American and Japanese Era
Urban Cleansing and the New Tropical
Treaty of Paris - December 10, 1898
20 million
The first Philippine Republic
o Malolos Republic
o January 21, 1899
Philippine- American War
 February 1899-April 1902
American Model and
planned an entire battery of infrastructure
1. Military Controls
2. Public Health
3. Education
4. Commerce
Colonial Mission Revival and Monumental
American Neoclassicism - Official Style
Mission Revival- Ar.Edgar K. Bourne,
William E. Parsons , Daniel H.Burnham
FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS
1. Construction of Forts and Camps
 Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang
Bato in Angeles City, 1902
 Fort William McKinley – Province of
Rizal, East of Manila, 1902
 Camp Wallace – Poro Point, La
Union,1903
 Camp John Hay – Baguio, 1905
 Warwick Barracks– Cebu, 1899
 Camp McGrath– Batangas
 Camp Eldridge – Los Banos
 Camp Wilhelm – Lucena, Quezon
 Camp Daraga – Legaspi, Albay
2.
Hygiene
o September 12, 1900 -1 Million USD
budget for the construction of roads
and bridges.
o 1902 - way of the pail system of
“cubeta”
o 1913 at Calle Lipa in the district of
Sampaloc- first public bath and laundry
3. Tsalet: The Healthy Housing Alternative
o Alternative to Bahay na Bato
o 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up
plans for sanitary habitations using
tsalet prototype.
o Philippine Act no. 1838 sanctioned
banishment of Nipa roof
o Tabique - Cement floor and wall slabs,
were implanted with sawali or woven
bamboo
4. Urban Facilities
 Street Lights
 American electric street-railway
service Sewer System
 City Water Supply
 Modern Public Market Buildings
o Anda Market, Intramuros
o Aranque Market, Sta. Cruz
o Herran Market, Paco
o Quinta Market, Quiapo
o Sta Ana Market
o Pandacan Market
o Divisoria Market
 Ports
 Canals
 Bridges
MASTER BUILDERS DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER  Six-week mission to survey Manila and

