IET Renewable Power Generation

Research Article

ISSN 1752-1416
Robust active disturbance rejection Received on 23rd September 2014
Revised on 27th April 2015
controller design to improve low-voltage Accepted on 19th May 2015
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2014.0321
ride-through capability of doubly www.ietdl.org

fed induction generator wind farms

Md Ayaz Chowdhury 1 ✉, Abu Hena Md Sayem 2, Weixiang Shen 2, Kazi Shariful Islam 2
1
Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus, Kuching 93350, Sarawak,
Malaysia
2
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia
✉ E-mail: mchowdhury@swinburne.edu.my

Abstract: This study presents the design of a robust active disturbance rejection (ADR) controller in order to improve low-
voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of wind farms connected with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The ADR
controller is particularly effective in real-time estimation and mitigation of the total effect of various uncertainties
against a wide range of parameter variations, model uncertainties and large disturbances. The performance evaluation
of the designed controller is performed on an IEEE system under different test cases. The simulation results show that
the proposed controller is robust against uncertainties in operating conditions and successfully improves the damping
and voltage stability and thus the LVRT capability of DFIGs.

1 Introduction behaviour of power systems and dynamic interaction of wind

Integration of wind farms into power systems adds a new dynamic
event because of the variability and uncertainty inherent in
operating conditions. For the successful integration, a number of
technical challenges and connection requirements have been
addressed in the grid codes by many countries. The low-voltage
ride-through (LVRT) capability is one of the most important
requirements for wind farms connected with all possible types and
technologies of wind turbines [1]. The LVRT capability essentially
supports the post-fault system recovery from possible system
collapse because of the loss of generation. The requirement of
LVRT becomes more significant with the increment of wind
power penetration levels [2]. LVRT is preserved if wind farms
remain connected to the grid for voltage levels as low as 5% of
the nominal voltage for up to 140 ms [3].
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are preferred as wind
energy generation options integrated into power systems since they
have variable speed operation and independent controllability of
active and reactive powers [4]. The DFIG system is very sensitive
to voltage dips during grid disturbances because of rapid loss of
internal magnetisation as compared with the lost voltage. In
addition, partial-scale power converters equipped with DFIG might
get damaged by the overcurrent in the rotor windings and
overvoltage in the dc buses because of demagnetisation process.
Voltage dips result in overspeeding of the wind turbine as well
and thus threat its safe operation.
A great deal of research has been carried out to secure the LVRT
capability of DFIGs in interconnected power systems. One stream
involves the LVRT schemes with hardware modifications, such as
the single-phase converters [5], the crowbar [6], the virtual
resistance [7], the series dynamic resistor circuits [5], the dynamic
voltage restorers [8] and the fault ride through (FRT) compensator
[9]. The other stream involves the LVRT schemes with the
improvement of the controller performance of the DFIG
converters, such as the coordinated control [10], the indirect
matrix control [11], the sliding-mode control [12], the stator
voltage compensator control [13], the internal model control [14],
the predictive control [15] and the feedback linearisation control
[16]. Most of these control methods do not consider non-linear
farms, which are very important aspects in DFIG converter control
design. These methods are also unable to provide systematic
robustness against uncertainties.
This paper presents the design and application of an active
disturbance rejection (ADR) controller, which considers non-linear
behaviour of power systems and dynamic interaction of wind farms
and is sufficiently robust to accommodate the LVRT capability in
DFIG wind farms. The concept of the ADR controller is formed
through the technical and conceptual solutions of four fundamental
technical limitations in the existing proportional–integral–derivative
framework, which includes the following: (i) a simple differential
equation to be used as a transient profile generator, (ii) a
noise-tolerant tracking differentiator, (iii) the power of non-linear
control feedback and (iv) the total disturbance estimation and
rejection [17]. Moreover, the ADR-based controller has a simple
structure, does not require accurate model information and is easy to
implement [18, 19]. The rest of this paper is organised in the
following manner: Section 2 provides the mathematical modelling of
the DFIG wind turbine. The DFIG control tasks are discussed in
Section 3. Section 4 describes the design strategy of the ADR
controller. In Section 5, the test system is described and the
simulation results are analysed to evaluate the performance of the
controller. Conclusions are given in Section 6.
2 DFIG model
A DFIG wind turbine comprises of an induction generator and a
wind turbine connected through two shafts with a gearbox in
between with the generator stator directly connected to the grid
and the generator rotor connected to the grid through two
back-to-back insulated gate bipolar transistors pulse width
modulator converters with an intermediate dc-link capacitor.
The dynamic model of the DFIG wind turbine is presented in this
section. The dynamic DFIG model comprises of a static model of the
aerodynamics static model, a two-mass drivetrain model, a
third-order generator model, a grid side converter (GSC) with a
dc-link capacitor, a pitch controller and a rotor side converter
(RSC) as shown in Fig. 1.

IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015 961
Fig. 1 Configuration of a DFIG wind turbine system

The wind turbine rotor that extracts the kinetic energy from the ′ 1  ′ 
Ėdr = ′
E dr + (X − X ′ )iqs + svs Eqr
′
+ vs v′qr (8)
wind is a complex aerodynamic system. The aerodynamic torque, To
which is the input torque to the wind turbine is given as
vds = Rs ids − Xqs′ + Edr
′
(9)
r
Tae = A c (l, u)v3w (1) vqs = Rs ids + Xqs′ + Eqr
′
2vm wt p (10)

where ρ is the air density, ω is the rotor speed, Awt is the swept area, vt = v2ds + v2qs (11)
cp is the pitch angle, θ is the pitch angle and l is the tip speed ratio.
Two-stage conversion of the aerodynamic torque Tae takes place where
through the drivetrain attached to the wind turbine. The drivetrain
is conventionally treated as two lumped masses, that is, turbine

mass and generator mass, which are connected together by a shaft X ′ = Xs + Xm Xr Xm + Xr (12)
with a certain damping and stiffness coefficient values. Turbine X = Xs + Xm (13)
mass includes lumped inertia of the turbine, part of the gearbox
and the low-speed shaft and generator mass includes generator Lr + Lm
rotor mass, high-speed shaft along with its disk brake and the rest To′ = (14)
Rr
part of the gearbox. The shaft dynamics can be expressed as [20]
Te = Edr ids + Eqr iqs (15)
1

v̇m = T − K s g − Dm v m (2) v X
2Hm ae v′dr =
dr m  (16)
Xm + Xr
1

v̇G = K g − Te − DG vG (3) vqr Xm
2HG s v′qr =
 (17)
  Xm + Xr
1
ġ = 2pf vm − v (4) In (6)–(17), E′ is the transient voltage, X′ is the transient reactance, X
Ng G
is the rotor open-circuit reactance and Te is the electromagnetic
torque.
where H is the inertia constant, Ks is the torsion stiffness, γ is the The dc-link voltage dynamics can be written as
torsion angle, D is the torsion damping, Te is the electrical torque,
f is the grid frequency and Ng is the gear ratio.
v2dc
The induction generator receives the power from the stiff Cvdc v̇dc = − − Pr (t) − Pg (t) (18)
high-speed shaft. The relationship between the mechanical torque Rloss
(Tm) and torsion angle can be written as
where C is the dc-link capacitance, vdc is the voltage of the dc-link
Tm = Ks g (5) capacitor and Rloss is the total conducting and switching losses of
the converter, Pr(t) is the instantaneous input rotor power and
Pg(t) is the instantaneous output power of the GSC. Pr and Pg are
Following equations give the transient model of a DFIG [21] given by Chowdhury et al. [22]
1

Pr = vrd ird + vrq irq
ṡ = T − Tm (6) (19)
2HG e
Pg = vgd igd + vgq igq (20)
′ 1  
Ėqr = ′ E′ qr − (X − X ′ )ids − svs Edr
′
− vs v′dr (7)
To This paper proposes a control strategy based on the above-described

IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969

962 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
DFIG model for a single machine infinite bus test system in the The next section describes the procedures for designing a robust
following section. ADR controller for RSC and GSC. ADR controller is not designed
for dc-link capacitor since the dc-link voltage control can be
achieved with the proper control of RSC and GSC. Only a simple
PI controller is used for dc-link capacitor to set active current
3 DFIG control tasks setting value for the GSC.

The GSC and RSC control strategies for the DFIGs are shown in
Fig. 2. The RSC operates to control active and reactive powers
once a voltage dip is detected and thus helps limiting the rotor 4 Procedures for ADR controller design
fault current and increasing the damping of stator flux and,
consequently, improving the LVRT capability of the DFIGs. The Configuration of an ADR controller is shown in Fig. 3.
main objective of the GSC is to regulate the dc-link voltage and
reactive power irrespective of the magnitude and direction of the
slip power. It is important to maintain relatively constant voltage 4.1 Derivation of transfer function (TF) for DFIG system
through supplying the real-power demand for the RSC to perform
its control tasks although the GSC handles only 25% of the total The GSC or RSC with post-fault disturbance can be represented by
power of the DFIG [23]. The control task of the RSC includes
independent regulation of active and reactive powers with the help Y (s) = G(s)U (s) + W (s) (21)
of iqr and idr, which are achieved from Δvdc and Δvt by PI
controllers. The priority belongs to the active power, so the
where U(s) and Y(s) are the input and output, respectively, G(s) is the
Checker block checks the available capacity for idg with respect to
TF and W(s) is the total disturbance including unknown internal
iqg while the rating of GSC is 25% of the DFIG. The dc-link
dynamics and external disturbances, which are presented in the
voltage dynamics prevent a conventional linear controller from
output to facilitate simplicity in the control structure and eliminate
properly limiting the dc-voltage under severe disturbances. Thus
computation burden. Now, G(s) can be described as
the proposed control method considers the non-linearity of the
DFIGs.
The reference signals for the dc and terminal voltages vdcref and Y (s) bm sm + bm−1 sm−1 + · · · + b1 s + b0
vtref are set to a constant value (1 pu). These values depend on G(s) = = ,
U (s) an sn + an−1 sn−1 + · · · + a1 s + a0
three main factors: (i) the size of the converter, (ii) the ratio
between stator voltage and rotor voltage and (iii) the modulation n≥m (22)
factor of the power converters [24]. The reference point for
reactive power Qgref is set as zero (during normal condition) or a where ai and bj (i = 1, …, n, j = 1, …, m) are the coefficients of G(s).
certain non-zero value (during disturbances). The reference point Dividing both sides of (21) by G(s), we will have
for active power Pgref is set through maximum power point
tracking control (during normal operation) or the damping control
(during disturbances). (1/G(s))Y (s) = U (s) + W ′ (s) (23)

Fig. 2 Configuration of
a RSC controller
b GSC controller

IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015 963
Fig. 3 Configuration of an ADR controller

where W′(s) = W(s)/G(s). 1/G(s) can be conducted as developed that plays a crucial role towards development of the
ADR control. The design of the ESO is based on the constant
1 a sn + an−1 sn−1 + · · · + a1 s + a0 high-gain parameter tuning to estimate the disturbance in real time
= nm , n≥m by augmenting the state variables of the system to include D(s). A
G(s) bm s + bm−1 sm−1 + · · · + b1 s + b0
number of conditions have to be met for convergence of the ESO
= cn−m sn−m + bcn−m−1 sn−m−1 + · · · + c1 s + c0 + Gleft (s) used in this paper for non-linear closed-loop DFIG system, which
can be found in [25].
(24) To construct the ESO, the system model is rewritten as
where ci (i = 0, …, n − m) are coefficients of the polynomial division
result and the remainder Gleft (s) is sX (s) = AX (s) + BU (s) + EsD(s)
(31)
Y (s) = CX (s)
dm−1 sm−1
+ dm−2 s + · · · + d1 s + d0
m−2
Gleft (s) = (25)
bm s + bm−1 s
m m−1 + · · · + b1 s + b0 where

