Class: First Stage

Subject: computer applications

Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

E-mail: fatimah.malk@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Introduction to Computer
Fundamentals
Lecturer: Fatimah Malek
Mohsen
‫مقدمت في أساسياث الكمبيىتر‬
‫المحاضرة االولى‬

2021-2022
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

‫مقدمت في أساسياث الكمبيىتر‬
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the
user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives
the result (output), and saves it for the future use. This Computer Fundamentals
tutorial covers a foundational understanding of computer hardware, software,
operating systems, peripherals etc.

‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫طشح ِغ‬١‫ب رحذ ع‬ٙ‫ؼبٌغ‬٠ٚ َ‫خ وّذخالد ِٓ اٌّغزخذ‬١ٌٚ‫بٔبد األ‬١‫ؤخز اٌج‬٠ َ‫ ِزمذ‬ٟٔٚ‫بص اٌىزش‬ٙ‫رش ع‬ٛ١‫اٌىّج‬
‫ ٘زا‬ٟ‫غط‬٠ .ٍٟ‫ب ٌالعزخذاَ اٌّغزمج‬ٙ‫حفظ‬٠ٚ ، )‫غخ (اإلخشاط‬١‫ إٌز‬ٟ‫ؼط‬٠ٚ ، )‫ اٌجشٔبِظ‬ّٝ‫غ‬٠( ‫ّبد‬١ٍ‫ِٓ اٌزؼ‬
‫ضح‬ٙ‫األع‬ٚ ً١‫أٔظّخ اٌزشغ‬ٚ ‫اٌجشاِظ‬ٚ ‫رش‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ ألع‬ٟ‫ُ األعبع‬ٙ‫رش" اٌف‬ٛ١‫بد اٌىّج‬١‫ "أعبع‬ّٟ١ٍ‫اٌجشٔبِظ اٌزؼ‬
.‫ رٌه‬ٌٝ‫ِب ا‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫اٌطشف‬

Functionalities of a computer

Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:

• Takes data as input.
• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Generates the output
• Controls all the above four steps.
:‫خ‬١ٌ‫ّخ اإلعّب‬١‫ش اٌم‬١‫ظبئف ِٓ ح‬ٚ ‫ ثخّظ‬ّٟ‫رش سل‬ٛ١‫ وّج‬ٞ‫َ أ‬ٛ‫م‬٠
.‫بٔبد وّذخالد‬١‫ؤخز اٌج‬٠•
.‫ب ػٕذ اٌحبعخ‬ِٙ‫اعزخذا‬ٚ ٗ‫ راوشر‬ٟ‫ّبد ف‬١ٍ‫ اٌزؼ‬/ ‫بٔبد‬١‫خضْ اٌج‬٠•
.‫ذح‬١‫ِبد ِف‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬ٌٝ‫ب ا‬ٌٙٛ‫ح‬٠ٚ ‫بٔبد‬١‫ؼبٌظ اٌج‬٠•
‫ٌذ اإلخشاط‬ٛ٠•
ٖ‫سح أػال‬ٛ‫اد األسثغ اٌّزو‬ٛ‫غ اٌخط‬١ّ‫ ع‬ٟ‫زحىُ ف‬٠

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

Advantages ‫الفىائد‬
Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena.
1) High Speed
• Computer is a very fast device.
• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the
picosecond.
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who
will spend many months for doing the same task.
.َٛ١ٌ‫ ػبٌُ ا‬ٟ‫رش ف‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ب أع‬٠‫خ ِضا‬١ٌ‫ػح اٌمبئّخ اٌزب‬ٛ‫ر‬
‫خ‬١ٌ‫عشػخ ػب‬-1
.‫خ‬٠‫غ ٌٍغب‬٠‫بص عش‬ٙ‫رش ع‬ٛ١‫•اٌىّج‬
.‫بٔبد‬١‫شح عذًا ِٓ اٌج‬١‫خ وج‬١ّ‫ أداء حغبة و‬ٍٝ‫•لبدس ػ‬
.‫خ‬١ٔ‫ صب‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ اٌج‬ٝ‫حز‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ صب‬ٛٔ‫إٌب‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫صب‬ٚ‫ىش‬١ٌّ‫حذاد اٌغشػخ ثب‬ٚ ٍٝ‫رش ػ‬ٛ١‫ اٌىّج‬ٞٛ‫حز‬٠ •
‫بَ ثٕفظ‬١‫ش ٌٍم‬ٙ‫ ػذح أش‬ٟ‫مؼ‬١‫ ع‬ٞ‫اْ ِمبسٔخً ثبإلٔغبْ اٌز‬ٛ‫ص‬
ٍ ‫ ثؼغ‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫بد اٌحغبث‬١ٍّ‫ٓ اٌؼ‬١٠‫ّىٕٗ اعشاء ِال‬٠•
.‫ّخ‬ٌّٙ‫ا‬
2)Accuracy ‫اٌذلخ‬
• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
• The calculations are 100% error free.
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has
been given.
.‫مخ عذًا‬١‫رش دل‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ فبْ أع‬، ‫ؼخ عذًا‬٠‫ب عش‬ٙٔٛ‫ و‬ٌٝ‫• ثبإلػبفخ ا‬
.٪100 ‫خ ِٓ األخطبء ثٕغجخ‬١ٌ‫• اٌحغبثبد خب‬

