astukd
astukdns
ns bnilbas gìs raidaetas liaril ka
bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns y A gnidnelbas, prnpnedaekn olragns litulbdzlkns plrl
bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ka bl Asilbl G lkurltd
lkurltdvl
vl kab KFJ ae bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Il-Il-
subbn,
subbn, lsç ingn ka bns Çtags
Çtags A gnidnelbas ka @npp dtz
dtz jlbblkns ae euastrn gakdn ae a b
glrin ka bl oósqu akl ka su il plidklk kdsirdgdeltdvl y ka su saetdkn ib
ibçedin.
çedin. ]nr ntr
ntrll
plrta sa rasaülrne bns trlolcns ka @nppdtz liaril ka bns Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe
Eaurnbùhdil, lspaitn qua en j l sdkn jlstl bl faijl sufdidaetagae
sufdidaetagae ta inesdkarlkn ae
bls lklptlidneas bnilbas y kaoa prnfuekdzlrsa.
Lsdgdsgn linrklgns ae iuletn l bl dgpnrtleidl ka liarilr lb baitnr uel sarda
ka bdealgdaetns ka trlolcn plrl avlbulr ab KFJ sahóe astls varsdneas lklptlkls l
euastrn gakdn, tnglekn ae inesdkarlidùe
inesdkarlidùe bns usns gìs jlodtulbas
jlodtulbas y fueidnelb
fueidnelbas
as kab
tast, ka gnkn ka detaetlr lolrilr tletn bl dkaetdfdilidùe ka lspaitns avnbutdvn-ine-
iaptulbas
iaptulbas (Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrd
(Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
s-Ilsubbn),
n), ing n agnidnelbas y eaurnbùhdins
eaurnbùhdins (@nppdt
(@nppdtz)
z)
ka ilrl l lbilezlr uel gìs ingpbatl detarpratlidùe ka bl pruaol sahóe ab ilsn ae
inesubtl. Ingn ingpbagaetn ka astns bdealgdaetns, pnr ue blkn, ae ab Leaxn L sa
rdbbl ka Avlbulidùe kab KFJ qua prataeka l yuklr l rainbaitlr bl defnr-
prasaetl uel H rdbbl
gli dùe eaiaslrdl plrl bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe kab [ast ka g nkn saeidbbn y nrkaelkn y, pnr ab
ntrn, ae ab lplrtlkn 9 sa deibuya ab leìbdsds ka kns ilsns ka K FJ qu a ab baitnr puaka
tnglr ingn acagpbn ka usn ka bl H rd bbl ka Avlbulidùe y ka bl rakliidùe kab defnrga
rdbbl
inrraspnekdaeta. As dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua bls defaraeidls lbbç ralbdzlkls
ralbdzlkls sa prasae-
tle snblgaeta ine prnpùsdtns kdkìitdins, pnr bn qua as praidsn rainrklr qua bls ine-
ibusdneas vartdkls
vartdkls ae ue p rniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en sa rakuiae l bns rasub-
tlkns notaedkns gakdleta ue snbn destrugaetn sden qua kardvle kab leìbdsds detahrlkn
ka tnkns bns prniasns y atlpls qua ingpneae bl avlbulidùe (aetravdstl l plkras,
jnrl ka cuahn, nosarvlidùe ka ingpnrtlgdaetn kab edün, defnrgas kniaetas y rastn
ka bl oltarçl, aetra ntrls fuaetas ka defnrglidùe). Jliagns jdeilpdä, aetneias, ae bl
prukaeidl qua kaoa dgprdgdrsa l bls detarpratlidneas vartdkls, klkl bl inestrdiidùe
qua bl glkurlidùe -ineiaptulb ae asta ilsn parn tlgodäe ae plrtdiublr vdsngntnrl
y ae saetdkn psdinbùhdin sd bl aetaekagns ae tärgdens haearlbas- dgprdga lb kdoucn
defletdb. Astn puaka bbavlr lb arrnr ka detarpratlr ue sdhen hrìfdin ing n dekdidn ka uel
defletdb.
kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk ag nidnelb, iulekn puaka kaoarsa l flitflitnras
nras avnbutd
avnbutdvns,
vns, pnr acagpbn. Klk n
bn letardnr, clgìs
clgìs kaoae axtrlpnblrsa bdealbgaeta bls detarpratlidneas prnyaitdvls ibì-
sdils
rlr ab ralbdzlkls
rastn ka bnsine
rastn sucatnsdgpbdilkns
flitnras lkubtns n ae
lknbasiae
bl edüaztas l bns
. Lsç, ilsnsousil
jagns defletdbas
defletdb
knasnfraiar
sde inesdka-
jarrl-
gdaetls prìitdils y nrhledzltdvls plrl ab psdiùbnhn kakdilkn l tlrals ka avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil pbletalekn, aetneias, sahóe tnkn bn aeueidlkn, bl sdhudaeta Huçl prìitdil
estrugaetn (välsa [lobl <=)3
plrl ue inrraitn usn kab ddestrugaetn
[lobl <=. Huçl prìitdil plrl ue inrraitn usn kab KFJ sahóe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-
[ >
<) Lkgdedstrlr ab KFJ sahóe bl inesdhel prnpuastl pnr Jlrrds ae su ravdsdùe kab [ast kab Jngora ka
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds (välsa lplrtlkn ?.9.), ine bns 6? çtags fdelbgaeta inesarvlkns ae bl ravdsdùe
jaijl pnr Ilsu bbn.
?) ]uetulr bl Asilbl ka Gl kurlidùe kab Kdoucn kab Jngora, sdhudaekn bls plutls ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jl -
rrds, snblgaeta plrl bns 6? çtags ka bl lklptlidùe ka Ilsubbn (<4::) (välsa lplrtlkn ?.;. y Leaxns
Ly O).
9) Detarpratlr bl puetulidùe notaedkl (Asilbl Glkurltdvl) l plrtdr kab olragn bnilb Iduklk ka Ouaens
Ldras y Ineurolen (Ilrrarls at lb., ?=<<). Välesa lplrtlkn ?.;., aspaidlbgaeta ?.;.<., y Leaxn A).
6) Dkaetdfdilr sd sa prasaetl
p rasaetle
e Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil
Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz,
(@nppd tz, <46:)
< 46:) (välesa lplr-
tlkn ?.8., [lobls
[lobls 8, : y 4 y Leaxn L).
8 ) Lelbdzlr bns rasubtlkns ka bl pruaol ae ingplrlidùe y rablidùe ine ntrns destrugaetns lkgdedstrl-
kns ae bl oltarçl abahdkl (pnr acagpbn, AAK-D, [ast Huastìbtdin
Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka O aekar, YEE, X DYI-DV,
aetra ntrns.). Ae asta saetdkn rainrklgns qua clgìs kaoarçl tnglrsa ingn ineibuyaeta bl defnr-
glidùe ordeklkl snblgaeta pnr ue tast ldsblkn sden qua kaoa rablidnelrsa ine rasubtlkns ka ntrns
destrugaetns ae ab glrin ka ue prniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil hbnolb qua deibuyl l tnkns bns
litnras plrtdidpletas y lolrqua tnkns bns lspaitns ka detaräs ae iuletn l bl prnobagìtdil prasae-
tlkl.
_asug daekn, bl varsdùe
varsdùe kab K FJ defletdb qua lquç prasaetlg ns, cuetn ine bls li-
tulbdzlidneas
tulbdzlidneas bnilbas inrraspnekdaetas, dgpbd
dgpbdil
il tras vaitnras fueklga etlbas ka defnr-
defnr-
glidùe l bns qua ens jagns kakdilkn ae asta ilpçtubn, y qua ab avlbulknr kaoa
inesdkarlr l bl buz kab gntdvn ka inesubtl a defnrglidùe vdeiublkl3 prdgarn, bl avl-
bulidùe kab edvab ka glkurlidùe ineiaptulb0 sahuekn, bl dkaetdfdilidùe ka prasaeidl/
lusaeidl ka Ydhens Agnidnelbas y, tariarn, bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe k a pnsdobas Dekdilknras
ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil. [nkn abbn sa vlbnrlrì sahóe ab ilsn dekdvdkulb, bl kaglek l
ka inesubtl, ab ìgodtn ka trlolcn ae ab qua ens kasagpaüagns, ab rastn kab glta-
rdlb railolkn
railolkn a e ab prniasn k a avlbulidùe (oltarçl ae su tntlbd
tntlbdklk,
klk, nosarvlidneas ka
ingpn rtlgdaetn, aetravdst
aetravdstls
ls ine defnr
defnrgletas
gletas iblva ingn plkras, kniaetas, ntrns fl-
gdbdlras, iudklknras,
iudklknras, aetra ntrns, y kag ìs jlbblzhns ibçedins), lsç ingn inetag pblekn
tlgodäe bls vçls ka detarvaeidùe flitdobas ka sar dgpbagaetlkls ae ue gngaetn pns-
tardnr.
Asparlgns qua astns lpnrtas rasubtae ka utdbdklk plrl euastrns lbugens ka bls
Ilrrarls ka ]sdinbnhçl lsç ing n plrl prnfasdnelbas qua sa dedidae ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil ka bl
Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil ine edüns.
HnnOuaens Ldras3
kaen uhj, ]ldkùs.Ytukdas de tja psyijnbnhy nf ijdb
F. (<4?:). ijdbkrae's
krae's krlwdehs. ]syijnbnhdilb Oubb.,
?1, ?8?-?:9.
Hnnk aenuhj , F. y Jlrrds, K. (<41=). Ytukdas de tja psyijnbnhy nf ijdbkrae's krlwdeh, DD3 <4?:-
<4;4. ]syijnbnhy Oubbatde, ;8, 96=-;99.
Jlrrds, K. O. (<469). Ab [ast ka Hnnkaenuhj. _avdsdùe, lgpbdlidùe y litulbdzlidùe. Olriabnel3
]ldkùs.
Jlggar, A. (<41:). [ja Ibdedilb Lppbdiltdne nf ]rncaitdva Krlwdehs. Yprdehfd
Yprdehfdabk3
abk3 Ijlrbas I. [jn-
gls ] uobdsjar.
Jderdijs, X. A. (<491). [ja Hnnka enuhj krlw deh tast ddee rabltd
rabltdne
ne tn kabdequaeiy lek prnobag
oajlvdnr, Lrij. ]syijnb., Eaw Tnr`, Vnb. <81.
Detareltdnelb
Detareltdnelb [ast In gg dssd
dssdne
ne (?==1). Hudkabdeas fnr [rlesbltd
[rlesbltdeh
eh lek Lklptdeh [asts. _aiupa -
rlkn ka jttp3//www.detasting.nrh
Detareltdnelb
Detareltd nelb [ast In gg dssd
dssdne
ne (?=<=). Hudkabdeas fnr [rlesbltd
[rlesbltdeh
eh le k Lk lptdeh [asts. _aiupa-
rlkn ka jttp3//www.detasting.nrh
Detareltdnelb [ast Inggdssdne ?=<;). [ja Yaiurdty nf [asts, Axlgdeltdnes lek Ntjar Ls-
sassgaets. Bnekne3 Lutjnr.
n f tja J-[-]. Oavarby J dbds, Ilbd-
Cnbbas, B. (<41?). L Iltlbnhua fnr tja \ulbdtltdva Detarpratltdne nf Ilbd-
fnredl3 Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
@lg pjlus, _. y ] badss, @. ((<44<).
<44<). Krlw -l-parsne taijedquas3 [asts de salrij nf l inestruit.
Cnurelb nf Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy, ?4, 941- ;4<.
@nppdtz, A. (<466). Agntdnelb dekdiltnrs ne jugle fdhura krlwdehs nf ijdbkrae3 L vlbdkltdne
stuky. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy, ??(9), 9<9-9<1.
@np pdtz, A. (<46:). Ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel ae bns edüns. Akdidùe ilstabblel3 Ouaens
Ldras, Hulklbupa.
@nppdtz, A. (<441). Ab [ast ka Oaekar. Olriabnel3 Nd`ns-[lu.
Blpbleija C. y ]netlbds, C. (<4:<). Kdiidnelrdn ka ]sdinleìbdsds. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Banenwaes
kab Kdoucn]attarsae, C. (?==;).
ka bl Fdhurl Ju glel]rnpuastl
, ralbdzlknkapnrueedüns
destrugaetn
ka 1 lb ?plrl
lü ns.bl ([asds
inrraiidùe ka blQedvarsd-
deäkdtl). pruaol
klk Frleidsin Glrrnqud
Glrrnqude,e, Hultaglbl.
Bavy, Y. (<41:). ]rncaitdva fdhura
fdhura krlwdehs. Ae A. F. Jlg gar (ak.), [ja Ibdedilb Lppbdiltdnes nf
]rncaitdva Krlwdehs (pp. :9-<<?). Yprdehfdabk, DB3 Ijlrbas I. [jngls ]uobdsjar Btk.
Bazl`, G. K. (<441). Eaurnpsyijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet. Eaw Tnr`3 Nxfnrk Qedvarsdt Qedvarsdtyy ]rass.
Bnosdae, G . (<4=1). @dekarzad
@dekarzadijeueh
ijeueh uek @ uest`leneSa dtdtsijrd
sijrdftft fur pìklhnhdsija ]syijnbnhda,
8 , 949-;=;.
Bùpaz, B., Buijattd,
Buijattd, T. y Ordzzdn, L. ((?=<9).
?=<9). Dekdilknras agnidnelbas kab K FJ y su rablidùe ine
bns gntdvns ka inesubtl psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il ae edüns. Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras, ZZ, 964-986.
Buqua t, H.J. (<4<9). Ba kassdes k ue aeflet. ]lrçs3 F. Lbile.
Gl ijnvar, @. (<4;4). ]arsnelbdty prncaitdne3 de tja krlwdeh nf l jugle fdhura. Yprdehfdabk, DB3
Ijlrbas I [jngls ]uobdsjar.
Glijnvar, @. (<419). Jugle Fdhura Krlwdehs nf Ijdbkrae. Cnurelb nf ]rncaitdva ]rncai tdva [aijedquas,
<8(<), :1-4<.
LEAZN
Kdoucnn ka bl Fdhurl
Kdouc Fd hurl Jug lel (KFJ )
Leaxn L. Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka Avl bulidùe
bulidùe ka b KFJ
Leaxn O . Çt
Çtag
ag s Glku rlt
rltdvns
dvns ka bbll Asilbl kab Kdoucn kab Jng ora kab
KF J a dest
destruiidneas
ruiidneas ka puetulidùe
Leaxn K . Det
Detarprat
arpratlidùe
lidùe ka bns DDekdilknras
ekdilknras A g nidnelbas
Leaxn A . Olragn ka Çt
Çtag
ag s Glku rlt
rltdvns
dvns kab KFJ plrl ab Ìral
Ga trnpnbd
trnpnbdtlel
tlel ka Oua ens Ldras (Astukdn ka Il rrarls, Qrdab,
]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìeka z, Liaolb y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia,
?=<<)
L e a x n L . H rdbb
rdbbll ka Avlbulidùe kab KFJ
Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel Z) Edvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
Lgons plkras ]lkra Glkra
? Ine lgons plkras y jarglen/s Yde akuilidùe fnrglb
9 Ynbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras ? ]rdglrdn deingpbatn
; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarglen/s 9 ]rdg. ingp./Yai. deingpbatn
1 Ine flgdbdl aeslgoblkl ; Yai. ing p/[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn
6 Ine lgons plkras, jarglens y louabns [aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn ingpbatn
8 Ynbn ine jarglens
Ntrl aspaidfdilr)3
<<<<<<<.<<<<<<•<< .
.< <~-,
6. K atlbba
atlbba ncn3 pupdbl ?6. Kakns3 katlbbas inrraitns
8. Katlbba ncn3 prnpnridùe ?8. ]ubhlr ae npnsdidùe
:. Ka tlbb
tlbbaa ncn3 Gdrlkl ?:. Glens
4. Elrdz ?4. Guüail n tnodbbn
<=. Elrdz kns kdgaesdneas 9=. Orlzns
<<. Onil 9<. Jngo rns D
<?. Blodns kns kdgaesdneas 9?. Jngorns DD
<9. Elrdz y blodns kns kdgaesdneas 99. Orlzns ka blkn n ae litdvdklk
litdvdklk
<;. Fraeta y gaetùe 9;. Lrtdiublidùe inkn
<1. ]rnyaiidùe gaetùe 91. ]darels
<6. Bçeal ka glekdoublr 96. Ilkarl D
<8. ]uaeta ka el rdz 98. Ilkarl DD
<:. Iloabbn D 9:. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe rnkdbbl
rnkdbbl
<4. Il oabbn DD 94. ]das D
?=. I loabbn DDD ;=. ]das DD
r[<=
Dekdilknras Glkurltd
Glkurltdvns
vns DG) Hn n kae n uhj, <4?60 Jlrr
Jlrrds,
ds, <469) L klptli
klptlidùe
dùe I lsub
lsubbn
bn <4::)
DG ]rasaeidl DG ]rasaeidl
;<. ]das DDD 1?. ]rnpnridùe orlzns DD
;?. ]das DV 19. ]rnpnridùe pdarels
;9. ]das V 1;. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe g dagorns kns kdgaes.
Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas <A) @nppdtz, <46:) ]rasaeidl
L klptl
klptlidùe
idùe O rdzzdn,
rdzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Yt
Ytnn var, ?=<;
D. Ydhens i ulbdtltdvns (YI)
YI< Det
Detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe pnora k a bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl (l pl rtd
rtdrr ka bns 8 lüns)
YI? Yngo ralkn ka bls glens y/n iuabbn
YI9 ]rneue idlkl lsdga trçl
trçl ka bls axtragdklk as (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)
YI; Deibdelidùe
Deib delidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1 h rlkns n g ìs
YI1 Fdhurl paquaül, ka ; ig n gaen s ka lbturl (l plrtdrplrtdr ka bns : lüns)
YI6 [rlesplraeidl
DD. Katlbbas aspaidlbas (KA)
KA8 Kdaetas
KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pnkrçle bbahlr j lstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal ka bls rnkdbbls
KA4 Glens hrlekas, kab tlglün ka bl ilrl
KA<= Glens ngdtdkls,
ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kakn s (l plrtd
plrtdrr ka bns 8 lüns)
KA<< Haedtlbas
KA<? Fdhurl gnestrunsl n hrntasil
KA<9 Kdoucn aspnetìean ka tras
tras n g ìs fdhurls
KA<; Fdhurl detarrugpdkl
detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl
DD
DDD3
D3 Ngdsdneas (=)
=<1 Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bns ncns
=<6 Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bl elrdz (l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bns 4 lün s)
=<8 Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bl onil
=<: Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe kab iuarpn
=<4 Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bns orlzns
=?= Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bls pdarels
pdarels
=?< Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bns pdas
=?? Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka b iuabbn (l plrtdr ka bns : lün s)
< 66 . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_ LIA, L. O_DSSDN
O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS
L e a x n O . Çtag
Çtag s G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns ka bl Asilbl kab
Kdoucn kab Jng ora kab KF J a destdestruiid
ruiidneas
neas ka puetulidùe*
puetulidùe*
Liblrlidneas
hrìfdils
< . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe iblrl ka iloazl. Fliidneas sde inetnren ka iloazl, en
iloazl sa lsdhel ab puetn.
?. ]rasaeidl ka iuabbn Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl kab iuabbn ingn kdfaraeidlkn ka bl iloazl y ab trnein. L
bl garl yux tlpnsdidùe ka bl iloazl y ab trnein, en sa lsdhel ab puetn.
9. I u a b b n k n s Inetnren kab iuabbn ing n inetdeulidùe ka bl iloazl,
iloazl, kab tr
trnein
nein n ka lg ons. Bl
kdgaesdneas bçeal kab iuabbn kaoa fbudr kaetrn ka bl bçeal ka bl iloazl n ka bl bçeal kab trnein. r. 1 > ―
--,
gaens qua bl detaeidùe juodasa sdkn gnstrlr uel kafdedkl inetdeudklk aetra ab
x)
iuabbn y bl iloazl, yl sal gakdleta bl deibusdùe kab iuabbn, ka uel praekl ka va stdr
n iurv lekn bls bçeals.
; . ]rasaeidl ka ncns Iulbqudar
Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe
raprasaetlidùe ka uen n lg ons ncns.
1. Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 _aprasaetlidùe ka bls iacls n bls pastlüls,
pastlüls, n lg ols.
iacls n pa stl
stlüls
üls
6 . Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl ka pupdbl n drds, kdfaraeidlkns
kdfaraeidlkns kab inetnren haearlb kab
pupdbl ncn. Yd sa vae bns kns ncns, kaoae fdhurlr lgols pupdbls.
8. Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Bl kdgaesdùe jnrdznetlb kab ncn kaoa sar glynr qua bl vartdilb
vartdilb.. Yd lg ons ncns
prnpnridùe astìe raprasaetlkns, bns kns kaoae iugpbdr asta raqudsdtn. Ae kdoucns ka parfdb ka
etdfdrw ablpdB
ue hrlkn supardnr, ab ncn sa rap rnkuia ae p arspaitdvl. Ae astns ilsns, iulbqudar
iulbqudar 2Z5 I S D
fnrgl trdlehublr lprnxdglkl l astns acagpbns, sa lirakdtl.
: . Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Fraeta3 Bl gdrlkl ka lgons ncns kaoa sar avdkaeta. En puaka jloar inevarhaeidl
gdrlkl n kdvarhaeidl ka lgols pupdbls. Tnusrs A_N B .