In (25), dj ( j = 0, …, m − 1) are coefficients of the numerator of the
T

remainder. Substituting (24) into (23), we have X (s) = X1 (s) X2 (s) . . . . . . Xn−m (s) (n−m)

 ⎡ ⎤
cn−m sn−m + bcn−m−1 sn−m−1 + · · · + c1 s + c0 + Gleft (s) Y (s) 0 1 0 ... 0
⎢ 0 ... 1 ... ...⎥
= U (s) + W ′ (s) (26) ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢
⎢... ... 0 ... 0 ⎥
⎥
⎣... ... ... ... 1 ⎦
where
0 0 ... ... 0 (n−m)×(n−m)
an
cn−m = (27)
T
bm B = 0 . . . 0 b 0 (n−m)

Equation (26) can be rewritten as
T

E = 0 ... 0 b 1 (n−m)
cn−m sn−m Y (s)


 C= 1 0 0 ... 0
= U (s) − cn−m−1 sn−m−1 + · · · + c1 s + c0 + Gleft (s) Y (s) + W ′ (s) (n−m)

(28)
We assume that D(s) has the local Lipschitz continuity and sD(S) is
bounded within domain of interests. With quantitative concept of
Dividing both sides of (28) by cn − m, we will have
Lipschitz continuity, a number of differential equations can be
solved so that effective convergence of numerical simulation is
sn−m Y (s) = bU(s) + D(s) (29) reached. Moreover, assumption of Lipschitz continuity allows ESO
to be simple, low-dimensional and singular structured and
where b = 1/cn−m, and a modified generalised disturbance is eliminates the problem of chattering phenomena which is
associated with difficulty in practical implementation of controllers
1
 in hardware because of disorientation of switching signals.
D(s) = − c sn−m−1 + · · · + c1 s + c0 + Gleft (s) Y (s)
cn−m n−m−1 Now the ESO can be expressed as [26–28]
1  
+ W ′ (s) (30) ^
cn−m sZ(s) = AZ(s) + BU (s)L Y (s) − Y (s)
(32)
Equation (29) will be taken as the system model for controller ^
design. Y (s) = CZ(s)

4.2 Design of extended state observer where

Accurate estimation of D(s) governs the effectiveness of the ADR
T

Z(s) = Z1 (s) Z2 (s) Zn−m (s)
controller. Consequently, an extended state observer (ESO) is (n−m)

IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969

964 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
Table 1 Parameters of the proposed ADR controller Table 2 Performance comparison between proposed ADR controller
and PI controller
Order of ESO ωc ωo b
ADR controller PI controller
3 4 20 70
CV, pu CS, pu CCT, s CV, pu CS, pu CCT, s

0.81 1.436 0.425 0.873 1.347 0.342

and

T
L = b1 b2 bn−m (n−m)
(s) is a reference input [29–32]

For stability purpose, all the eigenvalues of the ESO should be 

n−m−1
Uo (s) = kP1 R(s) − KPi Zi (s) + skD1 R(s)
located in the −ωo. Therefore the observer gains are chosen as
i=1

  
n−m−i
n−m − sKDi Zi (s) (36)
bi = · vio , i = 1, 2, . . . , n − m (33)
i i=1

The unique parameter ωo that is also the bandwidth of the observer where kP is the proportional gain and kD is the derivative gain of the
can be tuned to achieve the desired or required observer gains. With a PD controller.
well-tuned ESO, Zi (s) will be able to estimate the value of Xi (s) To further simplify the tuning process, all the closed-loop poles of
closely (i = 1, …, n − m). Then, we have the PD controller are set to −ωc. Then the controller gains have to be
selected as
^    
Zn−m (s) = D (s) ≃ D(s) (34) kPi n−m−1
= · vcn−m−i , i = 1, 2, . . . , n − m − 1 (37)
^ kDi n−m−i
where D (s) represents estimated D(s).
In practice, the gains of the controller are tuned by trial-and-error
4.3 Design of ADR controller