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

.ٝ‫ح ِؼط‬١‫ْ اإلدخبي اٌظح‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ ثششؽ أ‬٪100 ‫ظبئف ثذلخ‬ٌٛ‫غ ا‬١ّ‫رش ع‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ أع‬ٞ‫• رئد‬
3)Storage Capability ٓ٠‫ اٌزخض‬ٍٝ‫اٌمذسح ػ‬
• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.
.‫رش‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ّخ عذا ألع‬ِٙ ‫خ‬١‫ خبط‬ٟ٘ ‫• اٌزاوشح‬
.ْ‫ش ِٓ لذسح اإلٔغب‬١‫ٓ أوجش ثىض‬٠‫ٗ عؼخ رخض‬٠‫رش ٌذ‬ٛ١‫• اٌىّج‬
.‫بٔبد‬١‫شح ِٓ اٌج‬١‫خ وج‬١ّ‫ٓ و‬٠‫ّىٕٗ رخض‬٠ •
.‫ش‬١‫ش٘ب اٌىض‬١‫غ‬ٚ ‫د‬ٛ‫اٌظ‬ٚ ‫ص‬ٛ‫إٌظ‬ٚ ٛ٠‫ذ‬١‫ِمبؽغ اٌف‬ٚ ‫س‬ٛ‫بٔبد ِضً اٌظ‬١‫ع ِٓ اٌج‬ٛٔ ٞ‫ٓ أ‬٠‫ّىٕٗ رخض‬٠ •
4)Diligence
• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of
concentration.
• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
• It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
‫ اٌشربثخ‬ٌٝ‫االفزمبس ا‬ٚ ‫اٌزؼت‬ٚ ‫ ِٓ اٌشربثخ‬ٌٟ‫رش خب‬ٛ١‫ فبْ اٌىّج‬، ‫ ػىظ اٌجشش‬ٍٝ‫• ػ‬
.‫ض‬١‫رشو‬
.ًٍِ ٚ‫ خطؤ أ‬ٞ‫ْ أ‬ٚ‫ّىٕٗ اٌؼًّ ثشىً ِغزّش د‬٠ •
.‫اٌذلخ‬ٚ ‫بَ ثؼًّ ِزىشس ثٕفظ اٌغشػخ‬١‫ّىٕٗ اٌم‬٠ •
5) Automation ‫خ‬١‫اٌزٍمبئ‬
•Computer is an automatic machine .
•Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically .
•Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the
program and instruction can control the program execution without human
interaction.
.‫خ‬١‫ى‬١‫ِبر‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ‫رش ػجبسح ػٓ آٌخ أ‬ٛ١‫•اٌىّج‬
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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

