General Chemistry 2

Quarter 1- Module 4
Properties of Water (Molecular Structure
and Intermolecular Forces)

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General Chemistry 2 (SHS-STEM)
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Properties of Water (Molecular Structure and Intermolecular
Forces)

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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Marina B. Borbe

Aleli R. Barrameda

Editor/Reviewer: Ronaldo C. Reyes

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Earth is known as the “blue planet” for the reason that water covers about
almost three-fourths of earth surface. Hence, water is the most abundant compound
on the planet.

Water is essential to all life forms; plants need it to carry out food- making
process and even for animals, it is vital for bodily function especially for us humans.
It is used in everyday life like cooking, washing, drinking and flushing.

We view water as a natural solvent that we use in our daily living, but there
are times that it behaves not normal and surprises us. Then, we wanted to discover
the reason behind those amazing things that we encounter about water. As you go
over in this module you will understand why water come up with a particular structure
and how this structure affects its properties. Are you ready to learn? Come, read and
discover!

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

After studying this module, you are expected to explain the properties of water
with its molecular structure and intermolecular forces.

Specifically, you will be able to:

1. describe the molecular structure of water; and

2. relate the properties of water to intermolecular forces that operate among
its molecules.

III.PRE-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and understand the following questions below. Choose
the letter of the best answer.
1. The bond involved in water that gave its unique properties and structure.
A. Ion-Dipole Forces B. Ionic Bond
C. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion Forces

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 2. Which of the following is not a property of water?
I. Can able to dissolves many substances.
II. A nonpolar solvent.
III. Has partially negative and positive charges.

A. I B. II C. III D. None of these

3. What is the strength of the forces of attraction between the particles of water?

A. Strong B. Weak C. Moderate D. Cannot determine

4. How does the bond between the water molecules break?

A. Water becomes ice. B. When ice turned to water.

C. When you pour water to a glass. D. Boiling of water.

5. Which of the following is the freezing point and boiling point of water?

A. -5⁰C and 100⁰C B. 0⁰C and 75⁰C

C. 0⁰C and 100⁰C D. 10⁰C and 150⁰C

Well, how was it? Please check your answer at the answer
key section. If your answers are correct, it will be easy for you
to go over this module but if you got a lower score, don’t feel
bad instead take this module seriously.

Be ready to learn and accomplish the tasks ahead.

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 IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ELICIT

Now let’s begin. Identify the word being described by the four pictures. Write
your answer in the corresponding box.
Who Am I?

Wonderful! You’ve got your brain in gear today. We encounter

water in our daily lives. We cannot live without it. Water can
dissolve many substances as compared to other chemicals,
that’s why it is considered as universal solvent. The polarity of
water has a big role for this.

Let’s discover more about water in the next activities.

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ENGAGE

The Peculiar Water

What makes the water so unique? Let’s know it by doing the activity below.

Direction: Answer the following questions and write your answer in the
corresponding box.

Draw and describe the molecular What kind of Intermolecular force exists
structure of water. between water molecules?

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___

You certainly did well! Knowing the structure and properties of

water its molecular arrangement of three atoms and the forces
exist in these atoms gives its unique properties.

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EXPLORE
Know Me Better
Study the picture and be able to determine the property of water shown in the
picture.

1.

a. Why does water has high boiling point than ethanol?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b. What property of water is shown in the picture?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.

a. Which object will be heated slower? Why?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 b. Which will release heat slower? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c. What property is exhibited by the water?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Ice floats

a. Why does the ice float?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b. How will you describe the molecular structure of water in solid form?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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4.

Why is after sweating you feel cooler?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5.

a. How does colored water change the color of the flower?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 b. What are properties involved in this action?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Good thinking! Based from this activity we observed that these

liquids have different properties and it is affected by the
intermolecular forces of attraction present for each substance.
Let’s find out more about intermolecular forces and its type as
we go on in our discussion.

EXPLAIN
Recognize Me
In order to recognize properties of water better, read the following
explanations on how the intermolecular forces operate between water molecules that
shows its distinctive properties. Answer the following questions in each explanation.

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER

The formation of hydrogen bonds among water molecules causes water to

possess unique properties. These different properties are significant for life on earth.
The following are unique properties of water as a consequence of the hydrogen
bond.

