STENOGRAPHY 307

Author: JULIE TOLENTINO RUEDA

Date Submitted: September 19, 2020

In this module, it will discuss the principles of each Chapter and how the words had
formed using symbols of each letter. In every unit, there are four lessons, and after
completing each unit, students’ knowledge of the topic will be assessed and evaluated
by answering the Unit test. This module has 30 lessons. It includes the techniques and
strategies on how to understand the principles of Gregg Shorthand. Every symbol has a
corresponding letter to the present alphabet. It will also help students to read, write, and
take dictations through stenography. And it aims to respond to the educational needs of
students in mastering the skills in Stenography

To all who will use this module, write the strokes carefully, and follow each lesson up to
lesson 30. it will be difficult to understand the strokes if you will not follow the principles
in each lesson. Enjoy using this module.
Course Syllabus 1-7 Letters oo,w,ted 42
Introduction 8 ending in ble 43
Unit I 9 ending re,oi,men, 44
Pre-test 10 Unit test 45-46
letters s,a 11 Unit 5 47
f,v,e 12 Pre-test 48
n,m,t,d 13 Letters per,pur,de,di 49
o,r,l 14 re,de,di,u 50
h, ing, i 15 ending ment, tial aw 51
omission of minor vowel 16 Unit test 52-53
phrases, left s-z 17 Unit 6 54
s,p,b 18 Pre-test 55
oo,w,sw,wh 19 Letters ten,dem 56
oo,k,g 20 tem,dem 57
Unit Test 21-22 def,dif ea, ia 58
Unit II 23 under, cities com con 59
Pre-test 24 Unit test 60
Letters: Short sound a,e,i 25 Unit 7 61
Principle of joining 26 Pre-test 62
ish,chay,age j 27 Letters long i,a en,un 63
aw 28 en,un,in 64
quantities,ending in ly 29 ng,ngk 65
Unit test 30-31 ah,aw,x 66
Unit 3 32 before n,m 67
Pre-test 33-34 ending ful,cal,cle 68

Letters: ending tion cien to 35 Unit Test 69-71

nd,nt,ses 36 Suggested Readings and Website
rd,ld,been 37 Glossary
Unit test 38 Answer Key
Unit 4 39 Special Skill
Pre-test 40-41 Learning Insights
 COURSE SYLLABUS
STENOGRAPHY 307
FUNDAMENTAL OF SHORTHAND
1ST Semester, 2020-2021

COLLEGE: College of Criminal Justice Education

DEPARTMENT: Legal Management
COURSE CODE: Stenography 307
COURSE TITLE: Fundamental of Shorthand
CREDIT UNITS: 3
PRE-REQUISITE: Stenography 2
FACULTY: JULIE T. RUEDA
CONSULTATION HOURS: Thursday 4:30 pm – 5:00 pm Faculty Room

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course Stenography 1 ( 307 ) Fundamental of Shorthand leads the students

to read and write Gregg shorthand rapidly and accurately in the shortest possible time.
The Gregg Shorthand strokes develop and improve the students’ grasp – concurrently
with the teaching of shorthand – of the nonshorthand elements of transcription, which
include vocabulary development, spelling, punctuation, and grammar

University Vision
Bulacan State University is a progressive knowledge-generating institution,
globally-recognized for excellent instruction, pioneering research, and responsive
community engagements.

University Mission
Bulacan State University exists to produce highly competent, ethical and service-
oriented professionals that contribute to the sustainable socio-economic growth and
development of the nation

1
Core Values: SOAR BulSU!
Service to God and Community
Order and Peace
Assurance of Quality and Accountability
Respect and Responsibility
The BulSU Ideal Graduates Attributes (BIG A) reflect the graduate’s capacity as:
a. highly and globally competent;
b. ethical and service-oriented citizen;
c. analytical and critical thinker; and
d. reflective life-long learner.