.‫ًب‬١‫ّخ اٌّحذدح رٍمبئ‬ٌّٙ‫ أداء ا‬ٍٝ‫ اٌمذسح ػ‬ٟٕ‫خ رؼ‬١‫•اٌزٍمبئ‬

‫ّبد‬١ٍ‫اٌزؼ‬ٚ ‫ّىٓ ٌٍجشٔبِظ‬٠ ، ‫رش‬ٛ١‫ راوشح اٌىّج‬ٟ‫ اٌّخضْ ف‬ٞ‫ أ‬، ‫رش‬ٛ١‫بص اٌىّج‬ٙ‫•ثّغشد اػطبء اٌجشٔبِظ ٌغ‬
.ٞ‫ْ رذخً ثشش‬ٚ‫ز اٌجشٔبِظ د‬١‫ رٕف‬ٟ‫اٌزحىُ ف‬
Disadvantages ‫السلبياث‬
Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena:
1)No I.Q ‫ظ ٌٗ ِؼذي روبء‬١ٌ
• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
• Each instruction has to be given to computer.
• A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
.‫ّخ‬ِٙ ٞ‫ب روبء ألداء أ‬ٙ٠‫ظ ٌذ‬١ٌ ‫ آٌخ‬ٛ٘ ‫رش‬ٛ١‫•اٌىّج‬
.‫رش‬ٛ١‫ ٌٍىّج‬ٝ‫غت أْ رؼط‬٠ ‫ّبد‬١ٍ‫•وً رؼ‬
.ٖ‫ لشاس ثّفشد‬ٞ‫رش ارخبر أ‬ٛ١‫غ اٌىّج‬١‫غزط‬٠ ‫•ال‬
2)Dependency ‫خ‬٠‫ االػزّبد‬ٚ‫خ ا‬١‫اٌزجؼ‬
• It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being
ْ‫ اإلٔغب‬ٍٝ‫ رؼزّذ ثشىً وبًِ ػ‬ٟٙ‫ ٌزا ف‬، َ‫ّبد اٌّغزخذ‬١ٍ‫فمًب ٌزؼ‬ٚ ًّ‫• رؼ‬
Block diagram of a Computer

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer.
This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the
information into the form understandable by computer.
ٓ١‫حذح رشثؾ ث‬ٌٛ‫ ٘زٖ ا‬.‫رش‬ٛ١‫ اٌىّج‬ٌٝ‫بٔبد ا‬١‫ب ثبدخبي اٌج‬ٌٙ‫َ ِٓ خال‬ٛ‫ضح ٔم‬ٙ‫ أع‬ٍٝ‫حذح ػ‬ٌٛ‫ ٘زٖ ا‬ٞٛ‫رحز‬
.‫رش‬ٛ١‫اعطخ اٌىّج‬ٛ‫ّٗ ث‬ٙ‫ّىٓ ف‬٠ ‫رط‬ّٛٔ ٌٝ‫ِبد ا‬ٍٛ‫ضح اإلدخبي ثزشعّخ اٌّؼ‬ٙ‫َ أع‬ٛ‫ رم‬.‫رش‬ٛ١‫اٌىّج‬ٚ َ‫اٌّغزخذ‬
CPU (Central Processing Unit) ‫خ‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data
processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and
instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself
has following three components
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) • Memory Unit • Control Unit
‫اع‬ٛٔ‫غ أ‬١ّ‫ز ع‬١‫خ ثزٕف‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ َٛ‫ رم‬.‫رش‬ٛ١‫خ ثّضبثخ ػمً اٌىّج‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ ‫رؼزجش‬
ً١‫ رشغ‬ٟ‫زحىُ ف‬٠ .)‫ّبد (اٌجشٔبِظ‬١ٍ‫اٌزؼ‬ٚ ‫طخ‬١‫ع‬ٌٛ‫إٌزبئظ ا‬ٚ ‫بٔبد‬١‫ٓ اٌج‬٠‫َ ثزخض‬ٛ‫م‬٠ .‫بٔبد‬١‫بد ِؼبٌغخ اٌج‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬
‫ٔبد‬ٛ‫ صالصخ ِى‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫خ ٔفغ‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ ٞٛ‫ رحز‬.‫رش‬ٛ١‫غ أعضاء اٌىّج‬١ّ‫ع‬
ُ‫حذح اٌزحى‬ٚ • ‫حذح اٌزاوشح‬ٚ • ALU ٟ‫حذح إٌّطك اٌحغبث‬ٚ •
Output Unit ‫وحدة االخراج‬
Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from
computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate
the computer's output into the form understandable by users.