1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room temperature.

Water has a high boiling point because its molecules are bound
together by hydrogen bonding, which is a very strong intermolecular force. It
takes more kinetic energy, or a higher temperature, to break the hydrogen
bonding between water molecules, thus allowing them to escape as steam.

Figure 1. Molecular structure of water that shows the formation of hydrogen bond.

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 Boiling of a liquid involves increasing the kinetic energy of the
molecules by increasing the temperature of the liquid. As the molecules gain
more kinetic energy, they are able to escape the intermolecular forces that
hold them together as a liquid and become gaseous molecules. The amount
of kinetic energy required to break the intermolecular forces increases with
the strength of the intermolecular force involved. Stronger intermolecular
forces require more energy to disrupt, thus resulting in a higher boiling point
for that substance.

Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonding, which is a

very strong intermolecular force. Each water molecule is polar because the
oxygen has a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms have a partial
positive charge. The partial negative charge of one water molecule exerts a
strong attractive force over the partial positive charge of a different water
molecule. In order to boil water, the molecules have to be supplied with a
sufficient amount of kinetic energy to escape the strong hydrogen bonding
between molecules. The temperature must be increased in order to increase
the kinetic energy of the molecules. The presence of the hydrogen bonds thus
elevates the boiling point of water.

https://www.reference.com/science/water-high-boiling-point-
56121ef8b87d95a8https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=water%20molecules%20with%20hydroge
n%20bonds%20images&qs=MM&form=QBIR&sp=2&pq=water%20molecules%20with%20&sk=MM1
&sc=8-21&cvid=BA6CB80DB6FE4C65AECE3125FD53C043&first=1&scenario=ImageBasicHover

How does water molecules disrupt/break the hydrogen bond?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

How does the kinetic energy of the molecules increase?

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2. It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat before it
vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal temperature
variations that can affect the climate.

Water has a high heat capacity because a lot of heat energy is required
to break the hydrogen bonds found in a molecule of water. Because the
majority of heat energy is concentrated on breaking the hydrogen bonds, the
water molecule itself heats up after the bonds are broken.
Once the hydrogen bonds in a water molecule are heated up enough to
break, the additional heat energy can then be imparted to the water molecule
itself. This additional heat energy then vibrates the water molecule, allowing it
to bump into nearby water molecules to distribute the heat energy imparted by
a heat source. However, the process of heat energy distribution is slow, as
the vibrating water molecule must impart sufficient heat energy to break the
hydrogen bonds in the surrounding water molecules. Once the heat source is
removed from the water it cools down, but very slowly.
Just as significant energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds in a
water molecule, significant energy is likewise required to re-form them. Only
when the water molecule achieves a low enough temperature to allow the
hydrogen bonds to re-form does the water molecule release the heat energy.
This process of warming and cooling explains why water slowly heats up and
cools down.
https://www.reference.com/science/water-high-heat-capacity-7937c9c620e6f610

How does heat energy is distributed in the water molecules?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

How does the bond between the water molecules can be renewed?
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 3. It is the only substance that contracts when cooled because of its more
open structure in the solid form. The density of ice is less than liquid
water, hence, it floats on water.

When a liquid is cooled, more and more molecules are brought closer
together and need to be accommodated in a smaller area. This gives
most solids more density than their liquid form. However, in the case of water,
the negatively-charged oxygen atoms repel each other (when brought
together in a smaller space) to prevent the ice from becoming any denser.
This is the reason that density actually decreases as temperature continues to
fall below 4 degrees Celsius.

https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/ice-float-water-solid-density-4-archimedes-principle.html

What happened to the water molecules when it is cooled?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Why does the ice float in water?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a large drop in temperature

during evaporation.

Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules cling to each other

(cohesion) and remain in liquid state under temperatures that are favorable to
plants and other living organisms. Liquid water has a boiling temperature of
100°C and freezes at 0°C at 1 atmospheric pressure. When it boils, the
hydrogen bonds are broken and the molecules separate from each other. But
without these hydrogen bonds, water will boil at temperature of -80°C and
freeze at -100°C (Mader 1993).

