shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover @ Shreyas Badiye - The term {Civil|SEPUIé#! refers to the ddminlstrakive machinery Gf the/#tate which is responsible for implementing policies made by the political executive, which constitutes of the elected representatives in a democracy.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (GB Shreyas Badiye EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA - The Indian state had some form of civil service since the ancient past Mauryan Empire had a centralized bureaucracy that was responsible for tax administration, as mentioned in Kautilya's Arthashastra. - Such a piece of governing machinery existed under the Gupta period as well - The Mughals had created an elaborate bureaucracy known as the Mansabdari system which ranked officers based on a number of troops they commanded. ij shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channeshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye - Until the rule of Eait India Company, there was no clear demarcation between civilian officials and military officials. Also, payment of salaries to these officials varied from cash payments to in-kind payments such as land grants. - The British had systematized civil services in India by distinguishing it from the military services, creating a hierarchy of officials who are paid out of public revenues. Ba snreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye anshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gg Shreyas Badiye CIVIL SERVICE UNDER THE COMPANY'S RULE - Need for the civil service was felt soon after the Company acquired territories after the Battles of Plassey (1757) and /Suxar (1764). ~ Warren Hastings, the then Governor-General of Bengal had created the post of District Collector who was made in-charge of collecting land revenue. - This post was soon abolished on grounds of excessive concentration of powers and corruption. Rd snreyas Badiye Page oO Shreyas Badlye Channe:(@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Ge Shreyas Badiye -[Lerd Cornwallis is usually known as th> Father of civil services in India. He had introduced the Covenanted Civil Services and the Uncovenanted Civil Services. - The Covenanted Civil Services was created out of the Law of the Company. = It was the higher civil services and comprised, almost exclusively, of Europeans who were paid very high salaries. - The Uncovenanted Civil Services were the lower civil services and comprised mostly of native-born Indians, and to some extent, Europeans too. They were not paid as high as the Covenanted Civil Services. I shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe.= Charter Act of 1833, provided that no Indian subject be barred from holding any office under the company. This, however, did not alter the structure of British bureaucracy - Until 1853, the Court of Directors had the exclusive right to appoint persons In the Company's civil services. - These appointments were a source of privilege and patronage which the Company held on to very tightly. 7 Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channetshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye - The Charter Act of 1853 provided for an open competitive examination for the recruitment of civil servants and had deprived the Court of Directors of the power of appointments based on patronage. - This was recommended by a committee headed by Lord Macaulay. The first competitive exam was held in 1855. "7 Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channeeshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye CIVIL SERVICE UI - After the Government of India Act of 1858, the higher civil service In India came to be known as the Indian Civil Services (ICS). - The Indian Civil Services Act of 1861 provided that certain posts under the Government of India were to be reserved for persons who had been a resident of India for 7 years or more. - This paved the way for the entry of Indians into the higher civil services. Id shreyas Badiye Page- Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian to get selected in the Indian Civil Services in year 1863. - Aitchison Committee was appointed by Lord Dufferin to recommend changes in the civil services. - The Committee recommended that the Covenanted and Uncovenanted Civil Services should be changed into Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate civil services.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover a@ Shreyas Badiye J1S\Came to be regarded as it provided the support for maintaining control over the vast territories of the British Empire. i.e, - With the August Declaration of 1917 by Edwin Montague in the House of Commons, which had promised an increase in the association of Indians in the administration, the proportion of Indians in the civil services began to increase significantly and by 1930s Indians were in majority in the civil services.