I.

Constituent Power and Constitutional Interpretation

A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers
1. Constituent power
2. Electoral power
3. Legislative power through initiative and referendum
4. Power of Recall

B. Amending or Revision Process

1. In general
Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367
Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28*
Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006
Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997*

2. Proposals

a. By congress as Constituent Assembly

Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69*
Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1
Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1
Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774

b. By Constitutional Convention
Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677

c. By People’s Initiative
Lambino v. COMELEC, supra.
Santiago v. COMELEC, supra.

d. By the President during Emergency

Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33

3. Submission of Proposed Amendments

Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702
Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105*
UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17*

4. Ratification
Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30*

C. Constitutional Interpretation
Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284
Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol, 415 SCRA 44, 126-
129
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408

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II. Fundamental Principles and State Policies
A. Preamble: Nature, purpose and aims
B. Principles
1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism
a. Direct and Indirect Democracy
b. Representation and renovation
c. Accountability to the people
d. Rule of the Majority
e. The Rule of Law - Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people);
Article V

2. Adherence to International Law - Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (independent foreign /

nuclear free policy)

a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1)

b. Adoption of International Law
c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity

3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority

Article II, Section 3
Article VII, Section 18
Article XVI, Section 5(4)
Article XVI, Section 5(2)

4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State - Article II,
Sections 4 and 5

5. Separation of Church and State

Article II, Section 6
Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause)
Bishop Amari v. Villaflor, G.R. No. 224521, Februry 17, 2020
Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects)
Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector)
Exceptions: Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches)
Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions)
Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction)
Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, except religious groups and
mission boards)
C. Policies
1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines - Article II, Sections 7-8;
Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases)
Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000*
Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002*

2. A just and dynamic social order – Preamble; Article II, Section 9

a. The promotion of social justice
i. Social justice defined - Art. XIII, §1

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 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726

ii. Aspects of social justice

1. Labor – Art.2, § 18; Art. XIII, §3
a. The right of government workers to form unions - Article III,
Section 8; Article IX-B, Section 2(5)
2. Agrarian and natural resources reform – Art. 2, § 2; Art. XIII, §4-8
See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657
and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987)
Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian
Reform, 175 SCRA 343

iii. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10; See P.D. No. 1517, June 11,
1978

iv. Health - Art. XIII, §§11-13

v. Women – Art. 2, § 14; Art. XIII, §14
vi. People’s organizations – Art. 2, § 23; Art. XIII, §15-16
b. Respect for human dignity and human rights - Article XIII, Sections 17-19; Article II,
Section 11; Article XVI, Section 5(2)

c. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports - Article II,
Section 17
i. Education
1. Right to education - Art. XIV, §1
Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706*
Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 *

2. Educational mandate of the state - Art. XIV, §§2 and 5

Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 *
University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571*
Alcuaz v. PSBA, 178 SCRA 135 *
3. The educational system - Art. XIV, §§3-4
CoTesCUP v. Sec. of Education, G.R. No. 216930, October 9, 2018
ii. Language - Art. XIV, §6-9
iii. Science and technology -Art. XIV, §§10-13
iv. Arts and culture - Art. XIV, §§14-18
v. Sports - Art. XIV, §19
d. Promotion of health and ecology - Article II, Sections 15-16; Article XIII, Sections 11-13
Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

3. The family as basic autonomous social institution - Article II, Section 12; Article XV
(The Family); Article II, Section 13; Family Code, Article 1
a. Protection of the Unborn

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 b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents

4. A self-reliant and independent economic order - Article II, Sections 19 – 20 : National

Economy and Patrimony - Art. XII, §1
Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997
Bureau of Fisheries v. COA, G.R. No. 173088, June 25, 2008

a. Natural Resources - Art. XII, §§2-5 and 7

La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December
2004

b. Private lands
1. Citizenship requirement - Art. XII, §7; 1973 Const., Art. XVII, §11

2. Exception
(a) Acquisition by legal succession
Ramirez v. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704*
(b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen - Art. XII, §8
3. Agrarian reform - Art. XIII, §§4-8
4. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10
c. Lease to foreigners of private lands valid
Smith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53*NCC, Art. 1643
d. Regulation of economic activities
1. Rationale - Art. XII, §§6 and 12-13
2. Organization and regulation of private corporations - Art. XII,
§16

