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    Document 73

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    Marie Antoinette Cadorna Cadeliña

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11
    METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA povecaimafion of cat 7 Statistics, as defined scientifically, entails systematic collection of data to ensure the validity and reliability of the result, By definition, data (singular datum) refer to a set of observation, values, or element taken into consideration. Data, when fully interpreted, can be converted into information which | will be useful in testing hypothesis, or making conclusions, inferences, and recommendations. Some of | the methods in collecting data are listed below: 1. The Direct or Interview Method. This is a method wherein a person can directly obtain data from another person or a group of persons. _ This can be categorized into two: Structured interview - questions are already made and only those listed can be asked. Unstructured interview - questions relevant to the data to be collected can be freely asked, 2. The Indirect or Questionnaire Method. This is the opposite of the person-to-person method. In this process, the researcher makes a questionnaire to be answered in written form by the intended sample. Also, some essay-type questions may not be answered by the respondents due to some other factors or may be answered by other persons. ' 3. The Registration Method. This, by far, is one of the easiest methods of collecting data. However, this method of collecting data is governed by certain laws. Some data, especially those that are "classified", cannot be given by the registrar even if a request letter is made. 4. The Observation Method. In this method, the researcher observes what he wants to observe about Persons, groups, or organizations. ‘There are two kinds of observation method: Natural or passive method - the investigator does not interfere with the situation; he only observes. Participatory method - the investigator participates in the making of the event. 5. The Experiment Method. This method is used for sophisticated scientific research studies. It tries to identify the cause-effect relationship between and among variables in a carefully made laboratory tosh tt Uber on Soe ceeuinions group and the experiment group. The must establist validity and reliability of the data collected in other internal and extemal factors. " eset inertorence of | Thus, there are three categories of collecting data: objective method, subjective method, and use of existing records. Two types of data: |. Primary data are those collected directly from the source and is jh objective or Se rene toes collecten les is obtained through obj 12 Secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have been acquired through the use of existing | records. ' a Pa pe ee DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE In research, we seldom use the entire population because of the cost and time Involved, In fact, ‘most researchers do not use the population in their study. Instead, the sample which Is a small Tepresentative of a population is used. The characteristics of the whole or entire population is described using the characteristics observed from the sample. To, determine the ‘sample size from a given population size, the Slovin's formula is used: — |n= Where: n= sample size / 1+ Ne* | aie N= population size | Someliney 7 weil vegrenentred e@= margin of error - pz ctcbowes! | emettion gene voliza\l9 Cr (i Akuccbional re Searchers, sine te om "% 7s medical acventeg 1 samging gure = Yow wrany wgiry oi «wo Bp Lctoving, Fesrrnl « | Adventures: Find the sample size of the following: - A group of researchers will conduct a survey to find out the opinion community regarding the oil price hike. If there are 14000 residents in th researchers plan to use a sample using a 15% margin of error, what sh Of residents of a particular je community and the lould be the sample size be?10%75%? 5 Solution: 162 ,, Oh” one £%", 4 Maen (Diy ny> NIE CHD Y CORT” ire 10D 4 7 44.3 Ny» 36 4S , , [Rend 09] Aare Pie Os Conduin Ye Ay Cena) Limit TWeover” WF wormeal, (Me mare ve\alde Ke daly SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Itis the Process of selecting a number of individuals (a sample) from a population, preferably in Such a way that individual selected represent the larger group from which they were selected, itis the procedure used to determine the individuals, Biased vs. Unbiased Sample 1. Biased if it is calculated in ‘such a way that is ‘systematically different from the population Parameter of interest. 2. Unbiased when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is less than or equal to the Sianificance level when the null hypothesis is true, and the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is greater than or equal to the significance level when the alternative hypothesis is true. “ — ‘Sampling w/ Replacement (SWR) vs. wio Replacement (SWOR) 1. Sampling with replacement the two sample values are independent. Practically, this means that what we get on the first one does not affect what we get on the second. Mathematically, this means that the covariance between the two is zero. Sampling without replacement the two sample values are not independent. Practically, this means that what we got on the first one affects what we can get for the second one. Mathematically, ee means that the covariance between the two is not zero. “Ys | i Gece A. Probability Or Random Sampling Itis the most commonly used sampling technique in which each member in the population is i it i iproloaloility ~ eave Chance 7 creyoctersies given an equal chance of being selected in the sample. ¢ °a\\-" ae ‘ees I, erocterst Types of probability or Random Sampling 1. Simple Random Sampling This is the simplest form of random sampling. It consist of choosing a sample from a set of all possible samples of pre-chosen size, giving each sample an equally likely chance of being the selected one. a. Lottery or Fishbowl sampling It is done by simply writing the names or numbers of all individual members of the population in a small-rolied piece of papers, this is then placed in a container. Shake the container thoroughly — then draw as many pieces of paper as there were desired in the sample. o Ke. Adventures Suppose Mrs. Tababa wanted to send five students to attend a 3-day seminar in basic computer programming. To avoid bias in selecting these five students from her 40 students, she used the lottery technique. She did this by assigning a number to each student and then writing these numbers on pieces of papers. Then, these pieces of paper were folded and placed in a box. She shakes it thoroughly and then picked five pieces of papers. Who will be chosen? b. Sampling with the used of Table of Random Numbers This refers to the used of Table of Random Numbers which contain of,rows and columns of digits randomly ordered by a computer. A sample sized n can be penerated beginning at en art point in Table of Random Numbers, closing your eyes and haphazardly pointing at an entry in the Table. - Calowotors numbers? If there are 50 res numbers? Advantage -Itis simple and is more easily understood than other sampling design. 