CBLM On OAP

PARTS OF A COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
References/Further Reading
Performance Criteria Checklist
Operation/Task/Job Sheet
Answer Key
Self-Check
Information Sheet
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome Summary
List of Competencies
Module Content
In our efforts to standardize CBLM,

the above parts are recommended
for use in Competency Based
Front Page
Training (CBT) in Technical
Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) Technology
Institutions. The next sections will
show you the components and
features of each part.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02
CBLM on ORGANIC Issued by:
AGRICULTURE January 2022 Ironfarm Agri-
PRODUCTION NC II Tourism and Training PAGE
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Center, Inc. 1
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Darwin B. Bonagua
Vegetables Date Revised:
PARTS OF COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL -------------- 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------- 2
HOW TO USE THIS LEARNING MATERIALS ------------------------------ 3
LIST OF COMPETENCIES ---------------------------------------------------- 4
MODULE CONTENT ----------------------------------------------------------- 5
LEARNING OUTCOME -------------------------------------------------------- 7
LEARNING EXPERIENCES --------------------------------------------------- 9
INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1 Land preparation activities --------------- 10
SELF-CHECK 2.2-1 ----------------------------------------------------------- 15
ANSWER KEY 2.2-1 ----------------------------------------------------------- 16

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-2 Procedure in applying organic fertilizers
17
and applicable concoctions --------------------------------------------------
SELF-CHECK 2.2-2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 30
ANSWER KEY 2.2-2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 31

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-3 Transplanting and planting
33
procedures ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SELF-CHECK 2.2-3 ----------------------------------------------------------- 35
ANSWER KEY 2.2-3 ----------------------------------------------------------- 36
TASK SHEET 2.2-3 Perform transplanting of seedlings ---------------- 37
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 2.2-3 ---------------------------- 38
INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-4 Water management ---------------------- 39
SELF-CHECK 2.2-4 ----------------------------------------------------------- 42
ANSWER KEY 2.2-4 ----------------------------------------------------------- 43
GLOSSARY ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS ------------------------------- 53
HOW TO USE THE COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

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This Learning Guide will lead you through a series of activities which
will require you to work at your own pace. These activities will ask you to
complete associated learning and practice activities in order to gain the
knowledge and skills you need to achieve the learning objectives stated
earlier.
Refer to Learning Activity Page to know the sequence of learning tasks

to undergo and the appropriate resources to use in each task. This page will
serve as your road map towards the achievement of objectives.
Read the information sheets. This will give you an understanding of

the work, and why things are done the way they are.
Complete the activities as directed in the activity/practice sheets.

These will test your knowledge and give you practice of doing the tasks
involved. Performance criteria for assessing practical exercise are shown to
guide you in undertaking the practical exercises. Always be aware of safety
requirements highlighted in this material. Ask for clearance in using some
tools and equipment. Should you require some assistance and clarification,
consult your trainer or facilitator. They should be available anytime you
need them.
Answer self-checks found in each section of the learning guide. Do not

write anything on this learning guide; provide separate sheets for your
answers. Self-checks will let you know how you are going. To know how you
fared with self-checks, review the answer keys found at the end of the
learning guide.
When you had completed all the tasks required in this learning guide,
an assessment exercise will be given to evaluate if you are already
competent with the specified learning outcomes in and ready for the next
task. If you feel ready for the assessment, consult the facilitator. A record of
competency is provided on the last page to reflect how much of the required
assessment criteria have been met.
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this learner’s guide. Talk to your trainer about having them
formally recognized. If you have qualification or certificate of competence
from previous training, show it to your trainer. If the skills, you acquired are
still current and relevant to the unit of competency they may become part of
the evidence you can present for Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). If you
are not sure about the accuracy of your skills, discuss it with your trainer.

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LIST OF COMPETENCIES
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1. Raise organic chicken Raising organic chicken AGR612301
Produce organic Producing organic

2. AGR611306
vegetables vegetables

3. AGR611301
fertilizer fertilizer
4. concoctions and concoctions and AGR611302
extracts extracts
ELECTIVE
5. Raise organic hogs Raising organic hogs AGR612302

Raise organic small Raising organic small
6. AGR612303
ruminants ruminants

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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: PRODUCE ORGANIC VEGETABLES
MODULE TITLE: PRODUCING ORGANIC VEGETABLES
This module covers the knowledge, skills and

attitude required to establish nursery, plant
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
seedlings, perform plant care and perform
harvest and post-harvest.
NOMINAL DURATION: 21 hours
QUALIFICATION LEVEL: NC II
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this module, the students/trainees must be able to:
LO1. Establish nursery
LO2. Plant seedlings
LO3. Perform plant care and management
LO4. Perform harvest and post-harvest activities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Seeds are selected in accordance with the PNS, and NSQCS/BPI.
2. Seedbeds are prepared in accordance with planting requirements
based on Vegetable Production manual (VPM).
3. Care and maintenance of seedlings are done in
accordance with enterprise practice.
4. Potting media are prepared in accordance with enterprise
procedure.
5. Land preparation is carried out in accordance with enterprise
practice
6. Beneficial micro-organisms are introduced prior to planting in
accordance with enterprise procedure
7. Seedlings are transplanted/planted based on VPM
Recommendations
8. Seedlings are watered based on VPM recommendations
9. Water management is implemented according to plan.

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10. Effective control measures are determined on specific pest and
diseases as described under the “pest, disease and weed
management” of the PNS
11. All missing hills are replanted to maintain the desired plant
population of the area
12. Plant rejuvenation/rationing are maintained according to PNS.
13. Organic fertilizers are applied in accordance with fertilization policy
of the PNS
14. Products are checked using maturity indices according to to
15. PNS, PNS-organic agriculture and enterprise practice.
16. Marketable products are harvested according to PNS, PNS-
organic agriculture and enterprise practice.
17. Harvested vegetables are classified according to PNS, PNS- organic
agriculture and enterprise practice.
18. Appropriate harvesting tools and materials are used
according to PNS.
19. Post harvest practices are applied according to PNS and
20. GAP recommendations
21. Production record is accomplished according to enterprise
procedures.

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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2
PLANT SEEDLINGS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Land preparation is carried out in accordance with enterprise
practice
 Beneficial micro-organisms are introduced prior to planting in
accordance with enterprise procedure
 Seedlings are transplanted/planted based on VPM
recommendations
 Seedlings are watered based on VPM recommendations
CONTENTS:
1. Land preparation activities
2. Procedure in applying organic fertilizers and applicable concoctions
3. Transplanting and planting procedures
4. Water management
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Tools and materials
- bolo - assorted vegetable seeds
- broomstick - seed boxes
- clean cloth - organic fertilizers
- sprinkler - base materials for growing media
- trowel - seedling tray
* Training Materials
- Vegetable Production Manual
- handouts/flyers
- video presentation
- PPEs
- seedling bags (recycled paper, banana leaves, etc.)
-shovel
-first aid kit
 Training equipment:
- LCD/computer
- printer
METHODOLOGIES
 Demonstration
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 Discussion
 Oral questioning
 Video presentation
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Direct observation with oral questioning
 Demonstration
 Written exam

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 2
Learning Activities Special Instructions
Read Information Sheet 2.2-1 on This module covers the

Land preparation activities knowledge, skills and attitude
required to establish nursery,
Answer Self Check 2.2-1 plant seedlings, perform plant care
and perform harvest and post-
Compare Answer to Answer key 2.2- harvest.
1 In order for you to acquire
this learning outcome, you must go
Read Information Sheet 2.2-2 on through reading the Information
Procedure in applying organic Sheets.
fertilizers and applicable concoctions After doing so, test
yourself by answering the Self-
Answer Self Check 2.2-2
checks then compare your answers
with the answer key to ensure the
Compare Answer to Answer key 2.2-
acquisition of knowledge.
2
Upon acquiring the necessary
Read Information Sheet 2.2-3 on knowledge, apply your skills by
Transplanting and planting performing the task sheet and job
procedures sheet.
Evaluate your performance
Answer Self Check 2.2-3 through the use of Performance
Criteria Checklist and submit the
Compare Answer to Answer key 2.2- portfolio to the Trainer for
3 evaluation.
Once you think you’re ready
Perform Task Sheet 2.2-3 enough, have your written test and
subject self for Performance Test
Evaluate your performance using and Oral questioning from the
Performance Criteria Checklist 2.2-3 Trainer.
Read Information Sheet 2.2-4 on Ask feedback from the
Water management Trainer if you can now move to the
next Learning Outcome.
Answer Self Check 2.2-4
Compare Answer to Answer key 2.2-

4

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INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1
LAND PREPARATION ACTIVITIES
Learning Objective
After reading this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Perform proper handling and proper preparation of land that is
needed in planting seedlings.
HOW TO PREPARE SOIL FOR ORGANIC FARMING?