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

ٟ٘ ‫حذح‬ٌٛ‫ ٘زٖ ا‬.‫رش‬ٛ١‫ِبد ِٓ اٌىّج‬ٍٛ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٌٙ‫ ٔحظً ِٓ خال‬ٟ‫ضح اٌز‬ٙ‫حذح اإلخشاط ِٓ األع‬ٚ ْٛ‫رزى‬
ِٓ ّٗٙ‫ّىٓ ف‬٠ ً‫ شى‬ٌٝ‫رش ا‬ٛ١‫ضح اإلخشاط ثزشعّخ اخشاط اٌىّج‬ٙ‫َ أع‬ٛ‫ رم‬.ٓ١ِ‫اٌّغزخذ‬ٚ ‫رش‬ٛ١‫ٓ اٌىّج‬١‫ساثؾ ث‬
.ٓ١ِ‫لجً اٌّغزخذ‬
Types of Computer
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.
1-PC (Personal Computer): It is a single user computer system having moderately
powerful microprocessor
‫ح‬ٛ‫عؾ اٌم‬ٛ‫ك ِز‬١‫احذ ثٗ ِؼبٌظ دل‬ٚ َ‫رش ِغزخذ‬ٛ١‫ ٔظبَ وّج‬ٛ٘ :)ٟ‫رش اٌشخظ‬ٛ١‫ (اٌىّج‬ٟ‫رش اٌشخظ‬ٛ١‫اٌىّج‬

2- WorkStation: It is also a single user computer system which is similar to

personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor.
‫ ِؼبٌظ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫حز‬٠ ٕٗ‫ٌى‬ٚ ٟ‫رش اٌشخظ‬ٛ١‫احذ ِشبثٗ ٌٍىّج‬ٚ َ‫رش ِغزخذ‬ٛ١‫ؼب ٔظبَ وّج‬
ً ٠‫ أ‬ٟ٘ٚ :ًّ‫ِحطخ اٌؼ‬
.‫ح‬ٛ‫ك أوضش ل‬١‫دل‬

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

3- Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users

simultaneously.

ٟ‫ ِغزخذ ًِب ف‬250 ٌٝ‫ظً ا‬٠ ‫ دػُ ِب‬ٍٝ‫عؾ اٌحغُ لبدس ػ‬ٛ‫ أٗ ٔظبَ ِزؼذد اٌّؼبٌغخ ِز‬:‫رش اٌّظغش‬ٛ١‫اٌىّج‬
.‫احذ‬ٚ ‫لذ‬ٚ

4-Mainframe : is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of

supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe
executes many programs concurrently and supports many simultaneous execution
of programs

.‫احذ‬ٚ ‫لذ‬ٚ ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١ِ‫ آالف اٌّغزخذ‬ٝ‫ حز‬ٚ‫ دػُ ِئبد أ‬ٍٝ‫لبدس ػ‬ٚ ّٓ‫رش ثب٘ع اٌض‬ٛ١‫بص وّج‬ٙ‫ع‬ٚ ُ‫ش اٌحغ‬١‫وج‬
‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ ٔفظ ا‬ٟ‫ذ ِٓ اٌجشاِظ ف‬٠‫ذػُ اٌؼذ‬٠ٚ ‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ ٔفظ ا‬ٟ‫ذ ِٓ اٌجشاِظ ف‬٠‫ٕفز اٌؼذ‬٠ ٞ‫ة اٌّشوض‬ٛ‫اٌحبع‬

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

5-Supercomputer :are one of the fastest computers currently available.

Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications
that require immense amount of mathematical calculations (number crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics,
fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis
of geological data.

‫رش اٌؼّاللخ ثب٘ظخ‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ رؼذ أع‬.ً‫ب‬١ٌ‫فشح حب‬ٛ‫رش اٌّز‬ٛ١‫ضح اٌىّج‬ٙ‫ ِٓ أعشع أع‬ٟ٘ :‫اٌحبعجبد اٌؼّاللخ‬
ً١ٍ‫خ (رح‬١‫بػ‬٠‫لذسا ٘بئالً ِٓ اٌحغبثبد اٌش‬
ً ‫ رزطٍت‬ٟ‫مبد اٌّزخظظخ اٌز‬١‫ اٌزطج‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ِٙ‫زُ اعزخذا‬٠ٚ ّٓ‫اٌض‬
‫اٌحغبثبد‬ٚ ، )‫ِبد (اٌّزحشوخ‬ٛ‫اٌشع‬ٚ ، ‫خ‬١ٍّ‫اٌّحبوبح اٌؼ‬ٚ ، ‫ اٌزٕجئ ثبٌطمظ‬، ‫ً اٌّضبي‬١‫ عج‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬.)َ‫األسلب‬
‫خ‬١‫ع‬ٌٛٛ١‫بٔبد اٌغ‬١‫ً اٌج‬١ٍ‫رح‬ٚ ، ٟٔٚ‫ُ اإلٌىزش‬١ّ‫اٌزظ‬ٚ ، ‫خ‬٠ٌٕٚٛ‫أثحبس اٌطبلخ ا‬ٚ ، ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫خ ٌٍغ‬١‫ى‬١ِ‫ٕب‬٠‫اٌذ‬