]arfdb3 Ncns ing n ae ab puetn letardnr, n sd sa jl gletaedkn bl ffnrg
nrg l lbgaekrlkl, 2DDK
bl pupdbl kaoa astlr jlidl ab fraeta kab ncn y en ae a b iaetrn. ]u etlca astrditn.
4 . ]rasaeidl ka elrdz Iulbqudar raprasa etlidùe iblrl ka elrdz.
elrdz.
<= . Elrd
Elrdzz kn s Fraeta3 Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka bl elrdz ae kns kdgaesdneas, iulekn ab
kdgaesdneas
ly
bçtaeA
puaeta sal g ìs blrhn qua ab leijn ka bl olsa n ka bl puetl.
]arfdb3 Iulbqudar detaetn ka raprasaetlidùe, sdagpra qua bl puetl n bl olsa jlyle TBY C (v)
sdkn raprasa etlkls ka llbhuel
bhuel fnrg l. Ab kdoucn ka ue sd
sdgp
gp ba ontùe sa inesdkarl ....., , .. Z)
eahltdvn.
]A_FDB
j( B2 )
i I. Z)
<
atsfrt
,
alfd
<
<9 . Elrdz y blodns kns Asta puetn lkdidnelb sa lirakdtl sùbn sd bns çtags <= y <? sne pnsdtdvns.
kdgaesdneas
Liblrlidneas
Çtag Glkurltdvn Kasirdpidùe
hrìfdils
<<.<<- <<<<~§<&
< ;. ]rasaeidl ka Kaoa e fdhurlr lgon s ncns y bl onil y axdstdr sufdidaeta
sufdidaeta asplidn lrrdol ka bns ncns
fraeta y gaetùe ing n plrl raprasaetlr bl fraeta.
fraeta. [lgodäe kaoa axdstdr asplidn
asplidn kaolcn ka bl onil /'.¾..R ( ) x)
ingn plrl raprasaetlr bl olrodbbl.
< 1 . ]rnyaiidùe kab Ab gn kablkn kab gaetùe kaoa astlr dekdilkn
dekdilkn ka lbhuel glearl, yl sal
sal pnr uel
gaetùe iblrlgaeta bçeal iurvl kaolcn ka bl onil n kab blodn, n gakdleta bl puetl kab gaetùe dekdilkl
.3,./ . /; )
kdfaraeidlkn kab blodn pnr ue lkaiulkn gnkablgdaetn flidlb, n ue puetn n bçeal uodilkns kaolcn ka bl
defardnr onil y iaril kab bçgdta defardnr kab rnstrn.
< 6. Dekdilidùe bçeal Fraeta3 Bl bçeal ka bl g lekçoubl y bl olrodbbl trl
trlzlkl
zlkl l trlväs kab iuabbn parn en .*«... ;3<<=<-
i
ka bl glekçoubl sdhudaekn ue inetnren iulkrlkn. Ab iuabbn kaoa sar bn sufdidaetagaeta leijn y bl v)
olrodbbl astlr
astlr kdouclkl ka tl
tlbb gn kn qua bl bçeal ka bl glekçoubl fnrga ue ìehubn ; d
lhukn odae ka fdedkn
fdedkn ine bl bçeal kab iuabbn. Avlbulidùe astrditl.
]arfdb3 Bl bçeal ka bl g lekçoubl sa axtdaeka jlidl bl nracl. V.c^^ (x)
< 8. ]uaeta ka bl elrdz Fraeta3 Elrdz inrraitlgaeta uo dilkl y gnkablkl. Bl olsa ka bl elrdz kaoa lplra- [
A
.3.
ncn. V)
C.3.
I .‚
]A_FDB
L td
? ; . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka bns kakns saplrlkns ka bl g len y ab orlzn. Ae hrì-
kakns fdins ka edüns g lynras, ine taekaeidl lb onsquacn, sa lirakdtl sd axdsta lbhuel
desdeulidùe ka kakns.
―.----
Çta g Liblrlidneas
Kasirdpidùe hrìfdils
Glkurltdvn
?1 . Kakns3 eógarn Ab eógarn inrraitn kaoa no sarvlrsa
sarvlrsa ae lg ols glens sd bls kns fuarne
fuarne kdouclkls.
kdouclkls.
inrraitn Ya lirakdtl ae kdoucns-oniatns ka edüns g lynras, luequa en puakle kdstdehudrsa
kdstdehudrsa
ae fnrg l kafdedkl bns idein kakns.
?6 . Kakns3 katlbbas En sa lirakdtle hlr
hlrfdns
fdns ed plbdtns.
plbdtns. Bl bnehdtuk ka ilkl kakn kaoa suparlr entn-
inrraitns rdlgaeta lb leijn. [lg odäe sa lirakdtl iulekn pnr jlbblrsa
jlbblrsa bl g len lpratlkl,
lplraiae bns eukdbbns n plrta ka bns kakns. Ae kdoucns odae ralbdzlkns, ae bns qua
bl glen puaka lplraiar ae pa rspaitdvl,
rspaitdvl, n iulekn bns kakns sne asonzlkns, sa
lirakdtl asta çtag.
?8 . ]ubhlr ae Iblrl kdfaraeidlidùe kab pubhlr raspaitn ka bns kakns raprasaetletas. Avlbulidùe
npnsdidùe astrditl.
astrditl. Ya lirakdtl sd uen ka bns kakns bltarlbas
bltarlbas as avdkaetag aeta g ìs inrtn qua
iulbqudarl ka bns
bns ntrns, aspaidlbg
aspaidlbg aeta ing plrlkn ine ab g aüdqua, n sd ab ìehubn
ìehubn (
)
aetra asta y ab kakn çekdia en as gaenr qu a ab knoba kab tlglün kab ìehubn aetra
kns kçhdtns, n sd su puetn ka uedùe l bl g len astì gìs iaril ka bl guüail qu a ab
ka bns ntrns kakns. Bls inekdidneas kaoae iug pbdrsa ae bl blss kns glens sd lgols (x)
fuarne hrlfdil
hrlfdilkls.
kls. Bns kakns
kakns kaoae astlr ddekdil
ekdilkns.
kns. Bl glen ing n gdtùe‗ en
sa ing putl, l en sar qua bl fdhurl astä
astä iblrlgaeta vastdkl ka devdaren y uslekn
gdtneas.
?: . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe ka g len, lplrta ka bns kakns. Y d abbns sa jle raprasaetlkn,
glens kaoa quaklr ue asplidn aetra bl olsa ka astns y ab onrka ka bl glehl n puün . Yd
en jly puün ab orlzn kaoa aesleijlrsa plrl suhardr bl plbgl n ab knrsn ka bl ;a
glen ingn lbhn kdfaraeta ka bl guüail. Kaoa varsa ae lgols glens sd bls kns pu t dgd[a
jle sdkn kdouclkls.
?4 . ]rasaeidl ka Guüail n tlbùe iblrlgaeta
iblrlgaeta dekdilkns,
dekdilkns, ingn lbhn kdfaraeta
kdfaraeta ka bl g lehl n ab ple- c
gu üail n tnodbb
tnodbbnn tlbùe.
tlbùe. Qel bçeal
bçeal ltrlvaslekn
ltrlvaslekn ab gdag orn plrl dekdilr ab fdel
fdelbb ka bl g lehl n ab ihH)
pletlbùe,
pletlb ùe, l paslr ka qua sa lirakdtl ae ab çtag 11, lquç en as sufdidaeta.
sufdidaeta.
x)
9= . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl ka orlzns. Bns kakns sn bns en rasubtle sufdidaetas, parn
orlzns ab puetn sa lirakdtl sd sa
sa jl kaclkn a splidn aetra bl olsa ka bns kakns y bl plrta
kab iuarpn lb qua astìe uedkns. Ab eóg arn ka orlzns kaoa sar in rraitn, slbvn
slbvn ae
kdoucns ka parfdb.
9< . Jngorns D Fraeta3 Ilg odn ae bl kdraiidùe kab inetnren ka bl plrta supardnr kab trnein, ine
lspaitn ka ineilvdklk letas qua ka inevax dklk. Bl fnrgl abçptdil nrkdelrdl eueil
sa lirakdtl y ab puetlca as eahltdvn l en sar qua jlyl avdkaeidl ka rainenid-
g daetn kab loruptn aesleijlgdaetn kab trnein, kaolcn kab iuabbn, prnkuidkn
prnkuidkn pnr
bls iblvçiubls. Ìehubn raitn n trnein iulkrlkn en sa lirakdtle, sç sa lirakdtl sd bl -, ' c V)
lquab qua ae ab qua trnein y iloazl sa vae ka parfdb. Yd bls bçeals qua fnrgle ab
inetnren ka bl plrta supardnr kab trnein kdvarhae ae bl olsa kab iuabbn, ka g nkn
qua guastrle bl axplesdùe kab tùrlx, ab puetn sa lirakdtl.
9? . Jngorns DD Fraeta3 Bl puetulidùe
puetulidùe as g ìs astrditl
astrditl qua ae ab çtag letardnr. Bns jng orns kaoae
taear inetdeudklk ine ab iuabbn y orlzns lehublrsa y en ilar. Yd ab orlzn astì Y
;
; ;< b'm() N
sucatn
]arfdb3 lbCueturl
iuarpnkab
kaoa lplraiar
jngorn bl lxdbl. lprnxdglklgaeta inrraitl. Ab orlzn kaoa
ae pnsdidùe -,- -2; l1 r , N S N 5=
Çtag Liblrlidneas
Kasirdpidùe
Glkurltdvn hrìfdils
9; . Lrtdiublidùe inkn Kaoa prasaetlr uel deibdelidùe loruptl (en iurvl) lprnxdglklgaeta ae bl gdtlk ''2-- ..,―^
kab orlzn. Ya lirakdtl lóe ine ue orlzn, tlgodäe ine ab gnkablkn n pbdahuas ka y) ¾/ )
bl g l e h l .
N ,2)
db ‚t
aetrapdarel n bçeals detarels ka bls pdarels qua sa aeiuaetrle ae ab puetn ka uedùe ine ab .•.« Glrdl-
odfurilidùe) iuarpn. Bns edüns paquaüns haearlbgae ta uodile bls pdarels tle saplrlkls ingn LD
dd <
bas rasubta pnsdoba,
pnsdoba, astn eueil sa ingpu tl.
] a r f dbd b 3 A e a b i l s n k a u e l s n b l p d a r e l v d s ddoo b a , s a r a q u d a r a a b g n k a b l g d a e t n k a b l e l b h l .
98 . Ilkarl DD Ab çtag letardnr kaoa sar lgpbdlgaeta ingputlkn pnsdtdvn. Ab kdoucn kaoa raprn-
kuidr bl ilkarl ka uel gl earl gìs iblrl qua bn axdhdkn ae ab praiakaeta.
9: . Lrtdiublidùe Kaoa axdstdr uel fbaxdùe orusil, en iurvl, lprnxdglklgaeta ae bl gdtlk, n, inren
rnkdbbl ae bns kdoucns ka guijl ilbdklk, ue astraijlgdaetn ka bl pdarel l astl lbturl. Bns
pletlbneas j lstl bl rnkdbbl en sne sufdidaetas. Bns pbdahuas n ab sngoralkn plrl
dekdilr rnkdbbl sç sa ingputle.
h<
94 . ]das D Iulbqudar dekdilidùe ka pdas. Bns edüns paquaüns puakae dekdilr pdas uedkns l bns dz
tlbneas lb fdelb ka bl pdarel, y astn sa ingputl pnsdtdvn. <CKB
;= . ]das DD prnpnridùe ]das y pdarels raprasaetlkns ae kns kdgaesdneas. Bns pdas en kaoae taear fnrgl
ka plbn ka hnbf. Bl bnehdtuk kab pda kaoa sar glynr qua bl lbturl kaska bl pbletl P? nc v)
jlstl ab agpadea. Ab pda en kaoa sar gìs blrhn qua ue taridn n gaenr qua ue ?3
käidgn kab blrhn tntlb ka bl pdarel. [lgodäe sa lirakdtl ae bns kdoucns ka fraeta, sd
sa va ab pda ae parspaitdvl, gìs blrhn qua leijn , saplrlkn ka lbhuel gle arl kab I
rastn ka bl pdarel, en garlgaeta dekdilkn ine uel bçeal l bn leijn ka bl pdarel.
;< . ]das DDD tnodbbn Iulbqudar dekdilidùe ka tlbùe n tnodbbn. Ae kdoucns ka fraeta, ab çtag sa lirakdtl
lrodtrlrdlgaeta iulekn ab pda lplraia ingn ae bl dbustrlidùe jlodaekn lbhuel ka-
lrodtrlrdlgaeta iulekn ab pda lplraia ingn ae bl dbustrlidùe jlodaekn lbhuel ka-
T
glrilidùe aetra ab pda y bl pdarel.
pdarel. Ae bns parfdbas kaoa lplraiar ab agpadea.
;9 . ]das V katlbbas Iulbqudar katlbba ingn ue linrknel kn, blzn, tdrls, suabl ka zlpltn y/n j aodbbl.
;; . Lrtdiublidùe Lgons orlzns y lg ols pdarels uedkns lb trnein ae iulbqudar puetn, n orlzns lr-
orlzns y pdarels D tdiublkns
trnein as lb iuabbn en
ngdtdkn, n blsauedùe ka iloazl
lirakdtl. y trneinlgsdols
Yd lplraiae sa jpdarels
l ngdtdkn ab iuabbn.
y lgons Yd ab
orlzns,
bns gdagorns ka ilkl plr kaoae uedrsa ka glearl lprnxdglklgaeta sdgätrdil.
Yd sa va sùbn ue orlzn n uel pdarel, sal ae kdoucns ka fraeta n parfdb, sa puaka
inesdkarlr pnsdtdvn ae olsa lb gdagorn qua sa va. Orlzns ue dkns l pdarels sa
ingputl eahltdvn.
,?8<=X.D.VL[araXdbf
GlkÇtag
u rltdvn
^ ^^^..
..^..
^.. Liblrlidneas
. <-- hrìfdils
;1 . Lrtdiublidùe ]darels y orlzns uedkns lb trnein ae a b puetn inrraitn. E n sa lirakdtl sd bl lrtd-
lrtd-
o r l z n s y p ddaa r e l s DDD D iublidùe kab orlzn niupl uel gdtlk n gìs kab ìral kab tùrlx (iuabbn l ideturl).
Iulekn en jly iuabbn, bns orlzns kaoae astlr iblrlgaeta uedkns l bl plrta supa-
rdnr kab trnein.
Fraeta3 sd ab çtag 9< fua pnsdtdvn, bl lrtdiublidùe kaoa uodilrsa ae bns jngorns.
Yd ab 9< fua eahltdvn, bl lrtdiublidùe kaoa jlbblrsa ae ab buhlr qua bns jngorns
kaodarle niuplr. Ab iùg putn kaoa sar astrditn.
astrditn.
]arfdb3 As eahltdvn sd bls bçeals kab orlzn sa a xtdaekae l plrtdr kab inetnren ka bl
asplbkl n sd ab puetn ka inetlitn lbilezl bl olsa kab iuabbn, n ila kaolcn ka bl
plrta gìs leijl ka bl bçeal kab tùrlx.
;6 . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe iblrl ka trnein, ae uel n kns kdgaesdneas. Yd en jly
trnein kdfaraeidlidùe
kdfaraeidlidùe iblrl aetra iloazl y trnein, parn bls fliidneas lplraiae ae ab ax -
tragn supardnr ka uel fdhurl sdgpba, ab çtag
çtag sa ineiaka sd bls fliidneas en niu-
ple g ìs ka bl g dtlk ka bl bnehdtuk ka bl fdhurl0 sd en, ab puetlca as eahltdvn, l
en sar qua sa jlyl kdouclkn uel bçeal ltrlvaslkl plrl dekdilr
dekdilr bl targdelidùe ka
bl iloazl. Qel sdg pba fdhurl uodilkl aetra bl iloa zl y bls pdarels sa inesdkarl
sdagpra trnein, luequa su tlglün y kdsaün suhdarle
suhdarle g ìs iuabbn qua ue trnein.
Qel bçeal ka ontneas qua sa ax tdaekl aetra bl
blss pdarels, as eahltdvn ing n trnein
parn pnsdtdvn ingn vastdgaetl.
; 8. [rnein ae [rnein gìs blrhn qua leijn. Yd bls gakdkls sne dhulbas n bl kdfaraeidl as gç-
prnpnridùe kns edgl, ab puetlca as eahltdvn.
kdgaesdneas
; :. ] r n p n r i d ù e Ìral ka bl iloazl en glynr qua bl gdtlk ed gaenr qua ue käidgn kab trnein.
iloazlb Iùgputn en astrditn. n
N N
=
K
n
;4 . ] r n p n r i d ù e Iloazl ilsd dhulb l ue iulrtn kab ìral kab trnein. Iùgputn astrditn. Iulekn bl
iloazl DD odfurilidùe en as vdsdoba, ingn ae lbhuens parfdbas, ssaa inesdkarl ab ideturùe n bl
ideturl ingn bns kns taridns ka bl bnehdtuk tntlb kab trnein.
--- -
1= . ]rnpnridùe ilrl Fraeta3 Bnehdtuk ka bl iloazl glynr qua su leijn. Ka oa ax jdodr fnrgl haearlb-
gaeta nvlblkl.
nvlblkl.
]arfdb3 Iloazl lblrhlkl ka glearl kafdedkl. Ilrl gìs blrhl qua bl iópubl kab
irìean.
1< . ] r n p n r i d ù e Orlzns lb gaens tle blrhns ing n ab trnein. Bl puetl ka bl g len kaoa bbahlr jlstl
orlzns bl gdtlk ka bl ilkarl parn en jlstl bl rnkdbbl.
rnkdbbl. Bls glens en kaoae ax taekarsa
eaiaslrdlga
eaiaslrdl ga eta jlstl n pnr kaolcn ka bl odfurilid
odfurilidùe,
ùe, aspaidlbgaeta sd bls pdarels
sne inrtls. Ae kdoucns ka fraeta, bls kns glens kaoa e axtaekarsa dhulb. Ya lira-
kdtl pnr bnehdtukas rabltdvls, en pnr p nsdidùe ka bns orlzns.
1? . ] r n p n r i d ù e Orlzns ine fnrgl pdrlgdklb3 letaorlzn gìs lehnstn qua bl pnridùe supardnr. Iulb-
orlzns DD qudar taetltdvl ka astraijlr ab letaorlzn ae bl guüail sa lirakdtl. Yd bns kns
orlzns sne vdsdobas, ab lijdilgdaetn kaoa astlr ae bns kns.
19 . ] r n p n r i d ù e Blrhn ka bls pdarels en defardnr l bl ga kdkl vartdilb kab ttrnein,
rnein, ed g lynr qua ab
pdarels knoba ka bl gdsgl. Leijn ka ilkl pdarel
pdarel gaenr qua a b kab trnein.
trnein.
1; . ] r n p n r i d ù e Gdagorns ae kns kdgaesdneas. Yd lgons plras fdhurle ka astl glearl, ab puetn
g dagorns kns sa lirakdtl luequa bls glens n bns pdas sale bdealbas.
kdgaesdneas
Çta
Çta g • iblrlidneas
as rd dùe
glltdrltdvn hrltdils
...<.- •
1 1 . Vastdgaetl D Iulbqudar dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe iblrl ka vastdgaetl, luequa sal uel snbl. Bls fnrg ls gìs
prdg lrdls ka raprasaetlidùe inesdstae ae uel jdbarl
jdbarl ka ontnea s n ue sng orarn,
y astn sa ing putl pnsdtdvn luequa sal sùbn asl bbll vastdgaetl raprasaetlkl. Qe
sdgpba puetn n içriubn
içriubn uodilkn ae ab iaetrn kab trnein suaba raprasaetlr ab ng obdhn
y en sa ing putl. Yardas ka bçeals vartdilbas
vartdilbas u jnrdznetlbas trlzlkls
trlzlkls ae ab trnein
suabae dekdilr rnpls y pnr bn gdsg n sa ing putl, lb dhulb
dhulb qua dekdilidneas ka onb-
sdbbn y fdelb ka glehl.
16 . Vastdgaetl DD Lb g aens kns praekls, sde trlesplraeidls,
trlesplraeidls, niubtlekn
niubtlekn bl plrta kab iuarpn qu a sa
supnea iuorae. Qe sng orarn qua astì garlg aeta ae inetlitn
inetlitn ine bbll plrta ssupa-
upa-
rdnr ka bl iloazl parn en iuora edehuel plrta ka abbl
abbl en sa ing putl. [lgpnin sa
lirakdtle ontneas snbns sde edehuel ntrl dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe ka rnpl. Kns ka bns sdhudaetas
puetns kaoae a stlr plrl inesdkarlr
inesdkarlr slin3 glehls, iuabbn n bçeal ka iuabbn, ontn-
eas n on bsdbbns.
bsdbbns. ]lrl pletlbùe3 ideturùe, pbdahuas, onbsdbbns, ontlglehl n iulbqudar
saplrlidùe kab pda n pdarel ka bl olsa kab pletlbùe.
pletlbùe. Ab pda ing n axtaesdùe ka bl
pdarel en sa lirakdtl iulekn uel bçeal trlzlkl l bn leijn ka bl pdarel as bl óedil
glearl ka dekdilr bl saplrlidùe kab pda y bl pdarel.
18 . Vastdgaetl DDD Kdoucn sde trlesplraeidls ka edehuel iblsa. Glehls y pletlbneas kaoae fdhurlr,
kdfaraeidlkns ka guüails y g lens y ka pdarels y pdas.