The hydrogen-bonding property of water is therefore vital to life,

particularly to plants which generally survive within a temperature range from

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 0 to 50°C. Otherwise, plants will be deprived of liquid water because the water
inside will change to gas even at low temperatures.

In the process of changing 1 gram of liquid water at 0°C to solid form or ice
at 0°C, 80 calories of heat energy is lost. This is the latent heat of fusion of
water. The heat that is given off when water freezes keeps the atmospheric
temperature higher. Likewise, 1 gram of ice at 0°C uses 80 calories of heat
energy to convert to 1 gram of liquid water at 0°C. This is water’s latent heat
of melting.

But a very high quantity of heat energy is needed for evaporation. This
amount of heat is called heat of vaporization. When molecules of water
absorb heat energy, they move fast in water. Eventually, the speed of
movement of some molecules becomes so fast allowing them to overcome
the intermolecular attraction, detach from the multimolecular water, form
bubbles, and leave the water surface in gas state.

Water has latent heat of vaporization of 540 calories per gram, the
amount of heat energy that is necessary to convert 1 g of liquid water at
100°C to steam at 100°C, or 40.71 kJ/mol or about 2,260 kJ/kg water. The
heat energy is used in breaking the hydrogen bonds which hold the molecules
of liquid water together.

This property of water helps to cool down the body of living organisms.
This is called evaporative cooling. In humans, body heat is used to vaporize
sweat; in plants, heat is likewise used in converting liquid water to water vapor
which then escapes into the atmosphere. This natural process of vaporizing
plant water is called transpiration (it is the evaporation of water from plants).

https://www.cropsreview.com/heat-of-.htmlhttps://www.cropsreview.com/transpiration.html

How does the body of the living organisms like human and plants cool down?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the roots
to the top of a very tall tree.

Water molecules want to cling to each other. At the surface, however, there
are fewer water molecules to cling to since there is air above (thus, no water

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molecules). This results in a stronger bond between those molecules that
actually do come in contact with one another, and a layer of strongly bonded
water (see diagram). This surface layer (held together by surface tension)
creates a considerable barrier between the atmosphere and the water. In fact,
other than mercury, water has the greatest surface tension of any liquid.
(Source: Lakes of Missouri)

Surface tension in water owes to the fact that water molecules attract one another, as
each molecule forms a bond with the ones in its vicinity. At the surface, though, the
outmost layer of molecules, has fewer molecules to cling to, therefore compensates by
establishing stronger bonds with its neighbours, this leading to the formation of the
surface tension.

Within a body of a liquid, a molecule will not experience a net force because
the forces by the neighboring molecules all cancel out (diagram). However, for
a molecule on the surface of the liquid, there will be a net inward force since
there will be no attractive force acting from above. This inward net force
causes the molecules on the surface to contract and to resist being stretched
or broken. Thus the surface is under tension, which is probably where the
name "surface tension" came from. (Source: Woodrow Wilson Foundation)

Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on the surface of a fluid,
as long as the object cannot break through and separate the top layer of water
molecules. When an object is on the surface of the fluid, the surface under
tension will behave like an elastic membrane.

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/surface-tension-and-
water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

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 How does the barrier from the atmosphere and water formed?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Why does small abject floats above the surface of the fluid?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

ELABORATE
Can you now recognize me?

Direction: Below are the different properties of water. Match the picture below that
shows the characteristics of the water by writing the letter parallel to it.

A – High boiling point

B – High specific heat

C – Less dense when in solid form

D – High heat of vaporization

E – High surface tension

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1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4.

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EVALUATE

Modified True or False. Write WATER when the statement is correct and if it is
NOT, change the underlined word/s to make it correct.

__________1. Water is a universal solvent.

__________2. The freezing point of water is 273 K.
__________3.The kinetic energy of the particles decreases as the temperature
increases.
__________4. Ice is denser than liquid water.
__________5. The boiling point of water is 100⁰C.
__________6. Water has high heat of vaporization due to covalent bond.
__________7. The molecules of the water loosen when cooled.
__________8. Water required less amount of energy to be heated.
__________9. Water has low surface tension that causes for the small object to
float.
__________10. Stronger intermolecular forces require high amount of energy to
break.