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

Program Educational University Mission

Objectives (PEO)
AIG-a AIG-b AIG-c AIG-d
Knowledge of Learn
principle of unique skills
Effective Shorthand, . gain some
Read and write shorthand and including information
Carries global
with accuracy and speed in Efficient meantime, or insight
competencies
the shortest possible time court spelling of into another
throughout life.
Stenograp words, rules reality that
her of they didn’t
composition have
and grammar yesterday.
spend great
deal of time
practicing
with
Knowledge of
stenotype
administrative
machine
and clerical
and
procedures
continuous
Actively and systems
An Effective learning
Graduates will have the looking for such as word
and Efficient how to
opportunity to become ways to processing,
Court prepare and
Effective Stenographer help managing
Stenographer edit
people. files, and
transcripts.
records,
stenography
and
transcription.

Contribute to country’s Acquire Values- Exhibits Possess

sustainable growth and mastery of oriented in excellency in adequate
development shorthand the work reading and skills in
theories of space. writing spelling,
words and shorthand punctuation,
vocabularies stroke. grammar,
that are used and
in different vocabulary
documents. usage.

Program Outcomes (PO)

On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to do the following:

Program Educational Objectives

PROGRAM OUTCOMES PEO1 PEO2 PEO3
Dev progress
Capable of
Abil ability to construct rapidly toward an
Highly Competent taking
legible shorthand outline in advanced
dictation
English Language degree
Kno Knowledge
the Trust and respect of others
Positions of about
Ethical professional as effective and ethical team
leadership Stenography
members
ethics
Stenography
Effective and Skills can
Development in the chosen
Service-oriented Efficient court lead to other
profession
Stenographer exciting
careers.

Course Outcomes and Relationship to Program Outcomes

Course Outcomes Program Outcomes

After completing this course the
a b C
student must be able to:
LO1. Read and write shorthand
with accuracy and speed in the comprehend
shortest possible time Carries
international
has ability global
dimensions
competenc
of his/her
and knowledge ies
major field
worldview throughout
of study
life

LO2 Apply the shorthand stroke in possess duties are work is

transcriptions knowledge and performed usually is
skills required to in reviewed in
take dictation, accordanc a draft for
regardless of e by the accuracy
 speed, from detailed and
various discussion conformanc
on matters e to
such as instructions.
format,
spacing
and
arrangeme
nt.
LO3. Transcribe information with Knowledge of the Knowledge
speed and accuracy in the Court or grammar, spelling, stenograph of the
Offices. capitalization and er works formats,
punctuations to as a forms,
transcribed instructed clerical
material and seeks procedures,
accurately. advice on and usual
all matters terminology
not of the
specifically organization
covered in al unit or
the orginal units for
instruction which the
s or work is
gudelines. done.
Note: (I) Introductory Course to an Outcome (E) Enabling Course to an Outcome (D) Demonstrative
Course to an Outcome

LEARNING EPISODES:

Learning
TOPIC Week Learning Activities
Outcomes
LO1 Recognize the
VMGO of the
Orientation Orientation
College anchored
Course Syllabus Week 1
on the University’s
Discussion Brief discussion on
Vision, Mission,
Overview 3 Hours Principles of Gregg
Goals and
Shorthand
Objectives, Course
Requirements
Principles of
Recognize the shorthand stroke Discussion
Fundamental and Brief forms Reading and writing
Lesson 1 to 15
principles of Gregg shorthand
Shorthand stroke Words Practice worksheets
Phrases
 Derivatives

-Building
Transcription skills,
Principles of
shorthand
-Brief forms
Reading and Writing
Enhance -disjoined letters
Shorthand stroke
transcription skills -Uses of coma
Transcribe shorthand
through reading -Uses of
Lesson 16 to 30 stroke
and writing using punctuation mark,
Reading shorthand stroke
Shorthand stroke -silent letters
with allowable time
-Vocabulary
Practice Dictation
Grammar
-Similar words drill
-Prefixes
Practices Dictation

FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:

The students mastered the Principle of Fundamental of Gregg Shorthand Stroke from
lesson 1 to 30. They can apply their skills with an ethical professional, service -
oriented, and can contribute to country’s sustainable growth and development
RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT:

Active Class Participation--This requirement covers a couple of things. First, there is

your contribution during class. Class attendance is thus necessary. However, to do well
you must do more than just attend. Second, you are expected to show up having read
the assignment for the day and ready to talk about it. Read and write shorthand with
accuracy and speed in the shortest possible time

Examination: Midterm and Final Examination

Oral Report—Read shorthand stroke during class hours. Participates in transcribing

shorthand stroke orally. Their oral participation will be graded and recorded by the
teacher.