Organic farming requires
healthy soils to provide
your plants with all the
adequate nutrients they
need to grow healthy, be
free of disease, and
produce a bountiful
harvest. Aside from just
nutrients, your soil must
also contain the thriving
biology of
microorganisms and
insects that play
important roles in your
soil’s nutrient cycle and
plant’s defense system.
To properly prepare your soil when you start with farming, you will have to
make sure it’s well aerated, amended, and continually managed to improve
its fertility. Continue reading (and watching some fascinating videos below)
to learn how to prepare soil for organic farming!
Assessing the Health of Your Soil

Before you do anything
to your soil it is best to
assess what exactly
you’re working with. In
most cases, you can do
the assessment yourself
in the field through
careful observation.
Alternatively, you can get
a professionally
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conducted soil test. Large plots of land may require multiple tests in diverse
locations.
A. LABORATORY TESTING
If you plan to go into market production it might be best to conduct a proper
laboratory test. This will not only tell you what nutrients are lacking but
also could indicate the presence of agrochemicals that could interfere with
organic certification.
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM LABORATORY TESTING:

 Macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)
 Secondary nutrients like sulfur, calcium, and magnesium.
 Micronutrients like manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum,
and Iron
 Presence of Agrochemicals
 pH
 Organic Matter Percentage
B. FIELD ASSESSMENT
In your field assessment, you will want to analyze for compaction, soil
texture, and any indicators provided by vegetation. Soil texture refers to the
quantities of sand, silt, or clay in your soil which will affect your
management decisions.
Vegetation indicators like wetland species or xeric species (adapted to dry
conditions) will tell you a lot of what’s going on in your soil. Dark soils rich
in organic matter are typically a sign that you’ve got good soil!
Steps to Preparing Your Soil

In most cases, you will want to follow these steps in this order to ensure the
best results for your soil.
1. DEALING WITH WEEDS AND ROCKS

Weeds can become the most labor-intensive part of managing your farmland
organically, so taking the right steps to ensure they don’t proliferate is
important. Ideally, remove weeds before they go to seed, most should be
removed with roots.
Weeds can be composted or fed to farm animals. You may choose to leave
some weeds like clovers and other small ground covers that have minimal
impact on your crops.
Small rocks or pebbles in the soil can also be an issue, particularly for
planting seeds or container gardening. You can remove them using various
methods.

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2. COMPACTION
Compaction in your soil can be extremely detrimental to your plant’s health.
It not only affects the water absorption and retention but also greatly
reduces air space within the soil. To treat compactions you will have to
loosen the soil with a shovel or other machinery.
DOUBLE DIG METHOD

The Double Dig Method is a simple way to loosen the soil with the use of a
shovel.
1. Remove the top layer of soil from your row or bed one shovel head
deep. Place soil to the side.
2. Loosen soil that lays beneath your excavated area with a shovel,
pick, or fork.
3. Refill with soil that was already excavated. Alternatively, if you’re
planning neighboring rows you can directly place the topsoil of the
next row into your originally excavated space.
4. Avoid stepping on or compacting your newly loosened soil. With
proper management, double-digging will only have to be done once.
3. CONSIDER YOUR CLIMATE

When preparing your beds you should also consider your climate. Arid
climates should have rows/beds that are at ground level while climates with
heavy rain should have raised planting areas to promote drainage.
4. AMENDING YOUR SOILS

Amendments are important to ensure your plants have all the nutrients they
need to grow healthy and productive. They should be mixed directly into the
top-soil once it has been properly loosened.
A. COMPOST
Getting yourself high-quality compost is important to establishing healthy
soil. Find compost that is dark, homogenous, and composed of fully
decomposed materials.
Avoid anything with large chunks of undecomposed materials or compost

with unpleasant odors. Adding 2-4” of compost is a good start but use as
much as you can get your hands on.
B. BIOCHAR
What is biochar? Biochar is one of the most powerful organic soil
amendments available and serves countless benefits to your soil. You can
find it in most garden centers or learn to make it yourself.
Make sure you properly activate your biochar because charcoal alone may
reduce the fertility of your soil! One of the best things about biochar is that
it can last in your soil for thousands of years

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Benefits provided by Biochar:
 Nutrient Retention
 Water Retention
 Habitat for Beneficial Microorganisms
 Increased Drainage
 Improved Aeration
 pH Buffer
 Makes Harmful Contaminants Inert
C. WORM CASTINGS
Worm Castings are generally more expensive than compost but are a more
concentrated and powerful amendment. They are packed full of beneficial
microorganisms and stimulate the germination of seeds
D. COMPOST TEA
Compost Tea is more of a microbial inoculate than a direct nutrient source.
It can be sprayed directly into your soil when preparing your bed to
stimulate biological activity and ensure the establishment of beneficial
microbes.
There are countless recipes available to choose from but you can also just
purchase it in many garden centers.
E. PH NEUTRALIZATION
Soils that are too low or too high in pH can be detrimental to the growth of
plants. This is largely because soils with unfavorable pH reduce your plant’s
ability to absorb nutrients from the soul. This is particularly important in
rainy or tropical climates where soils are naturally acidic. There are a variety
of options for neutralizing your soil’s pH.
pH Neutralizing Amendments:
 Pulverized Limestone
 Iron Sulfate
 Aluminum Sulfate
 Ash (not practical for highly acidic soils)
 Sulfur (for Alkaline Souls)
5. MULCHING YOUR SOIL

Once your soil has been properly loosened and amended it’s recommended
to add a layer of mulch. You will typically want to use something woody or
slow to decompose to ensure it lasts you throughout the season. Avoid
mulch that may contain the seeds of unfavorable weeds
BENEFITS OF MULCH:
 Reduces Evaporation
 Protects Topsoil from UV Rays
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 Feeds Soil Food Web
 Protects Soil from Erosion
 Promotes Beneficial Fungi
 Reduces Growth of Weeds
6. COVER CROPS
Cover Crops are an excellent option for highly deteriorated soils or for
individuals that don’t have the resources to properly amend their soil.
These are typically quick growing and nitrogen fixing crops that are
incorporated into the soil to improve nutrients content and add organic
matter. Some cover crops can be implemented along with your crop of value
while others are planted independently.
Managing Your Soil for Long Term Health

Once your soil has been prepared for planting it’s important to continue
managing it in a way that continues enhancing its fertility. Improper
management practices can greatly reduce the health of your soil.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

 Avoid Compacting Your Soil
 Don’t Use Synthetic Fertilizers or Other Agrochemicals
 Don’t till or Disturb the Soil
 Add Compost Regularly as a Top Dressing
 Add more Mulch once the previous addition has decomposed.
 Regularly Remove Unfavorable Weeds
 Practice Crop Rotation
REGENERATIVE SOIL MANAGEMENT

The most beautiful thing about organic soil management is that your soil
can become more and more fertile after every season! This will not only
mean your crops are healthier but you’ll also need less work and resources
as time goes on.