= Aitchison Commission had recommended that the minimum and maximum age limits to appear for the exam were to be 19 and 23 respectively. = Viscount Lee Commission, set up In 1923, had recommended the creation of a public service commission for the purpose of conducting examinations to recruit the civil servants. - Accordingly, a public service commission was set up in 1926. + The Government of India Act, 1935 enlarged the powers of the commission and made it a Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Puboc Service Commission. |shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVIL SERVICES AT THE TIME = It reflected the deep-seated racial prejudice among the British against =e ie SR - Only the;!ow paid jobs were open for Indians.|G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye -The recruitment process involved examinations that were held in London | and involved knowledge of subjects (Greek, Latin/ English) alien to Indian natives, as. result Indian representation inthe Services was negligible. - In 1860, the maximum age limit was lowered from 23 years to 22 years. This was further lowered to 21 years in 1866.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye POST-INDEPENDENCE CIVIL SERVICE DEVELOPMENT ~ Sardar Vallabhbhal Patel wa: among the top nationallit leaders who had argued for the continuation of the civil services because he had believed that an/organized bureaucracy was essential to ensure the unity and Integrity of the newly independent India. - He had also stressed the need for having All India Services such as the IAS, IPS, and IFoS to ensure uniformity in the administrative system throughout the country. This was essential for national unity. Fl shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channel|PRE-COLONIAL INDIA - Under the Mughals and other n@ctive states, were autocratic in nature, and lacked a separate or formal police system. However, there have been watch guards since time immemorial protecting villages at night. ~ Later, under the Mughal rule there were the fauj/dars who helped in maintaining law and order, and amils who were basically revenue collectors but had to contend with rebels, if any. - The hotwalwas responsible for maintenance of law and order in the cities. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channe!- Even during the dual rule in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa between|i765/and | 1772 the zamindars were expected to maintain the staff including thanedars for law and order duties and for maintaining peace, as well as dealing with crime and criminals. - But very often, the zamidars neglected their duties. - They are even said to have colluded with dacoits and shared their loot. - In 1770, the institution of the faujdarand amils were abolished. Fj shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!- However, in qr, Warren Hastings restored the institution of faujdars and asked the zamindars to assist them in suppression of dacoits, violence and disorder. - 1n 1775, fawdar thanas were established in the major towns of large districts and were assisted by several smaller police stations. SS @,) ehrevas Badive Channel1791 Cornwallis organised a regular police force to maintain law and order by going back to and modernising the old Indian system of thanas (circles) ina district under a daroga (an Indian) and a superintendent of police ($P) at the head of a district. He relieved the zamindars of their police duties. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye ChannelSe pointed an $P for eachidivision helped by a number of spies but these spies committed depredations on local people.By an order of th COUTEORDIFSeS EAE pointment of darogas and their subordinates was abolished in all possessions of the Company except in Bengal.~ Abolished the office of the sP. ~ The collector/magistrate was now to head the police force in his jurisdiction and the commissioner in each division was to act as the SP. - This arrangement resulted in a badly organised police force, putting a heavy burden on the collector/magistrate. « Presidency towns were the first to have the duties of collector/magistrate separated.@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye The recommendations of a to the Indian Police Act, 1861. The commission recommended— © a system of civil constabulary—maintaining the village set-up in the Present form (a village watchman maintained by the village) but in direct relationship with the rest of the constabulary. © inspector-general as the head in a province, deputy inspector-general as the head in a range, and $P as the head in a district. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye - The police gradually succeeded in curbing criminal acts, such as dacoity, thugee,2te. - But, while dealing with the public, the attitude of the police was unsympathetic. - The police was also used to suppress the national movement. - The British did not create an All-India Police. - The Police Act, 1861 presented the guidelines for a police setup in the provinces. - The ranks were uniformly introduced all over the country. ee @) Shrevas Badive ChannelThe Police Commission recommended thé éitablishment of CID (Criminal Investigation Department) in'thélprovinces and a Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre. F] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye ChannetSees eee Ge Shreyas Badiye PRIOR TO THE REVOLT OF 1857 - There were two separate sets of military forces under the British control, which operated in India. - The first set of units, known as the Queen’s army, were the serving troops cnuriutuiniodiogs B - The other was the Company’s troops—a mixture of European regiments of Britons and Native regiments recruited locally from India but with British officers. - The Queen’s army was part of Crown’s military force. ‘Shreyas Badiye Pageshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye AFTER 1857, ~ there was a systematic reorganisation of the Army since, as Dufferin warned In December 1888, “the British should always remember the lessons which were learnt with such terrible experience 30 years ago.” - To prevent the recurrence of another revolt was the main reason behind this reorganisation. - Also, the Indian Army was to be used to defend the Indian territory of the empire from other imperialist powers in the region—Russia, Germany, France, etc. Shreyas Badiye Page Shreyas Badiye Channe- The lfidiafibranch of the army was to be iG FOF ENBGRGIGR In/AsIG and Africa, while the British section was to be used as an army of occupation— the ultimate guarantee of British hold over Indic, = The commissions of 1859 and 1879 insisted on the principle of a one-third white army (as against 14% before 1857).- Finally, the proportion of Europeans to Indians was caréhilly fixed at one to two in the Bengal Army and two to five in the Madras and Bombay Armies. ~ Strict European monopoly over key geographical locations and departments, such as artillery, tanks and armed corps, was maintained. Fj shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel- Even the rifles given to Indians were of an inferior quality till 1900, and Indians were not allowed in these high=tecldepartiient till the Second) - No Indians were allowed in the officer rank, and the highest rank an Indian could reach till 1914 was that of a subedar (only from 1918 onwards were Indians allowed in the commissioned ranks). - As late as 1926, the Indian Sandhurst Committee was visualising a 50% Indianised officer cadre for 1952! ] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gg Shreyas Badiye In the Mughal erd or even prior to that (Including the ancient period) ~ neither proper procedures nor had proper orgainisattion of the law courts, = The bulk of the litigation among the Hindus was decided by caste elders or village panchayats or zamindars. - For Muslims, the unit of judicial administration was the qazi—an office held by religious persons. - The rajas and badshahs were considered as the fountainhead of justice, and the process of dispensing justice could be arbitrary. ea eee ae ©) Shrevas Badiye ChanneDistrict Diwani Adalats = District Diwani Adalats were established in districts under the collector to try civil disputes and had Hindu law applicable for Hindus and the Muslim law for Muslims. The appeal from District Diwani Adalats lay to the Sadar Diwani Adalat under a president and two members of the Supreme Council. Fi shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye ~ District Fauzdari Adalats were set up under supervision Of the eallecter to try criminal disputes and were placed under an Indian officer assisted by qazisand muftis. - Muslim law was administered in Fauzdari Adalats. - The approval for capital punishment and for acquisition of Property lay to the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad which was headed by a deputy nizam (an Indian Muslim) assisted by chief gaz/and chief mufti. Id shreyas Badiye Pace —Ea shreyas Badiye - Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was established at Calcutta which was competent to try all British subjects within Calcutta and the subordinate factories, including Indians and Europeans. J Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channetshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gp Shreyas Badiye UNDER CORNWALLIS (1786-1793) (SEPARATION OF POWERS) CIRCUIT COURTS - The District Fauzdari Courts were abolished and, instead, circuit courts were established at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. - These circuit courts had European judges and were to act as courts of appeal for both civil and criminal cases. 