Western Mindanao State University

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

Department of Biological Sciences
Zamboanga City

GROUP No. 2 Year and section: BS BIO 3A

Members: Amil, Al-juhir Date Submitted: August, 2022
Cimafranca, Lex
Dela Pena, James
Delos Santos, Arthur Lois
Saavedra, Melissa

LABORATORY EXERCISE 2.
PLANT TISSUES

Plants are composed of different cell types and form different tissues. The two primary
types of tissues are namely, meristematic tissue and permanent or non-meristematic tissue.

Objectives:

At the end of the exercise, each student can:

1. distinguish the different parts of monocot and dicot plant tissues and
2. explain the functional characteristics of the different parts of monocot and dicot plant
tissues.

Materials:

Biology Books, General Physiology Books, Electronic Reference Sources on Plant Tissues

Procedure:

With the help of virtual laboratory simulation and electronic reference sources:

1. illustrate and identify the different parts of cross-sections of monocot and dicot
roots;
 2. illustrate and identify the different parts of cross-sections of monocot and dicot
stems; and

3. illustrate and identify the different parts of cross-sections of monocot and dicot
leaves.

Illustrations: Identify the scientific names and common names of your specimens. Label the parts.

MONOCOT PLANT: Corn

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zea mays
DICOT PLANT: Mango
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mangifera indica

CROSS-SECTION OF A MONOCOT ROOT

 CROSS-SECTION OF A DICOT ROOTS

CROSS-SECTION OF A MONOCOT STEM

 CROSS-SECTION OF A DICOT STEM

CROSS-SECTION OF A MONOCOT LEAF

CROSS-SECTION OF A DICOT LEAF
Tracheids Vessel Members

Sieve Tubes Companion Cells

Sclerids Fibers
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the differences between a monocot root and a dicot root?
Monocot roots are fibrous, which means they grow from the stem and maintain a close
proximity to the soil's surface. They do this by forming a large network of thin roots. Dicots, on
the other hand, have "taproots," which refers to a single, substantial root that extends far into
the soil and contains smaller, lateral branches. Within the middle pith of monocot roots, which
is made up of ground tissue, xylem and phloem tissue bundles are organized in a circular pattern
(parenchyma). Compared to dicot roots, monocot roots have a greater number of vascular
structures.
Dicots have a distinct xylem and phloem layout than monocots do. Phloem bundles are
positioned all around the xylem, which is central to the dicot root and is separated from it by
vascular cambium. Dicot roots and stems become larger as a result of the secondary growth
xylem and phloem that are produced when vascular cambium cells proliferate. There is no
vascular cambium in monocots.

2. What are the differences between a monocot stem and a dicot stem?
A layer of the dermis encircles monocot stems. It has lateral branches and is circular.
Typically, it consists of cells that have been covered in cutin, a wax-like substance. These cells
are firm, rectangular, and well-organized. A monocot stem's interior structure consists of a
ground tissue, an epidermis that has formed well, and numerous distributed vascular bundles.
The vascular bundles are dispersed throughout the ground tissue in monocot stems. Monocot
stems are shielded by an outer layer of dermal tissue known as the epidermis, similar to how
monocot roots are. Ground tissue and vascular tissue make up the remainder of the stem. The
vascular tissue is organized into xylem and phloem bundles that are dispersed throughout the
ground tissue. Phloem is found in each bundle closer to the outside of the stem than xylem,
which is found closer to the inside of the stem.
A layer of dermis and multicellular stem hairs surround the stems of dicots. It is made up
of a cuticle on top of a clearly defined epidermis. The pith, pericycle, hypodermis, cortical
endodermis, vascular thread, and epidermis make up the interior of a dicot stem. Some of the
best illustrations of dicot stems are sunflower and Cucurbita. The vascular bundles in dicot stems
are organized in a ring. The outer layer of dermal tissue known as the epidermis serves to protect
dicot stems, just like it does for dicot roots. The cortex is a layer of ground tissue that lies beneath
the epidermis in dicot stems, which are likewise like dicot roots in this regard. The vascular
bundles in the stem are positioned around a ring called cambium, which is made up of cells that
divide to increase the stem's diameter. The cambium's role in dicot roots is analogous to this
one. Both the xylem and the phloem, which are both found within the vascular bundles and are
joined by sclerenchyma ground tissue, are found inside the cambium ring. The term "pith" refers
to the ground tissue that is situated inside the cambium ring.

