Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Objectives
Subjective: Ineffective Tissue The cardiovascular system is After 4 hours of After 4 hours of
“Sumasakit Perfusion related to the body’s main transport nursing nursing intervention,
ang batok ko increased vascular system, and its efficiency is intervention, the the client maintained
madalas” as resistance aeb 4s essential for health and client will maintain adequate tissue
verbalized by capillary refill and longevity. As it ages, it adequate tissue perfusion as evidenced
the patient elevated BP becomes less efficient, perfusion as by:
Independent
which has a negative impact evidenced by: a. BP: 125/80
1. Assess for signs of decreased 1. Particular clusters of signs and
on all other organ systems. a. B/P within Capillary refill:
tissue perfusion. symptoms occur with differing
Normally, arteries that are normal 3 seconds
elastic, flexible and range for causes. Evaluation of Ineffective
Objectives: Tissue Perfusion defining
T: 36.4 compliant, allowing optimal client and
cardiac function and blood capillary characteristics provides a baseline
BP: 140/90 Medical Diagnosis: for future comparison.
PR: 89 flow. During ventricular refill time The goal was met
Hypertension 2. Comparison of pressures provides
RR: 16 systole (contraction), blood <2 to 3 2. Monitor and record BP.
is ejected into the seconds Measure in both arms and a complete picture of vascular
Capillary refill: involvement or the scope of the
4 pulmonary and systemic thighs three times, 3–5 min
circuits and the larger elastic apart while the patient is at problem. Severe hypertension is
arteries stretch, reducing rest, then sitting, then standing classified in adults as a diastolic
the resistance to blood flow. for initial evaluation. Use pressure elevation of 110 mmHg;
When aging the blood correct cuff size and accurate progressive diastolic readings
vessels, particularly arteries, technique. above 120 mmHg are considered
lose their elasticity and the first accelerated, then malignant
arterial walls become stiffer (very severe).
and thicker¹. Large artery 3. The presence of pallor; cool, moist
3. Observe skin color, moisture,
stiffness (LAS) is mainly due skin; and delayed capillary refill
temperature, and capillary refill
to arteriosclerotic structural time may be due to peripheral
time.
alterations and calcification. vasoconstriction or reflect cardiac
This leads to earlier decompensation and decreased
reflected pressure waves output
from the arterioles towards 4. Reduce renal perfusion may take
4. Note urine output. place due to vascular occlusion.
the heart during BP wave
propagation. These pressure 5. The elderly commonly have

Position
waves arrive back during postural hypotension resulting
systole increasing the blood from age-related losses of
pressure. With increased cardiovascular reflexes
vascular resistance, the 6. It helps lessen sympathetic
 patient
blood flow decreases stimulation; promotes relaxation.
leading to higher blood
pressure². This disrupts the
blood from perfusing into
the organs which may lead
to hypoxia. properly in 7. Lessens physical stress and tension
that affect blood pressure and the

a semi-
course of hypertension.

Fowler’s to
8. This promotes hydration and may
References: help increase blood flow
1. Knight J, Nigam Y (2017)

high-
Anatomy and physiology of 1. Sufficient fluid intake maintains
ageing 1: the cardiovascular adequate filling pressure and
system. Nursing Times optimizes cardiac output which is
[online]; 113: 2, 22-24.

Fowler’s as
important in tissue perfusion
2. Pinto E. (2007). Blood
pressure and ageing.
Postgraduate medical

tolerated.
 Reduces systemic vascular
journal, 83(976), 109–114.
resistance and optimizes
https://doi.org/10.1136
cardiac output and
/pgmj.2006. 048371

Position
perfusion
 This enhances arterial
dilation and improve

patient
peripheral blood flow

properly in
a semi-
Fowler’s to
high-
Fowler’s as
tolerated.
Position
patient
properly in
a semi-
Fowler’s to
high-
Fowler’s as
tolerated.
Position
patient
properly in
a semi-
Fowler’s to
high-
Fowler’s as
tolerated.
Position
patient
properly in
a semi-
Fowler’s to
high-
Fowler’s as
tolerated.
. Position
patient
properly in
a semi-
Fowler’s to
high-
Fowler’s as
tolerated
5. Change positions slowly when
getting client out of bed.
 6. Provide calm, restful
surroundings, minimize
environmental activity and
noise. Limit the number of
visitors and length of stay.
7. Maintain activity restrictions
(bedrest or chair rest); schedule
uninterrupted rest periods;
assist patient with self-care
activities as needed.
8. Encourage the client to
increase fluid intake
Dependent
1. Administer IV fluid as ordered