1: . Vastdgae tl DV Lb gaens ; praekls odae dekdilkls ingpraekdkls aetra bls sdhudaetas3 sngorarn,
zlpltns, slin, ilg dsl, iuabbn, inroltl, ideturùe, pletlbneas, ijlquatl, ilg dsl,
rnpl ka trlolcn, gakdls. Bns zlpltns kaoae taear lbhóe katlbba, ab tlin snbn en
as sufdidaeta. Bns pletlbneas kaoae taear vuabn n pbdahuas, onbsdbbn n ontlglehl.
[nodbbn snbn en as sufdidaeta. Ab slin n ilg dsl kaoae taear iuabbn, glehls, onb-
sdbbns,
sdbbns, snblpls n lbhóe sng oralkn, ontneas snbns en sne sufdidaet
sufdidaetas.
as. A b iuabbn en
kaoa inefuekdrsa ine ab pasiuazn. Bn s pletlbneas
pletlbneas kaoae taear pbdahuas n vuabns,
onbsdbbns y/n ontlglehl.
14 . Vastdgaetl V Dekuginwony,
klkn, aetlrdl ing pbatl
ati.). sdejloar
Kaoa deinehruaeidls. ]uaka sar plrl
gìs qua bn eaiaslrdn uel vastdg
iugpbdraetl
ine tdpn (snb-
ab irdtardn
kab çtag 1:.
6=. ] arfdb D Iloazl, trnein y pdas vdstns ka parfdb sde arrnras. Ab trnein en sa inesdkarl ka parfdb
l en sar qua bl ilrlitarçstdil bçeal ka ontneas sa jlyl gnvdkn kab iaetrn lb instlkn
ka bl fdhurl, u ntrl dekdilidùe, ingn bl pnsdidùe ka bns orlzns, onbsdbbns, eukn ka
inroltl, guastrae iblrlgaeta
iblrlgaeta astì pnsdidùe.
pnsdidùe. Ab kdoucn tntlb puaka g nstrlr sùbn
sùbn uen
ka bns sdhudaetas arrnras3 < ) uel trlesplraeidl kab iuarpn0 ?) pdarels en ka p arfdb0 9)
orlzns lrtdiublkns lb inetnren ka bl asplbkl y axtaekdäeknsa jlidl lkableta.
6<. ] a r f d b D D Bl fdhurl kaoa sar vdstl ka frlein parfdb, sde arrnras ed trlesplraeidls.
6?. F r a e t a Deibuya ab parfdb plridlb iulekn sa jl detaetlkn ralbdzlr bl fdhurl ae parspaitdvl.
[nkls bls prdeidplbas plrtas kab iuarpn ae su uodilidùe lkaiulkl y lprnpdlklga eta
uedkls, axiaptn sd astìe tlplkls pnr bl parspa itdvl n bl vastdgaetl. Çtag s asaeidl-
bas3 pdarels, orlzns, ncns, elrdz, onil, nra cls, iuabbn, trnein, glen s y pdas. Bls plr-
tas kaoae hrlfdilrsa
hrlfdilrsa ae kns kdgaesdneas. Bns pdas puakae astlr ae parspaitdvl parn
en ka parfdb, l gaen s qua astäe kdouclkns jlidl lfuarl ae kdraiidneas npu astls.
Ydhens iulbdtltdvns
Katlbbas aspaidlbas
* Astukdn ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pnr Ordzzdn,
Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buij attd
attd y Ytnvar (?=<;), snora bns 9= çtags a gni dnelbas nrdhdelbas
nrdhdelbas prnpuastns
pnr @nppdtz
@nppdtz (<46:), ae Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ineurolen on elaraesa.
Ngdsdneas
< 1. Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns3 lusaeidl tntlb ka ncns, ncns iarrlkns n vliçns en sa i ng putle.
<6. N gd sd
sdù e k a bl el rdz (l plrtdr ka bns 4 lüns).
el rd
< 8. Ngdsdùe ka bl onil.
< :. Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn.
< 4. Ngdsdùe ka bns orlzns.
?=. N gd sd
sdù e ka
ka bbl
l s pd
pda re
re ls.
ls.
? <. Ngdsdùe ka bns pdas.
??. N gd sd
sdù e k ab abbn (l plrtdr ka bns : lüns).
ab iu ab
LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) 81
Leaxn K. Detarprat
Det arpratlidùe
lidùe ka bns Dekdilk
Dekd ilk nras
Agnidnelbas'
.., ^
Dekdilknr L plrtdr ka
]rasaeta ae... Ya puaka lsnidlr ine...
Agnidnelb bns...
ka bls plrtas ka bl
fdhurl tas ibçedins,
ka prdgar edünslbugens
hrlkn, lhrasdvns,
ka glbns
hrlknslbugens
aspa- tahrlidùe, dgpubsdvdklk,
avnbutdvn, katardnrn deglkuraz,
eaurnbùhdin ratrlsn
n rahrasdùe
içlbas y edüns basdnelkns iaraorlbas. pnr parturolidùe agnidnelb.
Yngoralkn ka bls [nkls bls aklkas ...edüns tçgdkns
tçgdkns y edüns lhrasdvns0 ae p l- ...lesdaklk pnr lbhuel litdvdklk ralb n fle-
glens y/n iuabbn idaetas ibçedins
ibçedins y a e edüns ine letaiakaetas tlsalkl ae bl qua detarvdaeae bls glens.
ka rnon.
]rneueidlkl 8 lüns ...edüns lhrasdvns, plidaetas ibçedins, ...glbl innrkdelidùe, tnrpazl fçsdil n inefu-
lsdgatrçl
lsdgatrçl ka bls lbugens ka hrlkns aspaidlbas y edüns sdùe ae ab prakng dedn bltarlb.
bltarlb.
axtragdklkas ine kdsfueidneas eaurnbùhdils (n ine
saetdgdaetn ka gdeusvlbçl kaodkn l bl
kdsfueidùe).
Deibdelidùe ka bl [nkls bls aklkas ...edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil, lbug- ...deastlodbdklk y flbtl ka aqudbdordn ae haea-
fdhurl ae <1 hrlkns ens ka iblsas aspaidlbas, glbns lbug ens, rlb (ilraeidl ka olsa fdrga ).
n gìs edüns tçgdkns, edüns ine aefarg aklkas
psdinsngìtdils, edüns lhrasdvns y plidaetas
ibçedins.
Fdhurl paquaül, ka : lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, lbugen s ka iblsas ...desahurdklk axtragl, ratrldgdaetn y
; ig n gaens ka aspaidlbas y edüns tçgdkns. kaprasdùe, saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe,
lbturl dejdodidùe
dejdodidùe yndil y pran iuplidùe pnr bls rabl-
idneas ine ab lg odaeta.
[rlesplraeidl [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y ine kdsfueidùe eaurn- ...dgpubsdvdklk, deglkuraz y inekuitls li-
bùhdil00 ae edüns ine letaiakaetas ka rnon y
bùhdil tulknrls. Yd bl trlesplraeidl as ae uel znel
ine lhrasdvdklk g ledfdastl.
ledfdastl. plrtdiublr, puaka dekdilr lesdaklk, gdakn n
inefbditn rafardkns l bl plrta trlesplraetlkl.
Kdaetas [nkls bls aklkas ...hrupns ka edüns lklptlkns
lklptlkns y en lklptl
lklptl-- ...en sa bn puaka inesdkarlr ingn sdhen ka
kns. En sa nosarvlrne kdaetas ae ab hrupn
hrupn psdinpltnbnhçl pnr en sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvdklk.
dvdklk. ]nkrçl
ka edüns tçgdkns. sar ue sdhen ka lhrasdvdklk y en snbn nrlb.
Ka tnkns g nkns, en eaiaslrdlgaeta as uel
gledfastlidùe parcukdidlb.
Orlzns blrhns, qua [nkls bls aklkas ...gìs fraiuaeta ae ab hrupn ibçed
ibçedin.
in. [lg- ...rafbacn ka uel deibusdùe lhrasdvl ae ab
pnkrçle bbahlr jlstl odäe ae edüns lhrasdvns. lgo daeta, eaiasdklkas lhrasdvls kdrdhdkls
kaolcn ka bl bçeal jlidl lfuarl.
ka bls rnkdbbls
Glens hrlekas, kab [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, lbugens ka iblsas ...inekuitls lhrasdvls y litulknrls, ine
tlglün ka bl ilrl aspaidlbas y sucatns ine letaiakaetas ka devnbuirlidùe n en ka glens.
rnon n lhrasdvns.
lhrasdvns.
Glens ngdtdkls 8 lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, ine kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eau- ...saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe n ka iubpl,
...saetdgdaetns
orlzns sde glens ed rnbùhdil, y lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. lsç ingn lesdaklk n praniuplidùe.
kakns [lgodäe ae edüns qua rno lole y plidaetas
psdinsngìtdins.
Dekdilknr L plrtdr ka
]rasaeta ae... Ya puaka lsnidlr ine...
Agnidnelb bns...
Haedtlbas [nkls bls aklkas ...g uy olcl fraiuaeidl ka niurraeidl ae ...taesdùe, pnsdoba detaetn ka inetrnblr dg-
haearlb. Ine p rasaeidl ae plidaetas ibçed- pubsns saxulbas
saxulbas n tagnr ka sufrdr ue ltlqua
ins ine savarl parturo lidùe y gledfdastl saxulb.
lhrasdvdklk.
Fdhurl g nestrunsl
nestrunsl [nkls bls aklkas ...pli daetas ibçedins, lbug ens ka iblsas ...saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe y lutnas-
n hrntasil aspaidlbas
aspaidlbas y glbns lbugens. tdgl axiasdvlgaeta olcl. ]uaka avdkaeid
avdkaeidlr
lr
rafbacn ka kasp raidn y jnstdbdkl
jnstdbdklkk jlidl sç
gdsgn.
Kdoucn aspnetìean [nkls bls aklkas ...g ìs fraiuaeta
fraiuaeta ae g lbns lbugens
lbugens y lbug- ...olcn raekdgdaetn asinblr. ]uaka rablidn-
rablidn-
ka tras n gìs ens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. Ae sucatns ine elrsa ine ilraeidls lfaitdvls kurleta su
fdhurls kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil n ine bdgdtlkl lptdtuk irdlezl.
detabaitulb n kaprdvlidùe iubturlb.
Fdhurl detarrugpdkl [nkls bls aklkas ...lrrncl avdkaeidls inetrlkditnrdls. @npp dtz ...dgpubsdvdklk vdeiublkl ine pnora il-
pnr ab onrka ka bl pnea ae kukl su detarpratlidùe. plidklk plrl pbledfdilr jlstl saetdgdaetn
saetdgdaetn
jncl ka ilraeidl ka lpnyn y ka o lsa ae bl qua
snstaearsa.
Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns [nkls bls aklkas ...ka niurraeidl deusulb parn kaoa sar ltae- ...ldsblgdaetn snidlb, taekaeidl l bl eahl-
kdkl ingn sdhen ka rabavleidl ibçedil.
ibçedil. Ya idùe ka bns prnobagls, raijlzn pnr ab ae-
aeinetrù ae plidaetas ibçedins en lhrasdvns. fraetlgdaetn
fraetl gdaetn ine a b guekn y asilpa jlidl
bl vdkl ka fletlsçl.
Ngdsdùe ka bl elrdz 4 lüns ...edüns tçgdkns, ine aefargaklkas psdin- ...inekuitl tçgdkl y ratrlçkl, lsç ingn ine
sng ìtdils,
ìtdils, lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas
aspaidlbas y flbtl ka lhrasdvdklk gledfdastl. Axprasl
plidaetas ibçedins. saetdgdaetns ka dekafaesdùe, deilplidklk ka
prnhrasn y, nilsdnelbgaeta, lehustdl pnr ab
iuarpn y iubpl p nr bl g lsturolidùe.
lsturolidùe.
Ng dsdù
dsdùee ka onil [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y psdinsngìtdins, ...desahurdklk, ratrldgdaetn, lehustdl, rasds-
glbns lbugens y lbugens ka iblsas aspa- taeidl plsdvl a deilplidklk n raijlzn jlidl
idlbas. As ibçedilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvl.
sdhedfdiltdvl. bl inguedilidùe detarparsnelb.
Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins, edüns ine letaiakae- ...kdsilplidklk detabaitulb, basdùe iaraorlb,
tas ka rnon, edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbù- deglkuraz hrlva pnr ratrlsn avnbutdvn n par-
hdil y lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. turolidùe agnidnelb lhukl vdeiublkl l hrle
lesdaklk pnr ab iuarpn.
Ngdsdùe ka bns [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins, lbugens gakdniras ...lesdaklk y iubpl pnr inekuitls snidlb-
orlzns y ka iblsas aspaidlbas. [lgodäe ae edüns gaeta deliaptlobas
deliaptlobas qua dgpbdile ab usn ka
lhrasdvns n ine jdstnrdls ka rnons. glens y orlzns.
Ng dsdù
dsdùee ka bls [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas
...plidaetas ibçe
ibçedins
dins y lbugens gakdniras ...detaesl lehustdl a desahurdklk.
pdarels parn ka lplrdidùe deusulb.
Ng dsdùe ka bns pdas [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y sucatns tçgdkns. ...saetdgdaetn ka desahurdklk y kasvlbd-
gdaetn.
Ngdsdùe kab iuabbn : lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins, edüns ine kdsfueidùe ...deglkuraz, dgpubsdvdklk a delkaiulkns
eaurnbùhdil y sucatns ine letaiakaetas ka inetrnbas detarens.
rnon.
Leaxn A. Olrag n ka Çtag
Çtag s Glkurltdvns
Glkurltdvns kab KF J
plrl ab Ìral G atrnpnbdt
atrnpnbdtlel
lel ka O uae ns Ldras*
Guastrl
4= ?1 9= 9; 9: ;; ;4 1= 1; 4=
:1 ?9 9? 96 ;? ;6 ;4 19 :1 Yupardnr lb
?:
:= ?< 9< 91 ;= ;9 ;8 1< := t ä rrg
g d e n g a k dn
dn
81 <4 ?6 9= 9; 94 ;? ;6 ;: 81
8= <: ?: 99 9: ;= ;1 ;6 8=
?;
61 <8 ?8 9? 98 94 ;; ;1 61
6= <8 ?9 ?6 9< 96 9: ;9 ;9 6=
11 <6 9= 91 96 ;? ;< 11
?; ?1
1= <1 ?4 9; 9; ;= ;= 1= [ärgden gakdn
;1 <1 ?= ?; ?: 99 99 94 94 ;1
;= <; ?8 9? 9? 98 98 ;=
?9
91 <9 <4 ?6 9< 9< 96 9; 91
9= <9 <8 ?1 ?: 9= 91 9? 9=
?<
?1 <9 ?; ?8 ?: 9; 9< ?1
* Astukdn ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pn r Ilrrarls, Qrdab,
Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìekaz, Lia olb y Fareìeka z Bdpnrlia, ?=<<, snora bl l klptl-
idùe Ilsubbn
Ilsubbn (<4::) ka bl varsdùe ka H nnkaenuh j, <4?60 Jlrrds, <469.
6. Ab
A b [ast
[a st H ua
uast
stìb
ìbtt d in Vd
V d sng ntnr ka
Oaekar
Oae kar ae edüns
ed üns
Glrçrçll Lbaclekrl Ilrrarls
Gl
bdzlkl
bd(@nppdt
zlkl ae
(@nppdtz, z, e<469,
düns ae aklkGnha
<4440 praab-Leij
sinblradtl,
adty l,kurleta sus ded
dedidns
_lg çraz-Yd idns Ilstabblens-]ä
çraz-Ydolcl,
olcl, ae bns lens-]ä
Ilstabb trlyaitns
trlyaitnsraz
lilk äg dins
y Nrnzin-
Hù ga z, ?==:0 [lonrkl, ?==?).
?==?).
Inesdsta ae raprasaetlr, l trlväs ka bl inpdl hrìfdil ka euava fdhurls, gnkabns
ag pbalkns pnr X artjadg ar (<4?9) ine ab prnpùsdtn ka vardfdilr
vardfdilr prdeidpdns
prdeidpdns ka bl tanrçl
tanrçl
ka bl ouael fnrgl.
As ue tast vdsngntnr ae saetdkn praidsn, yl qua bns astçgubns astìe l bl vdstl y
kaoa e raprnkuidrsa hrìfdilga eta ka bl
bl ga cnr gl earl pnsdoba. Bns gnk abns sne fdhu-
fdhu-
< :? . L. IL__A_LY
<. BL ] _
_QQAOL
Ya trltl ka uel pruao l hrìfdil, en varolb, qqua
ua tdaea ing n nocatdvn bl
bl inpdl bn gìs
fdkakdhel pnsdoba ka fdhurls hangätrdils ine fnrgls parfaitls, sde arrnras lplrae-
tas. As uel asi lbl qua raqudara ka u el lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb y en tdaea
tdaea bçgdta ka
tdag
tdag pn plrl su acaiuidùe.
As tlg odäe ue tast ka detahrlidùe vdsn-gn trd
trdz.
z. Ab ineia ptn ka det
detahrli
ahrli dùe rafdara
l ue prniasn ingpbacn qua lrtdiubl bl pariapidùe vdsulb ine bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz.
Asta ga iledsg n astì katargdelkn pnr prdeid
prdeidpdns
pdns odnbùhdins
odnbùhdins qua vlrçle ae fueidùe kab
edvab ka kaslrrnbbn y ka bl
bl g lkurlidùe, lsç ing n kab astlkn pltnbùhdin n fueidnel b ka
ilkl parsnel.
Bl pariapi dùe vdsulb -aetaekdkl ing n bl det
detarpratlidùe
arpratlidùe ka bn qua sa va- kapaeka
tletn ka bl glkurlidùe ingn ka bls axpardaeidls kab edün, y pnr abbn, bl pnsdodbdklk
ka paridodr en sdhedfdil
sdhedfdil eaiaslrdlgaeta qua pn saarì bl ilplidklk plrl in pdlrpdlr.. ]lrl
acaiutlr astl liidùe tdaea qua bnhrlr trlkuidr bn
bn qua pa ridoa ae uel l itdvdklk
itdvdklk g ntrd
ntrdz,
z,
trlsplsìeknbn lb plpab. ]nr inesdhudaeta, bls kdfdiubtlkas ae bl inpdl ka bls fdhurls
puakae sar kao dkls l deglkuraz n l ue kafdid kafdidtlr
tlrdn
dn fueidnelgdaetn ka bl pariapidùe
vdsulb,, ka bl innrkdelidùe g ntrd
vdsulb ntrdzz n k a bl detahrlid
detahrlidùe
ùe ae tra
tra lg ols.
Astl pruaol puaka sar utdbdzlkl ae edüns aetra bns 1 y bns <? lüns ka aklk ine
ab fde ka avlbulr bl glkuraz vdsng ntrd ntrdz.
z. Qel v az qua astl j lodbdklk
lodbdklk j l sdkn lkqudrd
lkqudrdkl
kl
y kaslrrnbblkl j lstl idart
idartnn tnpa dekdvdkulb,
dekdvdkulb, sustaetlkl
sustaetlkl ae u el olsa nrhì edil fueidn-
elb, kacl ka taear
taear fuek lg aetn utdbdzlrb
utdbdzlrbll ine ab nocatn ka pnekarl r asl ilplidklk ae
plrtdiublr. Ae bns hrupns ka akl kas g ìs lvle zlkls -lk nbasiaetas y lkubtns- ab tast
tdaea
tdaea in g n fdelbdklk
fdelbdklk av lbulr lspaitns psdinpltnbùhdins ka bl parsnelbdklk, iulkrns
ka nrhledidklk y ine kdidkdidneas
neas plrt
plrtdiub
diublras
lras tlbas ing n bls vdeiublkls l lkdiidneas, apd-
apd-
bapsdls
bapsd ls y lbhuels k dfdiubt
dfdiubtlkas
lkas ka tdpn eaurnbùhdin. Yu utdbdutdbdklk
klk ae a stns hrupns tlgodäe
rasdka ae railolr dekdilknras prnyaitdvns
prnyaitdvns y/n ag nidnelbas.
< :; . L. IL__A_LY
- ]ruaol hrìfdil.
hrìfdil.
- Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb.
- Yde bçgdta
bçgdta ka tdagpn plrl bl acaiui dùe.
- bns 1 y bns <? lüns ka aklk.
Kastdelkl l edüns ae tra bns
- Gltardlbas3
hng l ka on euava tlrcatls,
rrlr y ue irneùgj ncls
atrn obleils
rabnc. (tlgl üns nfdidn n ilrtl), ue bìpdz eahrn,
n rabnc.
- Dgpnrtleidl ka rahdstrlr
rahdstrlr bl ineku itl kab edün kurleta bl pruaol.
- Inetlodbdzlr ab tdagpn kaska qua sa ba aetrahl bl prdgarl tlrcatl jlstl qua ab
edün kavuabva bl óbtdgl
óbtdgl kle kn iblrl saülb ka j loar ineibudkn ine bl tlral.
9. AVLBQLIDÙE KA BL ]_QAOL
lkubtns luequa, pnr supuastn, sdagpra inetag pblekn bls slbvaklkas kab ilsn klkls
pnr bls rastrdiidneas glkurltdvls.
Yd odae Oae kar saetù bls olsa s plrl lg ons tdpns ka le ìbdsds,
ìbdsds, psdingätrdin
psdingätrdin y prn-
yaitdvn, su nocatdvn dedidlb fua inestrudr ue tast purlgaeta ibçedin y ae asl gatl en
bnhrù ue astrditn
astrditn trltlgdaetn astlkçstdin
astlkçstdin kab edvab ka glk uraz. Fn rgu bù bls enrgls plrl
inrrahdr ilkl uel ka bls inpdls parn en inesdhudù notaear ue sdstagl ka iùgputn
fdelb uedtlrdn
uedtlrdn y rdhurnsn kab raekdgdaetn a e bls j lodbd
lodbdklkas
klkas ka det
detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe saesn rdlb
rdlb y
gntnrl. Ab prnpùsdtn nrdhdelb kab tast en fua ab qua jl dkn inesnbdkìeknsa l bn blrhn
ka tletns lüns ka lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe ka bl pruaol ae bns kdfaraetas ìgodtns. Blurattl
Blurattl Oae kar,
dedidlbg
dedidlb g aeta, sa prnpusn klr l inen iar bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns ka sus astukdns snora bl pariap-
idùe, sdesde detaraslrsa
detaraslrsa pnr ab destrug
destrug aetn ae sç g dsgn. I ng n plrta ka sus devastdhlidn-
eas bnhrù ing uedilr uel astleklrdzlidùe ka bl avlbulidùe ka bl fue idùe huastìbtdil
huastìbtdil ae
pnoblidùe defletdb. Yde agol rhn, su det detaeidùe
aeidùe en a rl iug pbdr ine bls axdhaeidls täiedils
ka bns destrug
destrug aetns ka g akdidùe psd
psdinbùhdil
inbùhdil tlb ingn sne raquardkns ae bl litulbdklk.
litulbdklk.
Buahn ka idg aetlkn a b nocatdvn
nocatdvn psdingätrdin
psdingätrdin ka bl pruaol, vlrd
vlrdns
ns devastdhlknras
devastdhlknras
jle detaetlkn lpnrtlr rdhurnsdklk l bl avlbulidùe prnpuastl ae ue prdgar gngaetn
(Odbbdbdehsbal,
(Odb ehsbal, <4; :0 ]lsilb y Yuttabb,
Yuttabb, <41<0 Yle tuiid y Hlbdfrat-Hrlecne, <41? ). Yde ag -
olrhn, fua @n ppdtz
ppdtz (<469) qudae kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbùù ue sdstagl avnbutdvn ka ilbdfdilidùe
ilbdfdilidùe qua j l
axtaekdkn
axtaekd kn su usn l trlväs
trlväs ka bns lüns y ae kdvarsns
kdvarsns puetns hanhrìfdins. Inesdsta
Inesdsta ae
9= pnsdobas arrnras
arrnras kdsiratns, puetulkns i ulekn astìe prasaetas ae bls raprnkuiidn-
eas ka e düns aetr
aetraa bns 1 y bns
bns <? lüns ka aklk , lsd
lsdhelek
helek n ue pu etn l ilkl a rrnr
rrnr ae
bl inpdl ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka abbl plrl, fdelbga
fdelbga eta, pnr sugltnrdl notaear ue pue tlca
tlca
orutn, y su eai aslrdl trtrlesfnrg
lesfnrg lidùe l puetlcas pariaetdb
pariaetdblras
lras plrl v nbvarbn
nbvarbn detarprat
detarpratl-
l-
oba Ing
ae ing
n saplrlidùe
letdid inepravdlga
letdidplrl
plrl ab hrupneta,
ka rafaraeidl.
Oaekar (<411, ?=<<) inesdkarù qua bls kdfdiubtl-
kdfdiubtl-
kas ae bl inpdl ka blsbls fdhurls puakae kaoarsa l deglkuraz n l ue g lb fueidnelgdaetn
ka bl pariapidùe vdsulb, ka bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz n ka bl detahrlidùe aetra lgols.
Ilkl u en ka bns çtçtag
ag s qua sa puetóle ingn a rr rrnras
nras inrr
inrraspneka
aspneka e l uel ka iultrn
iltahnrçls3 kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl, rntlidùe, detahrlidùe ka bls plrtas y parsavarlidùe.
Bls flbbls ka kdstnrsdùe sne inesdkarlkls pnsdtdvls
pnsdtdvls iulekn sa j le ng dtdkn
dtdkn n gn-
kdfdilkn plrtas fueklg aetlbas (kasprnpnridùe aetra bls plrt plrtas,
as, iletdklk deinrraitl ka
puetns, kastruiidùe
kastruiidùe ka bl fnrgl kab kdoucn, bçeals
bçeals ae buhlr ka puetns, flbt
flbtll ka detahrl-
idùe ka bls plrtas) kab gnk abn nrdhdelb y sa j l parkdkn bl inefdhu rlidùe kab astçgubn,
as kaidr, iulekn bl huastlbt kacl ka sar axlitlgaeta bl qua arl sahóe ab astçgubn
prasaetlkn ae il kl tlrc
tlrcatl
atl y plsl l sar ntrl huastlbt, lue bdharlga eta kdstdetl.
kdstdetl.
Bns arrnras ka rntlidùe lkqu darae vlbnr iul ekn bl tlrcatl astç
astçgg ubn as rntlkl ;1½
n gìs n iulekn ab kdoucn fdelb, n plrta ka äb, jl quaklkn hdrlkn ae asl gdsgl le-
hublidùe ine raspaitn lb gnkabn nrdhdelb. En sa ingputle bls rntlidneas ka bl jncl
g daetr
daetrls
ls ab edün acaiutl bl tlral. Lquç sa lkvdarta, uel v az g ìs, bbll eaia sdklk ka ue l
inestleta nosarvlidùe kab ing pnrtlgdaetn kab edün ae bl lkg deds dedstrtrlidùe
lidùe plrl kdfarae-
idlr uel rntlidùe puetuloba ka ntrl en pu etuloba.
Bns ka detahrlidùe sa ing putle iulekn bns pltrneas huastìbtd
huastìbtdins
ins astìe inefnrg l-
kns pnr kns plrtas n huastlbts
huastlbts g aenras y ae bl inpd
inpdll sa raprnkuiae ka g learls supar-
puastls n kag lsdlkn lbaclkls. As kaidr, bl bl detahrlid
detahrlidùe
ùe k a kns huastlbts
huastlbts gìs sdgpbas ae
uel g ìs ingpbacl en jl sdkn bnhrlkl tlb ing n sa j loçl gnstrlkn ae ab ast astçgubn.
çgubn.
Bns ka parsavarlidùe sa prnkuiae iul ekn en pua ka dej dodrsa dodrsa ab ddg
g pubsn earvdnsn
qua parg dtl
dtl iubgdelr bl tlral g ntnrl y ab kdouc
kdoucnn en sa det
detarrugpa.
arrugpa.
< :6 . L. IL__A_LY
- Yug ltnrdl
ltnrdl ka tnkns bns puetns plrl bl notaeidùe ka ue pue tlca orutn, irukn n kdraitn.
- ]nsdodbd
]nsdodbdklk
klk ka ing plrlr ab edvab ka g lkurlidùe vdsngntnrl dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
rafaraeidl.
- Bns arrnras ae bls inpdls sne kaodkns l degl kuraz n g lb fueidnelgdaetn ae bl pariapidùe vdsulb,
ae bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz n ae bl detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe aetra lgols.
pruaol
pnr fdhurlingn sa j l aeueidlkn
inetagpblekn ae pnsdobas
bls flbbls bns pìrrlfns
pnsd praiakaetas.
praiakaetas.
obas ae ilkl uel. Ast
Astll tlral sa j lrì fdhurl
fdhurl
Ab vlbnr ka puetulidùe as = (iarn) n < (uen) plrl i lkl pn sdoba sdoba arrnr kasirdptn. Ya
lsdhel ab vlbnr N lb lidartn
lidartn n l usaeidl ka a rrnr ae bl inpd
inpdll y < l bl prasaeidl ka arrnr.
Ab rlehn ka puetulidùe sarì, aetneias,
aetneias, aetra N (inpdl parfaitl, g lynr edvab ka gl ku-
rlidùe ae bns prniasns pariaptdvns-gntnras) y 9= (iletdklk(iletdklk g ìxdgl ka arrnras pntae-
idlbas,
idlb as, gae nr edvab ka g lkurlidùe).
Ae a b Leaxn L sa aeug arle y kasirdoae bns arrnras
arrnras pnsdobas
pnsdobas plrl ilkl uen ka bns
gn kabns. Bl prdgarl inbug el, j lidl bl dz dzqudarkl,
qudarkl, pprasaetl
rasaetl bns gnkabns nrdhdelbas
nrdhdelbas qua
ab edün kaoarì inpdlr y bl sahuekl, bl kasirdpidùe
kasirdpidùe ka ilk l uen ka bns arrnras ilplias
ka sar ingatdkns kurleta bl raprnkuiidùe. L inetdeulidùe sa raprnkuia ab Leaxn L
plrl flidbdtlr bl iblrdklk axpnsdtdvl.
[lobl <. Bdstlkn ka arrnras pnsdobas pnr fdhurl prnpuastn pnr @nppdtz*
Fdhurl Arrnr
F DDHH Q _ L L <-Kdstnrsdùee ka bl fnrg l3
<-Kdstnrsdù
l) Ab iulkrlkn, ab içriubn n lgons astìe axiasdvlgaeta lijltlkns
n kafnrglkns.
o ) Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün kab iulkrlkn y ab kab idriubn (uen
a
as ab knoba ka hrleka ing plrlkn ine ab ntrn).
?- _ntlidùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae gìs ka ;1½ rntlidùe ka bl tlr-
catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl p nsdidùe rntlkl.
9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab detaetn ka u edr ab içriubn
içriubn y a b iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vär-
tdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gìs ka 9 gg.
F DDHH Q _ L < ;- Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl ffnrg
nrg l3
Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgae
plridlbgae ta bbaens (rabbaens
(rabbaens ine ab bìpdz) en sa inesdkarle
ingn içriubns.
1- _ntlidùe3
Bl rntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1½ n g ìs.
6- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <1 puetns ae uel j dbarl
F DDHH Q _ L ? 8- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1½ n gì s0 rntlidùe
rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl,
tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
rntlkl.
n
n• • • Detahrlidùe3
= = = = = = = = =
•
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gì s.
. <?- Detahrlidùe3
Detahrlidùe3
l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün3 lugaetn ka ilkl jdbarl suiasdvl ka
puetns en
en bnhrlkl
bnhrlkl00 iloazl ka fbaijl drrain
drraineni
enidoba
doba n de
devartdkl0
vartdkl0
inehbngarlidùe ka puetns.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka bçeals
bçeals ka puetns0 bl bçeal
bçeal puaka su std-
tudr l bns puetns n astlr lhrahlkl l astns.
F DH
DH Q _ L ; <9- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1 ½ n g ìs.
<;- Detahrlidùe3
Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 g g aetra bl iurvl y ab ìehubn lkyliaeta.
< :: . L. IL__A_LY
‚0
.
F DH
DH Q _ L 1 <1- Gnkdfdilidùe ka bl fnrgl
Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns.
• <6- _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs0 rntlidùe ka
.•
• bl axtaesdùe (lpuetl jlidl bl karaijl n bl dzqudarkl).
<8- Detahrlidùe3
• 3
• l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bçeal raitl
n içriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.
o ) lgons.
Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka puetns, ae ab lrin, bl axtaesdùe n
<4- Detahrlidùe3
Bls kns bçeals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bçeals0 kns bçeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.
?=- ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas ingpbatls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.
FDHQ_L 8 ?<- Kdst
Kdstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl fnrg l3
d
l) Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün ka bns kns jaxìhnens3 uen kaoa
sar, lb gaens, ab knoba ka hrleka qua ab ntrn.
o ) Bns jaxìhnens
jaxìhnens astìe axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 lkdidùe u ngd-
sdùe ka ìehubns.
??-_ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
?9-Detahrlidùe3
Bns jaxìhnens
jaxìhnens en sa suparpneae n bn jliae axiasdvlgaeta.
F DH
DH Q _ L : ?; - Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl ffnrg
nrg l3
Ab jaxìhnen n ab rngon axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 ìehubns lhra-
hlkns u ngdtdkns.
2 n 5
1- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs
[N[LB
* Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl prasaetlidùe ka bns kltns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitdins, ab ingaetlrdn
as idtl taxtulb3 @nppdtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns. Ouaens Ldras3
Ldras3 H ulklbupa,
pp. 94-11.
Qel vaz qua sa jle lsdhelkn bl puetulidùe ka = n < plrl ilkl çtag pnsdoba ka
avlbulidùe, sa sug lrìe tnkns astns vlbnras
avlbulidùe, vlbnras lbilezlekn ue ]uetlca Orutn n Kdraitn,
as kaidr, sa
sa notaek rì ue vlbnr n eóga rn qua raprasaetlrì bl iuletdfdilidùe
iuletdfdilidùe ka bl g l-
kuraz vdsngntrdz. Yde agolrhn, asta vlbnr fdelb en axpraslrì bl glh edt edtuk uk ka bl gak dkl
ed pargdtdrì
pargdtdrì bl ingpl rlidùe praidsl ka ue sucatn ae rab rablidùe
lidùe ine su hrupn k a rafarae-
idl0 as pnr asn qua ab sdhudaeta plsn sarì trlesfn
trlesfn rgl r asl puetulidùe (sug ltnrdl ka
bns lidartns
lidartns y arrnras) l ntrn sdstag
sdstag l ka rafaraeidl axtaren qua j lodb
lodbdtdtaa bl notaeidùe ka
plrìgatrns plrl pnsdidnelr bl g lkuraz vdsngntrdz ka ue edün ae plrt plrtdiubdiublr
lr ae rablidùe
rablidùe
ine ntrns ka su g dsgn saxn, aklk, edvab ka akuilidùe y inekdidùe snidn-aineùgsnidn-aineùg dil
]nr óbtdgn,
óbtdgn, ntrl pnsdoba detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka su g l utdbdklk
utdbdklk plrl ab ìg odtn ibçedin
ibçedin ine -
sdstaa ae dkaetdfdilr ae bl ttlobl
sdst lobl ine strudkl
strudkl sno ra bl olsa ka bls puetulidne as prng akdn
plrl ilkl hrupn ka aklk (olrag ns) ab puetlca puetlca qua notuvn ab edü
edünn y raineniar l quä
aklk irnenbùhdil inrraspneka asa vlbnr kaetrn ka su hrupn ka partaeaeidl (välsa
Leaxn A).
< 4= . L. IL__A_LY
g lynr fraiuaei dl ae ab inecuetn ka edüns ine inefbdit
inefbditns
ns ag nidnelbas. T custlg
custlg aeta,
astns dekdilknras, en indeidkçle ine bns iultrn dkaetddkaetdfdilkns
fdilkns plrl bl av lbulidùe ka bl
kdgaesdùe glkurltdvl. As kaidr, lplraiçle paiubdlrdklkas ae bns kdoucns qua en sa
inrraspnekçle ine bns arrnras glk urltdurltdvns
vns dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilkns
ilkns ae a b tast.
tast.
Ae sus prdgarns astukdns dkaetdfdiù
dkaetdfdiù y prnpusn <= dekdilknras
dekdilknras ag nidnelbas olsìe-
knsa ae bl ing plrlidùe aetra bns bns hrupns letas gae idnelkns. Yde ag olrhn, ae bl ravd- ravd-
sdùe qua ralbdzù
ralbdzù ae <441 sa sug lrne kns eua vns çtçtag ag s ine sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe ae astl ìral
-glrins l brakak
brakak nr ka bls fdhurls y ablonrlidùe aspnetìeal n lkdidùe l bls fdhurls-.
Astns dekdilknras
dekdilknras sne taedkns ae i uaetl pnrqua su lpl rdid rdidùe
ùe suaba lsnidlrsa ine
bl prasaeidl ka idartn kaslcusta ag nidnelb qua pu aka taea r bl bl ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdil
il ka sar
pargl eaeta n trlesd
trlesdtnrd
tnrdn,
n, luequa en sal e aiaslrdlga eta uel pltnbnhçl. ]lrl su ine-
sdkarlidùe en as eaiaslrdn inetlr ine uel puetulidùe, sden sden qua sa vlbnrl ka ue l g l-
earl j nbçstd
nbçstdil
il kae tr
trnn ka bl g dsg
dsg l pruaol (nosarvlidneas
(nosarvlidneas snora bl inekuitl kurleta
bl acaiuidùe, vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe ka bl prnkuiidùe haea rlb kab ed edün,
ün, aetra ntrls)
ntrls) lsç ingn aetra
bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras ag arhaetas ae bns kdfaraet
kdfaraetas
as destr
destrug
ug aetns utdb
utdbdzlkns
dzlkns ae ab prniasn k a
avlbulidùe.
Edehuen ka astns dekdilknras, ed bl prasaeidl ka tnkns abbns ae ab kdoucn ka ue
edün as sufdidaeta
sufdidaeta plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr ue kdlheùstdin. Yç, ilkl u en ka gl earl dekapaek daeta
nkaeiae dl
inecuetn, puaka
qua flidbdta,
flidbd inetrdoudr
inetrdoudr
ta, l trlväs l bn blrhn dls
ka raiurraei ka ue prniasn ka
y inevarhae avlbulidùe
idls, ab lrrdon lpn
l uertrtlekn
lekn a vd-
kdlheùs-
tdtdin,
in, l uel pn star
stardnr
dnr tng
tng l ka k aidsd
aidsdùe
ùe y l uel pnsdoba rainga eklidùe.
Axlg deagn s bns ddekdilknras
ekdilknras ag nidnelbas kasirdpt
kasirdptns
ns pnr @nppdt
@nppdtz.
z. <
Nrkae inefusn
Bls fdhurls astìe kasnrkaelkls ka ue gnkn detaeidnelb ae ab plpab. En puaka
raineniarsa edehuel saiuaeidl ed nrkae bùhdin ae bl tlral ineibudkl.
ineibudkl. [ng lekn
ingn plrìgatrn bl glearl ae bl qua bns edüns asirdoae trlkdidnelbgaeta ae ab
sdstag l asin blr ae bl iubt
sdstag iubturl
url niidkae tlb sa asparl qua pua kle k dstrd
dstrdoudr
oudr bns hrì-
fdins kaska bl plrta supardnr
supardnr ka bl pìhdel jl idl lolcn, ka dzqudarkl
dzqudarkl l karaij l, n
ka karaij l l dzqudarkl
dzqudarkl -kapaekdaekn ka bl gl en kng deleta-
deleta-.. Yd en inetlr
inetlrll ine
g ìs asplidn
vlgaeta j lidlj lidl
lrrdol.lolcn, bn
lrrdol. bn dkalb sarçl
sarçl qua uodilrl ab rastn ka bns
bns g nkabns eua-
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr suaba astlr rablid
rablidnelkn
nelkn i ne uel flbb
flbbll ae ab pblealgdaetn, ae bl il-
plidklk ka pravdsd
pravdsdùe ùe y a e bl nrhledzlidùe kab g ltard
ltardlb.
lb. As kastliloba rainrkl r qua
kurleta bl inesdhel sa ba letdidpù
letdidpù -ka uel gl earl vdsulb, gnstrlekn bls tlrctlrcatls
atls lb
edün- qua sarçle vlrdns pltrneas plrl raprnkuidr, ka tlb glearl qua fua rl pnsdoba
letdidplr y nrkae lr ab asplidn kdspnedoba.
As ing óe qua asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr lplrazil a e edüns ka aetra 1 l 8 lüns aetaekdaekn
qua sa aeiuaetrle ae bns dedidns kab trlyaitn lilkägdin y, l bl vaz, qua astls
j lodbdklkas
lodbdklkas sa v arìe oaea fdidlkls
fdidlkls ae ab glrin ka bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas asin blras y, pnr
supuastn, ka bl glku raz odnb
odnbùhdil
ùhdil qua sa lbilezl rì plubltdelga
plubltdelga eta.
? Bçeal nekublkl
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr kaoa inesdkarlrsa
inesdkarlrsa prasaet
prasaetaa iulek n ab edün kdoucl kns n gìs ilg-
odns loruptns ae bl kdraiidùe ka bl bçeal ka puetns n ka içriubns ae bls fdhurls
< y ?, raspaitdvlgaeta. Ab ilgodn ka kdraiidùe kaoa lolrilr pnr bn gaens kns
puetns n içriubns inesaiutdvns. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn kao a lirakdtlrsa uel snbl vaz, deka-
paekdaetaga
paekdaet
Ing n ueaga etaaka
pnsdob
pnsdoba qua sa kä
dekdilknr iulaebdbdtlt
ueldvnnpuaka
tltdvn ae lgkaentlr
ols fdhurls.
fdhurdeastlodbdklk
ls.
deastlodb dklk n parturolidùe
parturolidùe
agnidnelb. Astn dgpbdil, kaska uel parspaitdvl ibçedil, inestletas ilgodns ae
bns saetdgdaetns
saetdgdaetns y ae bns astlkns ka ìedgn q ua sa trlesfdarae
trlesfdarae j lidl tnkns bns ìg-
odt
odtns
ns ka bl vdkl intdkdlel.
1 Hrle tlglün
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns as ue taridn gìs hrleka qua ab ka bl tlrcatl astçgubn.
Iulekn ab kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kn s plrtas,
plrtas, lgols k aoae astlr lhrleklkls plrl qua
sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaeta-
gae ta ka bl iletdklk
iletdklk ka fdhurls
fdhurls lhrleklkls.
Asta dekdilknr jl sdkn trlkdidnelbgaeta rablidnelkn ae bns edüns ine inekuitl
k a litdeh nut. Asta tärgden, litdeh nut, as utdbdzlkn
utdbdzlkn ka ska bl parspaitdvl psdinl-
elbçtdtdil
elbç il aetaekdaekn liidneas ka ilrìit
ilrìitar
ar dgpubsdvn
dgpubsdvn y gu ij ls vaias lsnidlkn l
inekuitls lutn y/n jatarn lhrasdvls. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua, sd odae bl lpl-
rdidùe ka astl paiubdlrdklk ae ab kdoucn sa lsnidl ine inekuitl dgpubsdvl, ae ab
inetaxtn kab kaslrrnbbn a detarpratlidùe ka asta dekdilknr kaoa vlbnrlrsa ingn
uel k dfd
dfdiubtlk
iubtlk qua puak a rasubtlr ga enr y qua puak a vdeiublrsa l idartl
idartl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk
plrl inetrnblr ab g nvdgdaetn kurleta bl tlral hrìfdil plrt
plrtdiublr
diublrga
ga eta ae edüns g ìs
paquaüns y ae qudaeas bl glk uraz as lóe dedidlb.
dedidlb.
6 [lglün paquaün
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns raprnkuidkns pnr ab edün sne bl gdtlk gìs paquaüns
qua ab gnkabn. Iulek n ue kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols tdaeae qua jloar
sdkn rakuidkls ae su tlglün plrl qua sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralit
ralitdvn
dvn
sa lirakdtl
lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapae
dekapae kdaetagae ta ka bl
bl iletdklk ka fdhurls qua jl yle
sdkn rakuidkls
rakuidkls ae su tlglün.
<4? . L. IL__A_LY
Ab trlzn
Asta as tle puaka
dekdilknr fden quaastlr
j ly lsnidlkn
qua a sfnrzlrs
sfnrzlrsaa plrl var
ine tdgdkaz a b kdoucn
kdoucn ing pbatn.
y ratrldgdaetn. pbatn.
4 Yahuekl taetltdvl
Ab edün loleknel aspnetìealgaeta ue kdoucn
kdoucn n plrta
plrta ka äb letas ka j loarb
loarbnn tar-
gdelkn y ag pdazl
pdazl l j liarb
liarbnn euavlg aeta.
Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn iulekn sa afaitóle kns kdoucns kdstdetns ka uel
gdsgl fdhurl, ae kns buhlras kdfaraetas ka bl jncl. En sa ingputl iulekn sa
onrrl ab prdg
prdg arn y sa bn vuabva l kdouclr ae ab g dsgn buhlr kab prdgarn. Yç sa pue-
tól iulekn, kaspuäs ka onrrlrbn, sa sa bn kdoucl ae ue buhlr kdfar
kdfaraeta
aeta ka bl j ncl.
Ya jl lsnidlkn bl sahuekl taetltdvl ine dekdilknras ibçedins ka dgpubsdvdklk
y ka lesdaklk. Ab edün ine ilrlitarçstdils dgpubsdvls puaka sar ilplz ka ra-
ineniar ab arrnr ae bl inpdl parn en detaetl onrrlr y inrrahdr sden qua prafdara
loleknelr ab detaetn flbbdkn y raingaezlr plrl en aefraetlr bl kdfdiubtlk qua sa
ba prasaetl.
<= xplesdùe
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr kaoa sar inesdkarlkn iule kn ab ed edün
ün ag pbal kns n gìs j ncls ka
plpab plrl targdelr
targdelr bls euava fdhurls kab Oaekar.
Bl axplesdùe astì ingóeg aeta lsnidlkl ae bns edüns paquaüns ine ineku itls
dgpubsdvls y ka litdeh nut.
As ing óe ae edüns g ìs paquaüns i ne bn iulb en ka oarçl rasubtlrrasubtlr sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvn
dvn l
edvab kab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin ibçedin
ibçedin y inorl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe ibçed
ibçedil
il a e bls akl kas g ìs lvle -
zlkls.
<? blonrlidùe
blonrlid ùe as pnetìeal n lkdid
lkdidùe
ùe ae bls fd
fdhurls
hurls
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr ag nidnelb kaoa inesdkarlrsa
inesdkarlrsa ing n tlb iulekn ab edün jl lülkdkn
abag aetns hrìfdins l uel n g ìs ka bls fdhurls qua en sne plrta kab gnk abn nrd-
hdelb.. Asta lhrahlkn as aspnetìean y haearl ilg odns y tr
hdelb trlesfnrglidneas
lesfnrglidneas hrn-
blkl, Lug
kdoucn aetnbnsprnhr
fuarne prnhrasdvn
asdvn kabilpl
dekdilknras tlglün,
ias kaHrle tlglün,
kdfarae idlr sd[lg lün paquaün
sdhedfdiltdvlgae
hedfdiltdvlgae ta l ybns_ aplsn
edüns kab
edüns qua
lsdstdarne
lsdst darne l inesu btl
btl psdinbùhdil ka lqu abb
abbns
ns qua e n bn j didarne.
didarne. Bls lutnrls ka asta
trlolcn defnrglrne qua tnkns bns çtags rainenidkns pnr @nppdtz
@npp dtz sa rahdstrlrne ine
glynr fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ae bl guastrl ibçedil.
ibçed il. Yde agolrhn, bns bdstlkns leta-
rdnrgaeta idtlkns sne bns óedins qua detrnkucarne kdfaraeidls sdhedfdiltdvls l flvnr kab
hrupn ibçedin. Ka tnkns g nkns, uen ka abbns, ab ççtag
tag rafardkn l Axple sdùe, en kag ns-
trù sar
sar gì s fraiuaeta aetra bns inesubtletas, pnr bn qua sa raing daekl en taearbn ae
iuaetl ing n ue dekdilknr agni dnelb vìbdkn.
vìbdkn.
Ae iuletn l bl iletdklk ka dekdilknras prasaetas sufdidaetas plrl inesdkarlr
ab lvleia jlidl uel avlbulidùe aspaiçfdilgaeta ibçedil, sa jl katargdelkn qua ae
ab ìgodtn bnilb bl prasaeidl ka kns dekdilknras ae ab kdoucn dgpbdilrçl uel pnsdoba
parturolidùe agnidnelb. Iloa liblrlr qua bl prnpuastl ka bns astukdns nrdhdelbas
astdglol tras ka abbns. L paslr ka bn letardnr, rasubtl fueklgaetlb en iaüdrsa l ue
eógarn sden l bl inesdkarlidùe jnbçstdil kab ilsn sahóe bl tntlbdklk ka bl defnrgl-
idùe railolkl.
6 AVLBQLIDÙE KA DEKDILKN_AY
DEKDILKN_AY KA KDYFQEIDÙE
EAQ_NBÙHDIL
As pn sdoba,
sdoba, l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bl raprnkuiidùe hrìf dil ka bns edüns ae astl pruaol , suha-
rdr dekdidns
dekdidns ka pn sdobas
sdobas lbtarlidneas ea urnbùhdils. Lb j loblr ka lbtarlidneas,
lbtarlidneas, ab destru-
g aetnpuaka
odae puak aenlkva rtdr
rtdr ue
jloar -n en-
klün liaril k a uel
nrhìedin (aektärgdens
dsfueidùe ka
eaurnbùhdil bavaae
basdùe vdsdoba ae dgìhaeas0
bl iulb, sd
välsa ilpçtubn
ilpçtubn ?) sa lk vdart
vdartaa pärkdkl ka fueidnelbdklk ae lbhuel ka bls ìrals kab sds-
tagl ea rvdnsn iaetrlb
iaetrlb..
Ingn sa jl vaedkn aeueidlekn l bn blrhn ka asta ilpçtubn, bls kdstnrsdneas ae
bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka bns gnkabns sa kaoae l uel innrkdelidùe vdsngntrdz
pnora n deglkurl. Bls flbbls sne asparlobas ae bns kdstdetns gngaetns avnbutdvns,
lsç ingn su kaslplrdidùe plubltdel l gakdkl qua sa lvlezl ae bl aklk irnenbù-
hdil kaodkn lb kaslrrnbbn kab sdstagl earvdnsn ae detarliidùe ine bl astdgublidùe y
ab lpraekdzlca.
lpraekdzlca. Qel vaz qua ue e dün jl lbilezlkn bl aklk y, inesaiuaetaga eta, ab
< 4; . L. IL__A_LY
edvab ka glkurlidùe ae ab qua asa arrnr yl en kaoarçl lplraiar pnr sdgpba nosar-
vlidùe astlkçstdil, tlb ingn suiaka ine jdtns glkurltdvns ingn bl ilplidklk plrl
arhudr bl
bl iloa zl lbrakaknr kab tariar ga s ka vdkl, su prasaeidl lkqudara sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe
kdlheùstdil.
kdlheùstd il. I ne ab acag pbn letardnr
letardnr bl bùhdil
bùhdil as devarsl. Qe oaoä qua, plslkns bns
tras
tras g asas, en snstdaea
snstdaea su iloazl ing daezl l praniuplrens ttlb lb ingn ens praniupl
qua idartns
idartns arrnr
arrnras
as kab Oaekar en ka slplrazile l bl aklk ae bl qua suabae j liarbn
ae bl g lynrçl ka bns edüns.
Ab lspaitn eaurnbùhdin kab destr
destrug
ug aetn j l sdkn kurlg aeta iuastd
iuastdnelkn
nelkn (Jaroart,
<46;0 @assbar, <466) y en pnsaa vlbnr kdlheùstdin. Yde agolrhn, puaka lpnrtlr bl
snspaij l ka p rasaeidl ka lbhóe tdpn tdpn ka k dsfueidùe
dsfueidùe ea urnbùhd
urnbùhdil
il -snbn ka lqua bbl
bbl qua
puak l detarfard
detarfardrr ine bl kdsirdg
kdsirdg delidùe vdsulb y innrkdelidùe vdsng ntnrl kab ncn ine bl
glen plrl bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka gnkabns huastìbtdins qua kaoae sar inpdl-
kns-. Bl prasaeidl ka bns Dekdilknras ka K dsfueid
dsfueidùe
ùe E aurnbùhdil ae astl pruaol ae
plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr pargdtdrì
pargdtdrì lb avlbulknr h aearlr uel j dpùtasds
dpùtasds qua kaoarì vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr n raij lzlr
pnr ga kdn ka g uij ls ntrls fuaetas ttlbas
lbas ingn kltns ka bl j dstnrd
dstnrdll ibç
ibçedil
edil railolkns
ae bl aetravdstl y/n lelgeasds, bls inevarhaeidls y raiurraeidls detar a detrltasts y
bl kardvlidùe partdeaeta l ntrns aspaidlbdstls qua inblonrae ae ab prniasn ka kdlh-
eùstdin pnstardnr (gäkdin pakdltrl, eaurnplkdltrl, aetra ntrns), qua puakle lpnrtlr
kaska su aspaidlbdklk abagaetns plrl lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin kdfaraeidlb bn gìs
iartarn pnsdoba.
@nppdtz (<46;)
(<46;) lrrd
lrrdoù
où l bl ineibusdùe
ineibusdùe ka qua bns edüns qua plkaiae kdsfueid
kdsfueidneas
neas
eaurnbùhdils sdhuae ab gdsgn pl trùe ka iraidgdaetn y avnbuidùe qua lquabbns qua en
bls prasaetle, parn lgons hrupns sa kdfaraeidle ae bl fnrgl ka trlolcn -bns edüns
ine kdsfueidùe e aurnbùhdil trlolcle l ue rdtg
rdtg n g ìs baetn y kdsplrac
kdsplracnn y vae kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlkl
tlkl
su ilplidklk ka detahrlr bl inekuitl y/n su gailedsgn ka inetrnb-. As dgpnrtleta
inesdkarlr qua,sçetngls
sa n osarvlrìe ka liuarkn ine abilrlitarç
y sdhens ìral iaraorlb
ilrlitarçstd ins. n fueidùe qua sa aeiuaetra lfaitlkl
stdins.
Bns çtags qua lplraiçle g ìs sdhedfdiltd
sdhedfdiltdvlg
vlg aeta ae bns prnt
prntninbns
ninbns ka in esubt
esubtle-
le-
tas ine kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil y qua puakae lkvartdr lb psdiùbnhn
avlbulknr liaril ka astns lspaitns iulekn sa prasaetle ae bns prntninbns ka bns
edüns ae inesubtl sa katlbble l inetdeulidùe. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua iulekn sa
aspaidfdil qua ue dekdilknr as sdhedfdiltdvn (*) dgpbdil qua jl lplraidkn ine uel
fraiuaeidl glynr ae edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil parn en axibusdvlgaeta, y
iulekn as lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) dgpbdil qua sa aeinetrù ssnblgaeta
nblgaeta ae ab ine-
cuetn ka bns
bns kdlhenstdilkns n ine uel f raiuaeidl sdhedfdiltdvlg
sdhedfdiltdvlg aeta g lynr kaetrn ka
asa hrupn. Ae ab Leaxn I sa deibuyae bns Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurn-
bùhdil y sus hrlkns ka sdhedfdiltdvdklk. Ya raprnkuia l inetdeulidùe plrl flidbdtlr bl
iblrdklk axpnsdtdvl.
Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.
8. L E [A I A K A E [ A Y A DDE
E V A Y [D
[DHH L I D NE A Y A E BBNY
NY Ó
ÓBB [D
[DGG NY L Ü NY
L plrtdr
plrtdr ka su puobdilidùe
puobdilidùe y klk l bl lbtl fraiuaeidl ka u sn ae kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas ìg odtns
odtns
ka bl psdinbnhçl
psdinbnhçl j le surhdkn kdvarsls parspaitdvls,
parspaitdvls, euavls fnrgl s ka lkg dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe
y ka pue tulidùe kab destrug
destrug aetn raspnekdaek n l bl pnsdodbd
pnsdodbdklk
klk k a avl bulr kdstdetns
kdstdetns ls-
paitns g lkurltdvns y psdinpltnbùhdins l plrtdr ka bns ; lüns (Ilyssdlbs, ?=<=).
< 46 . L. IL__A_LY
Bl haearlidùe ka kdsçgdbas
kdsçgdbas sds
sdstagls
tagls ka il bdfdilid
bdfdilidùe
ùe j l g ntdvlkn
ntdvlkn qua gu ij ns de-
vastdhlknras ralbdzlrle astukdns
astukdns snora su ilbdklk psding ätrdil
ätrdil (Orleedhle y Oruear,
<4460 Inusden y Xdbkar, <48:0 Iuggdehs, Jndkl, Glija` y Eabsne, ?==90 Garden
Yntn, ?=<=). ]nr ntrn blkn, bl utdbdklk detariubturlb kab [HV jl prngnvdkn asfuarzns
plrl ravdslr bls
bls enrg ls prnpuastls pnr @nppdtz
@nppdtz (<469, <444) lkai uìeknbls l ue ine-
taxtn plrtdiublr ka rafaraeidl (Ijleh, <44=0 Hjlssagzlkaj, <4::0 Tnusafd, <44?0
Gl88asij d y Bds, <4440 Garden Yntn, ?=<=).
Ae bl bdtarlturl
bdtarlturl idaetçfdil
idaetçfdil ka bns óbtd
óbtdg
g ns idein lün s sa lpnrtle avdkae idls ka vlbdkaz
kdsirdgdeleta ae bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka edüns ine p rnobagl s ka asirdturl, vardfdiìeknsa
uel abavlkl lsnidlidùe (r7.:8) aetra ab puetlca notaedkn ae ab tast y bns prnobagls
dkaetdfdilkns
dkaetd fdilkns ae bl inpdl gleu lb ae ue hrupn ka asinblras (Ij leh, ?==<).
Ae Orlsdb sa jl e rapnrtlkn avdkaeidls ka vlbd vlbdkaz
kaz ka inestruitn
inestruitn a defnrglkn çekdias
ka ine fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk ka bl pruaol ae asl pnoblidùe. En rnül, Kns Yle tns y Ydstn Ydstn (?==8) sa-
ülblrne qua, l gak dkl qua lug aetl bl aklk, kdsgdeuya bl iletdklk iletdklk ka a rrnras ae bbll aca-
iuidùe kab tasttast ae uel g uastr
uastrll ka astukdletas ka 6 l <= lüns. G lrçe _uakl, Onubjn\l
Yuaj drn y Lbvas kl Ydbvl (?==:) jlbblrne abavlkns çekdias ka liuarkn (.4?) aetra avlbul-
knras lb inrrahdr bl bl pruaol, lsç ing n ouae ns çekdias ka astlodbdklk
astlodbdklk tag pnrlb (.89) ae ue
det
detarvlbn
arvlbn ka ue ga s ae edüns aetra 6 y << lüns. Lsdgdsgn sa dkaetdfdilrne
dkaetdfdilrne bns arrnras
arrnras
ing atd
atdkns
kns ine g ìs fraiuaeidl ae ue hrupn ka edüns ka aetra 1 y <? lüns y sa vard vardfdiù
fdiù
su rablidùe ine bl aklk y a b saxn ka bns axlg delkns (Ydbvl,
(Ydbvl, Fadb y Eueas, ?==4).
Ya lkvdrtdarne kdfdiubtlkas ae bl glkuraz vdsngntrdz ka vlrneas ka olcns raiur-
sns snidnaineùgdins rasdkaetas ae Gäxdin qua sa rablidnelole ine prnobagls ka
lpraekdzlca (Slgorlen, Yìeij az, Glrtç
Glrtçeaz,
eaz, Xolbkn y ]noblen, ?=<=). Ya puobdilrne,
lkagìs, bls litulbdzlidneas ka bls enrgls astlkçstdils plrl pnoblidùe defletdb pa-
rulel (Garden, ?=<=).
Inesdkarlekn bl rablidùe aetra bl innrkdelidùe vdsng ntrdz
ntrdz y bl detabd
detabdhaeidl,
haeidl, Olrtjn -
bngau y Fareìekas Ydstn (?==:) aeinetrlrne lsnidlidneas eahltdvls y sdhedfdiltdvls
(r7-.6<=0 p2.==) aetra bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab [HV y bl asilbl ka kaslrrnbbn
inhedtdvn
inhedtd vn ka Ynbleha X aij sbar (<446).
(<446).
Inetdeulekn su trlkdidùe
trlkdidùe ing n uel orava pruaol ka detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe gntnrl y vdsulb
sa puobdiù uel ravdsdùe ka bl varsdùe nrdhdelb (Orleedhle
(Orleedhle y K ai`ar, ?==9) ine ab nocatn
ka prnpnridnelr defnrglidùe ótdb snora ab edvab ka kaslrrnbbn y glkurlidùe ae ue de-
tarvlbnn g ìs lg pbdn
tarvlb pbdn ka a klk. A stl euavl akdidùe lhrahù tlrc
tlrcatls
atls astçgubn,
astçgubn, nptdgdzù
nptdgdzù ab
sdstag
sdstag l ka puetulidùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb y trlolcù ine uel olsa e nrgl tdvl
tdvl supardnr l iulbqudarl
ka bls g uastrls pravdls
pravdls (E7;=== sucat
sucatns
ns aetra ; y :1 lüns). A xdsta
xdsta uel snbl puobd
puobdil-
il-
idùe
uel gaeuastrl
ab ìg
uastr l odt
odtn
kanedüns
bltdenlg
bltdenlg
ka 1ardilen quakarapnrtù
y 6 lüns Bdgl, avdkaeidls
efnrgle knkauel
ddefnrgle vlbdkaz ka in
inrrablidùeestruitn
inrrablidùeestr uitn ae
g nkarlkl
aetra ab kasag paün ae bl pruaol ka Oaekar y j lodbdklkas
lodbdklkas pra-lilkägdils. Axiaptn
asta astukdn,
astukdn, lóe en sa j le klkn l i nenia r ddevastdhlidneas
evastdhlidneas qua rapnrtae leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka
sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils ae sucatns
sucatns ka j lobl j dsplel (Garden Yntn, ?=<?).
Ae uel aeiuastl ralbdzlkl ae ?==< ae bns plçsas ka bl Inguedklk Aurnpal ab
[HV fua kastlilkn ingn uen ka bns destrugaetns gìs utdbdzlkns ae avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil ka edüns cuetn ine bl Asilbl ka Detabdhaeidl plrl Edüns y Lknbasiae-
tas -XDYI y XD]]YDD-, bls Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls ka _lyae y ab _nrsijlij (Guüdz,
Olrtrlg, A vars, Onoae, Gltasd
Olrtrlg, Gltasdi,
i, Hbloa`a, Fareìekaz-Jargdkl y Sllb, ?==<).
?==<). A e Bl-
tdtdenlg
enlg ärdil y, aspaiçfdilg aeta ae Lrhaetdel, en sa jl e puobdilkn kltns snora bl fra-
iuaeidl ka usn ka bns tasts parn
parn hrlidls lb inetlitn pargleae ta ine qudaeas ralbdzle
ralbdzle
tlrals ka psdinkdlheùstdin,
psdinkdlheùstdin, kniaei dl a devastd
devastdhlidùe
hlidùe puak a defardrs
defardrsaa ue lbt
lbtnn hrlkn ka
pnpublrdklk y ka ag pban ae ab ìg odtodtnn bnilb (Ilsubbn,
(Ilsubbn, <448). L paslr ka a stl sd sdhedfdil-
hedfdil-
tdvl
tdvl lfdrgl idùe en sa rahdst
rahdstrle
rle astukdns snora sus prnpdaklkas psding ätrdils.