2. Systematic Sampling This technique of sampling is done first unit being selected at random and the Test will be sel | Population sized is known, k value/sampling interval can eat Using the random table, what are ti on a Advantures 31871 | 60770 | 59235-[ 41702 871134 | 32839 | 17850 | 37059 06728 | 16614-| 811 42072 95646 | 67486-| 05{67-| 07819 44085 87248-| 47678] 98638 The above figure is an example of a Table of Random Numbers where: N = population size If there is a population of 1 Sample if the interval is every 12" }000 and a researcher needs 2: number? Who is the 200" n= the sample size = sampling interval #e & Adventures the 10 sample numbers if we are the 3 and 4” digit of the pondents, how many are only included using the table of random Disadvantages -It is a list of all members in the population is needed. -lt may be difficult to collect the sample data with SRS if the ‘Samples are spread inconveniently throughout the population. by taking every k”unit from the ordered Population. Only the lected in a systematic manner. If the be calculated as '86 respondents who will his 94" sample? 286" sample? Advantages Disadvantages tis easier to apply and less Iikely tohave mistakes altis possible to select a sample in the field without a sampling frame. -It could give a more precise estimate than SRS when there is. order in the ‘sample -If periodic regularities are found in the list, a systematic sample may consist only of similar types -if the population is not in random order, one cannot validly estimate the variance of the mean from a Single systematic sample. It could be less precise than SRS When to use -If periodic regularities are found in the list, a systematic sample may consist only of similar types -If the population is not in random order, one cannot validly estimate the variance of the mean froma Sit matic sample. ia en ns o 3. Stratified Random Sampling This is a technique in which the Population of size N is divided into a number, L, of non- the stratum are more or less homogenous and samples 8 that we will be able to represent not only the overall Population, but also key subgroups of the population It is more statistically-precise than simple random sampling. It ‘can be simple or proportional, '. Simple Stratified Random Sampling This is done by taking equal number of individual from each stratum. >. Stratified Proportional Random Sampling [This is done by division of population into smaller groups known as strata, “ Suppose a community consist of 5000 families belo draw 200 families nging to different income bracket. We will a8 Our sample using stra tified random sampling, Using Simple Stratified Random Sampling Number of families in the ‘sample in each stratum m0 = 66.66666667 Strata Number of families | Number of Families in the ‘Sample High Income-Families 1000 66 Average Income-Families 2500 o7 Low income-Families 1500 67 N= 5000 n= 200 Using Stratiied Proportional Random Samplin Number of Strata pall Percentage 1000 _ 5 High income-Families 1000 5000 020° 20% 2500 Average Income- 2500 «os Families 2800 5000 = 5 or 50% 1500 Low Income-Families 1500 5000 “2-3 or 0.3: 200 = 60 30% N= 6000 paste, ‘Advantages Disadvantages When to use -ttis gain in the precision of the estimates of characteristic of the population. tallows a more comprehensive data analysis since information is provided for each stratum, -Itaccommodates administrative convenience; fieldwork is organized by strata, which usually result in saving in cost. sttaccommodates different ‘sampling plans in different strata. -Sampling frame is necessary for ‘every stratum. -Prior information about the Population and its subpopulation is necessary for stratification Purposes. -Population is known to be heterogeneous or when the Population can be subdivided into ‘mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups bb Study and solve the following problems. 1. A biologist plants 100 seeds in pots numbered 1 to 100. Describe how to create a systematic ‘sample of size. ' ] a. 20 | 2. There are 45 incoming sophomores seeking transfer to a certain high school. They come from } different types of school. The guidance counsellor wants to get a profile of the transferees. With the sample size of 15, find the average using the systematic sampling, ) hee | 3. Aresearcher would like to investigate the perception of students of mathematics. He divided {he Population into sub-populations, as shown below. Use stratified random sampling if the sample to be drawn consists of 500 students. e = 5%, wv a Strata | Number of students First year 1500 ' Second year 1000 Third year 1500 \ Fourth year 2000 4. ATV journalist would like to know the most favourite noontime show for this month, He decided to conduct a survey on 5 barangays. The table below shows the list of barangays and the umber of residents in each barangay. Use proportional stratified random sampling to draw 1000 residents who will be ingluded in the survey. e = 1% Barangay | Number of Residents Mapayapa 2000 Maganda 1000 Makisig 1500 Malinis 2500 Mahangin 1800 x [ S 4. Cluster Sampling Example 7: are 250 Barangay in Manila, We sampling, and then the numbers. This is a sampling wherein Suppose that we want to determine the aver can draw of families from the 20 groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly chosen This is ‘sometimes called area sampling because this is usually applied when the Population is large. rage income of the families in Manila. Let us assume there a random sample of 20 Barangay using a simple random Barangay will be the samples. treduces listing and transportation cost. || -The procedure saves time, effort || and money. especially when the clusters are of unequal size. ‘Advantages Disadvantages ‘When to use ; ~Sampling frame is not available Piette ella ayy and the cost of constructing such a of clu: eva list of ~ It entails more statistical analysis. | frame is very high. ou in the . . - i -Estimation procedures are difficult, | -It is used for economic consideration, i.e., when the time, effort and cost involved in obtaining information on the population units increase as the distances Separating these units increase 5. Multi-Stage Or Multiple Sampling This sampling was named because sampling is done in stages. The number of stages depends on the number of population and the sample size needed in the study. vo Advent and the households, the five-stage sampling units. Advantages: Disadvantages When to use .

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