For the control input of U(s) = (Uo(s) − Zn − m(s))/b, the original

system will be reduced to a pure integral form. This process can
be demonstrated by (35), where U0(s) is the control law for
regulating Y(s)

Uo (s) − Zn−m (s)

sn−m Y (s) = b · + D(s)
b
^
= Uo (s) − D (s) + D(s) ≃ Uo (s) (35)

A traditional proportional-differential (PD) controller is used that can

help to reach the goal of minimising the effect of disturbance in
output. Therefore the control law U0(s) is chosen as (36), where R

Fig. 5 Wind farm responses for a three-phase short-circuit fault of duration

150 ms
a Real power
Fig. 4 Single line diagram of IEEE New England power system b PCC voltage

IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015 965
approaches by changing ωc, ωo and b. Table 1 gives the design
parameters of the ADR controller.
The reason behind using a third-order ESO is that a first-order
ESO can only estimate only constant-type disturbance, whereas a
third-order ESO can estimate a wide range of disturbances with
more complex nature and in a more accurate manner.
5 Controller performance evaluation
The performance of the proposed ADR controller is evaluated on a
modified IEEE New England power system as shown in Fig. 4
through large disturbances under different operating conditions.
The modification is carried out by replacing four conventional
generators with four wind farms (WF1–WF4) at buses 31–34.
Power generation from the synchronous generators (SGs) and the
DFIGs are 3423.86 and 2163.38 MW, respectively, with 98.74%
load operation in the system. Synchronous generators [33] and
aggregated DFIGs [34] have been used in the system as
conventional generation and wind generation, respectively. Converter
controllers are employed for the wind farms and power system
stabilisers (PSSs) are connected with the synchronous generators
[35]. The detail procedures of PSS design can be found in [36].
The simulation results are discussed in the next sections.
5.1 Voltage and transient stability margins
The voltage stability margin is defined as the difference between the
operating voltage and the critical voltage (CV). The transient
stability margin is given as the difference between the speed after
Fig. 6 Wind farm responses for a three-phase short-circuit fault of duration
300 ms
a dc-Link voltage
b Rotor current
966
specified fault duration and the critical speed of the generator
[24, 35].
The transient and voltage stability limits are assessed with the
proposed and conventional PI controller by simulating a
three-phase fault. The CV, the CS and the critical clearing time
(CCT) are shown in Table 2. This shows the prevalence of the
proposed ADR controller in performance as compared with a
properly tuned PI controller.
5.2 LVRT capability
To evaluate the performance of the ADR controller in improving the
LVRT capability of DFIGs, fault responses of WF1 for a three-phase
short-circuit fault at bus 6 are simulated.
5.2.1 Three-phase short-circuit fault: Fig. 5 shows the
simulation results of the real-power and terminal voltage responses
of WF1 for a fault at 1 s, which is subsequently cleared after
150 ms. It is observed from Fig. 5a that the real power followed
by fault shows a high-frequency oscillatory response that cannot
be damped by using a PI controller. Higher-order ESO in the
proposed controller helps to estimate this disturbed parameter with
complex nature like high-frequency oscillatory and an improved
post-fault response is recovered with lower settling time and better
damping through the use of the proposed ADR controller. The
proposed controller also helps point of common coupling (PCC)
voltage to restore its pre-fault value and thus improves the DFIG
voltage dip behaviour as shown in Fig. 5b.
Fig. 7 Wind farm responses for a low-impedance fault
