cytoplasm

proteins

Cells in the alimentary canal need the ribosomes for protein

synthesis to make enzymes for the digestion of food.
3
 Hepatic portal vein

Q carries a higher concentration of glucose and amino acids

absorbed from the small intestine than P, as the excess glucose
has been converted to glycogen in the liver, and excess amino
acids undergo deamination in the liver to produce urea.
fat

Fatty substances may buildup on inner surfaces of

coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) , resulting in narrowing
of the lumen of the arteries.
Reduced blood flow to the heart causes the heart muscles
to receive less oxygen and may lead to heart attack.
The stomach has a low pH (due to gastric juice containing
hydrochloric acid) which result in the denaturing of the enzyme
amylase, and unable to bind to starch to break it down.

Amylase has an active site that is complementary to the shape

of the starch. This allows only starch to fit into the active site of
amylase to form an enzyme-substrate complex for amylase to
break down starch.
 pancreas

In the lock and key hypothesis, the lock refers to the enzyme amylase, which has an active site that
has a complementary shape to the substrate starch, the key.

Starch is able to fit into the active site of the amylase, like how a key fits into a lock, to form an
enzyme-substrate complex. After the amylase catalyzes the breakdown of starch into maltose,
amylase remains unchanged. Maltose leaves the active site of amylase
 There is no reducing sugar at t=0 min. At t=50mins, the test with Benedict’s solution
was brick red, showing that reducing sugar is present.
After the digestion of starch by amylase, maltose is produced. Maltose, a reducing
sugar, is small enough to diffuse through the partially permeable membrane, into the
water.

iodine remained brown at 0 and 50 min, indicated an absence of starch.

Iodine molecules are too large to diffuse through the partially permeable membrane,
into the water, hence absent in the water.
 blue colour

Violet colour
add 2cm3 of biuret solution
to 2cm3 of food
Cloudy white
emulsion