1 Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gp Shreyas Badiye = The Sadar Nizamat Adalat was shifted to\Calcutta and was put under the governor-general and members of the Supreme Council assisted by the chief qaziand the chief mufti. ee ©) Shreyas Badiye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye The District Diwani The District Diwani Adalat was now designated asthe District, City or the placed under a district judge. The collector was now responsible only for the revenue administration with no magisterial functions. i snreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye A GRADATION OF CIVIL COURTS WAS ESTABLISHED (for both Hindu and Muslim laws)— (i) Munsiff’s Court under Indian officers, (il) Registrar’s Court under a European judge, (lil) District Court under the district judge, (iv) Four Circuit Courts as provincial courts of appeal, (v) Sadar Diwani Adalat at Calcutta, and (vi) King-in-Council for appeals of 3000 pounds and above. i shreyas Badiye Page ©) Shreyas Badiye Channeishreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gg Shreyas Badiye Collector The four Circuit Courts were abolished and TONNE Gransferred to collectors under the supervision of the commissioner of revenue and circuit. W]e. petting Pann ©) Shrevas Badive Channel!fadar Diwani Adalat = Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat were set up at Allahabad for the convenience of the people of Upper Provinces.Language -T now, Persian was the official language in courts. - Now, the suitor had the option to use Persian or a vernacular language, while in the Supreme Court, English language replaced Persian.1919833, « LawiComimission was set up under Macaulay for codification of Indian laws. As a result, a Civil Procedure Code (1859), an Indian Penal Code (1860) and a Criminal Procedure Code (1861) were prepared.|G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (Gp Shreyas Badiye : It was provided that the Europeans can claim no special privileges R except in criminal cases, and no judge of an Indian origin could try them. 1865 : The Supreme Court and the Sadar Adalats were merged into three High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. 1935 : The Government of India Act provided for a Federal Court (set up in 1937) which could settle disputes between governments and could hear limited appeals from the High Courts. WI Shreyas Badive Pacea G@ Shreyas Badiye BACKGROUND - British rule in India ¢ intoa e structure and operation of Indian economy were determined by the interests of the British economy. - According to historians, at the beginning of the eighteenth century India had some 23% of the world economy which came down to some 3% when India got independence. FJ shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!- Cheap and machine-made imports flooded the Indian market after the Charter Act of 1813 allowing one-way free trade for the British citizens. = 80% tariff on Indian Textile> Difficult to penetrate in European Markets - European markets were virtually closed to Indian exports after 1820. - The newly introduced rail network helped the European products to reach the remotest corners of the country. - From being a net exporter, India became a net importer. eS a @) Shrevas Badive ChannelTHalle#16f traditional livelihood |was not accompanied by a process of industrialisation in India, as had happened in other rapidly industrialising countries of the time. F] Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!Many artisans, faced with diminishing returns and repressive policies (in Bengal, during the Company’s rule, artisans were paid low wages and forced to sell their products at low prices), abandoned their professions, moved to villages and took to agriculture. This resulted in overburdened agriculture sector Fj shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel- The government, only interested in maximisation of rents and in securing its share of revenue, had enforced the Permanent Settlement system in large parts. - Transferability of land was one feature of the new settlement which caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights in land. - There was little spending by Government on improvement of land productivity. Fj shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel- Increased powers ofthe zamindars - The Peasant caught under the triple burden of the Government, zamindar and moneylender. - His hardship increased at the time of famine and scarcity. - The peasant became landless.By 1815//half of the total land in Bengal had passed intonew hand#— eee moneylenders and other moneyed classes living in towns. - The new zamindars, with increased powers but with little or no avenues for new investments, resorted to landgrabbing and sub-infeudation. = Increase in number of intermediaries to be paid gave rise to absentee landlordism and increased the burden on the peasant. Fl Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel)) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye - The eultivator had neither the means nor Gnylinicentive telinvelt inl - The zamindar had no roots in the villages, while the Government spent little on agricultural, technical or mass education and modern technology. - All this caused a low level of productivity. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channe!- Regillar recurrence of famines became a common feature of daily. existence in India. — = These famines were not just because of foodgrain scarcity, but were a direct result of poverty unleashed by colonial forces in India. - Between 1850 and 1900, about 2.8 crore people died in famines. F'] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!