2. Administer medication as
ordered such as:
 Antihypertensives

 Peripheral vasodilators

Cues Nursing Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Diagnosis
Subjective: Activity The oxygen-carrying capacity of the After 24 hours if After 24 hours if nursing
“Di na ako Intolerance blood and flow through the nursing intervention, intervention, the client
nakakapagtrabaho related to coronary arteries regulate oxygen the client will increase increased activity
ng mabibigat imbalance supply. A rise in oxygen demand can activity tolerance as tolerance as manifested
hinihingal agad ako between become clinically significant if it manifested by: by:
Independent
as verbalized by the oxygen supply exceeds oxygen supply¹. That is why A. normal a. normal
1. Assess the physical activity 1. Provides baseline
patient and demand adjustments in the cardiovascular fluctuation of fluctuation of
level and mobility of the information for
as evidenced system are required during exercise vital signs vital signs
patient. formulating nursing goals
Objective: by verbal to coordinate the delivery of oxygen during during physical
 Take the resting pulse, blood during goal setting.
T: 36.4 report on and nutrients to the tissues where physical activity
pressure, and respirations.  Discontinue the activity if
BP: 140/90 dyspnea they are most needed—the heart, activity.
 Consider the rate, rhythm, and the patient responds
PR: 89 during respiratory muscles, and contracting
quality of the pulse. with:
RR: 16 exertion skeletal muscles. To sustain the The goal was met
 If the signs are normal, have - chest pain, vertigo,
O2 sat: 95% increased metabolic demand of
the patient perform the and/or dizziness
Capillary refill: 4 these tissues, increased oxygen and
activity. - decreased pulse rate,
Medical nutrient delivery are accomplished
 Obtain the vital signs systemic blood pressure,
Diagnosis: by increasing cardiac output, blood
immediately after activity respiratory response
Hypertension flow to and microvascular surface
 Have the patient rest for 3  Reduce the duration and
area available for exchange in the
minutes and then take the intensity of the activity if:
active tissues, oxygen-carrying
vital signs again. - Pulse takes longer than 3
capacity of the blood, and oxygen
to 4 minutes to return to
extraction from the blood².
within 6-7 beats of the
However, certain conditions can
resting pulse.
interfere in the normal
-RR increase is excessive
compensatory response of the body
after the activity.
such as vascular stiffness and
2. Causative factors may be
vasoconstriction. This condition 2. Investigate the patient’s
temporary or permanent
decreases blood flow and perfusion perception of causes of activity
as well as physical or
which results to decreased oxygen intolerance
psychological.
supply resulting to fatigue and
Determining the cause
dyspnea since the respiratory
can help guide the nurse
system attempts to get more O2 in.
during the nursing
intervention.
3. Energy-saving techniques
3. Instruct patient in energy- reduce energy
conserving techniques (using a expenditure, thereby
chair when showering, sitting assisting in the
 References: to brush teeth or comb hair, equalization of oxygen
1. Boyette LC, Manna B. Physiology, carrying out activities at a supply and demand.
Myocardial Oxygen Demand. slower pace). 4. Gradual progression of
[Updated 2021 Jul 12]. In: StatPearls 4. Gradually increase activity the activity prevents
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): with active range-of-motion overexertion.
StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. exercises in bed, increasing to
Available from: sitting and then standing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 5. Encourage progressive activity 5. Gradual activity
/books/NBK499897/ and self-care when tolerated. progression prevents a
2. Korthuis RJ. Skeletal Muscle Assist as needed. sudden increase in
Circulation. San Rafael (CA): cardiac workload.
Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; Providing assistance only
2011. Chapter 4, Exercise as needed encourages
Hyperemia and Regulation of independence in
Tissue Oxygenation During performing activities.
6. Instruct patient to plan 6. Activities should be
Muscular Activity. Available
activities for times when they planned ahead to
from: coincide with the
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov have the most energy.
patient’s peak energy
/books/NBK57139/ level. If the goal is too
low, negotiate.
7. Encourage verbalization of
7. This helps the patient to
feelings regarding limitations.
cope. Acknowledgment
that living with activity
intolerance is both
physically and
emotionally difficult.