Note: To pass this course. students must pass all requirements to be complete. More
than three excused or unexcused absences reduce your final grade by 0.25. More than
5 is an incomplete grade, and more than 8 is automatic failure of the course. Please
also observe (3-times of being late equal 1 absence).

OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:

GRADING SYSTEM:
Term Examinations 30%
Quizzes/Activities 20%
Project 30%
Participation/Recitation 10%
Attendance/ Promptness 10%
TOTAL 100%
Final Grade = Midterm Grade + Tentative Final Grade Period
2

Range Grade
97-100 1.00
94 – 96 1.25
91 – 93 1.50
88 – 90 1.75
85 – 87 2.00
82 – 84 2.25
79 – 81 2.50
76 – 78 2.75
75 3.00
74 and below 5.00

References:

Required Readings. Louis, Zoubek, Lemaster : Gregg Shorthand for Colleges Volume
1. McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1981

Class Policies:

No special examinations will be administered to absentees unless an excuse letter from

parent/guardian or medical certificate noted by the guidance counselor and class
adviser is presented.
2.Cheating, during the examination, will give a score of 5.0 after warning.
3.Use of cellular phones and eating are not allowed during class sessions.
4.Attendance will be checked every meeting.
5.Assignments/Projects are to be submitted on time. Failure to submit assignments is
equivalent to a grade of 5.0.
Prepared by

JULIE T. RUEDA
Instructor

Evaluated by:

LUZVIMINDA MONTEMAYOR Llb, MPA

Department Head

Approved:

JOSEPH M. INOCENCIO esq.

Dean

Declaration
I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this course I agree to
the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies and my responsibilities, and I have
discussed everything unclear to me with the instructor.

I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow students and my
teacher with due respect.

I understand that this syllabus can be modified or overruled by announcements of the instructor
in class or on any social media site at any time

______________________________________ ____________________ _______________

Student’s Printed name Signature Date

______________________________________ ____________________ _______________

Parent’s Printed name Signature Date

Student’s Copy

-------------------------------------------------------Cut here----------------------------------------------------------

Declaration

I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this course I agree to
the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies and my responsibilities, and I have
discussed everything unclear to me with the instructor.

I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow students and my
Bulacan State University is always aiming for quality education for all. However, with the
―new normal‖ in education brought but COVID 19, which has a global effect, Bulacan
State University finds all the means to respond to the present needs of students. One of
the means is creating modules based on their subject-curriculum, such as Stenography.

The study of Stenography is a great help to the present generation. There will be more
great opportunities for the students of Bulacan State University if they will complete the
course in Legal Management because it involves Stenography. In the first semester of
Stenography 1 307, its contents are the Fundamentals of shorthand, consisting of
principles, brief forms, sentences, grammar, building vocabulary words, and correct
usage of grammar and spelling. It also includes the easiest and fastest way of taking
dictation, which is an important skill when working in Court.

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 1
Principles of Alphabet

Comma s, a, f, v, n, m, t, d, punctuation mark

LESSON 2
o, r, l, h, ing, long I, omission of the minor vowels

LESSON 3
Brief form,p,b, left s,

LESSON 4
oo sound, w, sw, useful phrases k, g,

DURATION 6 Hours ( 2 meetings )

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Objectives:

1. Recognize the Principle of s, a, f, v, n, m, t,d, O,r,l.h, ing, long i, the omission

of the minor vowels, p, b, left s, oo sound, w, sw, useful phrases k, g,

2.Able to read and write the shorthand stroke

3.Identify the sizes and height

4.Pronounce the word correctly.

Direction:

Read the word and spell-out each letter aloud.

words spell-out
safe s-a-f
save s-a-v
vase v-a-s
see s-e
van v-a-n
safety s-a-f-t-e
stayed s-t-a-d
stone s-t-o-n
mere m-e-r
mail m-a-l
late l-a-t
evening e-v-n-ing
names n-a-m-s
hope h-o-p

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15
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 UNIT TEST

Write the shorthand stroke of the following letters. Transcribe in five times.