a Speed
b Stator current
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
 Fig. 6 shows the simulation results of the dc-link voltage and rotor
current responses of WF1 for a fault at 1 s, which is subsequently
cleared after 300 ms. It is inspected from Fig. 6a that the dc-link
voltage followed by fault shows a high-frequency oscillatory
response that cannot be damped by using a PI controller.
Higher-order ESO in the proposed controller helps to estimate this
disturbed parameter and a better smoothing to dc-link voltage
fluctuations is achieved by using the proposed ADR controller.
The dc-link voltage reaches its peak at 1.06 pu with the proposed
controller while it is 1.96 pu with the PI controller. Thus the
dc-link capacitor is exposed to lower voltage stress with the
proposed controller as compared with the conventional one. It is
clear from Fig. 6b that a similar damping for complex rotor fault
current is achieved through the use of the proposed ADR
controller, which demonstrates effectiveness of using a
higher-order ESO for the controller. The peak rotor fault currents
exceed the RSC tolerable threshold, that is, 2 pu, with the PI
controller during the fault. Meanwhile, the proposed controller
effectively scales the peak rotor fault current down to 1.25 pu,
which is well below the RSC tolerable limit. The proposed method
also minimises the rotor current fluctuations. Again, the supremacy
of the proposed ADR controller to the conventional PI controller
is manifested during these symmetrical three-phase faults. Thus,
the performance comparison between two controllers will not be
considered in the following sections.
5.2.2 Low-impedance fault: Fig. 7 shows the simulation results
of the rotor speed and positive sequence magnitude of stator current
responses of WF1 for a low-impedance (0.5 Ω) fault at 1 s. When a
disturbance or a fault occurs, the terminal voltage drop causes the
corresponding generator rotor and stator flux to decrease, resulting
Fig. 8 Wind farm responses because of sudden change in wind speed
a Real power
b Reactive power
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
in generator demagnetising process. Consequently, the
electromagnetic torque as well as the active power of the generator
is reduced. At a point, the mechanical input torque being constant
during this process exceeds the electromagnetic torque. This
results in acceleration of machine rotor. Fig. 7a shows that the
speed acceleration followed by the fault slows down and pre-fault
value is reached within 0.4 s. The same happens to the stator
current, which returns to the previous value within 0.6 s as shown
in Fig. 7b. These simulation results demonstrate that the designed
controller can quickly force the speed and stator current to retain
its pre-fault value without causing instability.
5.3 Robust performance
To evaluate the robust performance from the proposed ADR
controller, responses of WF1 are simulated under sudden abrupt
change in wind speed and load uncertainty.
5.3.1 Sudden abrupt change in wind speed: To visualise the
effectiveness of the proposed controller to sudden abrupt changes in
wind speed, a wind speed is considered in time domain that is 14 m/s
with a step down to 10 m/s for duration of 0.1 s. Fig. 8 shows the real
and reactive power responses of WF1 to this wind speed variation. It
is observed that the proposed controller of the DFIG performs well
against abrupt change of input wind speed by assisting to increase
in the reactive power supply to offset the drop of the active power
while maintaining the voltage constant.
5.3.2 Load uncertainty: To evaluate the effectiveness of the
controller under load uncertainty, load is increased by 10% at bus
Fig. 9 Wind farm responses because of 10% increase in load
a Real power
b Reactive power
967