Cues Nursing Scientific Rationale Goals and Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Diagnosis Objectives
Subjective: Risk for self- Self-perceived uselessness normally After 8 hours of After 8 hours
“Sa edad kong Directed means an individual’s own negative nursing intervention, of nursing
to, wala na Violence assessment or perception about his or the client will intervention,
kong lakas para related to self- her usefulness or importance to remain free from the client
magtrabaho. perceived family, friends, community, and/or any harm as Independent remained free
Wala na akong uselessness the larger society and his or her manifested by: 1. Establish rapport with the 1. To gain the patient’s trust from any harm
pakianabang, general understanding of the aging a. demonstrat patient and making the client feel as manifested
dagdag pasanin process. In older age, a shrinking e alternative 2. See the older person on safe and respected. by:
lang sa kanila” social network size and reduction in ways of his or her own 2. This allows the client to demonstrate
as verbalized by Medical social contacts because of health dealing with express his/ger feelings alternative
the patient Diagnosis: deterioration would limit performance negative more freely, with privacy. ways of
Depression of social and family roles to which feelings and 3. Allow the patient to 3. The process of recognizing dealing with
older adults may feel useful¹. This emotional express feelings and feelings that underlie and negative
makes them feel sense of stress perceptions drive behaviors allows feelings and
purposelessness, loneliness, and have patient to start taking emotional
an urge to self-harm². Self-harm is any control of their lives. stress
act of self-injury or self-poisoning 4. Assess individual signs of 4. This aid focus attention on
carried out by individuals, regardless hopelessness. aspects of individual The goal was
of their motivation. needs. These signs may met
include social withdrawal,
decreased physical
References: activity, and comments
1. Gu, D., Brown, B. L., & Qiu, L. made by patient that
(2016). Self-perceived uselessness is indicate despair and
associated with lower likelihood of 5. Encourage the older hopelessness
successful aging among older adults in person to allow his or her 5. The family can help in
China. BMC geriatrics, 16(1), 172. caregiver or family to be providing assurance to the
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877 -016- contacted for sharing of patient
0348-5 information and
2. PsychGuides.com. n.d. Living With: involvement in
Depression in Older Adults - management
PsychGuides.com. [online] Available 6. Encourage the client to
at: <https://www.psychguides.com/ exercise as tolerated 6. Physical activity has been
depression /adults/> [Accessed 3 proven to be a mood-
February 2022]. booster, often as effective
as antidepressants, but
without the dreaded side
effects. Doing light
housework, taking the
stairs instead of the
elevator, parking farther
away and short walks are
great exercise techniques.
There are also many safe
exercises, such as arm
rotations, for those who
may be confined to a
7. Encourage the client to wheelchair.
maintain healthy 7. This eliminates feelings of
relationship with others loneliness and isolation.
Loved ones also provide
the support and
encouragement needed to
help the patient recover
from depression. If the
patient is physically unable
to get around, inviting
others over or keeping in
touch via email or phone
8. Encourage the family and can be effective as well
the clients to conduct 8. Inviting the loved one to
more activities and accompany the patient in
exercises together social events or family
gatherings can give a
sense of self-worth and
the feeling of being
wanted and needed.
Dependent
 1. Administer 1. Suicidal thinking and self-
antidepressants as harm are symptoms of
ordered depression that is
managed through proper
medication.
Collaborative:
1. Refer to a psychiatrist for 1. The therapist can help
counselling learn how to make
positive changes in the
client’s thoughts and
behaviors.

Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective: Impaired Social As one gets older, opportunities After 8 hours of After 8 hours of
“Matanda na Interaction to socialize can become limited, nursing intervention, nursing
ko, Di na ko related to self- but that certainly doesn’t mean the client will intervention, the
bagay para perceived that social interaction is not still increase social client increased
sumama sa mga uselessness as extremely important for the interaction as social interaction
social gathering evidenced by elderly. Studies have proven that manifested by: as manifested by:
Independent
ng pamilya” as verbalization of regular social interaction leads to A. voluntary A. voluntary
1. Form a trusting relationship 1. People are more likely to open up
verbalized by te the client on happier and more fulfilled lives participation to a participation to a
with the patient. and be honest if they feel
patient discomfort in which, in turn, means better certain social activity certain social
2. Assess the patient’s feelings accepted.
social situations long-term mental health for activity
and perceptions about the 2. The patient’s point of view
senior citizens. Staying socially
situation. provides a baseline for
active helps to maintain both The goal was met.
good emotional and physical establishing the plan of care. It
health, whereas remaining in gives an insight into whether the
Medical patient thinks that he or she has
Diagnosis: isolation can greatly reduce a
person’s quality of life₁. Self- control over the situation and
Depression wants to be alone or if the
perceived uselessness means an
situation is not within the client’s
individual’s own negative
assessment or perception about
his or her usefulness or
importance to family, friends,
community, and/or the larger
society and his or her general
understanding of the aging
process. In older age, a shrinking
social network size and reduction
in social contacts because of
health deterioration would limit
performance of social and family
roles to which older adults may
feel useful. The feeling of being
useless and worthless made the
elderly thinks that they are
unwanted resulting to social
isolation. Their self-perception of
uselessness also makes then
uncomfortable with social
activities₂.
References:
1. Older adults and the
importance of social interaction |
A ... Older Adults and the
Importance of Social Interaction.
(2016, November 18). Retrieved
February 3, 2022, from
https://www.agrhodes.org/
blog/notable-newsworthy/older-
adults-and-the-importance-of-
social-interaction/
2. . Gu, D., Brown, B. L., & Qiu, L.
(2016). Self-perceived
uselessness is associated with
lower likelihood of successful
3. Assess for cognitive and
physical deficits that interfere
with socializing.
4. Have the patient participate in
the goal setting and care plan
development.
5. Initially, provide activities that
require minimal concentration
(e.g., drawing, playing simple
board games).
6. Involve the client in gross
motor activities that call for
very little concentration
(e.g.,walking).
7. When the client is at the most
depressed state, Involve the
client in one-to-one activity.
8. Praise the client for making
progress.
Collaborative
1. Eventually involve the client in
group activities (e.g., group
discussions, art therapy, dance
therapy).
2. Refer the client and family to
self-help groups in the
control.
3. Determining these factors that
cause patients to isolate provides
a starting point. Some reasons,
such as age, disease, or other
conditions, are out of the patient’s
control. Nurses have to address
these medical conditions in the
care plan. This ensures the best
possible treatment.
4. The more involved the patient is in
establishing the care plan, the
more compliant he or she will be.
This also allows for personalizing
the care plan as much as possible.
5. Depressed people lack
concentration and memory.
Activities that have no “right or
wrong” or “winner or loser”
minimizes opportunities for the
client to put himself/herself down.
6. Such activities will aid in relieving
tensions and might help in
elevating the mood.
7. Maximizes the potential for
interactions while minimizing
anxiety levels.
8. Showing appreciation keeps the
patient motivated and increases
self-esteem.
1. Socialization minimizes feelings of
isolation. Genuine regard for
others can increase feelings of
self-worth.
2. The client and the family can gain
tremendous support and insight
from people sharing their
 aging among older adults in community. experiences.
China. BMC geriatrics, 16(1), 172.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877 -
016-0348-5

Cues Nursing Scientific Rationale Goals and Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Diagnosis Objectives
Subjective: Impaired Changes in the brain may begin After 48 hours of After 48 hours of
“Madalas siyang thought process a decade or more before nursing nursing
naliligaw related to symptoms appear. During this intervention, the intervention, the
kahit nasa malapit neuronal very early stage of dementias, client will client was able to
lang destruction in toxic changes are taking place in have improved manifest improved
naman siya” as the brain as the brain, including abnormal memory as memory.
verbalized evidenced by buildups of proteins that form manifested by: a. Patient is aware
by the daughter being lost amyloid plaques and tau a. Patient will be Independent and oriented, and
tangles. Previously healthy aware and 1. Assess the patient’s ability to 1. This helps the nurse reality is
neurons stop functioning, lose oriented if think and speak coherently, determine any changes in the maintained at an
connections with other neurons, possible, and noting for indications of patient’s mental status, optimal level.
and die. The damage initially reality will be disorientation, memory lapses, which may indicate possible
Objective: shifting from one topic to
appears to take place in the maintained at improvement or
 Being lost Medical another, and even using words. deterioration of the
 Asking hippocampus and the entorhinal optimal level
Diagnosis: Also, note if there are condition.
repetitive cortex, which are parts of the
Dementia problems in articulation.
questions brain that are essential in
forming memories. As more 2. Identify the patient’s level of
neurons die, additional parts of orientation to time, place, 2. Assessment of the level of
the brain are affected and begin persons, and events, noting orientation and any trigger to
to shrink. This results to when the forgetfulness or confusion and alteration
memory loss or impairment. impairment in thought helps in planning for
processes becomes more interventions.
pronounced.
References:
3. Orient the patient to his
1. (2020), 2020
current environment, time,
Alzheimer's disease 3. Orientation of the patient to
place, and person. If needed,
facts and figures. his immediate environment
provide the patient with aids to
Alzheimer's Dement., and reality can help ease his
help him stay oriented, such as
16: 391-460. confusion and prevent
television, clocks, and
https://doi.org/10.1002 delirium or depression.
calendars.
/alz.12068
4. Maintain a regular daily
routine to prevent problems 4. Increases patient’s security
resulting from thirst, hunger, and decreases hostility and
lack of sleep, or inadequate agitation by permitting
exercise. difficult behaviors to be
allowed within the confines
of a safe, supervised
environment.
5. Validates the patient’s sense
 5. Allow the patient the freedom
to sit in a chair near the
window, utilize books and
magazines as desired.
6. Allow the patient to wander
around or collect other items
within acceptable limits.
7. Provide positive reinforcement
and feedback for positive
behaviors.
8. Limit decisions that the patient
makes. Be supportive and
convey warmth and concern
when communicating with the
patient.
of reality and assists the
patient in differentiating
between day and night.
Respect for the patient’s
personal space allows the
patient to exert some
control.
6. Allowing them to spend their
energy on wandering or
tinkering with other items
(within safe and acceptable
limits) reduces their agitation
and stress and increases their
feelings of security.
7. This helps encourage
acceptable behaviors and
increases the confidence
level of the patient. Limiting
the choices from which he
can choose helps reduce
confusion.
8. Allowing him to decide for
himself increases his sense of
security and confidence in his
ability to make independent
choices.

1. Comments from the patients may

1. Instruct family in methods to involve reminiscing experiences
communicate with the patient: from previous years and maybe
b. Patient’s appropriate within that context.
listen carefully, listen to stories
family will be In the early stages of AD, b. Patient’s family
even if they’ve heard them many
able to access questions may cause was able to access
times previously, and avoid asking
community embarrassment and frustration community
questions that the patient may not
resources and when the patient is presented resources and
be able to answer.
make informed with another reminder that made informed
choices regarding abilities are decreasing. choices regarding
 the patient’s 2. The family should be prepared to the patient’s care,
care, both make long-term plans to discuss both currently and
currently and for 2. Instruct family members about the problems before they arise— for future care.
future care. disease process, what can be choices for resuscitation, legal
expected, and assist with providing competency, and guardianship,
a list of community resources for including financial responsibility
support. needed to be addressed. The care
of a person with AD is expensive
and time consuming and energy
draining, and emotionally
devastating for the family. The goal is
Community resources can help completely met.
delay the need for placement in a
long-term care facility and may
help defray some costs.

