DATABASE

SYSTEM

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 DATA VS. INFORMATION
DATA INFORMATION
 Refers to facts  Is data that have
concerning things been processed
such as people, and presented in a
objects, or events. form suitable for
human
interpretation,
often with purpose
of revealing trends
or patterns.
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 HIERARCHY OF DATA
 Characters – also known as bytes,
which is the basic building block of
information.
ex. 1000110 (letter F in ASCII)
 Fields – is typically a name, number,
or a combination of characters that
in some way describes an aspect of a
business object or activity.
ex. Fiske (last name field)

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 HIERARCHY OF DATA
 Records – is a collection of related
fields.
ex. 098-40-1370 Fiske, Steven 1-5-85
(record containing SSN, last & first name,
and date hired)
 Files
– is a collection of related
records.
ex. 098-40-1370 Fiske, Steven 1-5-85
549-77-1001 Bucklee, Bill 2-17-79
005-10-6321 Johns, France 10-7-65
(personnel file)
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 HIERARCHY OF DATA
 Database

- is the highest level of the

hierarchy.
- is a collection of integrated and
related files.
ex. Personnel File
Department File
Payroll File
(project database) 5
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
INFORMATION
 Accurate – error free information.
 Complete – must contain all of the
important facts.
 Flexible – the information can be used for
a variety of purposes.
 Reliable – can be depended on.
 Timely – the information is delivered when
it is needed.
 Simple
 Economical

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 TRADITIONAL VS. DATABASE
APPROACH TO HANDLE DATA
TRADITIONAL DATABASE
- A data - A shared collection
management of logically related
approach in which data (and a
separate data files description of this
are created and data), designed to
stored for each meet the
application information needs
problem and for of an organization.
each particular
application, one or
more data files are
created. 7
 DISADVANTAGES OF
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
 Uncontrolled Redundancy
 Inconsistent Data

 Inflexibility

 Limited Data Sharing

 Poor Enforcement of Standards

 Excessive Program Maintenance

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 DATA MANAGEMENT
 Entities– is a distinct object (a
person, place or thing, concept or
event) in the organization that is to
be represented in the database.
 Attribute – is a characteristic of an
entity.
 Relationship – is an association
between several entities.

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 COMPONENTS OF THE
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
 Database
 DBMS
 CASE Tools
 Repository
 Application Programs
 User Interface
 Data Administrators
 System Developers
 End Users
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 TWO TYPES OF DATABASES
1. CENTRALIZED DATABASES
 Have all data located at a single
site.
 Allow remote sites to access the
database by using communications
equipment (modems, fibre optic
cable, satellite).
 Provide a great deal of control over
accessing and updating data.
 Depend on the availability of data
at the central site. 11
CENTRALIZED DATABASE

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Types of Centralized Database
 Personal Computer

 Central Database

 Client Server Dbase

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 TWO TYPES OF DATABASES
2. DISTRIBUTED DATABASES
 Are single logical databases that are
spread physically across computers
in multiple locations.

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 Advantages of Distributed
Database
1. Increased independence of data (data is
not dependent on the applications that
use it).
2. Allow increased flexibility in that different
computers may run the same or different
application programs and hold different
data. Therefore they can be tailored to
an organization’s needs.
3. Optimally need similar O.S. and
compatible DBMS.
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 Disadvantages of Distributed
Database
1. Are more difficult to administer.
2. Are complex to design and more
expensive to implement that
centralized systems.
3. Provide a greater security risk than
centralized systems.

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 TYPES OF DATABASES
Note:
Centralized databases provide
greater control over accessing and
updating data than distributed
databases, but they are more
vulnerable to failure since they
depend on the availability of the
resources at the central site.

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WHAT IS A DATABASE SYSTEM?
 It is a computerized system whose
overall purpose is to maintain
information and make that
information available on demand.
Examples:
 Computerized record-keeping system
 Electronic filing cabinet
 Repository for a collection of
computerized data files
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OVERALL SYSTEM STRUCTURE
 Filemanager
 Database manager

 Query processor

 DML pre-compiler

 DDL compiler

 Data files

 Data dictionary

 Indices
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SYSTEM STRUCTURE

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DBMS

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 USING A DBMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- Is a program or collection of
programs whose function is to
manage a database on behalf of the
people who use it. It greatly
simplifies the task of manipulating
and using a database.
- Is a software embodying a data
model.

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 DBMS FACILITIES
 It allows users to define the
database, usually through a Data
Definition Language (DDL). The DDL
allows users to specify the data
types and structures, and the
constraints on the data to be stored
in the database.

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 DBMS FACILITIES
 It allows users to insert, update,
delete and retrieve data from the
database, usually through a Data
Manipulation Language (DML). There
are two types of DML, procedural
and non-procedural. The main
difference between them is that
procedural typically manipulate the
database record by record, while
non-procedural operate on sets of
records. 24
 DBMS FACILITIES
 It provides controlled access to the
database. It may provide:
 A security system, which prevents
unauthorized users from accessing
the database;
 An integrity system, which maintains
the consistency of stored data;
 A concurrency control system, which
allows shared access of the
database.
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 DBMS REQUIREMENTS
 Design and implementation of
standards and procedures.
 Implementation of security
guidelines and standards in using
database.
 Financial commitment to train and
develop personnel to use it
effectively and efficiently.

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 Components of the DBMS
Environment
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. People

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 Components of the DBMS
Environment
1. Hardware
 The DBMS and the applications
require hardware to run.
 The hardware can range from a
single personal computer, to a
single mainframe, to a network of
computers.
 The particular hardware depends on
the organization’s requirements and
the DBMS used. 28
 Components of the DBMS
Environment
2. Software
 The software component comprises
the DBMS software itself and the
application programs, together with
the operating system, including
network software if the DBMS is
being used over a network.

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 Components of the DBMS
Environment
3. Data
 Data acts as a bridge between the
machine components and the
human components.
 The database contains both the
operational data and the meta-data,
the “data about data”.
 The structure of the database is
called the schema.
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 Components of the DBMS
Environment
4. Procedures
 Refer to the instructions and rules
that govern the design and use of
the database.
 The users of the system and the
staff that manage the database
require documented procedures on
how to use or run the system.

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 Components of the DBMS
Environment
5. People
 Four distinct types of people that
participate in the DBMS:
 Data and Database Administrators
 Database Designers
 Application Programmers
 End-users

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 Data and Database
Administrators
 Roles generally associated with the
management and control of a DBMS
and its data.
 Data Administrator (DA) is
responsible for the management of
the data resource including database
planning, development and
maintenance of standards, policies
and procedures, and
conceptual/logical database design.
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 Data and Database
Administrators
 Database Administrator (DBA) is
responsible for the physical
realization of the database, including
physical database design and
implementation, security and
integrity control, maintenance of the
operational system, and ensuring
satisfactory performance for the
applications and users.

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 Database Designers
 Logical Database Designer is
concerned with identifying the data
(that is, the entities and attributes),
the relationships between the data,
and the constraints on the data that
is to be stored in the database.
 Physical Database Designer takes
the logical data model and decides
how it is to be physically realized.
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 Application Programmers
 Provides the required functionality
for the end-users.
 Typically, the application
programmers work from a
specification produced by systems
analysts.

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 End-Users
 Are the ‘clients’ for the database.
 End-users can be classified according
to the way they use the system:
1. Naïve users are typically unaware
of the DBMS.
2. Sophisticated users are familiar
with the structure of the database
and the facilities offered by the
DBMS.
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 ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount
of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
 Balance of conflicting requirements

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 ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services

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 DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Complexity
 Size
 Vulnerability
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion (compatibility)
 Locking in of technology
 Training costs
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure
 Lack of lower level control 40
 FUNCTIONS OF DBMS
1. Data Definition
2. Data Manipulation
3. Data Security and Integrity
4. Data Recovery and Integrity
5. Data Dictionary

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 THE END

THANK YOU AND GOODLUCK



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