Baguio
 The First American architectural
 City Beautiful Movement:
Historian to Survey Philippine
 Civic core, Wide radial avenue,
architecture
Landscape promenades and Visually
 “The architecture of the Philippines and
arresting panorama
of the Spanish of West Indies is a great
 Master Plan of Manila
deal better being Spanish than it
 based on City Beautiful Movement and
would…had it been of the United
 Style of NEO-CLASSISIM and
States.”
PALADIANISM of US Capitol
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE  Master Plan of Baguio
- Health Resort of Americans
 The Insular Architect
- Medical Scholars coined a term for
 Architect reared in the style of eclectic
“tropical depression”
revivalism
- Summer Capital of the Philippines on
Works: June 1, 1903
- “American Stick Style Homes” by Edgar
 Bureau of Science Building 1901 Bourne in Baguio
 Mission Revival style with two flanking
mirador towers, extended pediments, William Edward Parsons
precast ornaments
 Nicknamed “Caminero” or “Road
 Insular Ice plant and Cold storage, 1902
builder”
 First massive building by the Americans
 Introduced the building technology
 Brick-clad façade
“Kahn Structural System”
 The largest structure of the period to
 Responsible for Public Buildings for Civil
sustain the absence of cold for
services, Health services, Education &
Americans
Transportation Facility
 Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital, San
 Planning with the use of modularized
Lazaro Hygienic Morgue with a
system
crematory.
 Theory of Styles: Buildings with
 Bilibid Prison Hospital
Neoclassic rendition Large with Capiz
 Manila City Hall
windows extended to the floor and
- Made of imported materials, Californian
arcaded or colonnade.
Red Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine
wooden floor and with Concrete footing Works:
 Customs House, 1903
 Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and  Albay Provincial Capitol
John,1905  Laguna Provincial Capitol
- 1st modern church in Concrete  Capiz Provincial Capitol
- Steel truss dome  Iloilo Provincial Capitol
o In 1903 Bureau of Architecture and  Marinduque Provincial Capitol
 Pampanga Provincial Capitol
Construction became Bureau of Public
 Davao Municipal Building
Works
  Paco Rail Station
- based on York Penn Station
 Paco Public Market
 Philippine Normal University
 Philippine Normal University –
Dormitory
 Philippine General Hospital
 University of the Philippines-
University Hall
 University of the Philippines- Manila
Rizal Hall
 Army Navy Club
 Elks Club
 Manila Club
 YMCA Building
 Manila Hotel
- Telephone, air-condition and Lifts
(Elevator) were introduced in Manila
Hotel
 Gabaldon Type Schools
- Isauro Gabaldon, wrote the “Gabaldon
Law” or Act No. 1801 which provided
the funding for the building of modern
public schools in the country between
1907 and 1915 with a budget of P1
million
George Fenhagen
 Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol
Building in Manila
 Masonic Temple- One of the1st multi
storey concrete buildings in the
Philippines
Ralph Doane
 Took full charge as Consulting Architect
 Capitols Buildings, composed of court
house, jail, garage, storeroom, hospital
and residence of Provincial Governor
and Provincial Treasurer
Works:
 Pangasinan Provincial Capitol
 Leyte Provincial Capitol
 Legislative building
- intended for National Library of the
Philippines
 Malacañang Executive House
- On May 27, 1936, President Manuel L.
Quezon gave instructions for the
installation of an air-conditioning
system in Malacañang Palace.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE BUREAU OF
PUBLIC WORKS
 Pensionado Program – In 1903, the
insular government has launch a
scholarship program that allowed
Filipino students to pursue university
education in the United States.
 American Government scholarship for
the Filipinos.
“PENSIONADOS BATCH 1”
Carlos A. Baretto
 The first recipient of the scholarship for
Architecture in Drexel Institute of
Philadelphia
 First Filipino architect with an academic
degree from abroad.
 Became the pioneering staff of the
Division of Architecture
Antonio Mañalac Toledo
 Graduated from Ohio State University in
1910
 William Parson’s Draftsman
 Master of Classist Style
Works:
 Philippine Normal University –
Women’s Dormitory – Collaborated
with Parsons
 Manila City Hall
 Agrifina Circle: Old Department of
Agriculture & Finance -Tourism Building
 MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE
  UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,
CALDERON HALL
 CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
Tomas B. Mapua
 Cornell University
 First Registered Architect in the
Philippines
 Founder of MIT
 First Chairperson of the Board of
Examiners for Architects in the
Philippines
Works:
 Philippine General Hospital, Nurses
Home
 De La Salle University Manila
 Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar
University
 Pier 7, Manila
 Mapua Institute of Technology
Juan De Guzman Arellano
 Brother of Arcadio Arellano
 Drexel Institute 1911
 University of Pennsylvania, Graduate
School
 Beaux Arts School of New York
 Vernacular Classist & Modernist
Works:
 Banco Español de Filipinas de Reyna
Isabela or Bank of the Philippine
Islands (outside the walls)
 Legislative Building (National Congress
and Senate of the Philippines)
 Jones Bridge (Former Puente de
España)
 Central Post Office, Manila
 University of the Philippines, Villamor