S R
A L
E oo
N F
M V
T K
D G
o
Write the shorthand stroke of the following words. And spell –out the sounds of each
word.

Longhand Spell out shorthand

tow
near
fair
mere
more
hope
place
deed
neat
fees
mean

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 Fundamental of Shorthand

LESSON 5
short sound of a,obscure vowel,over ith, under ith,

brief forms,common phrases

,

LESSON 6
principle of jjoining,oo hook

LESSON 7
ish, chay, gay, o aw,common business letter salutation and closing

LESSON 8
word ending in ly,amount and quantites

DURATION 6 Hours ( 2 meetings )

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This unit consists of Lesson 5 to Lesson 8; it includes the principle of the short sound of
an obscure vowel e, i, over ith, under ith, brief forms, common phrases, the principle of
joining, ish, chay, age, common business, a word ending in -ly, and amount and
quantified. After completing this unit, there is unit test to be answered before proceeding
to unit 3.
Objective:

1.Recognize the Principle of the short sound of an obscure vowel, over ith,
under, ith, brief forms, common phrases, oo hook, sh, chay, age,o, aw, a word
ending in ly, amount and quantities,

2.Identify the relationship of spell-out, longhand, and shorthand

3.Can read and write shorthand stroke

4.Able to follow direction

Pre-Test
I .Write the shorthand stroke of the following letter .

s t oo
f d k
v a g
n e r
m l t
II. Encircle the letter of the correct spell-out of the given word.

1 act a a-k-t b a-c-t c .a-kay-t

2. matter a m-a-t-e-r b m-a-t-r c .m-a-tr
3 him a. h-e-m b. h-i-m c. he-m
4 get a. gay-a-t b gey-a-t c gay-e-t
5 .stayed a. s-t-a-d b. st-a-y-d c .s-t-a-y-d
III..Which of the following word contains obscure vowel sound or ―schwa‖.Write your
answer on the space provided.

________1. her him plan if

________2 said did list test

________3 teeth answer simple give

________4. truth infer birth help

________5. letter earn feel help

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 9
Principles of Alphabet

word ending in tion ,cient, ciency ,to in the phrases

LESSON 10
nd, nt, ses, sis,

LESSON 11
Brief forms, rd, ld, been in phrases, able in phrases,

LESSON 12
principle of joining,

DURATION 3 Hours ( 1 meeting )

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In this unit, students will learn step by step on how to spell out shorthand words, reading
shorthand, and the correct size of every stroke of shorthand. Before proceeding to this
unit, students will first answer the pre-test, which consists of the lessons unit 3. From
this unit, they will learn some techniques and strategies on how to write shorthand
stroke with accuracy.
Objectives:

1.Recognize the principle in tion,cient,ciency,to in phrases,nd,nt,ses,sis,brief

forms,rd,ld, ben in phrases and able in phrases.

2.Able to recall the past lessons

3.Read and write shorthand stroke aloud

4.Can spell-out and pronounce the letter correctly

Pre-Test
Direction: Direction: Think about what is asking in each item. Choose your answer
written in the box. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

_________1. The word ending in tion is also represented by ish. What word is the best
example of this principle?

national errand ancient

________2. T for to in phrases is represented by T when its followed by a downstroke.

What word is the best example of this principle?

to have toward told

________3. ses and sis represented by joining the two forms of s. What word is the best
example of this principle?

sister saves sent

________4been in phrases is represented by b. What word is the best example of this

principle?

I have been able sold have been

33
________5.The word ending in cient is represented by ish

fashions operation patient

II.Which word does not belong to the group. Box your answer

1.patient efficient national ancient

2.to say to have to pay to apply
3. land planned mind addresses
4.sister faces basis were
5.assured record toward failed
6.sent when prevent entire

7.mailed you have been sold old

8.have been had been I may be able it has been

9.failed nations fashions action

10.you have not been able I should be able I may be able

able

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 13
Principles of Alphabet

oo sound

LESSON 14
medial-sound of w,ted,

LESSON 15
brief form and derivatives, word ending in ble, word beginning re

LESSON 16
oi, men, min, mon, man, ye, ya

DURATION 3 hours ( 1 meeting )

