1A

1) Topography:
Topography is a configuration of a land surface including its relief and contours, the distribution of mountains and
valleys, the patterns of rivers, and all other natural features that produce the landscape.
2) Location:
Bangladesh is a transitional zone between southwest and south-eat Asia.
Bengal forms the capstone of an arch by the Bay of Bengal
As Tibetan massive is to the north, it is a comparatively narrow bridge between the subcontinent of India and the
subcontinent of Asia.
Bangladesh stretches latitudinal between20 ⁰ 34’ N and 26 ⁰ 33’ N and longitudinal 88 ⁰ 01’ E and 92⁰ 41’ E.
3) Boundary:
It is bounded by India on the West Bengal in the West, on the North by Meghalaya and Assam, on the northeast by
Tripura and Mizoram, in
South Bay of Bengal and in southeast Myanmar

There are 3 Physiographical structure

1. Tertiary Hill- Sylhet, Chittagong
2. Upland or Pleistocene Terrace-Rajshahi, Dhaka, Comilla
3. Flood Plain
1. Tertiary hill
Formed with the formation of Himalaya mountain
Location: Southeast of Chittagong and northeast of Sylhet, Hilly areas of north and northwest
Height- between 600 and 900 m above sea level, 36 m width
Characteristics: Narrow ridges, parallel to the shoreline
a. Low hill ranges-
Location- Chittagong region
 Characteristics- unconsolidated sandstone and shale. Areas are strongly dissected with a short steep slopes,
the topography is strongly eroded, rounded, valleys are curved, isolated hillocks are common
Height-less than 300 m above sea level
Famous- Sitakundu peak, several hot springs are there, Karnaphuli river
b. High hill ranges:
Location: Chittagong, Bandarban
Height: 300-1000 m above sea level
Characteristics: Consolidated shales, siltstone, and sandstone, hogback ridges, which rise steeply, and extend
in long narrow ridges. a huge network of trellis and dendritic drainage
Famous- Keoakradong(1230m), Bijoy Tajing Dong(1231 m). Rivers- karnaphuli, Sangu, Matamuhuri, Feni

2. Upland/ Pleistocene Terrace:

Undersea feature, 10% of Bangladesh

25000 years ago, 15 m height
Sediments are deeply weathered and strongly oxidized

a. Barind Tract:
Location: Mid and lowest western part of Rajshahi between Ganges and Brahmaputra
Characteristics: small plateau with flat and undulating surface
R- Reddish, Y- Yellowish, M-Mottled clay, D- Dendritic pattern
b. Madhupur Tract:
Location: Central part pf Bangladesh, greater Dhaka, Mymensingh district between the course of old
Brahmaputra and Jamuna
Characteristics- R- Reddish, M- Mottled Clay,
valleys are flat and cultivated • Madhupur Jungle with Shal trees
c. Tippera Surface:
Location- Between Meghna flood plain and the Tripura hills/Comilla
Characteristics: R- Reddish, M-Mottled clay, D- Dendritic pattern, slightly undulating, height- 6-50 m
3. Flood plain:
90% of Bangladesh is covered by flood plain formed by different rivers
There are 15 subunits
Deltaic Plain:
Development of Ganges- Brahmaputra delta started 125 million years ago with a continuous process
Ganges and Brahmaputra together with a non-Himalayan river Meghna have built one of the largest Delta
Bengal Delta
60% of the total Bangladesh coastline is the formation of these rivers
Coastal Plain:
Last 200 years this type of land formation is going on due to deposition in coastal areas
 Mangrove plants are there
PH varies between-7.5 between 8.2, salinity is there

1-B

Drainage system:
Where the main rivers are connected with its tributaries and distributaries and are re divided, meet one another
again meet on the mouth of Bay of Bengal is known as drainage system.
There are five main river system

1. Brahmaputra-Jamuna river system:

One of the largest river in the world
Origin- Himalaya mountain
Entrance: Dinajpur
Importance: Braided nature, forming sandbar, shifting sub channel
Length- 280 km, width-280 to 550m
How did it shift course? Due to the severe earthquake in 1782 near Mymensingh region
2. The Ganges-Padma river:
Origin- India
Entrance: Rajshahi
Importance: Hydrodynamic role, navigation
Length- 120 km, width-4 to 8 km
3. Surma-Meghna river system:
Origin- Shillong, and Meghalaya of India
Entrance: Ajmiriganj of Sylhet
Importance: one of the broadest rivers and largest estuary
4. Tista river:
Origin: Chitamu lake in Sikim Himalaya
Entrance: Kharibari border of Nilphamari district
Importance: river port
Length-315 km
5. Karnaphuli river-
Origin-Lusai hill in the Mizoram state of India
Entrance- Chittagong Hill tracts
Length-180 km
Importance: HEP station, navigation

Meander: It means ‘S-shaped appearance of the river with the alternating bend of erosion and deposition.

Oxbow lake: It is a crescent-shaped lake with the formation of a matured meander on the mouth of a river.

Flood plain: It is a wide area of flat, low-lying land at the side of a river channel formed by the downstream migration of
meander and its deposition.

Braided Stream: It has multiple channels separated from each other by the bar. The main channel is divided into several
channels which meet once, re-divide, and again meet each other.

Delta: It is a low lying area of triangle-shaped land formed at the mouth of a river where the stream loses its velocity and
drop parts of its sediment load