Hall, College of Conservatory of Music
and Fine Arts
 University of the Philippines Diliman,
Benitez Hall College Of Education
 University of the Philippines Diliman,
Malcolm Hall College of Law
 Metropolitan Theater Manila
 Rizal Memorial Stadium (1st Stadium in
Asia)
 Negros Provincial Capitol
Arcadio De Guzman Arellano
 Maestro de Obras
 Established the 1st surveying office
 1st Filipino employed by the Americans’
adviser
Works:
 Gota de Leche
 Mausoleum of the Veterans
 Ariston Bautista House
 Casino Español de Manila
 Salvador Araneta and Victoria López
Residence
Tomas Fernandez Arguelles
 Advocate of the enforcement of
Building Code of Manila.
 Manila City councilor
Works:
 Heacock Building – one of the 1st
department store in the Philippines
 Elizalde and Co. Building
Architecture Schools and Professional
Organizations in the Philippines
 1890- Escuella Practica y Profesional de
Artes y Oficios de Manila, established
by Spanish Government the First school
for Maestro de Obras or Master Builder
 1900- Liceo de Manila, First Private
school for Maestro de Obras
 1902- Academia de Arquiteqtura y
Agremensura de Filipinas (AAAF)
 the first professional organization of
architects, engineers and surveyors in
the Philippines, offered a four year
 course in civil engineering and
architecture founded by Carlos
Alejandro Barretto.
 1921, the First Engineering and
Architecture Act No. 2895 was passed
by Philippine Assembly, licensure
examination, board exam for
engineering and architecture.
 THOMAS MAPUA – The 1st Registered
Architect in the Philippines
 1925, MIT was the 1st Architectural
School
 Rev. Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P. opened the
UST College of Architecture and Fine
Arts in 1930. Ruaño was the designer of
the 1st earthquake shock resistant
building in Asia.
 1941 – Adamson University opened its
architecture program
 1946 – Cebu Institute of Technology
 1953 – Mindanao Colleges
 1933-The Philippine Architects Society
was established (PAS), the first
architectural organization in the
Philippines undertaking were drafting
its own constitution and By Laws, the
Rules of charges and Professional fees,
and canon of ethics of the Society. Juan
Nakpil the First President
 changed the name to the Philippine
Institute of Architects and Planners
(PIAP) then to the present Philippine
Institute of Architects (PIA).
PENSIONADOS BATCH 2
 Trained in American universities and
had traveled extensively to Europe,
exposing themselves to a new style that
quickly swept the western hemisphere
– the Art Deco
 Returned to Philippines armed with the
new aesthetics from Euro-America.
Andres Luna de San Pedro
 Most Senior in the Group
 University of Pennsylvania, 1921
 Revivalist Style
 Introduced new architectural forms by
incorporating modern and exotic design
motifs
 Son of painter Juan Luna
Works:
 Legarda Elementary School
 Perez-Samanillo Building (First-United
Building)
 Regina Building
 Perez-Samanillo Building & Regina
Building
 The Crystal Arcade – First Air-
conditioned Mall
 The Alfonso Zobel Mansion
 Insular Life Building
 Plaza Cervantes
 Saint Cecilia's Hall
 Governor Natalio Enriquez Ancestral
House
 St. Vincent de Paul Parish, Adamson
University Main Chapel
Fernando Hizon Ocampo
 Revivalist Style
 University of Pennsylvania
 Master Degree in Rome
 Designed buildings with
straightforward simplicity, synthesizing
traditional designs with art deco
ornaments typifying modern style of
the period
Works:
 UST Central Seminary
 Admiral Apartments, was one of the
tallest residential buildings in the city
 Angela Apartments
 Calvo Building
 Manila Cathedral
Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil  Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building
 Far Eastern University
 Master’s degree Harvard University
 Galaxy Theater
 1st National Artist for Architecture
 Life Theater
(1973)
 Ideal Theater
 Art deco Vanguard  White Cross/Boy’s Town, San Juan City
 Engineer and Architect  Manila Polo Club
Works: WAR AND NOSTALGIA FROM THE NATION
 Avenue Theater  1934 -Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Captain Pepe Building
 1941-Manila was declared as open city
 Commercial Bank & Trust Building
to spare the city from damage from the
(now Allied Bank)
advancing Japanese Imperial Army.
 Manila Jockey Club Building
 On February 5, 1945, the American
 Nakpil Bautista Pylon
were set to reclaim Manila Imperial
 Philtrust Building
 Manila as the 2nd most devastated
 Quezon Institute
allied city in the war
 Renovation of Saint John the Baptist
 No significant Architecture was built
Church, Quiapo Church
during the period
 State Theater
 Takeover of private and public
 Ever Theater
buildings for military purposes
 Rufino Building
 “Defensible Architecture”
 Rizal Theater
- Piles of Sandbags
 SSS Building, Quezon City
- Glass windows protected by tape
 Caloocan Monumento, Bonifacio
- Darkened Windows – Total Blackout
Monument
 University of the Philippines Diliman
Quezon Hall (Administration)
 University of the Philippines Diliman -
Gonzales Hall (Main Library)

Pablo Sebero Antonio

 University of London, finished within

3yrs of 5yrs program
 Vanguard of Art Deco Modernism
 2nd National Artist for Architecture
(1976)
 Veered away from the traditionalist
and academic styles to embrace
modern streamlining.

Works:

 Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel

Air)