3. Operation of public utilities - Art. XII, §§11 and 17

Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, Resolution dated
October 9,2012

4. On mass media and advertising industry - Art. XVI, §§10-11

5. Practice of professions - Art. XII, §14
6. State operation of private enterprises - Art. XII, §§17-18
Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003

7. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition - Art. XII, §19

PPA v. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632

8. Money, banking and credit - Art. XII, §§20-21

9. Cooperatives - Art. XII, §15
5. Communication and information in nation-building
Article II, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 10 – 11; Article XVIII, Section 23

6. Autonomy of local governments

Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002

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 7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities
Article II, Section 22
Article VI, Section 5(2)
Article XII, Section 5
Article XIII, Section 6
Article XIV, Section 17
Article XVI, Section 12
See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure
Article II, Section 27
Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman)
Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure)
Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities)
Article VII, Section 12 (president's health)
Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications)
Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans)
Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups)
Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account)
Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report)
Article III, Section 7 (right to information)
Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra.
Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002
IDEALS v. PSALM, G.R. No. 192088, October 9, 2012

III. Citizenship and Suffrage

Citizenship
A. Definition
B. Importance of Citizenship
Elizabeth Lee v. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001*

C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship

D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987
Constitution:
2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens
3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2

1. Advantages of natural born citizens
Article XII, Section 8
Article VII, Sections 2 & 3
Article VI, Sections 3 & 6
Article VIII, Section 7 (1)
Article XI Section 8

Page 5 of 18
 Art. IX-B Section 1(1)
Art. IX-C Section 1(1)
Art. IX-D Section 1(1)
Article XII, Section 20
Article XIII, Section 17 (2)

2. Who are Natural Born Citizens

a. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens.
b. Those who elect Filipino citizenship
c. Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation
Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004
Bengzon v. HRET, 357 SCRA 545
In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692

F. Naturalization
1. By Judicial Proceeding
2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)
3. By Direct Act of Congress
4. Denaturalization
G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3
Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002*

H. Reacquisition of Citizenship - See Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2)

Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727*
Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999*

I. Dual Citizenship
J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5; (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code)
Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630
Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. 198742, August 10, 2012

Suffrage - Article V
Material points of:
Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003
Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318
Nicolas-Lewis v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 223705, August 14, 2019

IV. Three Departments of Government

A. CONGRESS

1. Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office

a. Senate - Art. VI, §§2-4

b. House of Representatives - Art. VI, §§5-8; Art. IX-C, §§6-8; Art. XVIII, §7

Page 6 of 18
 Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779

i. Apportionment and Reapportionment

Bagabuyo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176970, July 16, 2008

Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, April 7, 2010
Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211*
Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400*

ii. Party – List Representatives –

See Republic Act No. 7941

Atong Paglaum, Inc. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013
Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v.
COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009, Resolution dated July 8, 2009
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. COMELEC, G.R. 190582, April 8, 2010

2. Election
a. Regular election - Art. VI, §8
b. Special election - Art. VI, §9

3. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification

a. Salaries – Art. VI, §10
PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300*
Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823*

b. Freedom from arrest – Art. VI, §11, Revised Penal Code, Art. 145
Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22
People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000

c. Speech and Debate Clause – Art. VI, §11

Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876
Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009

d. Disqualifications and other prohibitions – Art. VI, §§13-14

Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 563
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. 175352, January 18, 2011

e. Duty to disclose – Art. VI, §§12 and 20, Art. XI, §17

4. Internal Government of Congress – Art. VI, §16

a. Election of Officers
Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998

b. Quorum
Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17

c. Rules of proceedings
Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863*
Pacete v. Secretary of Commission of Appointments, 40 SCRA 58*

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 Arroyo v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997
Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees on Public Information, Public Order
and Safety, 575 SCRA 170 (on the publication of rules and declaration that the
E-Commerce Act of 2000 does not make the Internet a medium for publishing laws,
rules and regulations)

d. Power over members and right to sit

Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil 193*

e. Discipline of members
Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83*
Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001*
De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002 (Resolution)*

f. Sessions – Art. VI, §§ 15 and 16(5); Art. VII, §§10-11 and 18 (par. 2)

g. Journal and Congressional Records – Art. Vi, §16 (4)