+ Cértain specialised erops began to be grown not for consumption in the village but for sale in the national and even international markets. - Commercial crops like cotton, jute, groundnut, ollseeds, sugarcane, tobacco, etc., were more remunerative than foodgrains. - The commercialisation trend reached the highest level of development in the plantation sector, i.e., In tea, coffee, rubber, indigo, ete., which was mostly owned by Europeans and the produce was for sale in a wider market For the Indian peasant, commercialisation seemed a forced process. - There was hardly any surplus for him to invest in commercial crops. Id shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channel- The destruction of textile competition of India - The British stopped paying for Indian textiles In pounds, choosing instead to pay from the revenue gained from Bengal and at very low rates. - A thriving ship-building Industry was crushed. = In 1814, another law was passed under which Indianbuilt ships were refused to be considered ‘British-registered vessels’ which could trade with America and the European continent. — Wi ehrevas Badive Channe’- The British did not allow thelindian steel Industry to grow. getting the required permissions were restricted by being forced to produce a higher standard of steel for British use. - The firms were not able to produce the lower standard of steel at the same time, so they were left out of the larger market that demanded the lower quality of steel. - As restrictions were placed by Britain on Indian steel imports, this steel could only be used in India. - Obviously, the growth of the industry was hampered. ®) Shreyas Badlye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Ge Shreyas Sadiye - The Indian moneylender provided loans to hardpressed agriculturists, and thus facilitated the state collection of revenue. - The Indiaa tfaderiearried imported British products to the remotest corners and helped in the movement of Indian agricultural products for exports. - The indigenous BARHSH helped both in the process of distribution and collection.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye ECONOMIC DRAIN - The term ‘economic drain’ refers to a portion of national product of India which was not available for consumption of its peoples, but was being drained away to Britain for political reasons and India was not getting adequate economic or material returns for it. = The drain theory was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India.THE MAJOR COMPONENTS of this drain were salaries/and pensions of civil) interests on loans taken by the Indian Government from abroad, profits on foreign investment in India, stores purchased in Britain for civil and military departments, payments to be made for shipping, banking and insurance services which stunted the growth of Indian enterprise in these services.The loss of traditional livelihood was not accompanied by a process of s had happened in other rapidly industrialising | F) shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!ee Eee | ZAMINDARI SYSTEM: | - In 1793, Lord Cornwallis{introduced the Pernianent Settlement System for at a permanent amount. - It was started only for a temporary period of 10 years in 1790, however this system was made permanent in 1793 = Also known as Permanent Settlement System. - It was introduced in areas of Bengal and Bihar and later extended to Orissa, Northern Districts of Madras and Districts of Varanasi. = It was implemented In 19% of the British areas at. Bee ©) Shreyas Badiye Channe!lee ee PROVISIONS OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM: ~ In this system, samindarswererreeoanized a: H5S/SiSr Silane - Zamindars and revenue collectors were converted intollandlords. - They acted as agents of Government in collecting land revenue from ryots. - The right of ownership of land made hereditary and transferable. - Zamindars were to give 10/11th of the rental they derived, keeping the only 1/11th for themselves. - The condition was that if a zamindar was not able to pay some part, he was deprived of his Zamindari Fj shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye (Caltivators became mere tenants at the will of zamindars. - Cultivators were deprived of the right to the soil and customary rights. - No efforts were made to improve the conditions of cultivation and agriculture productivity. 