Cues Nursing Scientific Rationale Goals and Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Diagnosis Objectives
Subjective: Risk for Injury The brain typically shrinks to After 4 hours of After 4 hours of
“Naku, related to some degree in healthy aging nursing nursing
maraming inability to but, surprisingly, does not lose interventions the interventions the
beses nay an recognize neurons in large numbers. In patient will patient remained
muntik hazard in the Alzheimer’s disease, however, remain free of free of injuries
masagasaan, environment damage is widespread, as many injuries Objectives:
minsan naman neurons stop functioning, lose Objectives: Independent a. The patient was
nadadapa” as connections with other neurons, a. The patient 1. Evaluate client’s level of 1. This is to assess the degree able to perform
verbalized by and die. Alzheimer’s disrupts will be able to competence and ability to of risk for injury of client activities of daily
the family of processes vital to neurons and perform activities participate in preventive and aids in detecting what living without
the patient their networks, including of daily living measures. appropriate measures you having an injury
Medical communication, metabolism, without having will include in the plan of
Diagnosis: and repair. At first, Alzheimer’s an injury care. THE goal was met
Dementia disease typically destroys 2. Adapt communication to the 2. Communicating with the
neurons and their connections in level of client and speak with client in this way promotes
parts of the brain involved in the client using slow pace and positive atmosphere and a
memory, including the simple words while maintaining relaxed pace for learning.
entorhinal cortex and a firm volume and low pitch
hippocampus. It later affects 3. Observe for nonverbal 3. Some personality changes
areas in the cerebral cortex behaviors and intervene if client may occur in clients with
responsible for language, becomes angry or hostile by Alzheimer’s such as
reasoning, and social behavior. decreasing stressful stimuli and irritability, suspiciousness,
Eventually, many other areas of approaching client in calm, and indifference. This
the brain are damaged. Over reassuring manner. would also aid in reducing
time, a person with Alzheimer’s demands on client.
gradually loses his or her ability 4. Frequently reorient of time, 4. These measures are
to live and function place, date, and person; place a necessary in enhancing
independently₁. People with clock and a calendar in his client’s memory.
Alzheimer’s disease often room; allow him to reminisce;
develop impairments in and repeat instructions as
executive function, resulting in necessary. 5. This will provide
poor judgement and unsafe 5. Assess environment for information on what safety
behaviors. These problems put potential factors indicating risk devices are necessary to be
them at risk of accidents and for injury like dim lighted room, instituted
injuries, particularly in the home absence of hand rails, slippery
environment. Coupled with floor, and high bed 6. Nurses perform an
ageing changes and disease 6. Conduct safety assessment in environmental risk
processes, the person with the client’s home or care assessment to determine
dementia may develop setting. the presence of objects or
functional decline that can lead items (e.g., cord, hooks)
to accidents and injuries₂. that could potentially be
used in suicidal hanging.
Therefore, it should be
removed to ensure the
References: client’s safety.
1. What Happens to the Brain in
Alzheimer’s Disease? (2017, May
16). National Institute on Aging.
Retrieved February 3, 2022,
from
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
what-happens-brain-alzheimers-
disease
2. Lach HWRisk of injury higher
in older adults with dementia
than in those withoutEvidence-
Based Nursing 2017;20:117.
7. Provide adequate lighting,
reduce client’s bed to lower
position, put necessary devices
in aiding client’s mobility
around the house and remove
harmful objects like slippery rug
etc.
8. Educate the family and
caregiver on the importance of
ensuring that client cannot
leave the premises without
being noticed; provide an
identification bracelet or tag for
the client to wear at all times.
9. Educate family members and
care giver of client’s condition
and how to deal and care the
client; the need for safe
environment; how to
communicate with the client;
and measures that enhance
memory.
7. These measures minimize
client’s misperception of his
environment and his risk
for injury.
8. Clients with Alzheimer’s
disease are sometimes
confused making them
wanders without valid
reason (especially during
night time); this will avoid
the client from being
missing or face accidents
outside the institution.
9. Providing health teachings
regarding client’s condition
could assist family
members in understanding
the manifestations elicited
by the client and would
reassure them that peculiar
personality changes and
increasing memory loss is
part of this condition; it
would aid them cope and
take care with the client at
home upon discharge.
Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Cues Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Rationale Goals and Objectives Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation