ICT616 Assignment

DATA RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Assignment 1
HARDIKKUMAR PATEL
33806047
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Table of Contents
Understanding Enterprise Information Needs:............................................................................................1
Functional requirements:........................................................................................................................1
Reporting and query requirements......................................................................................................1
Enterprise Data Modelling:..........................................................................................................................2
1. Subject area Model..........................................................................................................................2
a. Medical records:..............................................................................................................................2
b. Services:...........................................................................................................................................2
c. Billings:.............................................................................................................................................2
1. Conceptual Model...........................................................................................................................2
2. Logical Data Model..........................................................................................................................2
Legitimate needs.....................................................................................................................................4
Business concerns:...................................................................................................................................5
References...................................................................................................................................................6
Understanding Enterprise Information Needs:
Ans 1:
Data Management is an important part of any organization especially hospitals and clinics as
they are directly concerned with the health and well-being of people. For Data Architecture
Management, a concise study about the specific needs and requirements of the organization
should be done before planning. In the given case study ELK county Maine has been allotted a
government grant to develop a pediatric centre and they are hiring consultants for the
development of a system that will cater to the software and hardware needs of the organizations.
No off-shelf software was found fit for ELK so the decision to build an RDBMS system was
taken. The first step to build RDBMS is to determine the requirements. There are two types of
requirements:
Functional requirements:
family, Patient information, History of patient Services, DRG code, Insurance type, and
company,
Reporting and query requirements
Services performed by the doctors, Display service code, Sort by service code, Test code, etc.
The following steps should be taken to Understand enterprise information needs:
1. First of all the needs of the organization within and outside should be identified.
2. The interest of all stakeholders should be considered especially the staff and patients.
3. The maintenance of records of all activities performed in the hospital for the patients and
done by the staff is the main concern.
4. The patient's record helps to assists Medical staff more efficiently, so the proper and
complete record should be maintained for easy access at call.
5. Insurance matters and Billing for patients should also be maintained.
6. The system should be able to be coordinated between different health insurance providers
effectively.
7. The system should be able to keep a record of Doctors and assigned medical staff to
individual patients.
8. The system should be designed to take up all kinds of medical investigations done in the
hospital and if a patient is coming for the first time to this facility then his previous
records can also be updated for future references.
9. The system should be able to provide printouts for billing, reports, results, etc.
10. The system should be able to track the period of treatment for certain patients to provide
data for better health assistance in the future.
As Justin Boyle said, “The first is to use historic clinical data to get efficiency improvements. He
suggested healthcare organizations look at target occupancy rates for hospitals as it’s not a “one-
size-fits-all” approach.” (Osman, 2019).
The following three-layered approach can be used for The Development and Maintenance of the
Enterprise Data Model.
Enterprise Data Modelling:
1. Subject area Model.
The subject area model deals with the metadata, which contains various tables that are used to
build a database. Handling enterprise data is difficult as we have to bring data into a usable shape
by designing, organizing, developing, and breaking it into smaller portions for better
management. For a hospital following divisions of data can be made for the convenience of
sorting data:
a. Medical records:
All medical records should be collected and arranged to upload into the system for reference and
future analysis.
b. Services:
The records of all services like consultations, Laboratory, scans, and procedures done for the
patient should be managed and stored.
c. Billings:
Billings can be divided into two categories like insurance, non-insurance, or self-paid patients. If
insured, then which insurance company and what kind of services are covered etc.
1. Conceptual Model.
The conceptual model helps us to create a visualization of the whole process and describing of
the different factors in a database system as entities their attributes and their relationship with
each other. The following help to understand the model better.
1. The treatment of the patient is dependent on the history and previous treatments are done.
The treatment record provides a foundation for the next course of action for consultants
and saves a lot of effort for both patient and doctor.
2. Billing is dependent on the treatment done and tests prescribed by the doctor. Also,
modes of payment will be considered like cash payment, credit, or debit card payment.
3. Visits allowed and done, treatment sessions, laboratory testing, hospital stay all are
considered while building a database for enterprise.
2. Logical Data Model.