ätrdils.
Ae ab ìgodtn elidnelb bns trlolcns idaetçfdins sa bdgdtlrne l bl litulbdzlidùe ka jlra-
gn s plrl astukd
astukdletas
letas ka asiuabls rurlbas y urolels ka bl prnvdeid
prnvdeidll ka [ui ug ìe (Letl,
?==?) y plrl edüns ka bl I duklk ka Ouaens Ldr Ldras
as y ab In eurolen (Ilrrarls, Qrdab,
Qrdab, Yuì-
raz, Liaolb y Fareìek az Bdpnrlia, ?=<<0 Ilsubbn, <4::0 ]abnrnssn y Atij avars, ?==;).
[lobl ;.
;. Kdfaraeidls ae bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab
[ast ka Oaekar lüns <4:: vs. ?=<<
<4: . L. IL__A_LY
IKI
=
===
• • ••
bo
Engora3 (bble
(b blel Ynb Faijl ka elidgdaetn3 ?V/=</?==8
Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel Z) Edvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
< Lgons plkras ]lkra Glkra
? Ine lgon s plkras y jarglen/s < Yde akuilidùe fnrglb
9 Ynbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras ? ]rdglrdn deingpbatn
; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarg len/s 9 ]rdg. ing p./Yai. dei
deingpbatn
ngpbatn Z
?NN . L. IL__A_LY
,
Fdhurl Arrnr _LG
? - _ n tl i ddù
ùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae gìs ka ;1 0 rntlidùe ka bl tar-
catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab Detaetn ka uedr ab idriubn y ab iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vä r -
kdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gls ka 9 gg.
6- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <1 puetns ae uel jdbarl
FDHQ_L ? 8- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs, rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
r <
<<<
<<
:- Detahrlidùe3
<
=
<
r
d
=s
<
<
,
3
<
<<
g
4- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <; inbugels ka içriubns ae uel jdbarl
•
ftag.
<< - _ntlidùe3
• " _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
N
<? Detahrlidùe3
...
P
<;- Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 aetra bl iuvl y ab ìehubn lkyliaeta.
/
...
<6- _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl *hurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs0 rntlidùe ka
•• . bl axtaesdùe (lpuetl jlidl bl karaijl n bl dzqudarkl).
•
<8- Detahrlidùe3
- l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bdeal raitl
n idriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.
<4- detahrlidùe3
Bls kns orals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bdeals. kns bdeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.
?= ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas ingpbntls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.
?? _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
?9-Detahrlidùe3
N
Bns jaxìhnens en sa suparpneae n bn jliae axiasdvlgaeta.
?1 - _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrba ka bl gdsgl ae ;1 n gìs
[N[L B N
Qel vaz lkgdedstrlkn ab tast l bl edül sahóe sa kasirdoa ae ab lplrtlkn ? ka asta ilpç-
tubn ( Inesdhel y raingaeklidneas plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe ), ltaekdaekn l blsb ls destruiidneas
ka puetulidùe qua fdhurle aeae bl [lobl < pìh. <::), sa lsdheù puetn pnr arrnr prasaeta ae
ilkl çtag y N le ta lusaeidl ka arrnr. Bl sugl ka astns puetlcas plridlbas (N y lsdhelkns)
kdarne ingn rasubtlkn ue puetlca kdraitn n orutn qua sa inesdkarl dekdilknr kab edvab ka
glkurlidùe vdsngntrdz ka bl axlgdelkl. Klkn qua sa trltl ka uel puetulidùe kdraitl, sa bl
inevdrtdù l puetlca pariaetdblr plrl vlbnrlr su kasagpaün ae ab [HV, asilbl ka g lkurlidùe
lkurlidùe
vdsngntrdz ae ingplrlidùe ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl inrraspnekdaeta l su aklk y buhlr ka
rasdkaeidl.
Ae bl tlobl sdhudaeta lplraia raglrilkn ab puetlca orutn notaedkn pnr astl edül.
L asa vlbnr inrraspneka ab pariaetdb <=, bn iulb dgpbdil qua su kasagpaün suparl snbl-
gaeta ab <= iulekn sa ingplrl su raekdgdaetn ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
rafaraeidl.
6 8 : 4 < ?
p LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY etarpratlidùe
]
kdlheùstdil
]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O
9= 8 9=
<<
?1 ; ? 1
: ] 6
?= <? 6 ?=
Defardnr lb
1 ; 9 <1
tärgden gakdn
1 4 8
<9
: 6 ; <=
• Bl prùxdgl tlral as ousilr bl detarpratlidùe kdlheùstdil plrl asta vlbnr pariaetdblr, rainen-
idaekn qua inrraspneka l bl iltahnrçl Defardnr lb tärgden gakdn. Yd odae ae ab iulkrn leta-
rdnr sa puaka vdsulbdzlr ine iblrdklk, tlgo tlgo däe puaka raineniarsa ae bl [lobl ? (pìh . <4=)
deibudkl ae ab prasaeta ilpçtubn, nosarvìeknsa ae lg ons ilsns qua G lrçl Ynb sa uodil ae
ab bçgdta defardnr
defardnr ka bl il tahnrçl Defardnr lb tärgden g akdn.
• Yd lvlezlgns ae bl baiturl kab kasagpaün, pnkagns inesubtlr bls gakdls y bns kasvçns
plrl ilkl hrupn ka aklk (tlobl
(tlobl Leaxn A ) plrl raineniar l quä aklk irnenbùhdil inrras-
inrras-
pneka tçpdilgaeta ab kasagpaün k a Glrçl Ynb. Ae asta ilsn, ab vlbnr gìs iarilen lb pue-
tlca arrnr notaedkn pnr bl edül (]O7<=) as ab ka bns edüns ka 6 lüns (:.14). Bl glk uraz vd-
sngn tnrl kab ilsn lelbdzlkn -Glrçl Ynb- as lóe gaenr qua bl ka asta hrupn, as kaidr, qua
inrraspneka lb raekdgdaetn prnpdn
prnpdn ka edüns ka aetra 1 y 6 lüns.
Lb
......... d..• .
< <.
.<..
e r BC B. ..8 V DV ED
• Ab sdhudaeta plsn sarì avlbulr ka uel glearl jnbçstdil bl prnkuiidùe fdelb ka Glrçl Ynb. Ae
asta leìbdsds saülblragns lqua bbns dekdilknras
dekdilknras kasirdptns ae bl hrdbbl
hrdbbl qua sa katlbbl l inetd-
eulidùe prasaetas ae bl inpdl.
• Ae olsa l bns arrnras glkurltdvns ing atdkns pnr Glrçl Ynb, dkaetdfdilragns
dkaetdfdilragns lqua bbns
bbns qua
sne gìs fraiuaetas ae edüns qua jle sdkn kdlhenstdilkns ine lbhóe tdpn ka kdsfueidùe
eaurnbùhdil. ]lrtdaekn
]lrtdaekn k a bl kasirdpidùe ka ilkl tdpn ka arrnr y ka bl fdhurl ae bl iul b sa jl
inga tdkn, glrilrag ns lquabbns qua sa aeiuaetrle prasaetas. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua
bns lstardsins
lstardsins ae bl tlobl y ae ab saül blgdaetn ka bl prasaeidl ka asa dekdilknr glrile bl
sdhedfdiltdvdklk ibçedil ka su lplrdidùe ‛ ue lstardsin (*) raprasaetl sdhedfdiltdvdklk
sdhedfdiltdvdklk sdhedfdiltdvdklk y kns lsta-
rdsins ( *) lbtl sdhedfdiltdvdklk‛.
Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn e l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn r l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns. 8V
>blgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn
sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) ae bns edüns ine
]arsavarlidùe
]arsavarlidùe Fdhurls <, ? y 6
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l p lrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.
?=; . L. IL__A_LY
çetasds kdlheùstdil
Ab g ltardlb
ltardlb qua l pnrtl bl pruaol ordekl defnrglidùe ae tras saetdkns3 glkurltdvn, agnidnelb
y ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe e aurnbùhdil.
Bl g lkuraz vdsngntrdz ka Glrçl Y nb inrraspneka l uel iltahnrçl defard defardnr
nr lb tärgden g akdn,
as kaidr, qua g ledfdastl
ledfdastl ue kä fdidt
fdidt n deg lkuraz ae ab fueidnelgdaetn ka bl pariapidùe vdsulb, ka
bl innrkdelidùe
innrkdelidùe g ntrdz
ntrdz n ka bl detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe aetra lgols iu lekn bl ingpl rlgns ine edüns ka su
hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns agnidnelbas ab óedin dekdilknr qua lplraia lplraia ae bl prnkuiidùe
ka G lrçl Ynb astì bdhlkn l bl dgpubsdvdklk, lb pnora inetrinetrnb
nb ka bls liidneas vnbuetlrdls.
vnbuetlrdls. Yde ag -
olrhn, lb taear ae iuaetl ab pnora kasag paün g lkurltdvn pnkagns detarpratlr bl bl lplrdidùe kab
raplsn n ab rafuarzn kab trlzn ingn u el pnsdoba kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ae ab gleacn kab bìpdz y en ing n uel
bdgdtlidùe
bdgdtlidùe ae ab pblen agn idnelb. Astl bçealbçeal ka pae slgdaetn eaiaslrdlgaeta sarì inefrnetlkl
ine dekdilknras prasaetas ae ntrls pruaols lk gdedstrlkls l G lrçl Ynb qua pargdtdrìepargdtdrìe fnrtlbaiar
uel ka astls kns bçeals ka detarpratlidùe.
]nr óbtdgn lb lelbdzlr bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil pnkagns lkvartdr bl ea-
iasdklk ka jdpntatdzlr uel kdfdiubtlk ae iuletn l kdsfueidneas vdeiublkls l bl pariapidùe
vdsulb l bl acaiuidùe gntnrl n l bl fueidùe ka detahrlidùe aetra lgols. Kaska bl psdinbnhçl
ae haearlb y kaska ab ìgodtn ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae plrtdiublr en inetlgns ine bl
ilplidklk ka lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin iblrn ka kdsfueidùe iaraorlb ine bn iulb euastrl ing-
pataeidl prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb ens ax dhdrì
dhdrì kardvlr l G lrçl Ynb l ue prnfasdnelb ingpataeta qua , l trlväs
ka kdstdetls
kdstdetls jarrlg daetls, puakl raijlzl r n inefdrglr euastrl lkvartaeidl snora asta pnsdoba
kdlheùstdin.
As dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua astl kasirdpidùe sa rafdara l uen snbn ka bns tasts trltlkns ae bl
norl, ab tast ka Oaekar, pnr bn qua kaoa inetagpblrsa sdagpra sahó e ab rastn ka bns rasubtlknsrasubtlkns
lrrnclkns pnr bns ntrns raiursns utdbdzlkns
utdbdzlkns ae ab prniasn k a avlbulidùe ka G lrçl Ynb. Abbn parg d-
td
tdrì
rì kasirdodr axjlu stdvlgaeta sus lspaitns l klptltdvns y kafdidtlrdns,
kafdidtlrdns, lrrdolr
lrrdolr l ue kdlheù stdin
y, ae o lsa l abbn, raingaeklr uel liidùe tarlpäutdil
tarlpäutdil ubtardnr.
ubtardnr.
iltdvn prdglrdn ae ab qua ab edün idgaetlrì bls jlodbdklkas sufdidaetas plrl bl lk-
qudsdidùe ka bl baitnasirdturl. Bl avlbulidùe gakdleta ab tast ka Oaekar pargdta
axtrlpnblr bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka ue astçgubn vdsulb l kdfaraetas sdtulidneas
asinblras sdgdblras y l bl vaz lülka bl avlbulidùe kab edvab ka glkuraz vdsngn-
trdz dekdvdkulb ine ab fde ka detarvaedr kdfaraeidlbgaeta
kdfaraeidlb gaeta lb detardnr ka ue hrupn plrl
flidbdtlr bls tlr
flidbdtlr tlrals
als ka lp raekdzlca y ka fnrtlbaidgdaetn, lsç ingn ordeklr suha raeidls
ka g nkdfdilidneas ae bls litd
litdvdklkas
vdklkas pbletalkls ae ab lubl ae vdrtuk ka bl glkuraz/
deglkuraz vdsngntnrl kab lbugen.
Ing n sa jl a xpbdid
xpbdidtlkn
tlkn ae ab prasaeta ilpçtub
ilpçtubnn bl avlbulidùe glkurltdvl vdsngn-
trdz tdaea saetdkn ae tletn ab edün en lbileia lóe l ingpbatlr su avnbuidùe ae astl
jlodbdklk. ]nr aeidgl kab edvab glkurltdvn vdsngntnr qua ab destrugaetn as ilplz ka
ilptlr, en lpnrtl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe p uastn qua ue prntninbn sde arrnr
arrnras
as ae akl kas tlrkçls
snblgaeta dekdil bl ing pbatuk kab trlyait
trlyaitnn g lkurltdvn. Lkdidnelb
Lkdidnelbgaeta
gaeta bl pruaol fl-
idbdtl
idbdtl bl dkaetdf
dkaetdfdilidùe
dilidùe ka dekdilknras ag nidnelbas, parn aetaekdaekn qua a stìe bdgdtl-
kns ae s u lbileia
lb vdsulbdzlr kaetrn detarpratlt
detarpratltdvn
dvn pnruebns
ka ue prntninbn prnpdns
trlzn lspaitns
hruasn, g lkurltdvns,
pnr acagpbn, sa puakaas jdpntatdzlr
kaidr qua,
uel detarpratlidùe iulbdtltdvl ka inekuitl lhrasdvl, parn lb inetaxtulbdzlr astl baiturl
ae ue kasag paün g lkurltdvn vdsngntnr kafdidtlrd
kafdidtlrdnn pnkrçl ltrd
ltrdoudrsa
oudrsa bl acaiuidùe ka
asta tdpn ka trlzn l bl deglk uraz ae tlb detahrlidùe. Ae asta gdsg n saetdkn, bl pruaol
pargdta raineniar lbhuens arrnras ae bl inpdl ka bls fdhurls qua sne gìs ingueas
ae bns hrupns ka edüns qua pnsaae lbhuel kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ae ab pblen eaurnbùhdin pnsdoba
kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil qua k aoa axpbnrlrsa ubtardnr
ubtardnragaeta
agaeta ae prnfuekdklk) y asn lk-
vdarta snora bl flitdodbdklk ka jdpntatdzlr -n en- bl axdstaeidl ka lbhóe käfdidt ae astl
ìral. Yde agolrhn
agolrhn astns kltns kaoae sar rdhurnslgaeta detarpratlkns l bl buz ka
bl aklk irnenbùhdil kab kdlheùstdin ka g
glkuraz
lkuraz vdsngntnrl y ka tnkns bns kagìs
letaiakaetas qua sa jle rabavlkn l bn blrhn kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe dekdvdkulb.
? 6 L. IL__A_LY
[lobl 1 . Huçl prìitdil plrl ue inrraitn usn kab [ast ka Oaekar plrl edüns
O_DGDYDA__NODLG.
< Lkgdedstrlr ab [ast ka Oaekar sahóe bls destruiidneas prnpuastls ae ab lplrtlkn Inesdhel y ra-
ingaeklidneas plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe. _ainrklr pravar ingn gltardlbas bls 4 tlrcatls astçgubn
eugarlkls
eugarlkl s ingn L y < l :), jncls obleils tlglün nfdidn
nfdidn n ilrtl kns plrl sar aetrahlkls
aetrahlkls lb edün y
ntrls kdspnedobas ae ilsn bls raqudarl ab avlbulkn), ue bìpdz eahrn, uel hngl ka onrrlr y ue irneù-
gatrn n rabnc
9 _ahdstrlr ab tdagpn qua trlesiurra aetra bl aetrahl ka bl prdgarl tlrcatl astçgubn L) pnr plrta kab
avlbulknr y bl kavnbuidùe ka bl tlrcatl : pnr plrta kab avlbulkn.
; Avlbulr bl prnkuiidùe kab edün ae rablidùe ine bns lspaitns glkurltdvns, lelbdzlekn dekdvdkulbgaeta
bls fdhurls y sus plrtas inestdtutdvls, ntnrhlekn ue puetn l ilkl arrnr prasaeta ae bl raprnkuiidùe kab
gnkabn ]lrl ineiakar bl pnekarlidùe eugärdil kaoa inesubtlrsa bl [lobl <. Bdstlkn ka arrnras pnsd
obas pnr fdhurl prnpuastn pnr @nppdtz. Ae ab Leaxn L tlgodäe puaka aeinetrlrsa astl defnrglidùe
6 Ilbiublr ab vlbnr pariaetdblr inrraspnekdaeta lb puetlca orutn sahóe bl aklk kab edün avlbulkn ì
plrtdr kab olragn bnilb ka bl Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y Ineurolen Ilrrarlsat lb. ?=<;). Astl defnr-
glidùe kaoa sar inesubtlkl ae ab Leaxn A.
8 Ntnrhlr bl iltahnrçl kdlheùstdil ka glkuraz vdsngntrdz inrraspnekdaeta lb vlbnr pariaetdblr. ]lrl
pnkar ineiratlr asta plsn kaoa inesubtlrsa ae bl [lobl ?. Iltahnrçl
Iltahnrçls
s kdlheùstdils inrraspnekdae-
tas lb vlbnr pariaetdblr.
: Qodilr ab vlbnr kab puetlca orutn n kdraitn notaedkn pnr ab edün avlbulkn, rainenidaekn l quä aklk
irnenbùhdil inrraspneka asa vlbnr ‛n ab gìs iarilen‛ kaetrn ka su hrupn ka partaeaeidl. Kaoa
inesubtlrsa ab Leaxn A, ab óbtdgn iulkrn tdtublkn Vlbnras ka Gakdl y Kasvçn pnr hrupn ka Aklk.
<= Kdsirdgdelr bns dekdilknras eaurnbùhdins kasirdptns ae bl [lobl 9. Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe
eaurnbùhdil y ae ab LeaxnI, ine ab fde ka astlobaiar su lusaeidl n prasaeidl y, ka jloarbl, katar-
gdelr iuìetns lplraiae y sd sne sdhedfdiltdvns sahóe bl aklk kab avlbulkn.
<< Lelbdzlr a detarpratlr bns rasubtlkns lb detardnr ka bl pruaol, rainenidaekn lspaitns raiurraetas,
inevarhaetas y kdvarhaetas ilbdklk ka bl prnkuiidùe, tdagpn agpbalkn, inekuitl kurleta bl
pruaol, lplrdidùe ka dekdilknras agnidnelbas y/n ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil) qua fueklgaetae bls
ineibusdneas l bls qua sa jl bbahlkn. Kab gdsgn gnkn, intaclr bns kltns notaedkns pnr asta gakdn
ine bns lrrnclkns pnr ntrns destrugaetns ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe pargdtdrì ingpbatlr ab prn-
iasn ka siraaedeh y sd sa bbahl l ue rasubtlkn qua dekdil rdashn n pnsdoba prnobagìtdil psdinpltn-
psdinpltn-
bùhdil, kaoa dekdilrsa ingpbatlr ab prniasn ine ue kdlheùstdin ae prnfuekdklk, lülkdaekn fuaetas
ka defnrglidùe tlbas ingn bl lkgdedstrlidùe ka bl AAKD, ntrns destrugaetns prnyaitdvns n psdingä-
trdins, aetravdstls ine defnrgletas iblva ingn glastrns, louabns, jarglens, iudklknras, plras, n
odae kardvlidneas l ntrns prnfasdnelbas ingn pakdltrls, fnenlukdùbnhns, psdinpaklhnhns u ntrns.
_AFA_AEI D Y ODOBDNH_Ì
ODOBDNH_Ì FDI Y
? N : G. L. IL__A_LY
Fdbjn, B. (<46=).
Hjlssag zlkaj,Bns [ast LOI.
J. (<4::). Ouaens
L p dbnt stukyLdras3
stuky nf tja]ldkùs.
Oaeka r-Hastlbt tast
tast de l slgp ba nf Drledle
Drledle enrglb
ijdbkrae. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy, ;;, 8:8-84?.
Jaroart, _. (<46;). L Gleulb ne [argdenbnhy lek Iblssdfdiltdne
I blssdfdiltdne de Gaetlb _atlrkltdne.Xlsjdeh-
_atlrkltdne.Xlsjdeh-
tne3 Lgardile Cnurelb.
Jarakdl, I., Yletlabbl Jdklbhn,
Jdklbhn, H. y Y nglrrdol _ nijl, B. (?=<?). Detarpratlidùe kab [ast Huas-
tìbtdin Vçsngntnr ka Oaekar. Ydstagl ka puetulidùe ka @nppdtz. Gäxdin3 Kaplrtlgaetn ka
]uobdilidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk Lutùengl ka Gäxdin.
Jutt, G. B. (<464)3 Bl lklptlidùe Jutt kab [ast Huastìbtdin ka Oaekar. Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
@nff`l, @. (<4 ??). ]ariaptdne, le detrnkuitdne tn Hastlbt [janrdas. ]syijn ]syijnbnhdilb
bnhdilb Oubbatd e, <4,
11<-1:1
@nppdtz, A. (<469). [ja Oaekar Hastlbt [ast fnr Tnueh Ijdbkrae. Eaw T nr`3 Hrugs Ytrlttne.
Kdhdt Yple [ast VLKY). QYL 3 ]syijnbnhdilb Inrp.