Computer System Hardware ‫اجهزة نظام الكمبيىتر‬

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the
components that can be seen and touched. Examples of Hardware are following:

‫ أِضٍخ‬ٍٟ٠ ‫ّب‬١‫ ف‬.‫ب‬ٙ‫ٌّغ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ز‬٠‫ّىٓ سإ‬٠ ٟ‫ٔبد اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌّى‬ٞ‫ أ‬، ‫رش‬ٛ١‫عخ ٌٍىّج‬ٌٍّّٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ٔبد اٌّبد‬ٛ‫ضح اٌّى‬ٙ‫رّضً األع‬
‫ضح‬ٙ‫ األع‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬

Input devices -- keyboard, mouse etc.

Output devices -- printer, monitor etc.

Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD, DVD etc.

Internal components -- CPU, motherboard, RAM etc.

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

.‫ رٌه‬ٌٝ‫ِب ا‬ٚ ‫ط‬ٚ‫اٌّب‬ٚ ‫ح‬١‫حخ اٌّفبر‬ٌٛ - ‫ضح اإلدخبي‬ٙ‫أع‬

. ‫ اٌخ‬، ‫ اٌشبشخ‬، ‫ اٌطبثؼخ‬- ‫ضح اإلخشاط‬ٙ‫أع‬

.‫ اٌخ‬، DVD ‫ألشاص‬ٚ ، ‫ؽخ‬ٛ‫األلشاص اٌّؼغ‬ٚ ، ‫ اٌمشص اٌظٍت‬- ‫خ‬٠ٛٔ‫ٓ اٌضب‬٠‫ضح اٌزخض‬ٙ‫أع‬

.‫ رٌه‬ٌٝ‫ِب ا‬ٚ ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫راوشح ا‬ٚ َ‫حخ األ‬ٌٍٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ - ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ٔبد اٌذاخ‬ٛ‫اٌّى‬

Relationship between Hardware and Software

•Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Both of them must

work together to make a computer produce a useful output .

•Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware .

•Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is

useless .

•To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded
into the hardware

•Hardware is a one-time expense .

•Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense .

•Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different jobs .

•A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware .

•If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other

•.‫ذح‬١‫ٕزظ ِخشعبد ِف‬٠ ‫رش‬ٛ١‫غت اٌؼًّ ِؼًب ٌغؼً اٌىّج‬٠ ‫ والّ٘ب‬.‫ب اٌجؼغ‬ٙ‫ ثؼؼ‬ٍٝ‫اٌجشاِظ ػ‬ٚ ‫ضح‬ٙ‫رؼزّذ األع‬
ِٓ ‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ ال رحز‬ٟ‫ضح اٌز‬ٙ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ األع‬٠ ‫• ال‬.‫ضح‬ٙ‫ْ دػُ األع‬ٚ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ اٌجشاِظ ثذ‬٠ ‫ال‬
‫ً اٌجشاِظ راد‬١ّ‫غت رح‬٠ ، ‫رش‬ٛ١‫ اٌىّج‬ٍٝ‫ٕخ ػ‬١‫ّخ ِؼ‬ِٙ ‫• إلٔغبص‬.‫ّخ اٌفبئذح‬٠‫ ػذ‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ١ٍ‫اٌجشاِظ ٌٍؼًّ ػ‬
ٓ‫ّى‬٠ • .‫ٔفمبد ِغزّشح‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫بد ِىٍف ٌٍغب‬١‫ش اٌجشِغ‬٠ٛ‫• رط‬.‫احذح‬ٚ ‫ ٔفمبد ٌّشح‬ٟ٘ ‫ضح‬ٙ‫بص • األع‬ٙ‫ اٌغ‬ٟ‫اٌظٍخ ف‬
َ‫ٓ اٌّغزخذ‬١‫خ ث‬ٙ‫اع‬ٛ‫ؼًّ اٌجشٔبِظ و‬٠ • .‫ظبئف ِخزٍفخ‬ٚ ً١‫بص ٌزشغ‬ٙ‫ ع‬ٍٝ‫خ ِخزٍفخ ػ‬١‫مبد ثشِغ‬١‫ً رطج‬١ّ‫رح‬
‫ّب‬ٙ‫ والّ٘ب ِىًّ ٌجؼؼ‬."ٗ‫ح‬ٚ‫ "س‬ٛ٘ ‫ فبْ اٌجشٔبِظ‬، ‫رش‬ٛ١‫ "لٍت" ٔظبَ اٌىّج‬ٟ٘ ‫ضح‬ٙ‫• ارا وبٔذ األع‬.‫بص‬ٙ‫اٌغ‬ٚ
.‫اٌجؼغ‬

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

Computer Memory

Memory is used to store the information (programs and data) that the computer is •
currently using. It is sometimes called main or primary memory. One form of
memory is called:

1- Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing
data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until
the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location
inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount
of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is
very expensive.

‫حذح‬ٌٛ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ اٌزاوشح اٌذاخ‬ٟ٘ )ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ (راوشح ا‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫راوشح ا‬

‫ب راوشح اٌمشاءح‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬.‫ٔزبئظ اٌجشٔبِظ‬ٚ ‫اٌجشٔبِظ‬ٚ ‫بٔبد‬١‫ٓ اٌج‬٠‫خ ٌزخض‬٠‫اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬
ُ‫ز‬٠ ، ‫بص‬ٙ‫ً اٌغ‬١‫مبف رشغ‬٠‫ ثّغشد ا‬.‫بص‬ٙ‫ؼًّ اٌغ‬٠ ٝ‫بٔبد حز‬١‫ رخضْ اٌج‬ٟ‫ اٌىزبثخ اٌز‬/
ٓ‫ ِغزمالً ػ‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ راوشح ا‬ٟ‫ي ف‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫لذ ا‬ٚ ‫ؼذ‬٠ .‫بٔبد‬١‫ِغح اٌج‬
‫غزغشق ٔفظ اٌمذس‬٠ٚ ٜ‫الغ األخش‬ٌّٛ‫ٗ ِضً ا‬١ٌ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ً ا‬ٙ‫غ‬٠ ‫ٓ داخً اٌزاوشح‬٠‫لغ رخض‬ِٛ ً‫ أْ و‬ٞ‫ أ‬، ْ‫ا‬ٕٛ‫اٌؼ‬
‫ب ِىٍفخ‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ ثشىً ػش‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ راوشح ا‬ٟ‫دح ف‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫بٔبد ا‬١‫ اٌج‬ٌٝ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ّىٓ ا‬٠ .‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ِٓ ا‬
.‫خ‬٠‫ٌٍغب‬

RAM is of two types • Static RAM (SRAM) • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

2- Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read
but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is
stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such
instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as
bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other
electronic items like washing machine and microwave

.‫ب‬ٙ١ٍ‫ّىٕٕب اٌىزبثخ ػ‬٠ ‫ٌىٓ ال‬ٚ ‫ب اٌمشاءح فمؾ‬ٌٙ‫ّىٕٕب ِٓ خال‬٠ ٟ‫ اٌزاوشح اٌز‬.‫ راوشح اٌمشاءح فمؾ‬ٍٝ‫ ٌزمف ػ‬ROM
.‫غ‬١ٕ‫بد أصٕبء اٌزظ‬٠‫ ِضً ٘زٖ اٌزوش‬ٟ‫ِبد ثشىً دائُ ف‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌّؼ‬٠‫زُ رخض‬٠ .‫ش‬٠‫ش ِزطب‬١‫ع ِٓ اٌزاوشح غ‬ٌٕٛ‫٘زا ا‬
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 Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

ٖ‫ ٘ز‬ٌٝ‫شبس ا‬٠ .‫رش‬ٛ١‫ً اٌىّج‬١‫ثخ ٌجذء رشغ‬ٍٛ‫ّبد اٌّط‬١ٍ‫ رخضْ ِضً ٘زٖ اٌزؼ‬، )ROM( ‫راوشح اٌمشاءح فمؾ‬
‫خ‬١ٔٚ‫ اٌؼٕبطش اإلٌىزش‬ٟ‫ؼب ف‬
ً ٠‫ٌىٓ أ‬ٚ ‫رش فمؾ‬ٛ١‫ اٌىّج‬ٟ‫ ف‬ROM ‫ ال رغزخذَ سلبئك‬.bootstrap ُ‫خ ثبع‬١ٍّ‫اٌؼ‬
‫ف‬٠ٚٚ‫ىش‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ ِضً اٌغغبٌخ‬ٜ‫األخش‬