78 os ne Radius Dane © Shreyas Badiye Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye THE RYOTWARI SYSTEM: ~ instituted by Thomas Munroe (Governor of Madras) in 1820 which was started in 1792 by Col. Read. - Ryot means peasant cultivators. - It was considered to be a continuation of the state of affairs that existed in the past. - Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India. - It was implemented In 51% of the British areas Fd shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!eet sreoe PROVISIONS OF THERVOTWARISYSTEM - Peasants were the owners oftheir land. ~ Peasants were directly responsible to give reverie, b - The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land. - It was not a permanent system and was revised periodically after 20 to 30 years when revenue demand was raised. - Cultivators could sale, mortgage and lease land on the condition that they taxes regularly. Wa shreva< Badive Pace @) Shrevac Badive Channel(G) shreyasbactye_tne_peaceiover aen"sreoee - The enhancement of ifilaiid FEUEHe was to be done at EHelwill SFitHe |) government. — - Even In the condition of extreme drought and floods, ryots had to pay revenue partially or wholly. - Which resulted in loan default and land was given to moneylenders. - As revenue was demanded in the form of cash, farmers started cultivating cash crops instead of food crops that could give them immediate cash. 9 chrevac Radive Pace > Ghrevac Badive Channa!(G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye ARI SYSTEM - The government of Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of India introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833. - This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc. - It was implemented on 30% area - This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems. Ej shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe(@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye PROVISIONS OF THE MAHALWARI SYSTEM - This system divided the land into Mahals. - Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages. - Tax was assessed on the Mahal. - Each individual farmer gave his share. - Here also, ownership rights were with the peasants. ~ Revenue was collected by the village headman - Lambardar ~ It introduced the concept of average rents for different soil classes. BI chrevac Radive Pane Pr» Ghrevac Radive Channel\@) shreyasbadtye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye ~ The state share of the revenue was 66% of the rental value. - The settlement was agreed upon for 30 years. - This system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village headman became virtually a Zamindar. Fl shreyas Badiye Page Pre... a.i ; _ - G@ Shreyas Badiye REMERITS OF THE MAHALWARI SYSTEM: ~ Land revenue was as high as 50 to 75% of the gross produce. - Productivity declined because of the fragmentation of farmland. - As revenue was demanded in the form of cash, farmers started cultivating cash crops instead of food crops that could give them immediate cash. - Sale of land to moneylenders as a result of a failure in repaying the debt. er © Shreyas Badiye ChannelSOME OF THE IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS ARE: © The first printing press was established by Portuigueie iri 1556. ¢ First newspaper of India was established in 1780 by James Augustus Hickey named Calcutta General Advertiser or The Bengal Gazette. He Is considered as the ‘Father of Indian press’. @ Bengal Gazette is also sometimes known as Hickey’s Gazette. @ This newspaper was later seized by the government in 1782. Id seweuns Bacive Pane a...h.rCdrrCCtC*Csshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye THE CENSORSHIP ACT, 1799: @ It was enacted by Lord Wellesley to prevent French from spreading rumours which could harm British. © According to this, every newspaper should contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor. @ Before printing anything, it should be submitted to the secretary of Censorship. Wd cn -avac Radive Pace ©) Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover aw Shreyas Badiye © It was enacted by John/Adamis,, Every publisher was required to get a license from the government. @ In case of default, the penalty was Rs 400 and the press would be ceased by the government. @ Government has the right to cancel the license also. Note: The restrictions were directed mainly to Indian language newspaper or those edited by the Indians like Mirat-ul-Akbar (which was published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy) had to stop its publication. I) shreyas Badiye Page CC ———— a\@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye © Chores Metcalfe, ate called Liberator of Indian preicrepeate 1e28 rule by John Adams. © This continued till 1856 which led to the growth of the newspaper in India. I) shreyas Badive Pace Ba Qteeeeene fe... 2...shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye @ Due to emergency caused by , the government-imposed licensing instructions on the procedure laid in the Press act of 1835. @ The government even reserved the right to stop publication and circulation of the book, newspaper or printed matter. 