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SELF-CHECK 2.2-1
IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Read and understand each statement below and write the
corresponding answer needed in your answer sheet.
1. This method will not only tell you what nutrients are lacking but
also could indicate the presence of agrochemicals that could
interfere with organic certification.
2. This method will analyze for compaction, soil texture, and any
indicators provided by vegetation. Soil texture refers to the
quantities of sand, silt, or clay in your soil which will affect your
management decisions. Vegetation indicators like wetland species or
xeric species (adapted to dry conditions) will tell you a lot of what’s
going on in your soil.
3. It can be extremely detrimental to your plant’s health. It is not only

affects the water absorption and retention but also greatly reduces
air space within the soil. To treat this you will have to loosen the soil
with a shovel or other machinery.
4. It is a simple way to loosen the soil with the use of a shovel.
5. This type of organic fertilizer are generally more expensive than

compost but are a more concentrated and powerful amendment.
They are packed full of beneficial microorganisms and stimulate the
germination of seeds

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ANSWER KEY 2.2-1
IDENTIFICATION
1. Laboratory Testing
2. Field Assessment
3. Compactions
4. Double Dig Method
5. Worm Casting

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PROCEDURE IN APPLYING ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND APPLICABLE
CONCOCTIONS
Learning Objectives
After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify different types of organic fertilizers and other applicable
concoctions in planting seeds.
2. Know how to apply properly the concoctions on plants.
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Advantages in using certain organic fertilizers.
1. Organic fertilizers may introduce beneficial microorganisms.
Some of the organisms found in compost and other organic
materials are important for the mineralization of organic
nitrogen. Other microorganisms may be able to break down soil
and water contaminants, assist with sequestering nutrients for
plants, or reduce the impact of pests and pathogens.
2. Organic matter can improve soil structure by causing soil to
clump and form aggregates. Aggregates enhance soil structure
and its ability to take up and retain water.
3. Organic matter serves as a reservoir of nutrients releasing
significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur.
4. Organic matter may help reduce erosion by increasing the soil
water holding capacity.
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Selection of a pre-plant fertilizer is based on several criteria that include soil
type, soil fertility, crop needs, climate history, and weather forecast
information. Most synthetic fertilizers are quick release and are susceptible
to runoff or leaching in sandy soils when high rainfall occurs. Cost can also
be a decision-making factor. For example, one ton of chicken litter is
recommended per acre prior to the start of the growing season for
macadamia trees. However, organic fertilizers are better suited for pre-plant
fertilization use since most are slow to moderate release and the addition of
organic matter can help with soil structure and health. Growers can select
the fertilizer based on the NPK values and the kind of release that best
supports their crop. Below is a table that lists several organic fertilizers,
their NPK values, and the rate of nutrient availability release. Nutrients of
slow-release fertilizers are not immediately available to the plant and require
mineralization to occur. Medium- and quick-release fertilizers do not
depend heavily on microbial activity.

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The goal of pre-plant fertilization is to select a fertilizer and a placement
method that will allow the nutrient to be available when the plant needs it
while minimizing the risk of fertilizer loss from run-off, leaching, or
volatilization. Pre- and at- planting fertilizers can enhance seedling growth
and decrease their susceptibility to damage from pests and
diseases. Methods of placement include:
1. Broadcast – Fertilizer is applied uniformly to the soil surface and
can be followed by incorporation into the soil. Tilling into the
ground can reduce the risk of nitrogen volatilization of synthetic
fertilizers.

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2. Banding – Fertilizer is applied in bands (strips) before
planting/seeding, close to where the seeds or seedlings that are
about to be placed. Advantages accrue for less mobile nutrients
such as phosphorus. Banding can also be used at-planting
either above or to the side of the seed row.
3. In-Row – Fertilizer is applied when planting seed or transplants.
Often, the fertilizer is placed one to two inches below and to the
side of the seed row. Organic slow to medium release fertilizers
may be best for this method. For example, GSI’s 8-3-1 granules
are designed to release its nutrients over time.
Every label carries three conspicuous numbers, usually right above or below
the product name. These three numbers form what is called the
fertilizer's N-P-K ratio — the proportion of three plant nutrients in order:
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
*Here are some of the possible concoctions that you can used in plants.
The
insurmountable
rising cost of
inorganic fertilizers
is inevitably
uncontrollable in
the coming
production years.
Looking into this
perspective the
farmers have to
look for an
alternative
measure to sustain
his farming business profitability.
On December 27, 2005 Her Excellency President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo

signed Executive Order 481 on the Promotion and Development of Organic
Agriculture in the Philippines. Then, Former Agriculture Secretary Domingo
F. Panganiban signed Administrative Order No. 9 series of 2006 or the
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of EO 481.
With these developments the Department of Agriculture has come up with
programs and projects in support to EO 481. Thus, the Agricultural Training

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Institute in Region 8 made this material on bio-organic inputs in response to
the program.
This material discusses steps on the preparation, the materials needed, the
applications and benefits of the different bio-organic inputs. It is hope that
this material will provide the needed knowhow on bio-organic inputs that
would eventually help farmers improve their farming.
The Bio-Organic Inputs

This material discusses the following organic inputs:
1. Indigenous Microorganism (IMO)
2. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
3. Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)
4. Fermented Amino Acid (FAA)
5. Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN)
6. Calcium Phosphate (Ca Phos)
7. Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum (LABS)
8. Natural Insect Attractant (NIA)
I. Indigenous Microorganism (IMO)

A. Materials
1. Clay pot/Bamboo trough
2. Manila paper (unprinted)
3. Basin
4. Cooked rice
5. Muscovado sugar (generic or crude sugar)
6. Clean water (no chlorine or other chemicals)
B. Procedure
1. Collecting IMO
a. Place cooked rice into pot or bamboo trough. Let it cool first
before placing into the trough.
b. Cover container with fine wire screen to avoid rat
disturbances and tie up using any tying material.
c. Place container face down or slant position in an area where
decomposed crops such as corn, rice straw, etc. or in
banana/bamboo plantation areas. Cover container with any
material to protect from rain.
d. Collect container after 5-7 days when presence of molds can
be seen.
2. Culture and production

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a. Transfer the molded rice with collected microbes into a
basin. For every kilo of cooked rice add 1 kilo of muscovado
sugar and 1-liter clean water (no chlorine). Mix well.
b. Transfer the mixture into an old pail or clay jar. Cover with
unprinted Manila paper and tie up using any tying materials.
Fill the pail up to 75% only, leaving 25% air space.
c. Place the container in a cool place away from the heat of the
sun.
d. Leave pail or jar for 7 days then collect by straining the liquid
extract, leaving the substrate to the compost area.
3. Harvesting
a. Prepare plastic containers (mineral water bottle, softdrinks
bottle, etc.)
b. Harvest microorganisms by straining the fermented liquid
(extracts) using mosquito net or any straining materials
through a funnel poured into the plastic containers.
c. Store the basic and pure IMO in the containers. IMO is now
ready to use.
4. Application
a. The use of IMO as foliar fertilizer
 Mix 2 tablespoons of IMO per liter of clean water when
directly sprayed to plants. Use clean sprayer (the sprayer
must be new and not used previously with chemicals,
otherwise clean thoroughly the sprayer before using).
 Spray the IMO mixture into the leaves of the plants or the
soil early in the morning at 4:00-6:00 AM or in the
afternoon at about 5:00 PM until sunset (when micro-
organisms are very active).
 In rice fields, spread immediately newly threshed rice
straws, to avoid burning, and spray the whole area with
IMO at least 2 times before land preparation or plowing,
at 8 tbsp/liter for this purpose.
 Spray IMO immediately after leveling with the same
dosage.
 Use IMO every 7-10 days on newly planted seedlings until
maturity for rice, corn, vegetables and fruit trees at the
rate of 2 tablespoons per liter.
 If you find white materials in the soil it is an indication of
the proliferation and good production of micro-organisms
in the soil.
b. The use of IMO in quick composting

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Materials:
 ½ bag tiki-tiki (very fine rice bran)
 ½ bag ash
 5 bags chicken dung
 1 ton (1,000 kg) rice straw (about 50sacks)
Preparing BOKASHI Mixture

 Ratio 1:4 (3 liters IMO, 12 liters clean water)
II. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
A. Materials
1. Use any of the following plants: Trichanthera leaves; kangkong;
banana trunk; camote shoots; carabao grass; hagonoy
(Chromolaena odorata — used for crops only); alugbati; etc.
2. Old or used pail
4. Plastic straw (for tying)
5. Muscovado sugar (crude sugar)
6. Clean water (no chlorine)
B. Procedure
1. Gather plants before sunrise (when plant’s energy is at its peak
and microorganism is available)
2. Chop and/or shred the plants into small pieces
3. Mix properly the following at a ratio of 1:1:1
3 kilos chopped/shredded plant parts
3 kilos muscovado sugar (crude sugar or kinugay)
3-liter clean water
4. Transfer the mixture into a pail. Leave 25% air space.
5. Cover with manila paper and tie securely.
6. Leave the pail in an undisturbed cool place for 7-14 days away
from sunlight.
7. Harvest by straining the liquid extracts with a mosquito net or any
strainer using a funnel poured into a bottle.
8. Store in plastic bottles.
C. Application
1. Mix 2 tablespoons of FPJ per liter of clean water.
2. Spray on the leaves of plants or on the soil using a clean sprayer.
3. Spray early in the morning at 4:00am—6:00 am or in the afternoon
at 5:00pm until sunset when the microorganism is very active.
4. Use on the following:
 On rice: 7 days after transplanting up to booting stage
 On corn: 7 days after plant germination until flowering stage

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 On vegetables: every 10 days after planting until harvesting
 On bananas: 10 days after planting up to blossoming stage
 On fruit trees: every 10 days to maintain plan vigor
D. Benefits of FPJ
1. Helps maintain vigor in plants and resistance against pests.
2. Can be used for livestock bedding sprays (pig pens and poultry
houses) to produce more colony of microorganism
3. Can also promote resistance against illnesses for human
III. Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)

A. Materials
1. Any of the following fruits: mango; papaya; marang; jackfruit; or
banana (but not pineapple); etc.
2. Old or used pail
3. Muscovado sugar (crude sugar or kinugay)
5. Plastic straw for tying
6. Clean water (no chlorine or other chemical compound)
B. Procedure
1. Collect fruits before sunrise (when fruits energy is at its peak)
2. Cut or chop the fruit finely
3. Mix properly the following at the ratio of 1:1:1
3 kilos chopped fruits
3 kilos muscovado sugar
3 liters natural water
4. Put in a pail and leave 25% air space.
5. Leave container undisturbed in a cool place for 7-14 days.
6. Harvest FFJ liquid extract by straining with a mosquito net.
7. The substrate shall be composted
8. Store FFJ in a plastic bottle. FFJ is now ready to use.
C. Application
1. Mix 2 tablespoons of FPJ per liter of clean water.
2. Spray on the leaves of plants or on the soil using a clean sprayer.
3. Spray early in the morning at 4:00am—6:00am and in the
afternoon at 5:00pm until sunset when the microorganisms are
most active.
4. Spray on the following:
 On rice: from panicle initiation until a week before
harvesting
 On corn: as soon as tassels appear until a week before
harvesting

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 On banana: as soon as blossoming starts until a week before
harvesting
D. Benefits
1. A good source of potassium which can speed up plant’s absorption
and results to sweeter tasting fruits.
2. Helps maintain vigor in plants and resistance against pests
3. Adds to soil fertility and the advent of good colonies of
microorganisms.
IV. Fermented (Fish) Amino Acid (FAA)

A. Materials
1. Chopped fish or fish trash such as gills, entrails, golden snail (shell
removed) or meat scrap and rejects
2. Old or used pail
4. Muscovado sugar
5. Plastic straw
6. Clean water (no chlorine or other chemical compound)
B. Procedure
1. Mix properly the following ingredients at a ratio of 1:1:1
3 kilos chopped fish, snail or meat scraps and rejects
3 kilos muscovado sugar
3 liters natural water
2. Put into a pail and leave a 25% air space.
3. Cover with Manila paper and tie securely fastened with plastic
straw.
4. Put in a cool undisturbed place. Leave for 14 days.
5. Harvest FAA liquid extracts using a mosquito net to strain.
6. Store in plastic bottles. FAA is now ready to use.
C. Application
1. For foliar spray to orchids, ornamentals, vegetables, cereals and
fruit trees.
2. Use 2 tablespoons FAA per liter of clean water. Use new sprayer,
otherwise clean the sprayer thoroughly before using.
3. Spray the leaves of plants or the soil.
4. Spray every 7 days on newly planted seedlings until fruiting stage.
Spray early in the morning at 4:00am—6:00am or in the afternoon
at 5:00pm until sunset when organisms are most active.
5. Spray on the following:
 On rice: 7 days after transplanting up to panicle initiation
stage
 On corn: 7 days after sowing and every 10 days thereafter
until milking stage
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 On fruit trees: every 10 days to maintain vigor
D. Benefits
1. A good source of nitrogen
2. Serves as “growth hormone” for plant growth and development
3. Used as foliar spray
4. Food of microorganisms
V. Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN) / Herb Medicine Nutrient

(HMN)
A. Materials
1. Ginger, garlic and bulb onions
3. Crosscut bamboo or clay jar or glass jar
5. Muscovado sugar
6. Muscovado sugar
B. Procedure
1. Finely chop half-a-kilo each of ginger, bulb onion and garlic.
2. Transfer chopped spices into a bamboo through or clay/ glass jar
and pour 2 liters coconut vinegar. Mix well and cover with a clean
Manila paper and tie with plastic straw.
3. Preserve for a duration of 12 hours then remove cover and add 1
kilo of muscovado sugar. Replace cover.
4. Place container in a cool place away from direct sunlight.
5. After 4 to 5 days of fermentation add gin.
6. Replace cover, return to storing place and retrieve after 7 to 10
days. Strain liquid from container and place in plastic bottles.
7. OHN is now ready to use.
8. You can extract liquid 5 times from this preparation. Add beer or
vinegar into container and ferment using the same procedure.
C. Uses and Application

1. Add 2 tablespoons of OHN to every liter of water. Spray mixture
into leaves or soil, at both ends of the day (4:00- 6:00 AM or 4:00
PM) when microorganisms are most active to the following crops:
 Rice, corn, Vegetables, Fruits and Bananas — from planting
up to bearing stage. (Apply twice weekly upon indications of
insects’ infestation and aphids.)
2. Used as natural anti-biotic for plants and animals. Garlic has high
level of sulfur which is a good fungicide.
3. Used on chicks, chickens and sick animals.
4. Sprayed to plant leaves to fortify phyllosphere microbes.

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5. Treatment for fungal problems of plants: downy mildew, powdery
mildew. (See application on number 1)
6. Used as herbal tincture which is highly medicinal and highly
nutritious.
7. On humans: a) used as a remedy for rheumatism; and b) a
treatment for coughs, fever and flu.
D. Benefits
1. Serve as insecticide and fungicide at the same time.
2. Provide more vigor and vitality to the plant.
3. Use to treat skin diseases of hogs and other animals.
4. Use as energy drink for humans.
VI. Calcium Phosphate (Ca Phos)

A. Materials
1. Any of the following: pork, fish and beef bones, eggshells and kuhol
and/or any shells
2. Clay pot or cross-cut bamboo trough
5. Coconut vinegar
6. Griller
B. Procedure
1. Broil bones. Roast eggshells until they turned into ashes
2. Pulverize bones. Transfer in a container pulverized bones or shells
and add equal volume of vinegar.
3. Transfer the mixture into a bamboo trough or clay jar, cover with
Manila paper and tie up with plastic straw.
4. For bones: Allow to sit for one month or until bones soften or
dissolve completely. For eggshells: Allow to sit for 2 weeks (14 days)
or until dissolved completely.
5. Harvest, strain the preparation and bottle after a month or until
when bones are completely dissolved.
C. Application
1. Dilute the juice extracted in 20 parts water.
2. Spray mixture into leaves or soil, preferably at both ends of the day
(4:00-6:00 AM or 4:00 PM until sunset) when microorganisms are
most active. Apply every 7 days to the following crops:
 Rice: from booting stage up to a week before harvesting
 Corn: 45 to 90 days of tenure
 Fruits, Vegetables and Bananas: from bearing stage up to a
week before harvesting
D. Benefits
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1. Can induce flowering among plants
2. Promotes higher yield
3. Induce longer shelf life of fruits
4. Give added resistance to plants against pests and harmful insects
VII.Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum (LABS)