The detailed representation of data irrespective of how it will be physically implemented is
called logical data modelling. In the given case all activities by the patient and hospital done for
the treatment will be collected and their relationship will be established.
1. Medical History should be the date of the last visit, consultation, id of consulting doctor,
tests prescribed/ performed. The results and medicine prescribed will be included.
2. The patient is given a unique ID using the last three letters of the last name and the first
letter of the first name with the number of family members. This will create a unique ID
for all patients whether they have similar first or last names.
3. The treating consultant also has a unique ID as an employee of the hospital. His name,
profession, specialization, and other characteristics are his attributes.
4. The type of services entity can be insurance, type, code, validity, or in case of non-
insurance, payment mode like cash or card.
5. Procedures prescribed that need approval from insurance and if non-insurance method
preferred by patient or family to pay.
Procedure,
Consultant
ID,Services,Test
Family&Patient
information
1.Last name 3
char
2.First Name 1
char
Insurance
Family Info 3.Family #
1.Insurance
1.First name Name
2.Last Name 2.Family
3.Family Number
number
3.Last Name
4.City
4.First Name
5.State
5.Social
6.Contact Security
Number
Number
Q2. Consider what makes this industry unique from others. Data management is constrained by
certain requirements such as (a) government regulations, (b) business concerns, and (c) legitimate
needs. These should be mentioned in your discussion.
Ans:
It is a normal practice for all businesses to follow rules and regulations issued by respective
governing bodies for their code of action. As the enterprise ELK is government-funded, all
operations and development of the Data Management System shall comply with,” The Australian
Government Privacy Act 1988.”. So under Australian Privacy Principals, there are 13 principles
the enterprise should comply with for the privacy of patients, given in the list below: (Duncan,
2020)
1. A business should conduct open and transparent management of personal information for
all patients.
2. Enterprise should give the right to use anonymity and pseudonymity to patients if
required.
3. Outlines of personal information when should be collected by the enterprise are given.
4. Actions to take when your business received unsolicited private information from any
source.
5. Patients should be notified about your business and why you need this information before
the collection of any kind of personal information.
6. The use of personal information should be the same as it is collected for or within the
expectations of the individuals.
7. The prohibition in the use of personal information for direct marketing except when they
accept to share and can unsubscribe whenever they want.
8. If your business has an overseas operation, ensure that you comply with APP7.
9. App9 restricts any kind of use for government identifiers like passport number, Medicare
number, etc.
10. The responsibility of the business is to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and updating of the
information.
11. The enterprise is responsible for secure storage without the threat of loss, mishandled,
and misuse.
12. Individuals have the right to access their information and should be provided with any
requested information.
13. The enterprise should correct and update any information that needs to be changed.
Legitimate needs
The use of health records according to “The Health Record Act 2012” are the legitimate usage of
patient records for system operators. It allows or restricts the health care operators in certain
cases which are discussed below:[ CITATION Aus17 \l 1033 ]
The health care providers must create a system for registering the individual patients.
The health care provider can do collection, use, or disclose patient information in the system, and
penalties are imposed in case of improper collection, usage, and disclosure.
Business concerns:
 Not only the maintenance of patient records is challenging for the health care providers as
volume is increasing with time its security against hacking and misuse or manhandling of
the records is an issue of concern for health providers.[ CITATION 7Ma18 \l 1033 ]
 The complexity of the records makes it difficult to collect, maintain and update them.
 The retention of current and existing customers for profit gains is the main concern for all
health care providers as otherwise, it will become difficult to meet costs.
 The Payments methods are changing, and it is difficult to change the database model for
their integration.
 The recent use of consultation online during the Covid-19 pandemic increased the risk of
data loss and misuse. In case of a security breach, the health care provider must face a
penalty for compromising data and not taking proper measures to guard it.
 The hospital is struggling to keep transparency in prices by opting to guide patients
beforehand about the payment options and total cost of the services.
 Healthcare providers are dependent on patients to initiate the updating of records and
sometimes are unable to keep records updated.
 Healthcare data is received from different sources so it is difficult to analyze on a set
scale and generate reports based on it.
 Health care providers have to improve their invoicing, billing, and payment processing
methods for better judgment and making decisions in the long run.
References
7 Major Challenges Facing the Healthcare Industry in 2021. (2018, November 15). Retrieved from
MailMyStatements: https://mailmystatement.medium.com/5-major-challenges-facing-the-
healthcare-industry-in-2019-60218336385f
Duncan, B. (2020, December 27). Your Guide To The 13 Australian Privacy Principles. Retrieved from
Sprintlaw: https://sprintlaw.com.au/13-australian-privacy-principles/
Govenment, A. (2017, 27 September). Health Records ACT 2012. Retrieved from Federal Register of
Legislation: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00313
Osman, H. (2019, February 04). Data analytics is the “gold mine” for operations improvement. Retrieved
from Healthcare IT News: https://www.healthcareit.com.au/article/data-analytics-
%E2%80%9Cgold-mine%E2%80%9D-operations-improvement
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DATA RESOURCE

The following steps should be taken to Understand enterprise information needs:

2. Logical Data Model.

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