11point3 2021

Polar Coordinates
Prabal Paul
Department of Mathematics, BITS Pilani,

K. K. Birla Goa campus,
NH-17B, Bypass road, Zuarinagar,
Goa 403726
Section 11.3
Introduction: Mathematics-I
Polar Coordinates
Contents
1 Introduction: Mathematics-I
2 Polar Coordinates
Basic Definitions, Notations and Properties
Polar Equations and Graphs
Relating Polar and Cartesian Coordinates
Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Polar Coordinates
Introduction
This is the first lecture of the Mathematics-I course.

Polar Coordinates
Introduction: Myself
I first start with my details. Here are my details:

My name is Dr. Prabal Paul.
My phone number is 08322580398.
My email id is prabalpaul@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in

Polar Coordinates
Introduction: Teaching Instructors
We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

We seven instructors are going to teach the course, namely,
1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
2 Dr. Saryanya Nair.
3 Dr. Shilpa Gondhali.
4 Dr. Pradeep Bogarappu.
5 Dr. Gunja Sachdeva.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates

1 Dr. Prabal Paul.
6 Dr. Minhajul.
7 Dr. Amit Setia

Polar Coordinates
The lectures for the course have five parallel season. Myself will
teach you in this group completely. Dr. Saryanya Nair and Dr.
Shilpa Gondhali will teach two other groups. Dr. Pradeep B. and
Dr. Gunja Sachdeva will teach one group. Dr. Minhajul and Dr.
Amit Setia will teach the one other group.

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
Introduction: Instructor in Charge
I am the Instructor in Charge for the course.

Polar Coordinates
Tutorial Instructors
There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.
4 Mr. Sayantan Ganguly.
5 Mr. Saurabh Ramdas Madankar.
6 Mr. Abhishek Yadav
Mr. Sayantan Ganguly or Mr. Jai Tushar are your respective
tutorial instructors.

Polar Coordinates

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.

Polar Coordinates

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.

Polar Coordinates

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.

Polar Coordinates

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.

Polar Coordinates

1 Mr. Arindam Das.
2 Ms. Ritu Dhankar.
3 Mr. Jai Tushar.

Polar Coordinates
Introduction: Text Book
The following book is the standard textbook.

George B. Thomas Jr., Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass, Thomas’
Calculus, 14th Edition, Pearson, 2018.

Polar Coordinates
Introduction: Reference Books
The reference books for the course are as follows:

1 J Stewart; Essential Calculus Early Transcendentals; Thomson
Learning, 2014.
2 Searge Lang; A First Course in Calculus; 5th edition;
Springer-Verlag, 2006.
3 Erwin Kreyszig; Advanced Engineering Mathematics; 10th
edition; Wiley, 2015.
4 T M Apostol; Calculus Vol 1 & 2; 2nd edition, 2007.
5 Jerrold E. Marsden, Anthony Tromba, Alan Weinstein; Basic
Multivariable Calculus; 3rd edition, 1993.

Polar Coordinates
Notations
We recall/denote the following notations:

C = the set of all complex numbers.
R = the set of all real numbers.
Z = {0, ±1, ±2, . . .} the set of all integers.
N = {1, 2, . . .} the set of all natural numbers.
Q = { qp : p, q ∈ Z, q 6= 0} the set of all rational numbers.
R \ Q the set of all irrational numbers.

Polar Coordinates
Contents
1 Introduction: Mathematics-I
2 Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
Definition of Polar Coordinates

We first formally introduce polar coordinates.
Definition (Polar Coordinates)
Let O be a point in a plane. This point is known as the origin.
We consider a ray in the plane starting from the origin O. This ray
is called the initial ray. Now every point P in the plane can be
determined by a pair (r , θ) (say) where r is the distance from O to
P and θ is the angle between the initial ray and the line segment
OP. This coordinate system is known as polar coordinate
system.
Note
When we say P = (r , θ) is a point in a plain, then
r is the distance.
θ is the angle.
Polar Coordinates
Definition of Polar Coordinates

We first formally introduce polar coordinates.
Definition (Polar Coordinates)
Let O be a point in a plane. This point is known as the origin.
We consider a ray in the plane starting from the origin O. This ray
is called the initial ray. Now every point P in the plane can be
determined by a pair (r , θ) (say) where r is the distance from O to
P and θ is the angle between the initial ray and the line segment
OP. This coordinate system is known as polar coordinate
system.
Note
When we say P = (r , θ) is a point in a plain, then
r is the distance.
θ is the angle.
Polar Coordinates
Basic Properties
Note
As in trigonometry, we calculate θ in the anti-clockwise direction.
Therefore θ is negative implies that we count in the clockwise
direction.
Note
In the xy -plane, we often consider the intial ray as the positive
x-axis.

Polar Coordinates
Basic Properties
Note
As in trigonometry, we calculate θ in the anti-clockwise direction.
Therefore θ is negative implies that we count in the clockwise
direction.
Note
In the xy -plane, we often consider the intial ray as the positive
x-axis.