Fig. 10 Wind farm responses of aggregated and detailed wind farm models
for a three-phase short-circuit fault of duration 100 ms
a Real power
b PCC voltage
31 at 1 s. Fig. 9 shows the real and reactive power outputs of WF1.
From this figure, it is evident that the controller stabilises the system
at different equilibrium points although it is designed for rated
operating conditions.
5.4 Dynamic interaction among controllers
A comparative study is carried out for aggregated model of wind
farms and a detailed model of each DFIG embedded with the
designed controller in order to inquire the interactions among
several DFIG controllers,. A severe three-phase short-circuit fault
is simulated at bus 7 at 1 s which is subsequently cleared after
100 ms. Fig. 10 shows the terminal voltages and real-power
outputs of WF1, which affirms that the dynamic performance of
the system is preserved in spite of existing interactions among the
DFIG units with the designed controllers.
6 Conclusions
An ADR control is proposed in this paper in order to improve LVRT
capability of DFIG connected wind farms. The systematic design
procedure of the controller is presented followed by discussion on
dynamic model of DFIG and its control objectives. Simulations
are carried out on an IEEE test system and the results show that
the proposed controller is robust against uncertainties in operating
conditions and successfully improves the LVRT capability of
DFIG wind farms. Future works include the performance analysis
968
of the proposed ADR controller will be repeated on real-power
system, such as Borneo Trans Grid Power System and real-time
hardware-in-the-loop implementation of the controller.
7 References
1 de Alegría, I.M., Andreu, J., Martín, J.L., Ibañez, P., Villate, J.L., Camblong, H.:
‘Connection requirements for wind farms: a survey on technical requirements and
regulation’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2007, 11, pp. 1858–1872
2 Chowdhury, M.A., Shen, W.X., Hosseinzadeh, N., Pota, H.R.: ‘Transient stability
of power system integrated with DFIG wind farm’, IET Renew. Power Gener.,
2015, 9, pp. 184–194
3 Tsili, M., Papathanassiou, S.: ‘A review of grid code technical requirements for
wind farms’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2009, 3, pp. 308–332
4 Chowdhury, M.A., Shen, W.X., Hosseinzadeh, N., Pota, H.R.: ‘Quantitative
assessment and comparison of fault responses for synchronous generator and
wind turbine generators based on modified transient energy function’, IET
Renew. Power Gener., 2014, 8, pp. 474–483
5 Joshi, N., Mohan, N.: ‘A novel scheme to connect wind turbines to the power grid’,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2009, 24, pp. 504–510
6 Rahimi, M., Parniani, M.: ‘Efficient control scheme of wind turbines with doubly
fed induction generators for low-voltage ride-through capability enhancement’, IET
Renew. Power Gener., 2010, 4, pp. 242–252
7 Hu, S., Lin, X., Kang, Y., Zou, X.: ‘An improved low voltage ride through control
strategy of doubly-fed induction generator during grid faults’, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., 2011, 26, pp. 3653–3665
8 Ibrahim, A.O., Nguyen, T.H., Lee, D.C., Kim, S.C.: ‘A fault ride through technique
of DFIG wind turbine systems using dynamic voltage restorers’, IEEE Trans.
Energy Convers., 2011, 26, pp. 871–882
9 Mohammadi, J., Afsharnia, S., Vaez-Zadeh, S.: ‘Efficient fault-ride-through
control strategy of DFIG-based wind turbines during the grid faults’, Energy
Convers. Manage., 2014, 78, (0), pp. 88–95
10 Xu, L.: ‘Coordinated control of DFIG’s rotor and grid side converters during
network unbalance’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2008, 3, pp. 1041–1049
11 Pena, R., Cardenas, R., Reyes, E., Clare, J., Wheeler, P.: ‘Control of a doubly fed
induction generator via an indirect matrix converter with changing DC voltage’,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, pp. 4664–4674
12 Valenciaga, F.: ‘Second order sliding power control for a variable speed-constant
frequency energy conversion system’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2010, 51, (12),
pp. 3000–3008
13 Zhang, S., Tseng, K.J., Choi, S.S., Nguyen, T.D., Yao, D.L.: ‘Advanced control of
series voltage compensation to enhance wind turbine ride-through’, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., 2012, 27, pp. 763–772
