17.

7 solution

i)Normalizing: Heating at least 55°C above the upper critical temperature, and above

Acm for compositions greater than the eutectoid. After sufficient time has been allowed

for the alloy to completely transform to austenite which is a treatment terminated by

cooling in air. Finally, the microstructural product of this treatment is fine pearlite

ii)Full annealing: Heat to about 50°C until the alloy comes to equilibrium, and both

furnace cooled and steel cool to room temperature at the same rate. Finally, the

microstructural product of this anneal is coarse pearlite that is relatively soft and

ductile.

iii)Quenching: Heat to a temperature within the austenite phase region and allow the

specimen to austenitize, then quench to room temperature in oil or water. Finally, the

microstructural product of this anneal is martensite.

iv)Tempering: Heat a quenched specimen to a temperature in a jet of air or, in some

case, in oil bath until the time to the desired hardness. Finally, the microstructural

product of this anneal is martensite. Finally, the microstructural product of this

treatment is tempered martensite.

17.10 solution
a)For 0.2wt % C , heat to about 990°C since the A3 temperature is 830°C

b)For 0.5wt % C , heat to about 820°C since the A3 temperature is 765°C

c)For 1.15wt % C , heat to about 775°C since the A3 temperature is 725°C

17.23 solution

The softening point of a glass is that temperature at which the viscosity is

4 ×106 (Pa . s), these temperature for the 96% silica, borosilicate, and soda-lime

glasses are 1550°C, 840°C, 700°C, correspondingly.

17.24 solution

1/T viscosity T
0.002 31.084 500
0.001818 27.63 550
0.00167 25.33 600
0.00143 20.72 700
0.00125 16.11 800
0.00111 12.66 900

lnµ versus 1/T

35
30
25
20
lnµ

15
10
5
0
0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.002 0.0022
1/T

8.3145 J
Qvis =slope × R=( ) slope
mol . K

Qvis =
∆T
= (
mol . K ∆T )
R ( ∆ lnμ ) 8.3145 J ( ∆ lnμ )

Therefore,
Qvis =
( mol . K )
8.3145 J
( 31.084−12.66 )
=
172 KJ
0.002−0.00111 mol