@nppdtz, A. (<484). Vdsulb Lurlb Kdhdt
stìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns <1tj ak.). Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
@nppdtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Hua stìbtdin
@assbar, C. X. (<466). ]syijnpltjnbnhy nf Ijdbkjnnk. EC3 ] raetdia Jlbb.
]syijnpltjnbnhy
Bawde, @. (<491). Kyelgdi [janry nf ]arsnelbdty. Eaw Tnr`3 GiHrlwJ dbb. dbb.
Buijattd, T., Bùpaz, B. y O rdzzdn, L. (?=<6). Astukdn ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil ka bns dekdilknras agnidn-
elbas kab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaeka r. Devastd Devastdhlidneas sdinbnhçl ?< <), ;1-19.
hlidneas ae ] sdinbnhçl
Glrçe _u akl, F. C., Onubjnil Yuaj drn, L. I. y Lbvas kl Ydbvl, Ydbvl, G. (?==:). ]raidsìn aetra lvl bdl-
bdl-
knras a pabn g ätnkn tasta-ratasta
tasta-ratasta en Oaekar-Ydstagl ka ]n etuliìn Hrlku lb. ]sdinbnhçl3
rìtdil, ?1-91.
[anrdl a ] rìtdil,
Gl88a sijd, I. y Bds, L. (<444). [ja Oa ekar-Hastlbt tast3 @npp dtz dtz s Kavabnpgaetlb Yinrdeh Yys-
tag lk g dedstarak
dedstarak tn twn slg pbas nf Dtlbd
Dtlbdle
le prasijn nb lek prdglry sijnn b ijdbkrae. ]ariap-
tulb lek Gntnr Y`dbbs, ::, <?91-<?;;.
Garden Yntn, I. (?=<=). Axpbnrlidùe ka kdfaraeidls enrgltdvls ae ab sdstagl ka ilbdfdilidùe iul-
bdbdtltd
tltdvl
vl pl rl ab tast huastìbtdin nkdfdilkn. Bdoarlodt, <8(?),<44-?=4.
huastìbtdin k a O aekar g nkdfdilkn.
Garden Yntn, I. (?=<?). Fdlodbd
Fdlodbdklk
klk ae ab [ast Huastìbtdin
Huastìbtdin ka O aekar - ?kl va rsd
rsdùe,
ùe, ae uel gu as-
trl dekapaekdaeta ka ilbd ilbdfdilknras. _avdstl ka Devastdhlidùe Akuiltdvl 9= <), ??9-?9;.
fdilknras.
Gnhab-Leijadtl, Y., _lgçraz-Ydolcl,
_lgçraz-Ydolcl, Y., Ilstabblens-]äraz,
Ilstabblens-]äraz, I. y Nrnzin-Hùgaz,
Nrnzin-Hùgaz, B. ?==:).
Leìbdsds ka bls fueidneas saesnrdngntnrls
saesnrdngntnrls y kaprasdùe ae edüns ine astrlodsgn. ]rdgarl
flsa. Gakdhrlpjdi, 86, <=<-<=8.
el, Y. (<44?). Oltarçl kdlheùstdil ka bl ingpataeidl oìsdil plrl bl baiturl. Olkdilba. G l -
Gn bdbdel,
krdk3 IA]A.
Gn rl, C. L. (<449
(<449 ). Oltarçl avlbulknrl ka bls jlodbdklkas eaiaslrdls plrl ab lpraekdzlca ka bl
baiturl y asirdturl3 gleulb. Glkrdk3 [AL.
Gu üdz, C., Olrtrlg, K., Avars, L., Onoae, K., Gltasdi, @., Hbloa`a, @., Fareìekaz -Jarg dkl, C.
_. y Sllb, C. (?==<). [astdeh prlitdias de Aurnpale inuetrdas. Aurnpale Cnurelb nf ]syijnbn-
hdilb Lssassgaet, <8, ?=<-?<<.
Enrnejl, L . ]., Yletns, L. L. y Ydstn, F. F. ((?==8).
?==8). Avdkäeidls ka vlbdklka kn O aekar - Ydstagl
ka ]netuliìn H rlkulb (O-Y]H). ]sdinbnhçl3 _afbaxìn a I rçt dil, ?= ?), 991-9;<.
rçtdil,
[ja Oaekar-Hastlbt [ast3 \uletdfdiltdne lek Vlbdkdty fnr
]lsilb, H. _. y Yuttabb, O. C. <41<).
Lkubts. Eaw Tnr`3 Hruea y Ytrlttne.
]abnrnssn, L. y Atijavars, G. (?==; ). Olragns kab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr. Devastdhlidneas
ae ]sdinbnhçl, 4 9), <=<-<<<.
]dntrnws`d, I. (<441
(<441 ). L ravdaw nf tja ibdedilb
ibdedilb lek rasal rij usa nf tja oa ekar-hastlbt tast. ]ar-
iaptulb lek Gntnr Y`dbbs, :<, <?8?-<?8;.
Yle tuiid, J. y H lbdfrat-Hrle
lbdfrat-Hrle cne, E. (<41?). ]ruaol hrìfdil ka bl nrhledzlidùe pariaptdvl plrl
edüns ka ; l 6 lüns. Ouaens Ldras3 @lpabusz.
Ydbvl,
Ydbvl, _., Fad
Fadb,
b, I. y Eueas, G . (?==4). N [asta H uastìbt
uastìbtdin
din Vdsngntnr ka Oaeka r el lv lbdliìn
lbdliìn
ibçedil ka ijleils. ]sdin QYF, <; ?), <:1-<4?.
Yubbdvle,
Yubbdvle, @. Y. y Onw kae, Y. I. (<448). Xjdij tasts kn eaurnpsyij nbnhdsts
nbnhdsts usa> Cnurelb nf Ibded-
ilb ]syijnbnhy, 19(8), 618-66<.
[lonrkl, _. (?==? ). Kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl ilplidklk detabaitulb ka edüns ka ; l 6
lüns - Astukdn ibçedin ka bns tasts X]]YD, OH y KFJ. Ouaens Ldras3 Bugae Jug ledtls. ledtls.
?< = L. IL__A_LY
EAZN
[ast H uastìb
uastìbtt din Vdsng
Vdsngntnr
ntnr ka Oae
Oaekar
kar [H V)
Leaxn L Hrdbbl
Hrdb bl ka a vlbulid
vlbulidùe
ùe ka lspaitns g lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns
Leaxn I
Hrdbbl ka Dekdilknras ka K dsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil
Hrdbbl
Leaxn K Acagpbns ka arrnr
arrnras
as ae Çtags
Çtags Gl kurltdvns
kurltdvns
Leaxn L Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka avlbulidùe ka lspaitns g lkurltd
lkurltdvns*
vns*
ENGO_A KAB AVLBQLKN_3 FAIJL KA BL AVLBQLIDÙE3
[ dagpn agpbalkn3
?- _ntlidùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta
pl rta ka bl gdsgl
gdsg l ae gìs ka ;1½0
;1½0 rntlidùe k
kaa bl tlr
catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlg aeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab detaetn ka uedr ab içriubn y ab iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vär-
tdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gìs ka 9 gg.
FDHQ_L < ;- Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3
Idein n g ìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgaeta bbaens
bbaens rabbaens ine ab bìpdz) en sa inesdkarle
ingn içriubns.
içriubns.
1- _ntlidùe
Bl rntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1 ½ n gìs.
]arsavarlidùe
Gìs ka <1 p uetns ae uel jdbarl
jdbarl
Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl prasaetlidùe ka bns kltns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitdins, ab ingaetlrdn as idtl tax-
tulb @nppdtz, A. <444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns. Ouaens L dras3 Hulklbupa, pp. 94-11.
Fdhurl Arrnr ]uetlca
FDHQ_L 8 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl a e ;1½ n g ìs0 rntlidùe
rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl,
tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
n
=
=
=
½ : Detahrlidùe3
N
Ngdsdùe ka uel n gìs jdbarls ka içriubns.
4 ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <; inbugels ka içriubns ae uel jdbarl
F DH Q _ L 9 <= Kdstnrsdùe ka bl
bl ffnrgl
nrgl 3
Idein n gìs puetns inevartd
inevartdkns
kns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgaeta
plridlbgaeta rabbaens en sa inesdkarle içriubns plrl as ta
çtag.
• << _ntlidùe3
a
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsg l ae ;1 ½ n gìs.
<? Detahrlidùe3
l ) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün3 lugaetn ka ilkl jdbarl suiasdvl ka
puetns en
en bnhrlkl0
bnhrlkl0 iloazl kaka fbaijl drrainenidoba n dev
devartdkl0
artdkl0
inehbngarlidùe ka puetns.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka bçeals ka pu etns0 bl bçeal
bçeal pua ka sustd-
tudr l bns
bns puetns n astlr lhrahl kl l astns.
F DH
DH Q _ L ; <9 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsg l ae ;1½ n gìs .
<; Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 g g aetra bl iurvl y ab ìeh ubn lkyliaeta.
.--------)
F DH Q _ L 1 <1 Gnkdfdi
Gnkdfdilidùe
lidùe ka bl ffnrgl3
nrgl3
Idein n g ìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns.
•
• • • <6 _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl a e ;1½ n g ìs0 rntlid
rntlidùe
ùe ka
.•••-
.• bl axtaesdùe lpuetl jlidl bl kar
karaijl
aijl n bl ddzqudarkl).
zqudarkl).
•
• • <8 Detahrlidùe3
• • l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bçeal raitl
n içriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka puetns ae ab lrin bl axtaesdùe n
lgons.
F DH
DH Q _ L 6 <: Kdstnrsdùe ka bl
bl fnrgl
fnrgl 3
l ) [ras n gìs iurvls sustdtudkls pnr ìehubns (ae ilsn ka kukl en
ingputlr).
<4 Detahrlidùe3
Bls kns bçeals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bçeals0 kns bçeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.
?= ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas
sdeusndklbas ingpbatls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.
?< ; . L. IL__A_LY
F DH Q _ L : ? ; Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3
Ab jaxìhnen n ab rngon axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 ìehubns lhra-
hlkns u ngdtdkns.
? 1 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
[N[ B
LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ?< 1
Leaxn O Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka avlbulidùe ka Dekd
Dekdilknras
ilknras A g nidnelbas*
]rasaeidl
3s.3
?. Bçeal nekublkl3
]rasaeta iulekn ab edün kdoucl kns n gìs ilgodns loruptns ae bl kdraiidùe ka bl bçeal ka
puetns n ka içriubns
içriubns ae bls fdhur
fdhurls
ls < y ?, raspaitdvlgaeta. Ab ilgodn ka kdraiid
kdraiidùe
ùe kaoa
lolrilr pnr bn g aens kns puetns n içriub
içriubns
ns inesaiutdvns. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn kaoa lirakdtlrsa
lirakdtlrsa
uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta
dekapaekdaetagaeta ka qua sa kä ae uel n ae lg ols fdhurls.
fdhurls. *)
1. Hrle tlglün3
Qen n g ìs ka bns kdoucns as ue tarid
taridnn gìs hrle ka qua ab ka bl tlrcat
tlrcatll astçgubn. Iulekn
ab kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols kaoae astlr lhrleklkls plrl qua sa ing puta
astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta ka bl iletdklk
ka fdhurls lhrleklkls. *)
6. [lglün paquaün3
Qen n g ìs ka bns kdoucns rapr
raprnkuidkns
nkuidkns pnr ab ed
edün
ün sne bl gdtlk gìs paquaüns qua ab
gnkabn. Iulekn ue kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols p lrtas
lrtas tdaeae qua jloar sdkn
rakuidkls ae su tlglün p lrl qua sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa lirakdtl
uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetag aeta ka bl iletdklk ka fdhurls qua jlyle sdkn rakuidkls
ae su tlglün. *)
8. [rlzn käodb n bçeal fdel3
Ab trlzn as tle fden qua jly qua asfnrzlrsa plrl var ab kdoucn ingpbatn.
4. Yahuekl taetltdvl3
Ab edün loleknel aspnetìealg aeta ue kdoucn n plrta ka äb letas ka jloarbn targdelkn y
agpdazl l jliarbn euavlgaeta. Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn iulekn sa afaitóle kns
kdoucns kdstdetns ka uel gdsgl fdhurl, ae kns buhlras kdfaraetas ka bl jncl. En sa ing-
putl iulekn sa onrrl ab prdgarn y sa bn vuabva l kdouclr ae ab gdsgn buhlr kab prdgarn.
Yç sa puetól iul ekn, kaspuä s ka onrrlrbn, sa bn kdoucl ae ue buhlr kdfaraeta ka bl jncl.
Bns dekdilknras saülblkns ine lstardsin *) inrraspnekae l bns jlbblkns
jlbblkns ing n vìbdkns y sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvns
dvns sahóe ab astukdn
astukdn
bnilb raidaeta qua ingplrù pnoblidùe ka Ouaens Ldras ILOL y Ine urolen) ibçibçedil
edil y haearlb Buijattd. Bùpaz y Ordzzdn
Ordzzdn
?=<6), gaeidnelkns ae ab lplrtlkn 1. Avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
?< 6 . L. IL__A_LY
< = Axplesdùe3
Asta dekdilknr kaoa sar inesdkarlkn iulekn ab edün agpbal kns n gìs jncls ka plpab
plrl targdelr bls euava fdhurls kab Oaekar. Asta dekdilknr as gìs fraiuaeta ae edüns gìs
paquaüns y inorl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe kdlheùstdil ae lquabbns ka gìs a klk.
Leaxn I H rdbb
rdbbll ka Dekdilknras ka K dsf
dsfueidùe
ueidùe E aurnbùhdil*
Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*)
(*) gìs l g aeukn a e bns edüns
Fdhurl L ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls
aklkas.
Lkdidùe u ngdsdùe
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe
ka ìehubns Fdhurl 8
eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 8 lün s.
Fdhurl 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns : lün s.
Fdhurl L y 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls a klkas.
_ntlidùe kab kdoucn
ae ;1½ Fdhurl 8 Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (‛) ae tnkls bls
aklkas.
Fdhurl Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns 8 lüns .
Fdhurl ? Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns : lüns .
Fdhurls L y ; Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls a klkas.
Detahrlidùe
Fdhurl 6 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls ak lkas.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn (< l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl sdhudaeta prasaetlidùe ka bns kl tns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitd
kdkìitdins,
ins, sa trltl ka uel idtl
taxtulb3 @npp dtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns Ouaens L dras, Hulklbupa, pp. <?<-<?9.
?< : L. IL__A_LY
Leaxn K Acagpbns
Acagp bns ka arrnras
arrnras ae Çtags G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns
Fdhurl L
< Kdstnrsdùe
Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl
l. .
? _ntlidùe Detahrlidùe
Detahrlidùe
_trdl.i―.6y
[n‚ìstrxx.
NL
Fdhurl
; Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl 1 _ntlidùe
= = = = < •
Bns acagpbns ka arrnras prnpnridnelkns ae asta leaxn i nrraspnekae l il sns ralbas -inesubtletas
-inesubtletas y en inesubtle-
tas-. Bns
Bns lhrahlk ns n lkdidneas v dsdobas ae bns hrìfdins
hrìfdins partaeai ae l bns prntnin bns nrdhd
nrdhdelbas.
elbas.
]arsavarlidùe
•
Fdhurl ?
8 _ntlidùe Detahrlidùe
• <-If ? v v
\ avn )+
4 ]arsavarlidùe
n
Fdhurl 9
<= Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl << _ntlidùe
??= L. IL__A_LY
<? Detahrlidùe
l yo
Fdhurl ;
<1 Kdstnrsdùe
Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl <6 _ntlidùe
nl N6
6
Detahrlidùe
l yo
Fdhurl
< 8 Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl
l
: Detahrlidùe
L IL__A_LY
4 ]arsavarlidùe
Fdhurl
? = Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl
l
? < _ntlidùe ? Detahrlidùe
Fdhurl
?; Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrg
fnrgl
l ?1 _ntlidùe
; L IL__A_LY
1 6 8 : 4 < << ?
p LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY p Detarpratlidùe
kdlheùstdil
]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O
44 ? ? 44
N N Yupardnr
6 9
41 6 9 41
N
4= 8 4=
; ?
:1 :1
Yupardnr lb
N
:= 4 :=
tärgden gakdn
1
81 ? 81
<= 6 8=
61 61
‛ 8 ;
6 9 6=
?
11 <? : 1 11
1= 1= [ärgden gakdn
;1 <9 4 ; ? ;1
;= 9 ;=
<= 6
91 <; 91
9= 8 1 9 ? 9=
?1 <1 ; ? ?1
:
?= <? 6 ?= Defardnr
Defardnr lb
<1 <8 4 8 1 ; 9 <1 tärgden gakdn
<9 9
<= <: <= : 6 ; <=
* Astukdn ka Ilrrarls,
Ilrrarls, Qrdab
Qrdab,, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìekaz, Liaolb y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia
Bdpnrlia ?=< <).
AK K GAKD KAYVÇN E
1 LÜNY <? ?8 9 4? 11
6 L Ü NY : 14 9 6: :1
: L Ü NY ; =1 ? 81 <1=
4 L Ü NY ? 8? ? ?< <;;
??6 G L IL__A_LY
8. Ab Yiraaed
Y iraaedeh
eh E aurnpsdinbùhdin
aurnpsdinbùhdin
plrl Edüns
Edüns (YE
( YE E-QO L)
Lbaclekrn
Lbac lekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K Leel
< BL EAQ_N]YDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBNHÇL
BNHÇL DEFLE[DB T BNY DEY[_QGAE[NY
DEY[_QGAE[NY KA
AV BQ IDÙE ]YDINBÙHDI
]YDINBÙHD I
Bl eau rnpsdinb
rnpsdinbnhçl
nhçl tdaea ingn prdeid
prdeidplb
plb nocatd
nocatdvn
vn ab astukdn ka bl nrhledzlidùe ia-
raorlb ka bl litdvdklk inhedtdvn-inekuitulb,
inhedtdvn-inekuitulb, lsç ingn ab leìbdsds ka sus lbtar lbtarlidneas
lidneas ae
ilsn ka pltnbnhçl iaraorlb (Lrkdbl
(Lrkdbl y _n sabbd,
sabbd, ?==8). As bl kdsidpbdel
kdsidpbdel qua astukdl bls fue-
idneas supardnras y su rablidùe ine ab sdstagl e arvdnsn.
arvdnsn. Ae a b ilsn ka bl eaurnpsdinbn-
hçl defletdb lbhuens gnkabns taùrdins l pbdile bns prdeidpdns
prdeidpdns haearl bas ka bl eau rnpsdinbn-
hçl lkubtl l ue hrupn ka akl k aspaiçfdin, bl bl pnoblidùe defletdb,
defletdb, taedaekn
taedaekn a spaidlbgaeta
ae iuaetl iùg n sa astlobaiae bls rablid rablidneas
neas ae tra iaraorn y inekuitl/inhedid
inekuitl/inhedidùe ùe ae
ue iaraorn qua sa a eiuaetrl ae kaslrrnbbn. Yde agol rhn, ntrns ntrns aefnquas en l iuarkle
ine astl axtrlpnblidùe bdealb, puastn
puastn qua ab iaraorn defletdb
defletdb en as ue iaraorn lk ubtn ae
gdedlturl y ab prniasn dgpbdil uel ingpbacdklk y uel avnbuidùe pnin praka idoba.
Bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl surha ing n kdsidpbdel
kdsidpbdel aspa içfdil
içfdil ae bl sahuekl gdtlk kab sdhbn ZZ,
iulekn sa ralbdzlrne
ralbdzlrne bns astukdns ka bls olsas eaurnodnbùhdils
eaurnodnbùhdils ka lbhuens trlstnrens kab
kaslrrnbbnn tlbas ingn ab aetneias bblglkn ratrlsn gaetlb (jny eng orlkn kdsilplidklk
kaslrrnbb
detabaitulb y bns prnobagls aspa içf içfdins
dins kab lpraekdzlca. Ine ab inrrar ka bns lün s jle
surhdkn kdvarsls aspaidlbdklkas, pnr a cagpbn bl e aurnpsdinbnhçl
aurnpsdinbnhçl ibçedilibçedil defletdb,
defletdb, bl eau -
rnpsdinbnhçl pakdìtrdil, bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl kab kaslrrnbbn tagprlen y bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl
inhedtdvll defletdb (Hnbkstade y _aye nbks, <4440 _ ayenbks y F batijar-Clezae,
inhedtdv batijar-Clezae, ?=< 9).
Ae l üns raidaetas bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl kab kasl rrnbb rrnbbnn defletd
defletdbb fua
fua deiraga etlekn su
dgpnrtleidl ae iul etn l bl kataiidùe ka pnoblidneas a e rdashn ka prasaetlr lbtarlidn-
eas eaurninhedtdvls
eaurninhedtdvls qua puakl e dgpbd dgpbdilr
ilr l guy tagprlel aklk lbhóe td tdpn
pn ka rdashn
rdashn
ka vdkl y qua, lbhuens lüns g ìs tlrka, puakle detarfardrdetarfardr ine ab dehrasn ka bns edüns lb
sdstagl
sdst agl akuiltdvn y ine bl l kqudsdidùe
kqudsdidùe ka bls jlodbdklkas
jlodbdklkas oìsdils plrl a b lpraekdzlca.