14 Campos-Gaona, D., Moreno-Goytia, E.L., Anaya-Lara, O.: ‘Fault ride-through
improvement of DFIG-WT by integrating a two-degrees-of-freedom internal
model control’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, pp. 1133–1145
15 Phan, V.T., Lee, H.H.: ‘Improved predictive current control for unbalanced
stand-alone doubly-fed induction generator-based wind power systems’, IET
Electr. Power Appl., 2011, 5, pp. 275–287
16 Mullane, A., Lightbody, G., Yacamini, R.: ‘Wind-turbine fault ride through
enhancement’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 20, pp. 1929–1937
17 Han, J.: ‘From PID to active disturbance rejection control’, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., 2009, 56, pp. 900–906
18 Gao, Z.: ‘Scaling and parameterization based controller tuning’. Proc. American
Control Conf., 2003, pp. 4989–4996
19 Gao, Z.: ‘Active disturbance rejection control: a paradigm shift in feedback control
system design’. Proc. American Control Conf., 2003, p. 7
20 Ackermann, T. Ed.: ‘Wind power in power systems’ (Wiley, New Jersey, 2012)
21 Lei, Y., Mullane, A., Lightbody, G., Yacamini, R.: ‘Modeling of the wind turbine
with a doubly fed induction generator for grid integration studies’, IEEE Trans.
Energy Convers., 2006, 21, pp. 257–264
22 Chowdhury, M.A., Hosseinzadeh, N., Billah, M.M., Haque, S.A.: ‘Dynamic DFIG
wind farm model with an aggregation technique’. Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical and
Computer Engineering, 2010, pp. 330–333
23 Hossain, M.J., Pota, H.R., Ramos, R.A.: ‘Improved low-voltage ride-through
capability of fixed-speed wind turbines using decentralised control of
STATCOM with energy storage system’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2012, 6,
pp. 719–730
24 Chowdhury, M.A., Hosseinzadeh, N., Shen, W.X.: ‘Smoothing wind power
fluctuations by fuzzy logic pitch angle controller’, Renew. Energy, 2012, 38,
pp. 224–233
25 Guo, B.Z., Zhao, Z.L., Yao, C.Z.: ‘The active disturbance rejection control for
nonlinear systems using time-varying-gain’. Proc. Asian Control Conf., 2013,
pp. 1–6
26 Rubio, J.J., Meléndez, F., Figueroa, M.: ‘An observer with controller to detect and
reject disturbances’, Int. J. Control, 2014, 87, pp. 524–536
27 Mahmoud, M.S., Mamon, A.M., Shi, P.: ‘Observer-based fault tolerant control of a
class of nonlinear networked control systems’, Int. J. Control, 2014, 87,
pp. 1707–1715
28 Li, Y., Yang, B., Zheng, T., Li, Y.: ‘Extended state observer based adaptive back
stepping sliding model control of electronic throttle in transportation cyber physical
systems’, Math. Probl. Eng., 2015, 2015, pp. 1–11
29 Rubio, J.J., Figueroa, M., Perez Cruz, J.H., Bejarano, F.J.: ‘Geometric approach
and structure at infinite controls for the disturbance rejection’, IET Control
Theory Appl., 2012, 6, pp. 2528–2537
30 Chen, M.S., Chen, C.C.: ‘H infinity optimal design of robust observer against
disturbances’, Int. J. Control, 2014, 87, pp. 1208–1215
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
31 Contreras-Leyva, M., Rojas, J.D.: ‘New tuning method for PI controllers based on
Pareto-optimal criterion with robustness constraint’, IEEE Latin Am. Trans., 2015,
13, pp. 434–440
32 Rubio, J.J., Figueroa, M., Perez Cruz, J.H., Rumbo, J.: ‘Control to stabilize and
mitigate disturbances in a rotary inverted pendulum’, Rev. Mex. Fis. E, 2012, 58,
pp. 107–112
33 Hossain, M.J., Saha, T.K., Mithulananthan, N., Pota, H.R.: ‘Control strategies for
augmenting the LVRT capability of DFIGs in interconnected power systems’,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, pp. 2510–2522
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 961–969
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
34 Chowdhury, M.A., Shen, W.X., Hosseinzadeh, N., Pota, H.R.: ‘A novel aggregated
DFIG wind farm model using mechanical torque compensating factor’, Energy
Convers. Manage., 2013, 67, pp. 265–274
35 Germond, A.J., Podmore, R.: ‘Dynamic aggregation of generating unit models’,
IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1978, PAS-97, pp. 1060–1069
36 Werner, H., Korba, P., Yang, T.C.: ‘Robust tuning of power system
stabilizers using LMI-techniques’, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., 2003, 11,
pp. 147–152
969