READING 1 - Final examination - Semester 1: 2021-2022

PROGRAM: BACHELOR IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

SUBJECT NAME: READING 1
SUBJECT CODE: INS31850
SEMESTER: 1, 2021-2022

FINAL EXAMINATION

QUESTION BOOKLET

Full Name

Student ID

Date of Examination
(dd/mm/yyyy)

THIS TEST IS OF APPROXIMATELY 60 MINUTES DURATION

Instructions to Candidates
1. Answer all questions.
2. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
3. The use of the dictionary is not allowed.
4. At the end of the examination, hand in both the Question Booklet and the Answer Sheet.

Information for Candidates

a. There are 3 sections in this test.
b. Section 1 carries 13 marks.
c. Section 2 carries 13 marks.
d. Section 3: 14 marks

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PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
A
The climate of the Earth is always changing. In the past, it has altered as a result of natural
causes. Nowadays, however, the term ‘climate change’ is generally used when referring to
changes in our climate, which have been identified since the early part of the twentieth
century. The changes we’ve seen over recent years and those which are predicted to occur over
the next 100 years are thought by many to be largely a result of human behavior rather than
due to natural changes in the atmosphere. And this is what is so significant about current
climatic trends; never before has man played such a significant role in determining long-term
weather patterns – we are entering the unknown and there is no precedent for what might
happen next.
B
The greenhouse effect is very important when we talk about climate change as it relates to the
gases which keep the Earth warm. Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring
phenomenon, it is believed that the effect could be intensified by human activity and the
emission of gases into the atmosphere. It is the extra greenhouse gases which humans have
released which are thought to pose the strongest threat. Certain researchers, such as Dr
Michael Crawley, argue: ‘even though this natural phenomenon does exist it is without a doubt
human activity that has worsened its effect; this is evident when comparing data regarding the
earth’s temperature in the last one hundred years with the one hundred years prior to that.’
Some scientists, however, dispute this as Dr Ray Ellis suggests: ‘human activity may be
contributing a small amount to climate change but this increase in temperature is an
unavoidable fact based on the research data we have compiled.’
C
Scientists around the globe are looking at all the evidence surrounding climate change and
using advanced technology have come up with predictions for our future environment and
weather. The next stage of that work, which is just as important, is looking at the knock-on
effects of potential changes. For example, are we likely to see an increase in precipitation and
sea levels? Does this mean there will be an increase in flooding and what can we do to protect
ourselves from that? How will our health be affected by climate change, how will agricultural
practices change and how will wildlife cope? What will the effects on coral be? Professor Max
Leonard has suggested, ‘while it may be controversial some would argue that climate change
could bring with it positive effects as well as negative ones’.
D
There are many institutions around the world whose sole priority is to take action against these
environmental problems. Green Peace is an organisation that is probably the most well-known.
It is an international organisation that campaigns in favour of researching and promoting
solutions to climate change, exposes the companies and governments that are blocking action,
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lobbies to change national and international policy, and bears witness to the impacts of
unnecessary destruction and detrimental human activity.
E
The problem of climate change is without a doubt something that this generation and the
generations to come need to deal with. Fortunately, the use of renewable energy is becoming
increasingly popular, which means that less energy is consumed as renewable energy is
generated from natural resources – such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat –
which can be naturally replenished. Another way to help the environment, in terms of climate
change, is by travelling light. Walking or riding a bike instead of driving a car uses fewer fossil
fuels which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In addition, using products that are
made from recycled paper, glass, metal and plastic reduce carbon emissions because they use
less energy to manufacture than products made from completely new materials. Recycling
paper also saves trees and lets them continue to limit climate change naturally as they remain
in the forest, where they remove carbon from the atmosphere. Professor Mark Halton, who has
completed various studies in this field, has stated: ‘with all this information and the possible
action that we can take, it isn’t too late to save our planet from over-heating and the even
worse side-effects of our own activity’.

Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has 5 paragraphs, A-E.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A natural phenomenon that could also affect climate change.
2 Steps we can take to help reverse the situation.
3 Organizations that want to help.
4 An explanation of what climate change is.
5 Possible effects of climate change.
Questions 6-9
Look at the following people (Questions 6-9) and the list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 Professor Max Leonard
7 Dr Michael Crawley
8 Professor Mark Halton
9 Dr Ray Ellis
A We have the ability to change the situation.
B Climate change might not be all bad.
C Human activity and natural weather phenomena have combined with equal influence to
shape climate change.
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D Climate change is inevitable

E Humans have made the situation much worse.
F While we may not be too late to save our planet, there are bound to be some extreme side-
effects of past human activity, one way or the other.
Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.
10 Man is entirely responsible for global warming.
11 Scientists have come up with new evidence about the negative effects of carbon-free
sources of energy such as nuclear power.
12 One of the purposes of Green Peace is to find out which companies and governments are
doing things which don’t help the actions of environmentalists.
13 Most people aren’t reluctant to start using renewable energy.

PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.

A.
There are more than two hundred different species and subspecies of birds in the London area,
ranging from the magpie to the greenfinch, but perhaps the most ubiquitous is the pigeon. It
has been suggested that the swarms of feral pigeons are all descended from birds which
escaped from dovecotes in the early medieval period; they found a natural habitat in the
crannies and ledges of buildings as did their ancestors, the rock doves, amid the sea-girt cliffs.
‘They nest in small colonies,’ one observer has written, ‘usually high up and inaccessible’ above
the streets of London as if the streets were indeed a sea. A man fell from the belfry of St
Stephens Walbrook in 1277 while in quest of a pigeon’s nest, while the Bishop of London
complained in 1385 of ‘malignant persons’ who threw stones at the pigeons resting in the city
churches. So pigeons were already a familiar presence, even if they were not treated with the
same indulgence as their more recent successors. A modicum of kindness to these creatures
seems to have been first shown in the late nineteenth century when they were fed oats rather
than the customary stale bread.
B.
From the end of the nineteenth century, woodpigeons also migrated into the city; they were
quickly urbanised, increasing both in numbers and in tameness. ‘We have frequently seen them
on die roofs of houses,’ wrote the author of BirdLife in London in 1893, apparently as much at
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home as any dovecote pigeon.’ Those who look up today may notice their ‘fly-lines’ in the sky
from Lincoln’s Inn Fields over Kingsway and Trafalgar Square to Battersea, with other lines to
Victoria Park and to Kenwood. The air of London is filled with such ‘fly-lines’, and to trace the
paths of the birds would be to envisage the city in an entirely different form; then it would
seem linked and unified by thousands of thoroughfares and small paths of energy, each with its
own history of use. The sparrows move quickly in public places, and they are now so much part
of London that they have been adopted by the native population as the sparred; a friend was
known to Cockneys as a ‘cock sparrer’ in tribute to a bird which is sweer and yet watchful,
blessed with a dusky plumage similar to that of the London dust, a plucky little bird darting in
and out of the city’s endless uproar.
C.
They are small birds which can lose body heat very quickly, so they are perfectly adapted to the
‘heat island’ of London. They will live in any small cranny or cavity, behind drainpipes or
ventilation shafts, or in public statues, or holes in buildings; in that sense, they are perfectly
suited to a London topography. An ornithologist who described the sparrow as peculiarly
attached to man’ said it never now breeds at any distance from an occupied building’. This
sociability, bred upon the fondness of the Londoner, is manifest in many ways. One naturalist,
W.H. Hudson, has described how any stranger in a green space or public garden will soon find
diet ‘several sparrows are keeping him company … watching his every movement, and if he sits
down on a chair or a bench several of them will come close to him, and hop this way and that
before him, uttering a little plaintive note of interrogation — Have you got nothing for us? They
have also been described as die urchins of the streets —‘thievish, self-assertive and pugnacious’
— a condition which again may merit the attention and admiration of native Londoners.
Remarkably attached to their surroundings, they rarely create ‘fly-lines’ across the city; where
they are born, like other Londoners, they stay.
D.
There are some birds, such as the robin and the chaffinch, which are less approachable and
trustful in the city than in the country. Other species, such as the mallard, grow increasingly
shyer as they leave London. There has been a severe diminution of the number of sparrows,
while blackbirds are more plentiful. Swans and ducks have also increased in number. Some
species, however, have all but vanished. The rooks of London are, perhaps, the most notable of
the disappeared, their rookeries destroyed by building work or by tree-felling. Areas of London
were continuously inhabited by rooks for many hundreds of years. The burial ground of St
Deinstalls in the East and the college garden of the Ecclesiastical Court in Doctors’ Commons,
the turrets of the Tower of London and the gardens of Grays Inn, were once such localities.
There was a rookery in the Inner Temple dating from at least 1666, mentioned by Oliver
Goldsmith in 1774. Rooks nested on Bow Church and on St Olave’s. They were venerable
London birds, preferring to cluster around ancient churches and the like as if they were their
local guardians. Yet, in the words of the nineteenth-century song, ‘Now the old rooks have lost
their places’. There was a grove in Kensington Gardens devoted to the rooks; it contained some
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seven hundred trees forming a piece of wild nature, a matter of delight and astonishment to
those who walked among them and listened to the endless cawing that blotted out the city’s
noise. But the trees were torn down in 1880. The rooks have never returned.