39
In this unit, lessons include the sounds of oi, men, min, mon, man, mun, ye, ya, pur, per,
de, di, long sound of u, ment, tial, and ou. After answering the post-test in Unit 3,
students will answer the pretest questions to prepare for the lessons and discussions in
this unit. The pretest aims to assess and evaluate the knowledge of the students on the
previous unit lessons and discussions. The post-test aims to evaluate the skills and
knowledge mastered by the learners based on the unit topics and lessons. The result
will show if the lessons need repetition or further discussions of the unit lessons before
proceeding to the next unit lesson.
Objectives:

1, Introducing the principles of w, ted, oi, brief forms and derivatives, ble, re, men, man,
and min.

2.Reading and writing shorthand stroke with accuracy

3.Practising skills without hesitation.

4. Able to follow direction

40
Read each group of words. Box the word that does not belong.

1.acted rested put

2.cook wood always
3.possible terrible full
4.receive boy repair
5.boy join men
6.mental manner toy
7.year listed yet
8.yarn yard immense

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43
44
45
46
 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 17
Principles of Alphabet

brief forms, word beginning per, pur, de, di

LESSON 18
principle of joining

LESSON 19
brief forms, u, word ending in ment, word ending in tial

LESSON 20
u,phrases and derivatives

DURATION 3 hours ( 1 meeting )

47
In this unit, students expecting to master the skills in reading and writing with speed
using shorthand stroke. They can already assess themselves on ―what level of skills in
stenography‖ do they have. They practice without the slightest hesitation. They all
examine more closely the curve letters, downstroke, circle letter, and straight forward
line
Objectives:

1.Reviewing past lessons

2.Introducing the new lessons

3.Practising the skills in transcribing shorthand stroke.

4.Reading and writing shorthand stroke with an allowable time

5.Able to follow direction

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50
51
52
53
 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 21
Principles of Alphabet

brief froms, ten, den, tain

LESSON 22
tem, dem, business abbreviations

LESSON 23
Brief form, def, dif, ea, ia

LESSON 24
brief forms,under,cities and states,word beginning com,con,

useful phrases

DURATION 3 Hours ( 1 meeting )

54
This unit, all principles from the lessons can be used as a basis for adopting new
principles. From this unit they will learn shorthand to save time; it is necessary to ignore
those letters that are not pronounced. Many long words may be abbreviated in
shorthand by dropping the ending. The extent to which they use this device will depend
on the familiarity with the words and with the subject matter of the discussion.
Objectives:

1. Practicing the special skills

2.Reading and writing shorthand stroke with accuracy

3.Able to follow direction with allowable time

4.Writing shorthand stroke neatly

55
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 Unit Test

Speed test: for 5 minutes

Write the shorthand stroke of the following word

Shorhand Longhand
advantage
several
attend
president
tentative
evidence
danger
obtain
mantain
tomorrow
seldom
Dear Mrs.
defied
oversight
create
difficult
success
undermine
area
devote
acknowledge
overdo

61
 FUNDAMENTAL OF GREGG SHORTHAND

LESSON 26
Principles of Alphabet

business phrases, long i and a, beginning en,un

LESSON 27
brief forms, ng, ngk, omission of vowel

LESSON 28
ah, aw,x, before n, m

LESSON 29-30
Brief forms, beginning ex, ending in ful, cal,cle and practice reading

DURATION 3 Hours ( 1 meeting )

62
This unit is composed of 5 lessons with the principle of long I ana, a word beginning in,
en, un ah, aw, x, the omission of short in the body of a word, before m, n, before
straight line, brief form, word beginning in x, word ending in ful, cal and cle.

