Essential Mathematics

for AI
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION
Why Mathematics is important for AI?
From virtual reality to functional gadgets, AI has invaded our lives in ways that no one has ever
seen or expected before.
AI tools and chatbots have been on the verge of a breakthrough in the promptly-evolving tech
realm.
AI is not magic; it’s just mathematics.
The ideas behind thinking machines and the possibility to mimic human behavior are done with
the help of mathematical concepts.
Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics are the two branches of the same tree.
And if you want to thrive in your AI career, you need to study mathematics; merely being a fan of
science fiction won’t be enough.
Various problems are hard to solve using traditional programming methods like computer
games, self-driven cars, recognizing objects.
One way round is to tell computers how to learn from data, this is machine learning.
Machine Learning helps Amazon suggest products for you, Youtube recommend videos, classify
spam mail, etc. To make this possible, we combine mathematics with lots of programming.
Machine Learning is all about creating algorithms that can learn data to make a prediction.
Machine Learning is built on mathematical prerequisites.
Mathematics is important for solving the Data Science project, Deep Learning use cases.
Mathematics defines the underlying concept behind the algorithms and tells which one is better
and why.
How is AI connected with mathematics?
Artificial intelligence problems constitute on two general categories; Search Problems, and
Representation Problems.
Following them are interconnected models and tools like Rules, frames, Logics, and Nets. All of them
are very mathematical topics.
The primary purpose of Artificial intelligence is to create an acceptable model for human
understanding.
And these models can be prepared with the ideas and strategies from various branches of
Mathematics.
Consider self-driving cars; their goal is to recognize objects and people in videos images.
There is mathematics behind these cars in the form of minimization procedures and back-
propagation.
Mathematics helps AI scientists to solve challenging deep abstract problems using traditional
methods and techniques known for hundreds of years.
What kind of math is used in Artificial
Intelligence?
Behind all of the significant advances, there is mathematics.
The concepts of Linear Algebra, Calculus, game theory, Probability, statistics, advanced logistic
regressions, and Gradient Descent are all major data science underpinnings.
Math helps in understanding logical reasoning and attention to detail.
It enhances your abilities to think under pressure and increase your mental endurance.
Mathematical concepts give the real solution of hypothetical or virtual problems. It is about
structure, developing principles that remain true even if you make any alteration in the
components.
The three main branches of mathematics that constitute a thriving career in AI are Linear
algebra, calculus, and Probability.
Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra: It makes possible for algorithms to run on massive datasets.

Linear algebra shows up everywhere in the machine learning world

Without linear algebra, machine learning methods cannot be developed, a complex data
structure cannot be handled and manipulated, matrix operations on large datasets are not
possible
Linear Algebra concepts one needs to know — Vectors, Vector Spaces, Scalars,
Orthonormalization, Matrix Operations, Projections, Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors, etc.
Linear algebra acts as a stage or a platform over which all the machine learning algorithms
display their results.
But why linear algebra?

Linear algebra can transform datasets into matrices on which several operations can be
performed. NumPy is such a library used in Machine Learning which performs several operations on
N-d array.
Calculus
Calculus: It is used to finetune the result. It optimizes the performance of the algorithm.
Calculus plays an integral role in many machine learning algorithms like in the gradient descent
algorithm and backpropagation to train deep learning neural networks.
Calculus knowledge helps in the optimization of the model’s performance.
Calculus concepts one needs to know — Differential and Integral Calculus, Partial Derivatives,
Vector-Values Functions, Directional Gradient, Jacobian, etc.
In Machine Learning, we try to find the inputs which enable a function to best match the data.
The slope or descent describes the rate of change off the output with respect to an input.
Determining the influence of each input on the output is also one of the critical tasks.
All this requires a solid understanding of Multivariate Calculus.
Probability
Probability: It helps in predicting the likelihood of future events in machine learning.
The main sources of uncertain events which introduce imperfection in machine learning models
are noisy and scarcity of relevant data.
Probability concepts that one needs to know — Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probability,
Probability Distributions (Discrete, Continuous), Density Estimation, Maximum Likelihood
Estimation, Regression with Maximum Likelihood, Bayes Theorem, etc.
We use them to carry out hypothesis testing where an understanding of probability is quite
essential.
The Naive Bayes algorithm is an example that works on a similar principle, with a simple
assumption that all the input features are independent.
Vectors
a = [3 4]
-a = [-3 -4]
Tasks
Represent the following vectors in 2 dimensional space
1. a = [ 3 4 ]
2. b = [ -2 -2]
3. c = [3 -2]
4. d = [-2 3]
5. e = a + b
6. f = 2a
7. g = -2b
References
1. https://towardsdatascience.com/why-is-mathematics-vital-to-thrive-in-your-ai-career-
c11bd8446ddc
2. Role of Mathematics in Machine Learning
Thank You