Congratulations for a job well done!!! We hope you learned a

lot about the structure and properties of water.

POST TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and understand the following questions. Choose the
letter of the best answer.

1. Why does water slowly heats up and cool down?

A. Because it receive small amount of heat from a source.
B. Because it requires significant energy to break the hydrogen bond or
reform it.
C. Because the water does not absorb heat energy.
D. All of the above.

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 2. Why is it that ice is less dense than water?
A. Less amount of temperature for the water molecules brought to be closer.
B. The ice melt easily and the bond between the molecules break.
C. The negative-charged oxygen atoms repel each other.
D. The hydrogen atom in a molecule attracts the oxygen atom in another
molecule.

3. Which of the following are the properties of water?

A. High boiling point, low specific heat, low heat of vaporization, high surface
tension and low dense when turned into ice.
B. Low boiling point, high specific heat, low heat of vaporization, high surface
tension and denser when turned into ice.
C. Low boiling point, low specific heat, low heat of vaporization, low surface
tension and denser when turned into ice.
D. High boiling point, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, high
surface tension and low dense when turned into ice.

4.Which does NOT illustrate surface tension of water?

A. Walking on water B. Floating a needle
C. Sinking of a coin in a glass of water D. Washing with cold water

5. What property of water is illustrated when our body feels cool when we perspire?
A. Heat of vaporization B. Boiling point
C. Specific heat D. Surface tension

Please check your answer at the answer key at the back. I

hope you got a perfect score by this time. But if you still have
some errors you may read the module again until you got the
concept right.

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 IV. VOCABULARY LIST

1. Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor.

2. Density is mass of a unit volume of a material substance.

3. Heat of vaporization is a very high quantity of heat energy is needed for

evaporation.

4. Kinetic Energy is energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion.

5.Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius.

6.Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the

minimum surface area possible.

V. KEY CONCEPTS

The following are the unique properties of water as a consequence of the

hydrogen bond:
 It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room temperature.
 It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat before it
vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal temperature
variations that can affect the climate.
 It is the only substance that contracts when cooled because of its more
open structure in the solid form. The density of ice is less than liquid
water; hence, it floats on water.
 It has high heat vaporization. This causes a large drop in temperature
during evaporation.
 It has high surface tension. This allows water to move from the roots to
the top of a very tall tree.

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 ANSWER KEY
PRE-TEST

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
ELICIT

Water

ENGAGE

1. Draw and describe the molecular structure of water.

2. What kind of Intermolecular force exists between water molecules?

Ans. Hydrogen bond

EXPLORE

1.a. The forces of attraction of water molecules is stronger than the forces of attraction
exhibited by the alcohol.
1.b. High boiling point
2.a. Water. Because it requires high energy to break the bond.
2.b. Water. Because it also requires significant energy for the water molecules to release
and reform the bond.
2.b. High specific heat.
3.a. Ice is less dense in water.
3.b. Water has open structure due to the repulsion of the negatively-charged oxygen atoms.
4. The fluid in our body when we are sweating evaporates quickly and cool the body rapidly.
5. a. There is a force binding a liquid together and a force that binds the liquid to
another surface, just like the steam that sucks up water.
5.b. High surface tension

EXPLAIN

1. By increasing temperature or heat energy.

2. KE will be increased by increasing the temperature which to the escape in IMFA.

3. When the water molecules are heated enough to break its bond the additional heat energy
will be shared to other water molecules and collide to others for the heat energy from a heat
source be distributed.

21
4. By lowering the temperature.

5. The water molecules contracts.

6. Because ice has open structure due to repulsion of negative-charged oxygen atoms.

7. Water can evaporate, so, for human the body heat is used to vaporized sweat and for
plants heat is also used to convert liquid water to water vapor that goes to the atmosphere.

8. The water molecules come in contact with each other that causes for the surface layer to
be created.

9. Due to the surface tension.

EVALUATION

1. Water
2. Water
3. Increases
4. Less dense
5. Water
6. Hydrogen
7. Contracts
8. Large
9. High
10. Water

POST-TEST

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. A

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 REFERENCES
BOOKS

Ayson, Marissa F. et al., General Chemistry 2 Textbook. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.,
2016.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2. Commission on Higher
Education, 2016.

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