Polar Coordinates
Understanding Polar Coordinates: Picture Copied From

the Book

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example
The point (1, 0) in the xy -plane is described as (1, 0) in polar
coordinates. The same point can also be described as (1, 2π)
or (1, −2π). In fact the point can generally be described as
(1, 2nπ), where n is an integer.
The point (0, 1) in the xy -plane is described as (1, π2 ) in polar
coordinates. In general, the point is described in the polar
coordinate as (1, 2nπ + π2 ), where n is an integer.
√
Finally the point (1, 1) in the xy -plane is ( 2, π4 + 2nπ) in the
polar coordinates.

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example
√
polar coordinates.

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example
√
polar coordinates.

Polar Coordinates
Properties
Note
Sometime we allow r to be negative. In that case we count it from
the reflection around the origin.
Example
The point (2, 7π π
6 ) is same as (−2, 6 ).

Polar Coordinates
Properties
Note
Sometime we allow r to be negative. In that case we count it from
the reflection around the origin.
Example
The point (2, 7π π
6 ) is same as (−2, 6 ).

Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates: Picture is from the Book

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example (Example-1)
Find all the polar coordinates of the point P(2, 7π
6 ).
Solution: We have already seen that we can represent the point P

as (2, 7π π
6 ) and (−2, 6 ).
The other representations are (2, 2nπ + 7π π
6 ) and (−2, 2nπ + 6 ),
where n is an integer.

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
Example
Remark
If we fix r and vary θ, then we get a circle of radious r .
Example (Example 2(a))

A circle can have more than one polar equation.
Proof.
Let a > 0 be a real number. Then
r =a
and
r = −a
are the equations of a circle centered at the origin of radious a.
Polar Coordinates
Example
Remark

Proof.
r =a
and
r = −a
Polar Coordinates
Example
Remark

Proof.
r =a
and
r = −a
Polar Coordinates
Example
Remark
If we fix θ and vary r , then we get a line passing through origin.
Example (Example 2(b))

A line can have more than one polar equation.
Proof.
θ = π6 , θ = 7π
6 and θ = − 5π
6 are equations of the same line.

Polar Coordinates
Example
Remark
If we fix θ and vary r , then we get a line passing through origin.

A line can have more than one polar equation.
Proof.
θ = π6 , θ = 7π
6 and θ = − 5π
6 are equations of the same line.

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
Example: Picture Copied From the Book

Graph the sets of points whose polar coordinates satisfy the
following conditions.
1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .

Polar Coordinates

1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .

Polar Coordinates

−3 ≤ r ≤ 2, θ = π4 .

Polar Coordinates

−3 ≤ r ≤ 2, θ = π4 .

Polar Coordinates

Example (Example 3(c))
2π 5π
3 ≤θ ≤ 6 .

Polar Coordinates

Example (Example 3(c))
2π 5π
3 ≤θ ≤ 6 .

Polar Coordinates
Polar and Cartesian Coordinates
When we use both polar and cartesian coordinate in a plane, they

are related as follows:
x = r cos θ.
y = r sin θ.
r 2 = x 2 + y 2.
θ = tan−1 yx .


Polar Coordinates

x = r cos θ.
y = r sin θ.
r 2 = x 2 + y 2.
θ = tan−1 yx .


Polar Coordinates

x = r cos θ.
y = r sin θ.
r 2 = x 2 + y 2.
θ = tan−1 yx .


Polar Coordinates

x = r cos θ.
y = r sin θ.
r 2 = x 2 + y 2.
θ = tan−1 yx .


Polar Coordinates
Relation Between Polar and Cartesian Coordinates: Picture

Copied From the Book

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example (Example 5)
Find a polar equation for the circle x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 9.
Solution: Putting x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, we have
r 2 cos2 θ + (r sin θ − 3)2 = 9
⇔ r 2 cos2 θ + r sin2 θ + 9 − 6r sin θ = 9

⇔ r 2 − 6r sin θ = 0
⇒ r (r − 6 sin θ) = 0
Since r 6= 0, then r − 6 sin θ = 0.

Polar Coordinates
Example
Example (Example 5)
Find a polar equation for the circle x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 9.
Solution: Putting x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, we have
r 2 cos2 θ + (r sin θ − 3)2 = 9
⇔ r 2 cos2 θ + r sin2 θ + 9 − 6r sin θ = 9

⇔ r 2 − 6r sin θ = 0
⇒ r (r − 6 sin θ) = 0
Since r 6= 0, then r − 6 sin θ = 0.

Polar Coordinates
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Polar Coordinates

Department of Mathematics, BITS Pilani,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

This is the first lecture of the Mathematics-I course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

I first start with my details. Here are my details:

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

We are now going to see the instructors of the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Teaching Instructors

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Instructor in Charge

I am the Instructor in Charge for the course.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

There are six tutorial Instructors, namely,

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Text Book

The following book is the standard textbook.

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I

Introduction: Reference Books

The reference books for the course are as follows:

Prabal Paul Mathematics-I