78 os ne Radius Dane © Shreyas Badiye Channel!G@ Shreyas Badiye IR MET: ACT: @ Charles Metcalfe, also called Liberator of Indian Press, repealed 1823 rules by John Adams. © This continued till 1856 which led to the growth of the newspaper in India. Fi shreyas Badive Pace lL, Ll“Ee aes ees REGISTRATION ACT, 1867: « It replaced the Press act of 1835 or Metcalfe's Act. elt was reguidtory in nature. @ Every newspaper/book should have the name of the publisher, place of the publication and the name of the printer. © A copy of the published material was required to be submitted to the local government within a month. BF epee nc Radive Pane © Shreyas Badiye ChannelShreyasnadtye_tne_peacerover VERNACULAR PRESS ACT, 1678: © The vernacular press (Geel langage press) used to criticize British rule. Therefore, they came down heavily to curb vernacular press in 1878. @ It was nicknamed ‘Gagging Act’. © Lord Lytton was responsible for this act. © According to this, Magistrates were authorized to ask any publisher of newspaper to give assurance of not publishing anything threatening peace and security In the country. @ Magistrate decision was final in any dispute. © This law was not applicable to the English press. @ This Act empowered the government to issue search warrants and enter newspaper premises even without court orders Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel@ Under this, Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned for criticizing a judge of Calcutta high court in 1883. @ Bal Gangadhar Tilak was mostly associated with the nationalist fight for the freedom of the press. @ He was related to building up nationalist sentiment through Ganpati (1893) and Shivaji(1896) festivals and newspaper Kesari and Maratha. WI enrevac Badive Pane Pr Ghravac Badive ChannelThe Gagging law was repealed in 1881 by Lord Ripon. ee a @®) Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye © Magistrates were empowered/te confiscate printing Press or property connectéd te the newspaper, which published objectionable material like incitement to murder or acts of violence. @ Newspapers were allowed to appeal in high court within 15 days. WI cn -avac Radive Pace © Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (GB Shreyas Badiye © It empowered the local government to demand a security/deposit of Rs. 00 to Rs. 5000 which could be forfeited, and its registration cancelled owing to the printing of any objectionable material. eoe-r—,——d ©) Shreyas Badive Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gp Shreyas Badiye © On the recommendation of Press committee chaired hy Tej Bahadur Sapru, the press act 1908 and 1910 were repealed. FJ shreyas Badiye Paceyon ore ee aes se © Impact of Gandhian movement provoked the governmént to issue an ordinance in 1930. @ Provincial governments were given the power to suppress the press. @ In 1932 provisions of the act further amplified in the form of criminal amendment act. © During the 2nd World War pre-censorship reinforced and amended under the Press emergent Act in 1931. @ Under this act, Congress and its activities were declared illegal. Fd shreyas Badiye Pace Arc...PRESS REGULATING ACT, 1942: _ @ Registration of journalist was made compulsory. | /j) @ Messages regarding civil disturbances and news regarding acts of sabotage were restricted. @ There were limitations on headlines and space given to news on disturbances. @ The government had authority on arbitrary censorship.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye © Set up to examine the press law in the light of fundamental rights by the constituent assembly. @ It recommended the repeal of Indian Emergency Powers Act, 1931 and amendments in other acts.Ge ohreyas Badiye In fa of Lord Hastings, Charles Metcalfe, Macaulay, Ripon.mrt Bazar Patrika (1868) he Hindu (1878)Gs Shreyas Badiy ‘ommonweal . 2 13 4 15 16) Puy Lajpat Rai 17. Mirror Nath Ta Young India 18. |Nav Jeevan {ahatma Gandhi ~. 19.__|Nanonal Herald (1938) Jawaherlal Nehnt ibhudha Bharat 20, wami Vivekanand, 'dbodhavaINDIVIDUAL EFFORTS UNDER COMPANY RULE + Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warten Hastings in'i781 to study Muslim laws and customs. = Jonathan Duncan established Sanskrit college at Banaras in 1791 for Hindu laws and philosophy. - Fort William College was set up in 1800 by Wellesley for training of civil servants of the Company. (It was closed in 1802). IF] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!- 1 lakh rupees were to be spent by the company for the promotion of education in India.(@ shreyasbadtye_tne_peacetover Gg Shreyas Badly ORIENTALIST-ANGLICIST CONTROVERSY - The Anglicists argued that the government spending on education should be exclusively for modern studies. - The Orientalists said while Western sciences and literature should be taught to prepare students to take up jobs, emphasis should be placed on expansion of traditional Indian learning. - Even the Anglicists were divided over the question of medium of instruction one faction was for English language as the medium, while the other faction was for Indian languages (vernaculars) for the purpose. Shreyas Badiye Page oO Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover b Gg Shreyas Badiy LORD MACAULAY’S MINUTE OF 1835 @ Amidst Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, Macaulay supported the latter view. @ English language was chosen as the sole medium of education. @ Government decided to spend the limited resources for teaching western selences and literature. - They adopted ‘downward filtration theory’ instead of mass education. Fj] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!