Following are the various types of ROM

1)MROM (Masked ROM)

2)PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)

3)EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

4)EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read

Only Memory)

Advantages of ROM ‫ب‬٠‫ِضا‬

The advantages of ROM are as follows:

• Non-volatile in nature

• These cannot be accidentally changed

• Cheaper than RAMs • Easy to test

• More reliable than RAMs

• These are static and do not require refreshing

• Its contents are always known and can be verified

•َ‫ك اٌخطؤ• أسخض ِٓ اٌشا‬٠‫ش ٘زٖ ػٓ ؽش‬١١‫ّىٓ رغ‬٠ ‫ب• ال‬ٙ‫ؼز‬١‫شح ثطج‬٠‫ش ِزطب‬١‫• غ‬:ٍٟ٠ ‫ وّب‬ٟ٘ ROM ‫ب‬٠‫ِضا‬
ٗ‫بر‬٠ٛ‫ش• ِحز‬٠‫ال رزطٍت اٌزحذ‬ٚ ‫• ٘زٖ صبثزخ‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼش‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫خ ِٓ راوشح ا‬١‫ل‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ ‫ٌخ االخزجبس• أوضش‬ٛٙ‫ع‬
‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫ّىٓ اٌزحمك‬٠ٚ ‫فخ دائ ًّب‬ٚ‫ِؼش‬

Input/Output Devices:

1- Input Devices

Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer:

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Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

1)Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input

device which helps in inputting data to the computer.
The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.

ٗ‫شج‬٠ .‫رش‬ٛ١‫ اٌىّج‬ٌٝ‫بٔبد ا‬١‫ ادخبي اٌج‬ٟ‫ رغبػذ ف‬ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫شؼج‬ٚ ‫ػب‬
ً ٛ١‫ضح اإلدخبي ش‬ٙ‫ أوضش أع‬ٟ٘ ‫ح‬١‫حخ اٌّفبر‬ٌٛ
‫فشح‬ٛ‫خ اٌّز‬١‫ح اإلػبف‬١‫د ثؼغ اٌّفبر‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ِٓ ُ‫ اٌشغ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬، ‫خ‬٠‫ذ‬١ٍ‫ٌخ اٌىبرجخ اٌزم‬٢‫ؾ ا‬١‫ح رخط‬١‫حخ اٌّفبر‬ٌٛ ‫ؾ‬١‫رخط‬
.‫خ‬١‫ظبئف اػبف‬ٚ ‫ألداء‬

2)Mouse

Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very

famous cursor-control device having a small palm size
box with a round ball at its base which senses the
movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals
to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

ٗ‫ اٌّئشش ث‬ٟ‫خ ٌٍزحىُ ف‬٠‫ش ٌٍغب‬١ٙ‫بص ش‬ٙ‫ أٗ ع‬.‫ػب‬

ً ٛ١‫ش األوضش ش‬١‫بص اٌزؤش‬ٙ‫ ع‬ٛ٘ ‫ط‬ٚ‫اٌّب‬
‫ط‬ٚ‫ لبػذرٗ رغزشؼش حشوخ اٌّب‬ٟ‫شح ف‬٠‫ذ ِغ وشح ِغزذ‬١ٌ‫ش ثحغُ ساحخ ا‬١‫ق طغ‬ٚ‫طٕذ‬
.‫ط‬ٚ‫ أصساس اٌّب‬ٍٝ‫خ ػٕذ اٌؼغؾ ػ‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ ٌٝ‫رشعً اإلشبساد اٌّمبثٍخ ا‬ٚ

3-Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor

position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at
its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

ٓ‫ب ػجبسح ػ‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬.‫ شبشخ اٌؼشع‬ٍٝ‫ػغ اٌّئشش ػ‬ِٛ ‫ه‬٠‫ُغزخذَ ٌزحش‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫بص رؤش‬ٙ‫ؼب ع‬ ً ٠‫ أ‬ٟ٘ ُ‫ػظب اٌزحى‬
‫ه‬٠‫ّىٓ رحش‬٠ .‫ف‬٠ٛ‫ رغ‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١ٍ‫خ اٌغف‬٠ٚ‫ رزحشن اٌىشح اٌىش‬.ٍٞٛ‫اٌؼ‬ٚ ٍٟ‫ب اٌغف‬ٙ١‫ ؽشف‬ٟ‫خ ف‬٠ٚ‫ب وشح وش‬ٙ‫ػظب ث‬
.‫غ االرغب٘بد األسثؼخ‬١ّ‫ ع‬ٟ‫ػظب اٌزحىُ ف‬