Lbhuens trlstnrens
trlstnrens qua l etas plslole kaslparid
kaslparidodkns
odkns ljnrl sne plsdob plsdobas
as ka katai-
tlrsa guy prainzgaeta gakdleta avlbulidneas eaurnpsdinbùhdils, qua tdaeae ingn
nocatdvn
nocatd vn óbtd
óbtdgn
gn ab kdsaün ka detarvaeidneas p sdinbùhdils y/n psdinakuiltdvls aspaiç-
fdils ine bl ineinesaiuaeta
saiuaeta gacnrl ae ab p prneùstdin
rneùstdin ka asns edüns ae rdashn sdagpra
qua sale avlbulkn s y trltlkns
trltlkns ka glearl npnrtuel y lkaiul kl.
L pa slr ka qu a lbhuens g nkabns taùrdins lpbd lpbdile
ile bns prdeidpd
prdeidpdns ns ka bl ea urnpsdin-
bnhçl kab lkubtn l bns edüns, axdstae kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls sustleidlbas aetra lg ols pn oblidneas,
qua sdetatdzlgns ae bl sdhudaeta tlobl.
[lobl < . Kdfaraeidls aetra bl eau rnpsdinbnhçl defletdb y lkubtl,
sahóe ]nrtabblen ?==8).
EDÜNY KQB[NY
Iaraorn ae kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbn.
n. Ae prniasn ka lkqudsdidùe ka idartls Iaraorn yl kaslrrnbblkn y, pnr aek a, gìs astloba.
jlodbdklkas oìsdils
Gaen r astlodbdklk ka bns parfdbas eaurnpsdinbùhdins notaedkns Glyn r astlodbdklk ka bns parfdbas eaurnpsdinbùhdins notaedkns
ae bl avlbulidùe. ae bl avlbulidùe.
]rneùstdin3 K dsnidlidùe aetra aklk ka kataiidùe ka bl kdsfue- ]rneùstdin3 Ae guijns ilsns puaka astdglrsa degakdltl
idùe y lplrdidùe kab sçetngl. gaeta kaspuäs ka prnkuidkl
prnkuidkl jloblgns ka b sdùe pnrqua sa
trltl ka lkubtns.
Ab sçetngl puaka plslr kaslparidodkn lüns letas n kaspuäs Ab sçetngl suaba sar gìs iblrn y avdkaeta, ka gnkn g uijn
ka kataitlkl bl kdsfueidùe. gìs ingóe.
ab sdstagl
sdstagl earvdnsn pnea ae fueid fueidnelgdaetn
nelgdaetn gailedsgns ka ingpaeslidùe plrl su-
pbdr ab afaitn nilsdnelk n pnr bl kdsfueidùe0 asl raiuparlidùe defletdb suaba sar g lynr
qua ae ab lkubt
lkubtnn kaodkn l uel g lynr eaurnpblstd
eaurnpblstdidklk,
idklk, sd od
odae
ae en ae tnkns bns ilsns
tlb raiupa rlidùe rasubtl
rasubtl axdtnsl ]nrtabblen, ?==8 ).
Ab nocatdvn prdeidplb ka bl avlbulidùe eau rnpsdinbùhdil defletd
defletdbb inesdsta ae katargdelr
bl prasaeidl ka lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls
inhedtdvls y ingp nrtlgaetlbas ae edüns ae qudaeas sa sn s-
paijl ka bl axdstaeidl ka lbhóe tdpn tdpn ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhd
eaurnbùhdilil Gltuta, _nsabbd y Lrkdbl,
?=<= ). En tdaea ingn fde fde uodilr bl bnilbd
bnilbdzlidùe
zlidùe iaraorlb nrdhae ka bl lfaiidùe, yl qua
uel g dsgl kdsfueidùe puaka kl r bbuhlr uhlr l gl edfastlidneas
edfastlidneas sdetngìtdils guy kdfaraetas,
lb inetrlrdn
inetrlrdn ka bn qua suiaka sahóe lbhuels inrrdaetas
inrrdaetas ka bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl
eaurnpsdinbnhçl aspa idlbd-
idlbd-
zlkl ae lkubtns. Ab parfdb
parfdb eaurnpsdinbùhdin notaedkn ordekl defnrglidùe liaril k a sd sa
trltll ka uel in ekdidùe eaurnbùhdil n psdqudìtrdil
trlt psdqudìtrdil ka lbbç bl dgp
dgp nrtleidl kab kdlheùstdin
kdfaraeidlb), l bl vaz qua pargdta katargdelr sd sa trltl ka ue p rniasn lhu kn n irùe din.
Ab eaurnpsdiùbnhn defletd
defletdbb as ue prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb qua pnsaa inenidgdaetns snora avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb,
defletdb, sa jl fnrg lkn ae eaurnbnhçl ka b kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn y as axpa rtn
ae ab gleacn ka pruaols eaurnpsdinbùhdils.
eaurnpsdinbùhdils. Bns ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe ae bns qua
ingó egae ta sa kasagpaül sa vdeiub
vdeiuble
le ine ab tr
trlolcn
lolcn ine edüns ine prnob
prnobagls
agls ka
KL[NY
] _QA OL A V LBÓL A KLKA Y
EN_ GL [ DVNY
Asilbl Xaijsbar ka Detabdhae- Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb y aetra 9 Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb Edüns praasinblras y ka
idl plrl Edüns ]raasinblras y 1 puetulidneas çekdia
çekdia ing- plrl edüns ka ? lüns akuilidùe prdglrdl, pnobl-
-X]]YD DV‛
DV‛ Xaijsbar, ?=<?) praesdùe varolb, vdsnasplidlb, 6 gasas l 8 lüns y 8 idùe asplünbl.
Lklptlidùe Asplünbl, ?=<; gagnrdl ka trlolcn, rlznel- gasas.
gdaetn fbudkn y vabnidklk ka
prniaslgdaetn , a çekdias sa-
iueklrdns.
Iuastdnelrdn ka glkuraz eau- Ya notdaea ue Çekdia ka kaslrrn- Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb Edüns asinblrdzlkns, pn-
rnpsdinbùhd
rnpsdinbùhdil
il asinblr ‛I QG L- <<= eaurnpsdinbùhdin l trlväs ka plrl edüns ka 8 l << lü ns. oblidùe asplünbl.
EAY‛ ]nrtabblen a t l B ?=<?). <? suoasilbls
suoasilbls lhruplkls aae
e6
ìrals3 baehulca, vdsnpariapidùe,
fueidnelgdaetnn acaiutdvn,
fueidnelgdaet acaiutdvn, g a-
gnrdl, rdtgn y bltarlbdklk.
Asilbl Xaij sbar ka Detabdhaeidl Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb y ; pue- Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
plrl E düns ‛X DYI-DV‛ Xaijs- tulidneas çekdia ingpraesdùe plrl edüns ka 6 lüns l <6 Iduklk ka Ouaens L dras y
bar, ?==9 Lklptlidùe lrhae- varolb, rlznelgdaetn vdsulb, lüns y << gasas. ab Ineurolen.
tdel, ?=<<. vabnidklk ka prniaslgdaetn y
gagnrdl ka trlolcn)
Avlbulidùe aurnpsdinbùhdil <9 kn gdedns eaurnpsdinbùhdins 1 lüns l <6 lüns y << E düns gnenbdehòas
gnenbdehòas ka Gä-
Defletdb ‛AE D ?‛ Gltuta at lb. kdstrdoudkns
kdstrdoudkns ae tras saiidneas. gasas xdin y Inbngodl.
?==8).
[ast ka Baiturl y Asirdturl ae ]rniasns dgpbdilkns ae bl bai- Lkgdedstrlidùe
Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
Asplünb ‛BA A ‛ Kafdnr Idtnbar
Idtnbar turl y ae bl asirdturl. Kataitl edüns ka prdglrdl ka <½ l iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y
a t l b . ?==6). tdpns ka arrnras nosarvlkns, l ;½ hrlkn. ab Hrle Ouaens Ldras aetra
fde ka praidslr ab kdlheùstdin y 6 y <= lüns.
ka prnhrlglr bl detarvaeidùe.
]_N ILB IQB N - [ast plr
plrll bl Avlból ab prniaslgdaetn kab eó- Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l
Lkgdedstrlidùe Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
avlbulidùe kab prniaslgdaetn garn y kab iìbiubn gakdleta bl edüns ka 6 l 4 lü ns. iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y
kab eógarn y kab iìbiubn Fabk a t pnekarlidùe ka fueidneas inh- ab hrle Ouaens Ldras.
lb. ?==6). edtdvls rablidnelkls.
Iuastdnelrdn ka glkuraz eau- Ya axpbnrle ; fueidneas gaetl- Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l
Lkgdedstrlidùe E düns ae aklk praasinblr,
praasinblr,
rnpsdinbùhdil defletdb ‛IQ GL - bas oìsdils3 baehulca, gagnrdl, edüns ka 9 l 6 lüns. pnoblidùe asplünbl.
E E ‛ ]nrtabblen a t l b . ?===). gntrdidklk y saesnrdlbdklk, l
trlväs ka <9 asilbls.
AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_L
]L_L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 4
? AB YI_AAEDEH
YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHD
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
IN ]L_L ED
EDÜNY
ÜNY YEE-QOL)
Nocatdvns ka bl pruaol
Kasirdpidùe ka bl pruaol
....
,.
,.., .
.
Nrdaetli dùe lutnpsçqu dil.
L inetdeulidùe
inetdeulidùe kasirdodgns
kasirdodgns o ravagaeta bls tlrals kab YEE-QO L y su rablidùe
rablidùe ine
pnsdobas kdsfueidneas trlstnrens y raekdg daetn asinblr kab edün.
AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_
]L_L
L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 9<
guy ótdbas plrl kdfaraeidlr aetra parsnels ine y sde kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil savarl
Ordekl defnrglidùe lkdidnelb snora vabnidklk y axlitdtuk.
axlitdtuk. Qe avlbulkn p uaka sar rì-
pdkn parn deaxlitn, n baetn parn sahu rn.
[lral 1 _ainenidgdaetn
_ainenidgdaetn ka Nocatns Astl tlral avlból bl ilplidklk ka vnil-
oublrdn axprasdvn kab edün
edün l trlväs ka b rainenidgdaetn ka insls ineiratls a dgì haeas
prasaetlkls pnr ab avlbulknr. Bl lgpbdtuk ka vniloublrdn
vniloublrdn as uen ka bns dekd
dekdilknras
ilknras
ka äxdtn ka bls jlodbdklkas pnstardnras ka ing praesdùe y prnkuiidùe bdehòçstdil. Bns
edüns qua lpraekae l baar kaoae sar ilplias ka kasidfrlr bls plblorls asirdtls, parn
tlgodäe kaoae pnsaar ue inenidgdaetn ka tlbas plblorls plrl qua puakle aetaekar
bn qua kasi dfrlrne.
dfrlrne. Qel pu etulidùe pnora ae as tl pruaol astlrçl dekdilekn kdfdiub
kdfdiubtl-
tl-
kas ae bl kaeng delidùe ka nocatns y kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae bl lkqudsdidùe
lkqudsdidùe ka bl baitnasirdturl.
baitnasirdturl.
vniloublrdn
vniloublrd
snstaedkl y nfueidnea
y kaengdelidùe), td
tdagpns
s acaiutdvls. agpns ka raspuastl,
Bl fbudkaz
fbudkaz nrhledzlidùe
va rolb sa rafdara g aetlb,kab
l bl vabnidklk ltaeid
ltaeidùe
ùe
jlobl.
Astl tlral as lkaiulkl plrl kataitlr trlstnrens kab baehulca lb axdstd axdstdrr rat
ratlrkn
lrkn ae bl
vabnidklk ka raspuastl). Ab raekdgdaetn rasubtl kdsgdeudkn sd ab avlbulkn tdaea prnoba-
gls ae bl l rtdiublidùe
rtdiublidùe ka bls plblorls, pnorazl bäxdil n kdsflsdl.
idùe, ab gleacn y kngdedn ka bls innrkaelkls asplidlbas y kab sdstagl gntnr. Lqua-
bbns edüns qua en puakae ralbdzlr bl acaiuidùe prnpuastl puakae prasaetlr trlstnrens
ka bl raprasaetlidùe hrìfdil y astlrçle gns trlekn deilplidklk plrl bl pbledfdilidùe y
acaiuidùe Yu acaiuidùe inrraitl astì lbtlgaeta inrrablidnelkl ineine ab raekdgdaetn
asinblr.
[lral <= Inetan ka Eógarns Astl tlral inesdsta ae rainrklr defnrglidùe lu-
kdtdvl y rapatdrbl ae bl saiuaeidl dekdilkl. Avlból bl ilplidklk ka saiuaeidlidùe, bl
snora bl pnsdodbdklk
pnsdodbd
ka kdsilbiubdl n klk ka axdl
k dsfueidùe
ka kdsbaxdl
kdsb tdaekaeeaurnbùhdil. Lquabbns
l notaear gaen edüns qua tdaeae
ras raekdgdaetns prnobag
ae asta ls
tdpn ka
litdvdklkas. Ka fnrgl saiueklrdl, bls tlrals pbletalkls rafbacle bl ilplidklk kab edün
plrl gleaclr bl lesdaklk.
i Lkgdedstrlidùe
<. Bl Akdtnrdlb pnea l kdspnsdidùe kab prnfasdnelb bl pnsdodbdklk ka kasilrhlr a dgprdgdr ab lrijdvn kab ulkar
edbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls. ]lrl abbn, sdhl bls sdhudaetas destruiidneas (qua fdhurle lsd-
gdsgn ae ab knrsn ka kdijn Iulkaredbbn3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sabaiidnea ae ab
gaeó bl npidùe [asts y sarvd
sarvdidns
idns defnr
defnrgltdzlkns
gltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetr
aeinetrlrì
lrì ue raiulkrn
raiulkrn kaengdelkn Oaeafdidns lb prn-
fasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel il sdbbl. ]lrl kasilrhlr ab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls dehrasa ab iùkdhn3 YEEQOL
Kdijn lrijdvn pnkrì sar kasi lrhlkn ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y pnstardnr dgprasdùe.
AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHD
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
IN ]L_L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 99
i [dagpn3 En sa rahdstrl.
k Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3 [a vny l jliar
jliar lbhuels prahuetls
prahuetls . T sa suiakae 1 çtags3
çtags3
¾Iùgn ta Dblgìs> ¾Iuìetns lüns taeäs> ¾Kùeka vdvçs> ¾Iùgn sa bblgl tu
plpì> ¾Iù gn sa bblgl
bblgl tu glgì>
- Ae a b Iulkaredbbn sa ordekle liblrlidneas ka quä as bn qua sa inesdkarl inrraitn
n asparloba plrl ilkl çtag.
- Yd ab edün ordekl uel raspuastl qu a ab avlbulknr inesdkarl inefusl n deing pbatl,
sa ba kaoa pakdr qua sal gìs aspaiçfdin. ]nr acagpbn, sd ue edün ka 1 lüns ras-
pneka l bl prahuetl ¾Iuì etns lüns taeäs> kdidaekn Kns , n utdb utdbdzl
dzl kns kakns,
sa ba
ba puaka prahuetlr3 ¾A stìs sahurn ka qua taeäs kns lüns> .
- Yd sa ba prahuet
prahuetll ¾Kùeka vdvç
vdvçs>
s> , y raspn
raspneka
eka Ae gd ilsl n Ae ue akdf akdfdid
didnn n
ae Lrhaetdel , sa ba puaka kaidr3 Yç, asn astì
astì odae, parn ¾ae quä olrrdn vdvçs>
vdvçs>
- Fraeta l bls prahuetls pnr ab engora kab plkra y ka bl glkra, sa asparl qua
inetastae ine ab eng ora y lpabbdkn, parn ab engora ka pdbl as liaptloba.
a ]uetulidùe
• Ineiakl < puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
• Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilkl raspua stl deinrr
deinrraitl
aitl n lusaeta.
gìxdgl3 1 puetns.
5 ]uetulidùe gìxdgl3
i. [dagpn3 En s a rahdstrl.
k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3as3 [a vny l kaidr tras plblorls. _apatdbls kaspuäs ka qua bls
jlyls asiuijlkn. [rltì ka rainrklrbls pnrqua ta bls vny l vnbvar l prahuetlr3
YNB, HL[N, ]ABN[L .
- Ya p uaka rapa tdr bl inesdhel sd sa l kvdarta qua ab edün en bl aetaekdù.
- Ya ka oa rahdstrlr ab nrkae ae qua ab edün raprnkuia bls plblorls, ae ab buhlr kas-
tdelkn plrl abbn ae ab Iulkaredbbn.
[L_AL 9 ILEIABLIDÙE
o Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Ya ba guastrl lb edün
edün bl jnc
jncll ine bl [lral y sa ba bbaa
aa bl sdhud
sdhudaeta
aeta inesdhel3 [a vny
l gnstrlr ue kdoucn. [aeäs qua glrilr bl glynr iletdklk ka kdoucns dhulbas l
ästa saülblr ab pltdtn qua sa jlbbl ae ab raiulkrn sup ardnr). ]arn prdgarn vlgns l
jliar uel jdbarl ka pruaol sa ba guastrl lb edün bl jdbarl ka prìitdil y sa asparl
l qua ab edün bl ingpbata. Yd ingpraekdù bl tlral sa ingdaezl). Odae, van qua
ingpraekdsta. Agpazì ljnrl.
Yd ab edün ingpraekdù bn qua kaoa jliar, sa dedidl bl tngl y sa prniaka l ine-
trnblr ab tdagpn. Yd ab edün lóe gua strl kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlkas
lkas p lrl ing praeka r bn qua kaoa
jliar, sa rap dta bl axpbdilidùe.
axpbdilidùe.
a ]uetulidùe
• Ntnrhua puetn pnr ilkl pltn tlijlkn inrraitlgaeta.
En sa puetól ed sa paelbdz
paelbdzle
le bns arrnras qua jlyl inga td
tdkn,
kn, as kaidr, sd ab ed
edün
ün
tlijl ntrn ledglb qua en sal ue p ltn. Yùbn sa lsdhel puetlca pnr tlijlkurls in-
rraitls. Yd ab edün
edün fdelbdzl letas kab tdag
tdag pn ntnrhlkn, sa tng l entl ka astn.
l . Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ya ba pdka lb edün qua rapdtl bls tras plblorls ordeklkls ae
bl [lral ?3 _ apatdidùe
apatdidùe ka pl blorls.
i . [dagpn3 En sa rahdstrl.
k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3 ¾[a linrkìs ka bls tras plb plblorls
lorls qua ta kdckdcaa jlia ue rltn> rafd-
rdäeknsa l bl [lral ?, YNB, HL[N, ]ABN[ L). Ljnrl kaiçgabls .
- Ya ba puaka ord
ordeklr
eklr lyukl ssdd ab edün en rraiuarkl
aiuarkl ((Ac.
Ac.33 plr
plrll Ynb , sa puaka kaid
kaidrr
lbhn qua slba pnr bl
bl glü lel ).
a ]uetulidùe
Ineia kl ? puetns pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
Ineiakl < puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl ordeklkl buahn ka uel lyukl kab avlbulknr.
Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl deinrraitl n lusaeidl ka abbl.
l . Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ya ba pdka lb edün qua kdhl bns eng oras ka bns nocatns qua
sa ba vle saülblekn. ]lrl bns çtags l o y i sa utdbdzle nocatns qua sa aeiuaetrle
fìidbgaeta ae ab inesubtnrdn u ntrns sdtdns3 bìpdz n blpdiarl, sdbbl n sdbbùe y gasl n
asirdtnrdn. ]lrl bns çtag s k a y f sa utdbdzle
utdbdzle bls [l rcatls <, ? y 9, raspaitdvlga eta.
Iulek n sa trltl ka plrtas kab iuarpn, ab avlbulknr bls saülbl ae sç g dsgn.
i . [ da
da gp n 3 En sa rahdstrl.
g p n3
k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
Bl inesdhel as3 Ljnrl ta vny l gnstrlr uel insl y ga taeäs qua kaidr quä as sa sa--
ülblr ue bìpdz). ¾\uä as astn> .
- ]lrl bns çtags l o y i, sa liaptle bls raspuastls inesdhelkls ae ab I ulkaredbulkaredbbn
bn
n lklp tlkls lb nocatn qua sa ba g uastrl lb edün (blpdiarl, sdbbùe,
sdbbùe, ati.).
- ]lrl ab çtag k, sa ines dkarl inrraitn sd ab edün
edün kdia oaoä n eaea.
- Yd lb saülblr bl rnkdbbl,
rnkdbbl, ab jng orn n bl fraeta, ab edün kdia pdarel orlzn n ilrl, sa
ba kdia qua as inrraitn parn qua kaoa kaidr ab engora axlitn ka bl plrta kab
iuarpn qua sa ba astì saülblekn.
? 9 6 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
YNBLEN y L. K LEEL
a ]uetulidùe
• Ineiak l < pue tn pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
inrraitl.
• Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilrl raspuastl deinrraitl.
[L_AL 6 FBQAEID
FBQAEIDLL YAGÌE[DIL T FNENBNHDIL
FNENBNHDIL
l Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ae astl tlral ab edün kaoa prnkuidr kurleta < gdeutn eng -
oras ka ledglbas ka iultrn pltls (Fbuaeidl Yag ìetdil), y pnstardnrgaeta,
pnstardnrgaeta, ae bl gdsgl
iletdklk ka tdagpn, plblorls qua ing daeiae ine bl batrl g (Fbuaeidl Fnenbùhdil).
o Gltardlb
Gltardlbas3
as3 Iulkaredbbn
Iulkaredbbn ka Lkg dedstrli
dedstrlidùe
dùe y _ ahdstrn
ahdstrn ka _aspuastls
Irneùgatrn.
k Lkgdedstrlidùe3