Questions 14-26
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14. What kind of birds are the London pigeons descended from?
________________________________________________________
15. What food were pigeons given to eat that changed attitudes towards them?
________________________________________________________
16. What are the routes taken by wood pigeons known as?
________________________________________________________
17. What TWO activities have contributed to the drastic reduction in the number of
rooks?
________________________________________________________
Questions 18-22
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
SPARROWS
Word meaning 18 ……………………………. is derived from the bird’s name suited to London 19
.................... because of a tendency to rapidly loose their body heat, always likely to reproduce
close to 20…………………………. Characteristic noted 21 …………………………. Because of the attitude
of people in London make a sound that seems to be a kind of 22…………………………
Questions 23 - 26
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 23 – 26 on your answer sheet.
Classify the following as being stated of
A pigeons D chaffinches
B wood pigeons E blackbirds
C sparrows F rooks
23 They are happier with people when they are in rural areas.
24 They rapidly became comfortable being with people.
25 They used to congregate particularly at old buildings.
26 They used to be attacked by people.

PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.

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Knowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive
force for resolving conflict.
A.
As far back as Hippocrates’ time (460-370B.C.), people have tried to understand other people by
characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were
four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further
developed 500 years later by Galen. These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that
relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be
the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.
B.
The values in self-assessments that help determine personality style. Learning styles,
communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help
depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships. The depersonalization occurs when you realize
that others aren’t trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do.
They’re not intending to be rude: they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people.
They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job
done. They understand there is a job to do. But it can only be done right with the appropriate
information, which takes time to collect. When used appropriately, understanding communication
styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually
they are issues of style, information needs, or focus.
C.
Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic,
melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat
apt, although you could update the wording. In today’s world, they translate into the four fairly
common communication styles described below:
D.
The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people
speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication and often speak
quickly. Putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not
illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm, they are great team
motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come
on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss
the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion
invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking
for new and exciting adventures.
E.
Tile phlegmatic person - cool and persevering - translates into the technical or systematic
communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details.
Phlegmatic people have an orderly methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very
much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is
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also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big
picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the
facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to
adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.
F.
Tile melancholic person who is soft hearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates
into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is
focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-
sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone’s
opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At
times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the
needs of others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change
threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication
style, like phlegmatic people need time to consider the changes in order to adapt to them.
G.
The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this
style are brief in their communication - the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and
love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget
that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don’t do detail work easily and as
a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so
direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome
someone challenging them. But most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the
more the better.
H.
A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All
teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve
those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the
details to be identified and taken care of for success. We all have aspects of each style within us.
Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the
situation at hand-whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very
evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style. The
work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or
by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work
and another at home.
The good news about communication styles is that we have the ability to develop flexibility in our
styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and
actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or
because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to
become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, “Whether you think you can or
you can’t, you’re right!”
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Questions 27 - 40
Reading Passage has eight sections A-H.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
I. Summarising personality types VII. Cautious and caring
II. Combined styles for workplace VIII. The benefits of understanding
III. Demanding and unsympathetic communication styles
personality IX. A lively person who encourages
IV. Factual and analytical personality X. Self-assessment determines one’s
V. Physical explanation temperament
VI. Lazy and careless personality
27 Section A ______________ 31 Section E ______________
28 Section B ______________ 32 Section F ______________
29 Section C ______________ 33 Section G ______________
30 Section D ______________ 34 Section H ______________
Questions 35-39
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
35____________It is believed that sanguine people support variety.
36 ___________ Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.
37____________Managers always select their best employees according to personality types.
38____________There is no way to change one’s personality type.
39____________Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.
40. The writer believes using self-assessment tools can
A. help to develop one’s personality.
B. directly resolve conflicts.
C. improve one’s relationship with the employer.
D. help to understand colleagues’ behaviour.
- END OF THE EXAMINATION -

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