4-Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen. It

is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on

12
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Lecturer: Fatimah Malek Mohsen

the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a

small tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and
penbutton is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and
.sends the corresponding signal to the CPU

ٍٝ‫س ػ‬ٛ‫ سعُ ط‬ٚ‫ع أ‬ٚ‫ذ ػٕظش لبئّخ ِؼش‬٠‫زُ اعزخذاِٗ ٌزحذ‬٠ .ٍُ‫شجٗ اٌم‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫بص رؤش‬ٙ‫ ع‬ٛ٘ ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اٌمٍُ اٌؼ‬
ٍُ‫ه ؽشف اٌم‬٠‫ ػٕذ رحش‬.‫ش‬١‫ة طغ‬ٛ‫ أٔج‬ٟ‫ػغ ف‬ٛ٠ ٞ‫ٔظبَ ثظش‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ ػ‬١ٍ‫ْ ِٓ خ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ .‫شبشخ اٌؼشع‬
‫لغ‬ِٛ ‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٚ‫ش‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١ٍ‫ىزشف ػٕظش اعزشؼبس اٌخ‬٠ ، ٍُ‫ صس اٌم‬ٍٝ‫اٌؼغؾ ػ‬ٚ ‫ق شبشخ اٌشبشخ‬ٛ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اٌؼ‬
.‫خ‬٠‫حذح اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌّشوض‬ٚ ٌٝ‫شعً اإلشبسح اٌّمبثٍخ ا‬٠ٚ ‫اٌشبشخ‬

5-Scanner

Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy

machine. It is used when some information is available on a
paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the
computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images
from the source which are then converted into the digital form
that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited
.before they are printed

‫ِبد‬ٍٛ‫فش ثؼغ اٌّؼ‬ٛ‫زُ اعزخذاِٗ ػٕذ ر‬٠ .‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ؼًّ ثشىً أشجٗ ثآٌخ اٌزظ‬٠ ‫بص ادخبي‬ٙ‫ ع‬ٛ٘ ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اٌّبعح اٌؼ‬
ِٓ ‫س‬ٛ‫َ اٌّبعح ثبٌزمبؽ اٌظ‬ٛ‫م‬٠ .‫ذ ِٓ اٌّؼبٌغخ‬٠‫رش ٌّض‬ٛ١‫ اٌمشص اٌظٍت ٌٍىّج‬ٌٝ‫ب ا‬ٍٙ‫زُ ٔم‬٠ٚ ‫سق‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬
ٖ‫ش ٘ز‬٠‫ّىٓ رحش‬٠ .‫ اٌمشص‬ٍٝ‫ٕٗ ػ‬٠‫ّىٓ رخض‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌز‬ّٟ‫ اٌشىً اٌشل‬ٌٝ‫ب ثؼذ رٌه ا‬ٍٙ٠ٛ‫زُ رح‬٠ ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫اٌّظذس‬
.‫ب‬ٙ‫س لجً ؽجبػز‬ٛ‫اٌظ‬

6- Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is

then stored in digital form. The microphone is used
for various applications like adding sound to a
multimedia presentation or for mixing music.

ً‫ شى‬ٟ‫ٕٗ ف‬٠‫زُ رخض‬٠ ُ‫د ص‬ٛ‫بص ادخبي إلدخبي اٌظ‬ٙ‫ ع‬ٛ٘ ْٛ‫ف‬ٚ‫ىش‬١ٌّ‫ا‬
‫مبد ِضً اػبفخ‬١‫ذ ِٓ اٌزطج‬٠‫ اٌؼذ‬ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ف‬ٚ‫ىش‬١ٌّ‫غزخذَ ا‬٠ .ّٟ‫سل‬
ٝ‫م‬١‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫ ٌخٍؾ ا‬ٚ‫عبئؾ اٌّزؼذدح أ‬ٌٍٛ ّٟ٠‫ ػشع رمذ‬ٌٝ‫د ا‬ٛ‫ط‬.
13