Lactic acid bacteria can be collected in the air
A. Materials
1. Rice wash
2. Fresh milk (skimmed or powdered milk can be used)
3. Used or old pail or plastic container
5. Muscovado sugar (crude or generic sugar)
B. Procedure
1. Pour rice wash (solution generated when you wash the rice with
water) into a container.
2. Allow 50-75% air space in the container.
3. Cover container loosely (not vacuum tight, allowing air to move into
the container). Put container in a cool area with no direct sunlight.
4. Allow rice wash to ferment for 5-7 days at a temperature of 20-25
degrees centigrade.
5. The rice bran will be separated and float like a thin film on the
liquid smelling sour.
6. Strain the liquid with a cheese cloth or wheat flour bag cloth. Put
liquid in a bigger container.
7. Pour ten parts milk (the original liquid has already been infected
with different types of microorganisms including Lactobacilli.
Saturation of milk will eliminate the other microorganisms and
pure Lactobacilli will remain.)
8. Ferment in 5-7 days. Carbohydrates, protein and fat will float and
leaving a yellow liquid (serum) which contain the lactic acid
bacteria. Dispose the coagulated carbohydrate, protein and fat.
Add them to compost pile or feed them to your animals.
9. The pure lactic acid bacteria serum can be stored in the
refrigerator. Or simply add equal amount of crude sugar (kinugay)
or molasses and dilute with 1/3 water. Crude sugar or molasses
will keep the lactic acid bacteria alive at room temperature at 1:1
ratio serving as food for the bacteria to keep alive.
C. Application
1. To use, dilute this pure culture with 20 parts water or 1:20 ratio as
basic lactic acid bacteria concoction.
Use: 2-4 tbsp/gal of water (clean water) spray or add to water and
feeds of animals
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For bigger animals: use 2-4 tbsp of diluted lactic acid bacteria
serum without diluting it further with water.
2. Use as spray to plant leaves to fortify phyllosphere microbes. Spray
to soil and compost to build-up good microorganism colony.
D. Benefits
1. Promotes intestine movement
2. Regulates the balance of the intestinal bacteria
3. Prevents growth of harmful or pathogenic bacteria
4. Improves immune system
5. Contains anti-aging properties and/or antioxidants
VIII.Natural Insect Attractant (NIA)

A. Materials
1. 3-liter clean water
2. 1 liter coconut vinegar
3. 1 kilo muscovado sugar
4. Empty mineral water bottles
B. Procedure
1. Mix the sugar, water and vinegar in a basin or any available
container that could accommodate the mixture.
C. Application
1. Cut out holes or vents (2 square inches) on two opposite sides of
the plastic bottles.
2. Transfer a minimal amount of the mixture into bottles and make
sure that the contents do not spill out of the vents.
3. Using a piece of rope or tie-wire, hang bottles from fruit trees or
vineyards. For low-lying crops, pour solution in coconut shells or
any bowl-like container and strategically place near plants.
4. Hang 100 bottles of NIA with a distance of 10 x 10 meters for a
hectare farm lot planted with rice, corn, bananas, fruits, high value
vegetables, etc.

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SELF-CHECK 2.2-2
ENUMERATION
Direction: Gve atleast 5 types of organic fertilizers and concoctions needed
in planting seeds.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ANSWER KEY 2.2-2

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ENUMERATION
The Bio-Organic Inputs

This material discusses the
following organic inputs:
1. Indigenous Microorganism
(IMO)
2. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
3. Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)
4. Fermented Amino Acid (FAA)
5. Oriental Herbal Nutrients
(OHN)
6. Calcium Phosphate (Ca Phos)
7. Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum
(LABS)
8. Natural Insect Attractant
(NIA)

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TRANSPLANTING AND PLANTING PROCEDURES
Learning Objectives
1. Apply proper steps and procedure in handling plants for transplanting
and planting procedures.
How to transplant vegetable seedlings

Whether you started seeds yourself or purchased vegetable seedlings at the
store, now is the time to transplant seedlings in your garden.
10 simple steps to transplant

1. Seedlings should be hardened-off, well-fed and watered before
transplanting.
2. Prepare a weed-free surface. Loosen and aerate garden soil by tilling
or hoeing.
3. Dig a hole large enough for seedling.
4. Carefully remove seedling from its container. Try not to disturb the
roots.
5. Set seedling in hole level with soil surface. The exception is tomato
seedlings, which can be transplanted a bit deeper.
6. Feed seedling to kick start growth. I transplant each seedling with a
hefty handful of compost. If you don’t make compost, purchase
specially formulated fertilizer for transplanting.
7. Surround seedling with displaced soil.
8. Water seedling thoroughly.
9. Mulch seedling to maintain soil moisture and regulate temperature.
10. Keep area weed-free.
Top 3 tips for successful transplanting
Start with strong seedlings. If you start

your own seeds, make sure your seedlings
have plenty of light, adequate water and
drainage. A good growing medium is critical
for root establishment.
If you buy seedlings remember biggest doesn’t

always mean best. Look for healthy and
consistent leaf color. The roots should be
deep, long, white and fibrous. The stem
should be thick and strong. The growing
medium should be held together by tight
tangled roots. Do not choose leggy seedlings;
too long of stem means the seedling was starved for light.
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Hardening off is important. Don’t skip this step. Store bought seedlings
are typically hardened off in the garden center, but seedlings you start need
to be acclimated to the natural environment before transplanting.
Hardening takes 1-2 weeks. You can move seedlings to a cold frame for a
week and then set in the garden an additional week. Or set seedlings out
during warm daytime temps and bring them in at night.
Timing is everything. Frost-free dates and warm and cool weather crop

temperature requirements for your growing zone are good guidelines. I also
consider last season’s planting dates and the weather forecast.
Overcast days are great days to plant because cloud coverage reduces the
probability of sun-scorching tender plants.

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SELF-CHECK 2.2-3
SEQUENCING
Direction: Identify the following statement and arrange the following
sentences accordingly.
10 simple steps to transplant

A. Keep area weed-free.
B. Seedlings should be hardened-off, well-fed and watered before
transplanting.
C. Dig a hole large enough for seedling.
D. Carefully remove seedling from its container. Try not to disturb the
roots.
E. Feed seedling to kick start growth. Transplant each seedling with a
hefty handful of compost. If you don’t make compost, purchase
specially formulated fertilizer for transplanting.
F. Surround seedling with displaced soil.
G. Mulch seedling to maintain soil moisture and regulate temperature.9
H. Prepare a weed-free surface. Loosen and aerate garden soil by tilling
or hoeing.
I. Set seedling in hole level with soil surface. The exception is tomato
seedlings, which can be transplanted a bit deeper.
J. Water seedling thoroughly.

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ANSWER KEY 2.2-3
SEQUENCING
1. B
2. H
3. C
4. D
5. I
6. E
7. F
8. J
9. G
10. A

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TASK SHEET 2.2-3
Title: PERFORM TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS

Given the necessary tools and equipment you
Performance Objective: should be able to perform transplanting of
seedlings
Tools and materials:
 Seeds, soil, sand, compost
 Personal protective equipment
 Seedlings
 Water
 Shovel
Steps/Procedure:
1. Ready all the tools, materials and equipment needed.
2. Wear your personal protective equipment
3. Make sure to check the health of every seedlings you are going to
transplant.
4. Prepare a weed free surface.
5. Loosen and aerate garden soil by tilling or hoeng.
6. Apply appropriate organic fertilizers
7. Dig ahole large enough for seedling.
8. Carefully remove seedling in hole level with soil surface
9. Plant the seed carefully
10. Water seedling thoroughly
11. Mulch seedling to maintain soil moisture and regulate
temperature
Assessment Method: Practical Demonstration with Oral Questioning

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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 2.2-3
Trainee’s Name: ____________________ Date: ______________
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you ….
1. Ready all the tools, materials and equipment
needed.  
2. Wear your personal protective equipment  

3. Make sure to check the health of every seedlings
you are going to transplant.  
4. Prepare a weed free surface.  

5. Loosen and aerate garden soil by tilling or hoeng.  
6. Apply appropriate organic fertilizers  
7. Dig ahole large enough for seedling.  
8. Carefully remove seedling in hole level with soil
surface  
9. Plant the seed carefully  

10. Water seedling thoroughly  
11. Mulch seedling to maintain soil moisture and
regulate temperature  
COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS:
Trainer: ________________________ Date: _______________

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WATER MANAGEMENT
Learning Objectives
1. Know the importance of having water management in crop production.
2. Apply proper methods in watering plants particularly in organic
farming.
Importance of Water Management in Crop Production

Water is one of the most important inputs essential for the production of
crops. Plants need it continuously during their life and in huge quantities. It
profoundly influences photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, translocation
and utilization of mineral nutrients, and cell division besides some other
processes. Both its shortage and excess affect the growth and development
of a plant directly and, consequently, its yield and quality. Rainfall plants. In
India, however, rainfall is notoriously capricious, causing floods and
droughts alternately. Its frequency distribution and amount are not in
accordance with the needs of the crops. Artificial water supply through
irrigation on one occasion, and the removal of excess water through
drainage on another occasion, therefore, become imperative, if the crops are
to be raised successfully. Water management in India, thus, comprises
irrigation or drainage or both, depending considerably on the environmental
conditions, soil, crops and climate. It is a situation-oriented entity.
Water affects the performance of crops not only direclty but also indirectly
by influencing the availability of other nutrients, the timing of cultural
operations, etc. Water and other production inputs interact with one
another. In proper combinations, the crop yields can be boosted manifold
under irrigated agriculture.
Water is a costly input when canals supply it. The constructing of dams and
reservoirs, the conveying of water from storage points to the fields, the
operating and the maintaining of canal systems involve huge expense. The
misuse of water leads to the problems of water logging, salt imbalance, etc.
thus rendering agricultural lands unproductive. Hence a proper
appreciation of the relationship and economic utilization of water resources
for maximum crop production.
Organic Farming Irrigation Systems

Irrigation supplies crops and other plants
with necessary water and sometimes
nutrients may be applied as well. In organic
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farming, conservation is important in irrigation practices, as is
sustainability. While you certainly can irrigate organic crops similar to
conventional ones, be sure to also focus on overall water usage and other
factors, such as energy usage, as you design an irrigation system for
your organic farm.
Although organic doesn't inherently mean environmentally friendly , growers

should try their best to use an irrigation method that helps conserve water
and energy. For example, a producer could use wastewater or a solar-
powered irrigation system, which can save money, time and water.
Methods
Irrigation methods for all farms — organic and conventional — obviously will
differ depending on climate and the type of crops that you're planning to
grow. For example, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) notes that:
"Producers who irrigate in arid areas are more likely to use irrigation
throughout the growing process (full irrigation), while producers in more
humid areas may use irrigation to supplement rainfall and soil moisture
under drought conditions."
There are many kinds of irrigation methods in use on farms, including

organic farms:
 Drip systems deliver water to the roots of crops via low-pressure
pumps at ground level or below the soil surface.
 Surface methods use gravity to move water across the land downhill,
without a pump.
 Center-pivot systems, which require a pump, are where the water
flows from a series of sprinklers located on towers with wheels. This
type of irrigation is common on flat, large farms, and can irrigate a
130-acre area.
 Manual methods, which is only practical for very small farms, have
workers move the water manually to the crops.
Meanwhile, the water itself can come from the local water utility (assuming
one is available), from on-site wells, from rainwater collection, or even from
treated wastewater. Farmers need to protect their water source to make sure
it's clean and to ensure there's enough to keep the crops healthy.
Application
Organic farms tend to be smaller on average, and so their irrigation systems
should match their scope. It's hard to beat the simplicity of manual
irrigation for a tiny organic farm — you can add water when and where it's
needed, and let the rain take care of the rest. But once your farm gets a bit
bigger, you'll almost certainly need to consider alternatives to manual labor.

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Drip irrigation systems, in particular, may be well-matched to the needs of
small organic farms. They require less water, and they allow the application
of nutrients along with water to crops. Also, they require less energy, since
the pumps used are low-power.
Surface irrigation can also work well for organic farms, especially with
closely spaced crops that feature deep roots. Some farms use renewable
energy sources, such as a solar array or wind generators, to pump the water
uphill to storage tanks, and then release the water and let gravity move it
down the fields.
SELF-CHECK 2.2-4
TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Identify the following statement whether it is correct write TRUE
and if it is incorrect write FALSE.
1. Water is not one of the most important inputs essential for the
production of crops.
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2. Plants needs water continuously during their life and in huge
quantities.
3. Water affects the performance of crops not only directly but also
indirectly by influencing the availability of other nutrients, the timing
of cultural operations, etc.
4. Irrigation supplies crops and other plants with necessary water
and sometimes nutrients may be applied as well.
5. In organic farming, conservation is important in irrigation practices,
as is sustainability.
6. Drip systems do not deliver water to the roots of crops via low-
pressure pumps at ground level or below the soil surface.
7. Surface methods use gravity to move water across the land downhill,
without a pump.
8. Center-pivot systems, which require a pump, are where the water
flows from a series of sprinklers located on towers with wheels. This
type of irrigation is common on flat, large farms, and can irrigate a
130-acre area.
9. Manual methods, which is only practical for very small farms, have
workers move the water manually to the crops.
10. Although organic doesn't inherently mean environmentally friendly,
growers should try their best to use an irrigation method that helps
conserve water and energy.
ANSWER KEY 2.2-4

IDENTIFICATION
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
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6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. TRUE
GLOSSARY
A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acid soil. (a soil pH
acid soil higher than 7.0 is alkaline) Basically, pH is a measure of
the amount of lime (calcium) contained in your soil.
A measure of land totaling 43,560 square feet. A square
acre
acre is 208.75 feet on each side.