3. What are the differences between a monocot leaf and a dicot leaf?
There are various ways in which monocot and dicot leaves diverge. First of all, their
vascular bundles are arranged into veins that start at the base of the leaf and run parallel to one
another. They also tend to be more oblong or linear in shape. They have a striate venation
pattern, to put it another way. Typically, each node developing off the stem has just one leaf.
Bulliform cells are also present in monocot leaves. These substantial, bubble-like cells,
immediately below the epidermis, are supposed to aid in the folding or bending of the leaf. This
is significant because the way a leaf is folded alters how much light it receives and how much
water it holds. Finally, the upper and bottom surfaces of monocot leaves are covered with
stomata. These kinds of leaves are known as amphistomatous leaves.
Dicot leaves are not as linearly shaped as monocot leaves, and their vascular structures
generate net-like veins rather than parallel ones. One of two appearances often characterizes
this reticulate venation pattern. A leaf with a pinnated pattern (like a feather) has a central vein
that runs down the center of the leaf, with secondary veins branching off to either side of it. A
leaf with a palmate pattern contains veins that branch out from a central vein to create a shape
resembling the palm of a hand. Dicot leaves usually have stomata only on the lower side of the
leaf, or they have stomata on the lower side of the leaf more frequently. Hypostomatous leaves
are those with stomata on just the underside. Dicot leaves can preserve water thanks to its
stomatal configuration. Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll are the two main forms of
mesophyll found in dicot leaves (and a few unusual, "net-veined" monocot leaves). Right
beneath the leaf's upper epidermis lie the cells of the palisade mesophyll. They are designed for
photosynthesis since they have the most chloroplasts of any plant cell. Palisade mesophyll is
situated beneath spongy mesophyll. Its cells, which likewise have a large number of chloroplasts,
are spaced away from one another more than the cells of the palisade mesophyll. Gases can
pass through the leaf tissue more easily because spongy mesophyll is loosely packed.

4. What are the differences between a monocot flower and a dicot flower?
Condensed areas of the shoot known as monocot flowers are designed specifically for
sexual reproduction. The floral components of the monocot flower are arranged in multiples of
three or in groups of three. One of three or six petals typically makes up a monocot flower. Petal
fusion is a possibility in specific situations. One pore or furrow can be found in each pollen grain
produced by monocot flowers. There are some monocot plants that may have a perianth
(undifferentiated calyx and corolla). Wind pollination typically occurs in monocot blooms.
The reproductive organ of the plant, the dicot flower, is distinguished by the presence of
flower parts that are arranged in multiples of four or five. Dicot flowers have flower parts that
come in groups of four, five, or multiples of these. In dicot flowers, there are four, five, or their
multiples of four petals. Dicot flowers produce pollen that has three pores or furrows. Dicot
plants have differentiated calyx and corolla. Most of the dicot flowers are usually insect-
pollinated.

5. What are the functions of the different conducting elements of phloem?

o Sieve tubes: In sieve cells, nutrients and sugars are transported up and down the plants.
o Companion cells: Put the sieve tube's operation under control.
o Phloem parenchyma: provides the plant with mechanical toughness.

6. What are the functions of the different conducting elements of xylem?

o Tracheids: dead cells that have a tapered end and resemble tubes. Gymnosperm and
lower angiosperm are where you'll find them the most frequently. They are protoplasm-
free and have a substantial lignified wall. Water and mineral transportation is their
intended function.
 o Vessels: They can be found in angiosperms. These have the appearance of a long,
cylindrical tube. The center hollow of the lignified walls is sizable. Additionally, they lack
protoplasm and are dead. They have several cells, referred to as vessel members, which
are joined by a perforation in their walls. The plant's mechanical strength comes
primarily from the minerals and water that are conducted through them.
o Xylem Fibre: a dead cell with lignified walls and a central lumen. involved in water
transportation and offering mechanical assistance.
o Xylem Parenchyma: Starch and lipids are only stored by xylem's live cells. They aid in the
movement of water over short distances.

References:

1. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University. (2019). Available from:

https://www.coabnau.in/uploads/1610774232_FundamentalofCropPhysiology3.1Pra
ct.Manual- Jan2021.docx

2. Lumen. (2022). Available from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-

biology2/chapter/plant-tissues-and-organs/