See discussion under legislative power

5. Powers of Congress

a. Police power
U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245*
Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155*
Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195
People v. Siton, 600 SCRA 476*
Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849

b. General plenary powers

Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, at 45-46

c. Legislative power
(i) Substantive imitations
>Express substantive limitations

Art. III; Art. VI, §§25 and 28; Art. XIV§4(3); Art. VI, §§29-31

>Implied substantive limitations

Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers

• Criterion of valid delegation
ABAKADA Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, 469 SCRA 14
U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 6*
Solicitor General v. MMA, 204 SCRA 837*

• Undue delegation of legislative power

Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596

• Proper delegation

Page 8 of 18
  By express authority of the Constitution
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256

 (2) Delegation to the President – Art. VI, §23(2)

Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission, G.R.
No. 192935, December 7, 2010

 (3) Delegation to local governments – Art. X, §§2-3

Gancayco v. City Government of Quezon City, G.R.
No. 177807, October 11, 2011*
Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Atienza, G.R. No.
156052, February 13, 2008

 (4) Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to

prescribed standards
Edu v. Ericta, October 24, 1970*
Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703

 (5) Promulgation of rules and regulations

Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws

(ii) Procedural limitations – Art. VI, §§26-27

d. Question hour – Art. VI, §22

e. Legislative investigations – Art. VI, §21

Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29; 97 Phil 358
Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767*
Senate v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006
Senate v. Madajucon, Romero v. Estrada, April 2, 2009

f. Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice-PresidentialElections – Art. VII, §4,
par. 4

g. Call special election for President and Vice-President – Art. VII, §10

h. Revoke or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of martial

law – Art. VII, §18

i. Approve presidential amnesties – Art. VII, §19

j. Confirm certain appointments – Art. VIII, §9 (by Congress; Id. §16 by the Commission
on Appointments)
Daza vs. Singson, 180 SCRA 496*
Coseteng vs. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377*
Guingona vs. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 *

l. Concur in treaties - Art. VII, §21 (through the Senate)

Sombilon v. Romulo, February 1, 2009

Page 9 of 18
 m. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers – Art. VI, §23

n. Be judge of president’s physical fitness – Art. VII, §11 (par. 4)

o. Power of impeachment – Art. XI, §§2-3

p. Amendment or revision of the Constitution – Art. XVII

6.The Legislative Process

a. Requirements as to bills
(i) As to title
Review BANAT Partylist v. COMELEC, supra.
Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496

(ii) Requirements as to certain laws

• Appropriation laws
Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221

• Power of taxation and requirement as to tax laws

• Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

First Lepanto Ceramic v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 519*

b. Procedure for the passage of bills

Ang Nars Party List v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. No. 215746, October 8, 2019

c. The President’s veto power

Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486
Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452
Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506

d. Legislative veto
Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719

e. Effectivity of laws

f. Journal and Congressional Records

Review Mabanag v. Lopez Vito on the enrolled bill doctrine
See dissenting of J. Puno in Arroyo v. De Venecia, supra.
Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347
Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714*
Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131*

7. Electoral Tribunal
Pimentel v. HRET, GR No. 141489, Nov. 29, 2002
Palparan v. HRET, GR NO. 189506, Feb. 11, 2010
Ongsiako Reyes v. COMELEC, GR No. 2072264, June 25, 2013

Page 10 of 18
B. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

1. The President
a. Singular Executive
Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451*
Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619*

b. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Art. VII, §§2, 4 and 5

Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2001

c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, §6

d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, §13

Funa v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010

e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office

(Vice-President as member of the cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the
Judicial and Bar Council)
CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317
Dela Cruz v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 138489, November 29, 2001

2. Powers and Functions of the President

a. Executive Power –
(i) Power to execute laws Art. VII, §§1 and 17
Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141
(ii) Control and supervision over the executive branch of the government - Art. VII, §17
Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895
Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Executive Secretary, 360 SCRA 718
Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, G.R. No.
196425,
July 24, 2012
(iii)General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions - Art. X, §§4, 16
Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201*
Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271*
(iv)Power of appointment
With consent of Commission on Appointments
Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160*
Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254*
Manalo v. Sistoza, August 11, 1999

Limitations on appointing power of the President - Art. VII, §§13 and 15

Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1*
Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331*
Quisimbing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446*

Interim or recess appointments

Art. VI, §19
Art. VII, §16

Page 11 of 18
Temporary designations
Administrative Code of 1987, Bk. III, §17

b. Powers over Legislation

(i) Veto

(ii) Delegated decree authority

Emergency powers - Art. VI, §23(2)
Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368
Review concept of emergency in David v. Arroyo, supra.

(iii) Integrative powers

c. Special Powers –

(i) Powers as Commander-in-Chief - Art. VII, §18; Art. III, §13; Art. VIII, §1, par. 2
Gudani & Balutan v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, August 15, 2006
Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448
Burgos v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011
IBP v. Zamora, infra.
Lacson v. Perez, 357 SCRA 756
Sanlakas v. Angelo Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004
David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, infra.
Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan, et al. v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, et al., G.R. No. 190259,
June 7, 2011

(ii) Executive clemencies

Art. VII, §19
Art. IX-C, §5

(iii) Diplomatic powers

Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans - Art. VII, §20; Art. XII, §21; Rep. Act
No. 4860

Power over foreign affairs

Recognition of foreign states

Conduct of foreign relations

Pimentel vs. Office of Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005
Phil. International Trading Corp. vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421

Settlement of disputes with foreign powers

Treaty-making - Art. VII, §21

Executive Agreements
BAYAN vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. no. 138570, October 10, 2000. See J. Puno’s
Dissenting Opinion

Page 12 of 18
 Negotiate
Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, 568 SCRA 402
Deportation of undesirable aliens

d. Residual Power

Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668; 178 SCRA 760

3. Prohibitions and Immunity

(i) Immunity from suit
In re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160
Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393
Nixon vs. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731*
Clinton vs. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636*

(ii) Executive Privilege

Neri vs. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and
Investigations (Blue Ribbon Committee), G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008; Read
CJ Puno’s Dissenting Opinion
AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008

4. Succession

Constructive Resignation
Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108; Resolution on the Motion for
Reconsideration,
356 SCRA 108

The Vice President - Art. VII, §§3-5, §6 and §9; Art. XI, §2-3

Right of succession and membership in Cabinet - Art. VII, §§8, 11, and 3, par. 2
Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108

5. Removal

C. JUDICIARY
1. Judicial Power – Art. VIII, section 1
All courts can exercise judicial power
Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659

2. Supreme Court
a. Jurisdiction - Article 8, §5(2)(d)

b. Congressional Power over the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court - Art. VIII, §2,
par.1, Art. VI, §30

c. En banc vs. Division - Art. VIII, §4

Manotok v. Barque, G.R. Nos. 162335 and 162605, December 8, 2008

d. Composition - Art. VIII, §4

Page 13 of 18
 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 *
De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010

e. Judicial and Bar Council: Appointments and Qualifications – Art. VIII, §7(1), §8,
§9
Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012

f. Salary – Art. VIII §10; Art XVIII § 17

g. Security of Tenure – Art. VIII § 2, par.2 and §11

De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294

h. Removal - Art. VIII, §11; Art. XI, § 2

i. Requirements as to Decisions – Art. VIII, §§ 13-14

Oil & Gas Nature Corporation v. CA, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-308

j. Mandatory period for deciding cases – Art. VIII §15; Art. VII, § 18 par. 3; Art.
XVIII, §12-14

k. Presidential Electoral Tribunal

Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2011

l. Administrative powers – Art. VIII, §§ 5 (3) (4) (6) and 11

1. Supervision of lower courts
Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464
In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001
2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest
3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice
4. Appointment of officials and employees of the entire judiciary
5. Promulgate rules concerning of the enforcement and protection
constitutional rights
6. Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice and procedure
7. Admission to the practice of law
8. Integration of the bar
9. Legal assistance to the underprivileged

m. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges -Art. VIII, §12

Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600
In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246

n. Fiscal autonomy

o. Report on the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 16

p. Automatic release of appropriation for the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 3.

V. Judicial Review
A. Definition, Nature, Principles
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137**

Page 14 of 18
 Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139**

B. Justiciable and Political Question

Avelino v. Cuenco, supra.
Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603

C. Requisites of Judicial Review

David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006

1. Actual Case or Controversy

a. Prematurity
b. Mootness vs. Ripeness
David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,supra.
Gonzales v. Narvasa, 337 SCRA 733
c. Exceptions to the Mootness rule
David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,supra.

2. Earliest Opportunity

ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Phil. Multi-Media Inc., G.R. No. 175769,

January 19, 2009
Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services Inc., G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009

3. Standing of a Party
David, et al. vs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,supra.
1. Standing vs. Real-Party-in-Interest
2. Types of Standing

a. Citizen
b. Associational
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000**
c. Taxpayers
ITF v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 159139, January 13, 2004
Jumamil v. Cafe, G.R. No. 144570, September 2005

d. Voters
e. Legislative
f. Governmental
g. Standing jus tertii
4. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case
Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895, June 15, 2004
Yap v. Thenamaris Ship’s Management and Intermare Maritime Agencies, Inc., G.R.
No. 179532, May 30, 2011
Barangay Captain Beda Torrecampo v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System,
et al., G.R. No. 188296, May 30, 2011

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5. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality
Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008

VI. The Constitutional Commissions

A. Civil Service Commission

1. Scope of the civil service - Art. IX-B, §2(1); Art. XII, §16
a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service
(1) Oath of allegiance - Art. IX-B, §4; Art. XI, §1

(2) Merit System

a. Appointment of lameducks
b. Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §7; Art. VII, §13; Art. VI,
§13; Art. VIII, §8(1)(3) and (12); Art. IX-A, §2
CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra.
Flores v. Drilon, supra.

(3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation

Art. IX-B, §§5 and 8
Revs. Adm. Code of 1987, §17(2)

(4) Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §2(4)

Compare with Art. XVI, §5(3) as to members of the AFP

(5) Removal or suspension only for cause - Art. IX-B, §2(3)

(6) Right of self-organization - Art. III, §8; Art. IX-B, §2(5)

(7) Right to strike

2. Review of decisions of the CSC - Art. IX-A, §7

3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5

B. Commission on Elections
See Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra.

1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners - Art. IX-C, §1(1); Art. VII, §13, par.
2
See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210

2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment -

Art. IX, §1(2)

Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 *

3. Powers and functions of the COMELEC - Art. IX-C, §2

Enforce election laws - Art. IX-C, §2(1)

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 Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote

Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters - Art. IX-C, §2(6)

Prosecute election law violators - Art. IX-C, §2(6)

Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law

violators - Art. IX-C, §5

Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal - Art. IX-C,
§2(4)(8)

Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353*

Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of

citizens’ arms - Art. IX-C, §2(5)

Registration under party-list system - Art. IX-C, §§6-8; Art. VI, §5(2); Art. XVIII, §7

Regulation of public utilities and media information - Art. IX, §§4 and 9

Decide election contests - Art. IX-C, §§2(2) and (3); RA. 7166, §22

4. Rule-making - Art. IX-A, §6; Art. IX-C, §3

5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, §8

6. Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators

7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions- Art. IX-C, §2(2); Art. IXA, §7

8. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5

C. Commission on Audit
Art. IX-D
Art. VII, §12, par. 2
Art. VII, §12, par. 2
Art. XVIII, §17
Art. IX-A, §§2, 5-8
Art. XI, §2
Art. VI, §20

VII. Other Agencies of the Government

A. Office of the Special Prosecutor

Art. XI, §7
Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843

B. Central Monetary Authority

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 Art. XII, §§20-21

C. Economic and Planning Agency: NEDA

Art. XII, §§9-10
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, supra.

D. National Commissions

VIII. Accountability of Public Officers

A. Public office as a public trust - Art. XI, §1; Id., §18; Art. IX-B, §4
See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees)
Republic v Sereno (G.R. 237428)

B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art. XI, §17

C. Ban on financial accommodations - Id., §16

D. Agencies for insuring public accountability

1. Congress-Impeachment - Art. XI, §§2-3
Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang
Pilipino, Inc., supra.
Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011

2. Sandiganbayan - Art. XI, §4

3. Ombudsman - Art. XI, §§5-6, 8-14

4. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, §7

E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe - Art. XI, §15

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