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Loosening or puncturing the soil to increase water
aerate
penetration.
A specialized method of plant propagation accomplished by
air layering cutting into the bark of the plant to induce new roots to
form.
A soil with a pH higher than 7.0 is an alkaline soil. (a soil
alkaline soil pH lower than 7.0 is acidic) Basically, pH is a measure of
the amount of lime (calcium) contained in your soil.
Plants whose life cycle lasts only one year, from seed to
annuals
blooms to seed.
A garden with a large collection of trees and shrubs
arboretum
cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.
aquatic plants Plants which grow in, live in, or live on the water.
Plants offered for sale which have had all of the soil
bare root
removed from their roots.
Plants (mainly annuals), nursery grown and suitable for
bedding plant
growing in beds. Quick, colorful flowers.
A plant that usually only lives two years, normally
biennial
producing flowers and seed the second year.
Compound leaf structures with a feather-like formation of
bipinnate leaflets arranged in pairs, with each leaflet also pinnately
divided into pairs.
Vegetables which quickly go to flower rather than
bolting producing the food crop. Usually caused by late planting
and too warm temperatures.
The art of growing carefully trained, dwarf plants in
bonsai
containers.
The scientific name of a plant, usually composed of two
botanical name
words,the genus and the species.
Modified scale-like leaves, usually growing just below a
bract flower or flower cluster. Often confused with petals or the
flower itself, as in the case of Dogwoods or Poinsettias.
bud Early stages of development of a flower or plant growth.
The thickened underground storage organ of the group of
bulb
perennials which includes daffodils and tulips.
The thin membrane located just beneath the bark of a
cambium
plant.
catkin A slender, spikelike, drooping flower cluster.
The green pigment in leaves. When present and healthy
chlorophyll
usually dominates all other pigments.
A flattened stem or branch with green tissue scales that
replace the function of leaves in performing the process
cladode
of photosynthesis. Many plants with cladodes have no true
leaves at all and if they do the leaves are miniscule and
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short lived.
complete A plant food which contains all three of the primary
fertilizer elements... nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
An organic soil amendment resulting from the
compost
decomposition of organic matter.
conifer A cone bearing tree with tiny needlelike leaves.
A thickened underground stem which produces roots,
corm
leaves and flowers during the growing season.
A crop which is planted in the absence of the normal crop
cover crop to control weeds and add humus to the soil when it is
plowed in prior to regular planting.
The point at which a plants roots and top join. (usually at
crown
soil level)
Process of breaking up the soil surface, removing weeds,
cultivate
and preparing for planting.
A method of propagation using sections of stems, roots or
cuttings
leaves.
A fungus, usually affecting seedlings and causes the stem
to rot off at soil level. It can also rot seeds before they even
damping off germinate. Sterilized seed starting mixes and careful
sanitation practices can usually prevent this. Use care not
to over-water. Provide good air circulation.
The process of pinching or snipping off used or spent
blooms to keep the plants well groomed and to prevent
deadheading
them from setting seed. This will promote continued
bloom.
A pointed tool used to make holes in the soil for seeds,
dibble stick
bulbs, or young plants.
Process of removing dead stems that build up beneath
dethatch
lawn grasses.
Plants bear male flowers on one plant and female flowers
dioecious plant on another. In order to produce fruit and viable seeds, both
a female and male plant must be present
The process of splitting up plants, roots and all that have
began to get bound together. This will make several plants
dividing
from one plant, and usually should be done to mature
perennials every 3 to 4 years.
The yearly cycle in a plants life when growth slows and the
dormancy plant rests. Fertilizing should be withheld when a plant is
in dormancy.
Preparing the soil by systematically digging an area to the
double digging
depth of two shovels.
A flower with many overlapping petals which gives it a very
double flower
full appearance.
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The circle which would exist if you drew a line below the
drip line
tips of the outer most branches of a tree or plant.
A plant which grows on another plant but gets its
epiphyte nourishment from the air and rainfall. They do no damage
to the host plant.
The wearing away, washing away, or removal of soil by
erosion
wind, water or man.
The process of training a tree or shrub so that its branches
espalier grow in a flat, exposed pattern by tying, pinching and
pruning the branches.
evergreen A plant which never loses all of it's leaves at one time.
An undeveloped bud growth which will ultimately produce
eye
new growth.
Process by which water returns to the air. Higher
evaporation
temperatures speed the process of evaporation.
Organic or inorganic plant foods which may be either
fertilizer liquid or granular used to amend the soil in order to
improve the quality or quantity of plant growth.
flat A shallow box or tray used to start cuttings or seedlings.
A lightweight fabric that is spread or floated over a row of
floating row plants to trap heat during the day and release it at night.
cover Use them to get a jump start in the spring, fend off pests,
and extend your fall growing season.
Fertilizer applied in liquid form to the plants foliage in a
foliar feeding
fine spray.
The process of hastening a plants growth to maturity or
forcing
bloom.
The term used to describe the branch and leaf structure of
frond
a fern or members of the palm family.
The condensation and freezing of moisture in the air.
frost Tender plants will suffer extensive damage or die when
exposed to frost.
germinate The process that transforms the embryo within a seed into
a seedling.
The choking of a branch by a wire or other material, most
girdling often in the stems of woody plants that have been tied to
tightly to a stake or support.
The uniting of a short length of stem of one plant onto the
grafting root stock of a different plant. This is often done to produce
a hardier or more disease resistant plant.
A group of plants usually used to cover bare earth and
ground cover
create a uniform appearance.
The number of days between the average date of the last
growing season
killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in fall.
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Vegetables and certain plants require a minimum number
of days to reach maturity, so be sure your growing season
is long enough.
The process of gradually acclimatizing greenhouse or
harden off indoor grown plants in stages to different temperatures or
to outdoor growing conditions.
The impervious layer of soil or clay lying beneath the
hardpan
topsoil.
The ability of a plant to withstand low temperatures or
hardiness
frost, without artificial protection.
heading back Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub or twig.
Temporarily setting a plant into a shallow trench and
heeling in covering the roots with soil to provide protection until it is
ready to be permanently planted.
herbaceous Describes a plant with soft rather than woody tissues.
The sticky secretion produced by sucking insects such as
honeydew
aphids.
The brown or black organic part of the soil resulting from
humus
the partial decay of leaves and other matter.
The offspring of two plants of different species or varieties
of plants. Hybrids are created when the pollen from one
hybrid
kind of plant is used to pollinate and entirely different
variety, resulting in a new plant altogether.
The science of growing plants in mineral solutions or
hydroponics
liquid, instead of in soil.
inflorescence The structure that carry the flowers on a plant.
In gardening, an overhead structure of evenly spaced slats
lath
of wood or other materials used to create shade.
A method of propagation, by which a branch of a plant is
layering rooted while still attached to the plant by securing it to the
soil with a piece of wire or other means..
The removal or loss of excess salts or nutrients from soil.
The soil around over fertilized plants can be leached clean
leaching by large quantities of fresh water used to 'wash' the soil.
Areas of extremely high rainfall sometimes lose the
nutrients from the soil by natural leaching.
Partially decomposed leaf matter, used as a soil
leaf mold
amendment.
loam A rich soil composed of clay, sand, and organic matter.
Organic matter, excreted by animals, which is used as a
manure soil amendment and fertilizer. Green manures are plant
cover crops which are tilled into the soil.
microclimate Variations of the climate within a given area, usually
influenced by hills, hollows, structures or proximity to
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bodies of water. (i.e. when it's raining at your house, and
the sun is shining on the other side of the street)
Mineral elements which are needed by some plants in very
small quantities. If the plants you are growing require
micro nutrients
specific 'trace elements' and they are not available in the
soil, they must be added.
monoecious Plants bearing separate male and female flowers on the
plant same plant
Any loose material placed over the soil to control weeds
and conserve soil moisture. Usually this is a coarse organic
mulch
matter, such as leaves, clippings or bark, but plastic
sheeting and other commercial products can also be used.
Any plant that occurs and grows naturally in a specific
native plant
region or locality.
To plant randomly, without a pattern. The idea is to create
naturalize the effect that the plants grew in that space without man's
help, such as you would find wild flowers growing.
The point on a stem where one or more leaves, branches or
node
flowers start to grow.
organic The method of gardening utilizing only materials derived
gardening from living things. (i.e. composts and manures)
organic Any material which originated as a living organism. (i.e.
material peat moss, compost, manure)
Shaped like a hand, with segments radiating from a central
palmate
point, like fingers
panicle A loose, airy, multi-branched cluster of flowers
A plant which lives on, and acquires it's nutrients from
parasitic plant another plant. This often results in declined vigor or death
of the host plant.
The partially decomposed remains of various mosses. This
peat moss is a good, water retentive addition to the soil, but tends to
add the acidity of the soil pH.
A non-woody plant which grows and lives for more than
perennial two years. Perennials usually produce one flower crop each
year, lasting anywhere from a week to a month or longer.
A mineral, which when expanded by a heating process
forms light granuals. Perlite is a good addition to container
perlite
potting mixes, to promote moisture retention while
allowing good drainage.
Any insect or animal which is detrimental to the health
pest
and well being of plants or other animals.
photosynthesis The internal process by which a plant turns sunlight into
growing energy. The formation of carbohydrates in plants
from water and carbon dioxide, by the action of sunlight on
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the Chlorophyll within the leaves.
Utilizing the thumb and forefinger to nip back the very tip
pinching back of a branch or stem. Pinching promotes branching, and a
bushier, fuller plant
A compound leaf structure with a feather-like formation of
pinnate leaflets arranged in pairs or alternating along the main
stem.
The seed-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of the ovary,
pistil
stigma, and style.
The transfer of pollen from the stamen (male part of the
flower) to the pistil (female part of the flower), which results
in the formation of a seed. Hybrids are created when the
pollination
pollen from one kind of plant is used to pollinate and
entirely different variety, resulting in a new plant
altogether.
A soil mixture designed for use in container gardens and
potting soil potted plants. Potting mixes should be loose, light, and
sterile.
Various methods of starting new plants ranging from
propagation starting seeds to identical clones created by cuttings or
layering.
The cutting and trimming of plants to remove dead or
pruning injured wood, or to control and direct the new growth of a
plant.
Basically, pH is a measure of the amount of lime (calcium)
contained in your soil. A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is
pH
an acid soil, a soil pH higher than 7.0 is alkaline soil. Soil
pH can be tested with an inexpensive test kit.
A single stemmed inflorescence with flowers on individual
stalks along a stem. The bottom flowers open first as the
raceme raceme continues to
elongate. Snapdragon and Delphinium flowers grow on
racemes.
A modified plant stem which grows horizontally, under the
surface of the soil. New growth then emerges from different
rhizome
points of the rhizome. Irises and some lawn grasses are
rhizome plants.
The network of roots along with the attached soil, of any
root ball
given plant.
A condition which exists when a potted plant has outgrown
its container. The roots become entangled and matted
rootbound together, and the growth of the plant becomes stunted.
When repotting, loosen the roots on the outer edges of the
root ball, to induce them to once again grow outward.

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rooting A powder or liquid growth hormone, used to stimulate
hormone a plant cutting to send out new roots from a stem node.
A cluster of leaves or flowers forming a compact, circular
rosette
arrangement
A slender stem growing out from the base of some plants,
which terminates with a new offset plant. The new plant
runner
may be severed from the parent after it has developed
sufficient roots.
relative The measurement of the amount of moisture in the
humidity atmosphere.
Scratching or nicking of a seed's shell to facilitate
scarification
germination.
A short length of stem, taken from one plant which is then
scion
grafted onto the rootstock of another plant.
A flower having only a minimum number of petals for that
single flower
variety of plant.
Basically, pH is a measure of the amount of lime (calcium)
contained in your soil. A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is
soil pH
an acid soil, a soil pH higher than 7.0 is alkaline soil. Soil
pH can be tested with an inexpensive test kit.
A bog moss which is collected and composted. Most peat
moss is composed primarily of sphagnum moss. This moss
sphagnum
is also packaged and sold in a fresh state, and used for
lining hanging baskets and air layering.
Spores are the reproductive cell structure of ferns, fungi
and mosses. Fern spores develop inside small green
spore capsules on the underside of the fronds, called
sporangia. These types of plants do not form flowers nor
produce seeds.
The practice of driving a stake into the ground next to, and
as a support for a plant. When attaching the plant to the
staking stake, be sure that it is tied loosely so it doesn't strangle
the stem. When staking a potted plant, the stake should be
set into the planter before the plant is added.
An above ground spreading stem or runner that often
stolon produces a new plant at the tip. (example: Strawberry
plants)
A process used to break the dormancy of a seed. This
usually requires that the seeds be placed in a moistened
stratification
rooting medium and kept in the refrigerator or freezer for a
designated length of time
sucker A growth originating from the rootstock of a grafted plant,
rather than the desired part of the plant. Sucker growth
should be removed, so it doesn't draw energy from the

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plant.
A chemical which is absorbed directly into a plants system
systemic to either kill feeding insects on the plant, or to kill the
plant itself.
The main, thick root growing straight down from a
tap root
plant. (not all plants have tap roots)
Plants which are unable to endure frost or freezing
tender plants
temperatures.
The twisting, clinging, slender growth on many vines,
tendril which allows the plant to attach themselves to a support or
trellis.
The layer of dead stems that builds up under many lawn
thatch grasses. Thatch should be removed periodically to promote
better water and nutrient penetration into the soil.
Removing excess seedlings, to allow sufficient room for the
remaining plants to grow. Thinning also refers to removing
thinning
entire branches from a tree or shrub, to give the plant a
more open structure.
To evenly spread fertilizers or other soil amendments over
top-dress
the surface of the soil.
A method of pruning and training certain plants into
topiary
formal shapes such as animals.
The top layer of native soil. This term may also apply to
topsoil
good quality soil sold at nurseries and garden centers.
transpiration The release of moisture through the leaves of a plant.
The process of digging up a plant and moving it to another
transplanting
location.
A flat underground stem which stores food and plant
tuber
energy and from which a plant grows. (e.g. Dahlias)
A mostly flat-topped flower cluster in which individual
umbel flower stems radiate from a common point, like the ribs of
an umbrella.
variegated Leaves which are marked with multiple colors.
A sterile soil amendment created when the mineral 'mica'
has been heated to the point of expansion, like popcorn. A
vermiculite
good addition to container potting mixes, vermiculite
retains moisture and air within the soil.

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REFERENCE AND FURTHER READINGS
 http://www.heirloom-organics.com/guide/seedstartingcare.html
 Nursery management, tree propagation and marketing
 A training manual for smallholder farmers and nursery operators
o Grow and Produce Your Own BIO-FERTILIZERS, PhilRootcrops,
 LSU, Visca, Baybay, Leyte
o Nature Farming System (NFS) Handout, DA-CENVIARC,
Mandaue
 City, Cebu
o TOT documents on Organic-based Agriculture
o Handout, Application Manual on Crop Production using EM
 Technology, EM Research Phils., Inc., Madrigal Business Park,
 Alabang, Muntinlupa City
o Organic Fertilizers and Soil Amendments: Importance and Role
 of Organic Fertilizers and Soil Amendments
 Advocacy documents of DA-ATI 8, LSU, Visca, Baybay, Leyte
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 Philippine National Standard PNS/BAFS 40:2012 (Organic Fertilizer)
 Orgnaic Agriculture Production NC II Training regulation
 Competency Based Curriculum

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CBLM On OAP

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PARTS OF A COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Performance Criteria Checklist

Learning Outcome Summary

In our efforts to standardize CBLM,

TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------- 2

HOW TO USE THIS LEARNING MATERIALS ------------------------------ 3

LIST OF COMPETENCIES ---------------------------------------------------- 4

MODULE CONTENT ----------------------------------------------------------- 5

LEARNING OUTCOME -------------------------------------------------------- 7

LEARNING EXPERIENCES --------------------------------------------------- 9

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1 Land preparation activities --------------- 10

SELF-CHECK 2.2-1 ----------------------------------------------------------- 15

ANSWER KEY 2.2-1 ----------------------------------------------------------- 16

ANSWER KEY 2.2-2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 31

ANSWER KEY 2.2-3 ----------------------------------------------------------- 36

TASK SHEET 2.2-3 Perform transplanting of seedlings ---------------- 37

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 2.2-3 ---------------------------- 38

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-4 Water management ---------------------- 39

SELF-CHECK 2.2-4 ----------------------------------------------------------- 42

ANSWER KEY 2.2-4 ----------------------------------------------------------- 43

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS ------------------------------- 53

HOW TO USE THE COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

Refer to Learning Activity Page to know the sequence of learning tasks

Read the information sheets. This will give you an understanding of

Complete the activities as directed in the activity/practice sheets.

Answer self-checks found in each section of the learning guide. Do not

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1. Raise organic chicken Raising organic chicken AGR612301

Produce organic Producing organic

Produce organic Producing organic

5. Raise organic hogs Raising organic hogs AGR612302

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: PRODUCE ORGANIC VEGETABLES

MODULE TITLE: PRODUCING ORGANIC VEGETABLES

This module covers the knowledge, skills and

NOMINAL DURATION: 21 hours

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 2.2-1 on This module covers the

Compare Answer to Answer key 2.2-

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

HOW TO PREPARE SOIL FOR ORGANIC FARMING?

Assessing the Health of Your Soil

INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM LABORATORY TESTING:

Steps to Preparing Your Soil

1. DEALING WITH WEEDS AND ROCKS

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

DOUBLE DIG METHOD

3. CONSIDER YOUR CLIMATE

4. AMENDING YOUR SOILS

Avoid anything with large chunks of undecomposed materials or compost

Date Developed: Document No. IBIF-OAP02-03-02

5. MULCHING YOUR SOIL

Managing Your Soil for Long Term Health

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

REGENERATIVE SOIL MANAGEMENT

Trainee’s Name: ______ Date:

Trainer: __________ Date: _