‘DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY’ Downward filtration theory is a theory introduced by Lord Macaulay in his stalled report talled Macaulay's Minutes, which states that giving education to the members of the higher classes of the society would facilitate an opportunity for the grass root people of the society, too, because the lower class people always tend to imitate and follow the model of the people of higher status In the society. ©) Shreyas Badive ChannelThis was also known as "Magna Carta of English Education in India", @ It rejected ‘downward filtration theory’. @ It recommended English for higher studies and vernaculars at school level. @ Secular education. @ Encouraged private enterprises.© Its objective was to assess the Wood Dispatch!) ¢ It emphasized on state's role in improving education. © Advocated for transfer of control to local bodies (district and municipal boards).Gee oreyas Badiye a © Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye On recommendation of Rayleigh commission, act provided for: © greater control over universities © Universities were given due importance for research and studies. @ number of fellows reduced. @ Rules were made stricter for private college affiliations. @ Rs. 5 lakhs per annum for 5 years for improvement of higher education and Universities. Gopal Krishna Gokhale called this move a “retrograde measure”. Shreyas Badiye Page Shreyas Badiye Channel© Government refused to tale up the responsiblity of compulsory @ It urged provincial government to do the same. @ Even private players were encouraged.SADDLER UNIVERSITY COMMISSION, 1917-19 Te comin war set up to ceulew Caleutte Univerilty which later extended to all universities. © 12+3 program (12-year schooling and 3-year degree) @ A separate board of secondary and intermediate education were to be set up. @ It laid stress on Female education, applied scientific and technological education, teachers’ training. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye ChannelHARTOG COMMITTEE, 1929 @ Laid emphasis on primary education. © Quality of education was given priority over number of schools and colleges. @ Admissions were highly restricted. we IF’) shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelovey Gg Shreyas Badiye WARDHA SCHEME OF BASIC EDUCATION (1937) - The Congress had organised a National Conference on Education In October 1937 in Wardha. - Zakir Hussain committee formulated this national scheme for basic education. - The main principle ‘learning through activity’. - It was based on Gandhi’s ideas published in a series of articles in the weekly Harijan. - secular in approach.PROVISIONS () Inclusion of a Baile handicraft in thé syllabus. (ii) First seven years of schgoling to be an integral part of a free and compulsory nationwide education system (through mother tongue). (ill) Teaching to be in Hindi from class Il to VII and in English after class Vill. (iv) Ways to be devised to establish contact with the community around schools through service. (v) educating the child through the medium of Productive activity of a suitable handicraft.SERGEANT PLAN OF EDUCATION, 1944 — ~ Sergeant was the educational advisor te the British Government. - He advocated number of reforms and aimed to make Indian education system equivalent to that of England in 40 years. = But it seriously lacked methodology for implementation. It was just a lip service of the government. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!—_—e irr un. ee ee DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION - The Engineering College at Roorkee was set up in 196757) - The Calcutta College of Engineering came up in 1856. -[Inijtase, Overseers? Schoellat PEsHia was raised to the status/6f/Poona!) College of Engineering and affiliated to Bombay University. - Guindy College of Engineering was affiliated to Madras University. = Medical training started with establishment of a medical college in Calcutta in 1835. ee———_ ©) Shrevas Badive Channel!~(kerdlCirzon did much to broaden the whole basis ofiprofessional courses— , engineering, veterinary sciences, etc. - He established an agriculture college at Pusa in 1905 which acted asa al I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!~~ ee a" ses Sas @ the need to ensure a cheap supply of educated Indians to man an increasing number of subordinate posts in administration and in British business concerns—thus there was an emphasis on English medium as the language of administration and of education; © the hope that educated Indians would help expand market for British manufactures in India; @ an expectation that Western education would reconcile Indians to British rule, particularly as it glorified British conquerors and their administration. Ej shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel