Class: X

Subject: Geography
Ch. 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

“The production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is
called manufacturing.

1. What is manufacturing?

Importance of Manufacturing:

The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries, manufacturing
sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular because-
1. Manufacturing industries helps in modernizing agriculture
2. They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
3. Industrialization is the key to eradication of poverty and unemployment. It also promotes balanced regional
development.
4. Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce, and bring in much needed foreign exchange. 5.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are
prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as
possible.
6. It reduces regional diversities by opening up industries in backward regions.
Possible Questions:

2. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries in the process of economic growth.

3. “The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of manufacturing
industries” – Justify the statement by giving few suitable examples.

Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other.

Ans. Agriculture and industry both depend on each other:
1. Agriculture supplies raw material for the manufacturing industries. Shortage of these raw materials can spell
doom for the industry.
2. Agriculture gets its basic inputs form the manufacturing industries.
3. Agriculture offers a big market for industrial products, fertilizers, water pumps, tractors, farm equipment etc.
In short agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they more hand in hand.

Possible Questions:

4. “ Agriculture and Industry go hand in Hand “ – justify the statement

5. How are industries contributing to the d3evelopment of agriculture?

Classification of Industries:
1. On the basis of raw material used role: Agro based industry and Mineral based industry.
2. On the basis of their main role: Basic and Key industry and consumer.

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 3. On the basis of capital investment -Small Scale industry and Large Scale industry.
4. On the basis of owner ship: Public, private, Join sector, Cooperative sector.
5. On the basis of bulk of raw material and finished products: Heavy and light industries.

Factors affecting the Localization of the industries:

1. Availability of raw material- One of the vital factor that determine the location of the industries.
Industries tend to localized to the close proximity of raw material available.
2. Power supply – Uninterrupted power supply is very much required for the growth and localization of
industries.
3. Transport and communication network- The area that have well developed network of Transport
network also attract industrial growth.
4. Cheap abundant labour- The areas that have cheap and abundant labour help in the localization of
industries.
5. Accessible Market –Easy and accessible market is one of the vital factor for growth and development of
the industries.

Possible Questions:
6. Explain the factors that determine the localization of industries?

Unique position of Textile Industries:”

Localization of cotton Textile industries in Gujarat and Maharashtra belt
1. Availability of raw material- Close proximity to cotton growing areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra
contributed to the development of cotton textile industries in this region.
2. Labour- Cheap and abundant labours are also available from the neighbouring states of Gujarat and
Mahashtra.
3. Transport- Well developed means of Transport enables the connectivity between cotton growing area to
the industries and further to the market. Mumbai port enables quick exports of cotton to different parts
of the world.
4. Humid Climate- Hot and humid climate also contributed to the development of cotton textile industry in
this region as humid climate is favorable for making yearns.
5. Market: Mumbai also provide easy and accessible market for growing cotton textile industries.

Challenges faced by cotton textile industries of India:

1. Our weaving and knitting sectors are unable to use high quality yarn produced in our country.
2. There are some large and modern industries but most of the production is fragmented in small units
that cater the need of local markets and so production is restricted.
3. Irregular power supply.
4. Machineries are old and out dated so need to be upgraded.
5. Low efficiency of labour as they are mostly not properly skilled.
Possible Questions:

6. Why the cotton textile industry are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
7. Discuss the challenges faced by the cotton textile industries of India.

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Localization of Jute Textile industries in Hugli basin
1. The proximity of the jute producing areas.
2.
Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to
facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
3.
Abundant water for processing raw jute.
4. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
5. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
6. The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small and marginal farmers
who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. Many more people are associated indirectly.
7. Challenges faced by the Jute industry include:
1. stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
2. Competition from other competitor like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
8. Steps taken: In 2005, National Jute policy was formulated with the objective of
1. Increasing productivity,
2. Improving quality,
3. Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
4. And enhancing the yield per hectare.

Possible Questions:

7. Why are Jute textile industries concentrated in Hugli region?

8. How many workers and farmers are supported by the Jute industry? What are the challenges
before the industry and what are the steps being taken to face them
9. When was National Jute policy implemented? Give four objectives of it.

Sugar Industries:
1. Sugar is weight losing crop and a perishable commodity.
2. It cannot be stored for long and needed to be crushed within short period of time.
3. It cannot be transported for long distances as the cost of transportation is high and with time
sucrose content reduces.
4. About 50 % of the sugar industries are located in UP and presently shifting in Maharashtra.

Sugar industries are shifting to Southern states of India:

1. Southern states have long growing season for because of suitable climate. The rainfall is less and
use of irrigation when needed.
2. Because of cool climate the southern states the crushing period is long.
3. These industries are relatively new in the southern states and have better technology.

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 4. Well-developed farmers cooperatives have played a major role in promoting sugar industries in
South India.
5. Seasonal labours are easily available in South India.

Challenges faced by Sugar industries of India:

1. Seasonal nature of the industries which provide employment in particular season and does not provide
regular income to the labourer and the owners.
2. Old and inefficient method of production as most of the industries are very old.
3. Transport delay in reaching the canes to the industries. In most of the rural India the mode of transport is
bullock cart and roads are unmetalled so cause delay in reaching the canes to the industries.
4. Need of maximizing the use of bagasse.

Possible Questions:

10. Why are Sugar industries showing a tendency to shift towards southern states?
11. What are the challenges faced by the Sugar industries of India?

Iron and Steel Industries in India

Distinguish between Mini steel plant and integrated steel plant:

Integrated Steel plant Mini steel plant
Large in size Small in size
Use blast furnace Use electric furnace
Use iron ore as the raw material Use steel scrap and sponge iron as the raw
material
There are only 10 integrated steel plants. They are numerous in number.
They produce high grade steel They produce mild and alloy steel

1. Availability of raw material: Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4:2:1 all these minerals are available in the chotanagpur region.
2. Cheap labour: High population concentration from West Bengal Bihar provides large number of labour to
work in these industries.
3. Means of transport: Well developed means of transport helps raw material to reach factories and finished
goods to reach markets.
4. Port Facilities: Situated near Kolkata port, therefore, convenient for trade in international market and
domestic market.
5. Power Supply : Regular supply of Thermal power due to presence of coal from Jharia and Raniganj and
hydel power because of number of river valley protects makes it possible to set up iron steel industries in this
area.

12. Why has the chotanagpur plateau region maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?

Challenges faced by the iron and steel industries of India:

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 1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal. Bituminous coal is a metallurgical coal used in smelting
iron ore in blast furnaces. India possesses limited supply of high grade bituminous coal which increases
the cost of melting iron ore.
2. It’s a technology intensive industry. Technology upgradation is slow in India. Thus the productivity of
labour is low.
3. It is an energy intensive industry. Energy generated a still not sufficient to meet power requirement of
industry .Frequent power cuts and shutdown hinder production.
4. Its finished product is heavy and bulky. It requires an efficient transport network.

13. Explain the challenges faced by the Iron and steel industry of India.

Aluminium smelting industry:

1. It is the second most metallurgical industry of India and obtained from Bauxite.
2. It is light resistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat and it is malleable.
3. Aluminium is accepted as the substitute of steel, copper Zinc etc.
4. There are 8 aluminium plants located in Orissa, West Bengal Kerala and Uttar Pradesh.

Chemical Industry:
1. It contributes 4% of GDP
2. Comprises of both large and small scale industries.
3. Inorganic chemical include Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash, and caustic soda. And these
industries are widely spaced.
4. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, used in making of synthetic fibre ,drugs, pharmaceuticals etc.
These are located near oil refineries.
5. Basic chemical are processed to be used as raw materials for other chemical industries used by industrial
sector and agriculture.

Fertilizer Industries:
1. India produces Nitrogenous fertilizers ( Urea) , Phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium.
2. India is third largest producers of nitrogenous fertilizers but lack in potash.
3. There are 57 fertilizers units under public and cooperative sector.
4. Hazira in Gujarat is under cooperative sector. It is managed by Fertilizers corporation of India
5. Green revolution has led to increased demand for chemical fertilizers.

Cement Industry:
The first cement plant was setup in 1904 at Chennai.
Cement industry has expanded very fast during the last five decades due to the following factors:
1. It is a raw material-oriented industry. India possesses large stocks of limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
2. Technologies breakthroughs in cement production have become easily accessible.
3. Demand for cement has been continuously increasing.

14. Where was the first cement plant setup in India? What is the reason for the fast expansion of
cement industry in India?

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Automobile Industries:

1. Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers.
2. After the liberalization, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated and demand for vehicles in
the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers?
3. Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global development. 4.
The main centers of automobile industries are located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

15. Why are automobile industries growing very fast in India?

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:

1. Air pollution-
• Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick, kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burring
of fossils fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
• Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kils, refineries, melting plants cause major
pollution.
• Emitted materials from chimney include both solid and liquid particles which get absorbed in the
atmosphere.
• It adversely affect human life, plant and animal.

2. Water pollution
• it is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and effluents discharged into rivers.
• The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dying, petroleum refineries that let
out dyes, detergents, acids salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury into the water bodies.
• Electroplating industries release dyes, detergents and heavy metal like lead, mercury which is deposited
into river water.
• It cause stomach and skin diseases, and pollutes the environment.
3. Noise Pollution- Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and constructional
activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills.

Possible Questions:

16. What are the factors responsible for environmental pollution in India?

. Steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries are following:-

i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.

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iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial
effluents can be done in three phases:
a) Primary treatment: through mechanical processes involving screening grinding flocculation and
sedimentation.
b) Secondary Treatment: Treatment of water using biological processes.
c) Tertiary Treatment : Tertiary treatment through biological, chemical and physical processes so as to recycle
waste water.

Other methods to control environmental degradation:

1. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic
preceptors, fabric fitters, scrubbers and inertial separators smoke can be reduced by sing oil or gas instead
of coal in factories.
2. Machinery and equipment can be sued and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all
machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduced noise. Noise absorbing material
may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Possible Questions:

17. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries.