Ques.-1 Explain the evolution of English Language?

Ans.-1 The evolution of the English language is explained through many theories. First theories says
that language is an adaptation. Steven Pinker states that human language is a complex biological
adaptation that is evolved by natural selection for communication. Language evolved in response to
some selection pressure towards improved communication. Helps in sharing the information
regarding something among people, so that if there would be some danger people around could be
saved rather than every person suffering from that danger or else if there is something secure,
fruitful, and effective resource then all other people could take the advantage of it rather than
rediscovering all the things repeatedly. Another theory says that language is a spandrel. Stephen Jay
and Noam Chomsky in their theory states that language represents a mix of organic and cultural
factors and can be understood by fully investigating its cultural history and spandrel is a non-
adaptive element arising as byproduct of other processes. There is one more theory by Susan
Blackmore in which it is stated that everything which is passed from person to person is a meme.
This includes all the words in your vocabulary, the stories you know, the skills and habits you have
picked from others and the games you play. It includes the song you sing, and rules you obey. The
development of English language began from Englisc or Anglo Saxon which was known as Old
English, and it lasted from 500-1100AD. Old English was West Germanic language spoken in area
now known as England. It came into writing during the early 8 th century. There were four main
dialects: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon and West Saxon was commonly used
dialect to write. After that English was combined with French and sometimes it was more of French,
it was known as Middle English and lasted from 1100AD to 1500AD. Middle English displayed a quite
different kind of structure, it was also with major changes with comparison to the Old English and
was following Norman Conquest of 1066. The next development in English language is termed as
Early Modern English came with innovation in English vocabulary, revival of European art and
literature under the influence of classical scholarships known as the Renaissance, and it started from
1500AD to 1800AD. The European Renaissance is also termed as Elizabeth era or the age of
Shakespeare, during the English Renaissance thousands of new words added to the vocabulary. The
current English is termed as Late Modern English. In the Early and Late Modern English, vocabulary,
pronunciation, grammar, and spelling are almost the same, but Late Modern English had many more
words. And these words are the result of two major historical factors. First factor was Industrial
Revolution, and second factor was the rise of the British Empire. It began in 1800AD.

Ques.-2 Discuss the various types of sentences with usage.

Ans.-2 The various types of sentences are as follows:

1. Positive Sentences:
 Also known as affirmative sentences
 Allow to affirm or state something in a straightforward manner
 When the subject is singular i.e., he, she, it, etc we use “has”
 When the subject is plural i.e., we, they, girls, boys, etc we use “have”
 When sentence starts with a negative word such as never, rarely, hardly, etc then
the subject and verb are reversed.
 Examples:
 He has played very well.
 They have done their work on time.
 Rarely do I see such a beautiful sunset.

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2. Negative Sentences:
 Sentence that denies affirmation.
 “Has not” and “does not” are used when the subject is singular.
 “Have not” and “do not” are used when the subject is plural.
 A negative sentence states that something is false .
 Negative sentences are created by adding the word 'not' after the auxiliary, verb.
 Examples:
 She has not done her work on time.
 We have not done any mistake.
3. Statement Sentences:
 Also known as declarative sentences.
 State a fact, an argument or an idea, without requiring an answer from the reader.
 Statements are either conditional or unconditional.
 Types of Statement Sentences are:
 Open Conditional Statements- refers to an event in future which is
conditional on another event in future. Example: If you drop the glass, it
might break.
 Hypothetical Conditional Statements- refers to a possible future situation
which is conditional on another possible future situation. Example: If I go to
Paris, I will visit Disneyland.
 Unfulfilled Hypothetical Conditional Statements - refers to situation that
might have taken place, but it did not because the condition was not
fulfilled. Example: If we had reached on time, we would catch the flight.
4. Interrogative Sentences:
 An interrogative sentence asks for information, conformation, or denial of any
statement.
 The final punctuation is always a question mark (?). 
 Interrogative sentences can be in positive or negative form, and in any tense.
 There are four types of Interrogative Sentences:
 Yes or No Interrogative Sentences - In the sentence the answer is either be
given in yes or no. Example: Did you inform the teacher?
 Alternative Interrogative Sentences- Sentences in which the answer to
question can be given by two or more alternate responses. Example: Will
you get me the vegetables, or should I say her?
 Tagged Interrogative Sentences- Sentences that have question phrases
tagged onto the end of declarative sentences. Example: You are so cute,
aren’t you?
 Informational Interrogative Sentences- Sentence that requires the special
information for its answers. We use why, when, where, who, what, and
how. Example: When will you do your work?
5. Exclamatory Sentences:
 Can be used in a word phase or a complete sentence, which conveys emotion or
excitement.
 An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, is a more forceful version of a declarative
sentence.

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  Always ends with the punctuation i.e., an exclamatory mark (!)
 Examples:
 What a cute puppy!
 Wow! Such a nice day.

Ques.-3 What do you mean by direct-indirect speech? Explain various concepts of vocabulary
building.

Ans.-3 Direct Speech repeats what someone has said, mostly has speech marks. It can be used in any
tense. Direct Speech is used in present tense to describe something that is currently happening. It is
used in past tense to describe the thing that had already happened. It is also used to represent
future tense to create the feeling of anticipation or exception. Examples: They said, “They will go
outside”. Indirect Speech repeats what someone has said but they are without speech marks. It
reports what someone said, and it is always in past tense. Instead of inverted comma “that” is
introduced in the statement. Different verbs can be used to express what is being reported.
Example: They said that they would go outside.

Vocabulary is described as “a set of words used in a specific language”. It comprises of all the words that
you understand when you read, write, listen, or comprehend something in the correct context. Hence,
more effort you put in understanding the meaning of a word, stronger your vocabulary grows. A strong
vocabulary is an asset, a skill that stays with you lifelong.

The various concepts of vocabulary building are:

 Flash Cards Method:

 Flash card are a tried and tested method for studying vocabulary and a great way to
learn.
 It is an excellent method of reviewing both old and new vocabulary words.
 There are various types of flash cards that can be made with the target word or
phrase on one side and its definition on the other side.
 Key idea of flash cards is writing down words and reviewing them each time when
played.
 Rote Method:
 It is also known as memorization or repetition method.
 In this method new words are learned by repeating them again and again.
 When no other methods work, rote method can be used at that time.
 It helps in early stages of learning.
 Self-Dictionary Method:
 As we hear, learn, and read new words every day.
 Just noting down all the unfamiliar words and learning their meaning will make a
self-dictionary and enhance vocabulary.
 Word Games Method:
 There are many word games that can be played, it not only entertains but also
improves vocabulary at the same time.
 Examples: word search, scramble, crosswords, letter blocks, etc.
 Visualization Method:
 It is the most efficient method for learning difficult words.
 In this method the words are related to something funny or an image so that it can
be memorized easily.

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 Reading Method:
 When more and more of reading is done new and unfamiliar words are discovered.
 The encounter with new words in remarkably constructive.
 Interaction Method:
 Interact in English in day-to-day life.
 One should be fluent in English speaking for better writing.
 English speaking makes vocabulary better.

By- Anchal Gupta

Roll No.- 2114100121

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