By this time, the special skills will enhance and motivating through practicing. All the
techniques, methods, and strategies will be discussed.
48
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64
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66
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52

68
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 Anniversary Edition-Gregg Shorthand
Gregg.angelfishy.net

Gregg Shorthand-progressive Exercises 1929 ( with Teacher’s Key)

drew.the csillags.com

Basic Shorthand P 1 boa- Slideshare

www.slideshare.net
anticipate- foresee and deal with an advance

appropriation- an amount of money set aside for a specific purpose.

complimentary -flattering, free

contagious- catching

contagious -catching

contemplate -consider, think of doing

endorsement- approval

enlarged - made bigger

irreparably - permanently damaged

materialize -come into existence, appear

passive- not active

passive - not active or operating

perplexing - baffling

recreational - relating to the refreshment os strength

reputable -held in high esteem

residential -pertaining to the home or residence

resolve -find the answer

tentative - uncertain

timid- lacking in boldness

withdraw- take out

 56

PRE-TEST

Direction:

Read the word and spell-out each letter aloud.

words spell-out
safe s-a-f
save s-a-v
vase v-a-s
see s-e
van v-a-n
safety s-a-f-t-e
stayed s-t-a-d
stone s-t-o-n
mere m-e-r
mail m-a-l
late l-a-t
evening e-v-n-ing
names n-a-m-s
hope h-o-p
1.My wife will take my niece Gail Klien

skating while we are at White Pines.I

will go skating too.

2 We will try to keep our room clean.

3.I do not know why he came so late.

her

said

answer

birth

earn
Dear Passenger: Early in June
members

of our staff made a survey in which

they asked 1,000 passengers of our

railroad if they smoked on

their way to the office or on their

way home in the evening. this survey

by our staff should that merely 100

of them or 10% smoked.

though, those, move, relying
game, white, inside, settle
methods, indeed
heart, arts, helps
share, sheep, insure
jewels, policy, stop
thought, wall, small
all, share, age
author, search,
hurt, these, answer, fill
Direction:Think about what is being asked in each item. Choose your answer written in
the box. Write your answer on the space provided before each number

ancient 1.The word ending in tion is also represented by ish. What word is the best
example of this principle?

national errand ancient

to have 2.T for to in phrases is represented by T when it its followed by a downstroke.

What word is the best example of this principle?

to have toward told

sister 3.ses and sis represented by joining the two forms of s. What word is the best
example of this principle?

sister saves sent

I have been able 4.been in phrases is represented by b. What word is the best
example of this principle?

I have been able sold have been

patient 5.The word ending in cient is represented by ish

fashions operation patient

II.Which word does not belong to the group. Box your answer

1.patient efficient national

national ancient
2.to say to have to pay to apply

3. land planned mind addresses

4.sister faces basis were
5.assured record toward failedfailed
6.sent when
when prevent entire

7.mailed you
you have
have been
been sold old

8.have been had been I Imay

maybe
beable
able it has been

9.failed
failed nations fashions action

10.you
youhave not been
may not been able
able I should be able I may be able
Dear Friend: when it is necessary for
you
to travel 150 miles or
more to a city in which a
meeting is to be held you should not
drive because that is the hard way.
A better way be fair is to
check an airplane from the
Jordan Flying Corporation and
save hours of bussing driving .
Read each group of words. Box the word that does not belong .

1.acted rested put

put
2.cook wood always
always
3.possible terrible full
full
4.receive boy
boy repair
5.boy join men
men
6.mental manner toy
toy
7.year listed
listed yet
8.yarn yard immense
immense
direct year yard men
morning permit special inital
compare commerce connection suite
movement department element obtain
maintain obtainable sound found
now combine accomplishment partial
office initialed initial financial
Longhand

Dear Dr. Fenton: The fact

that there has been an energy shortage for

several years does not mean that

you have to be condemned with

insufficient

writing .You can obtain

very good write simple

installing Winston energy

lamps the finest lamps

today.
Mr. Dex: As you will probably aware

the regular spring meeting of our

newspaper advertising editors is less

than

6 weeks away. I am particularly

anxious to plan ahead so that

we will not run into the perplexing

problems we encountered last

year.
Practice your special skill.

Think one of your favorite songs, then write the lyrics on the left side of the table and
transcribe it on the right side of the table.
After you answered al the pre-test and post-test of this module and learned special skills
in Stenography I ( Fundamentals of Shorthand), what are your learning insights?

If you have done all the requirements in the Stenography I, you can proceed to
Stenography II

Congrats!!
Gregg Shorhand Colleges

Volume One

Authors:

LOUIS A. LESLIE

CHARLES E.ZOUBEK

A.JAMES LEMASTR