The document discusses solar control and passive solar design strategies. It explains that buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and outlines how passive solar design and energy efficient technologies can reduce this burden. Various solar control methods are described, including exterior elements like overhangs and interior elements like blinds. Factors like sun position, latitude, and time of day or year are reviewed to understand how they impact solar gain. Design strategies for effective shading device placement are also provided.
The document discusses solar control and passive solar design strategies. It explains that buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and outlines how passive solar design and energy efficient technologies can reduce this burden. Various solar control methods are described, including exterior elements like overhangs and interior elements like blinds. Factors like sun position, latitude, and time of day or year are reviewed to understand how they impact solar gain. Design strategies for effective shading device placement are also provided.
The document discusses solar control and passive solar design strategies. It explains that buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and outlines how passive solar design and energy efficient technologies can reduce this burden. Various solar control methods are described, including exterior elements like overhangs and interior elements like blinds. Factors like sun position, latitude, and time of day or year are reviewed to understand how they impact solar gain. Design strategies for effective shading device placement are also provided.
The document discusses solar control and passive solar design strategies. It explains that buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and outlines how passive solar design and energy efficient technologies can reduce this burden. Various solar control methods are described, including exterior elements like overhangs and interior elements like blinds. Factors like sun position, latitude, and time of day or year are reviewed to understand how they impact solar gain. Design strategies for effective shading device placement are also provided.
By Komal rathore BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN AND PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS
The building sector is responsible for almost 40% of the
total final energy consumption on a national level. This consumption, either in the form of heat (using primarily oil) or electricity, besides being a significant economic burden due to the high cost of energy, results in large scale atmospheric pollution, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for the greenhouse effect. The reduction of energy consumption in buildings can be achieved by simple methods and techniques, using a appropriate building design (bioclimatic architecture) and energy efficient systems and technologies, such as passive solar systems. SOLAR CONTROL INTRODUCTION There are many different reasons to want to control the amount of sunlight that is admitted into a building. In warm, sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high cooling energy consumption; in cold and temperate climates winter sun entering south- facing windows can positively contribute to passive solar heating; and in nearly all climates controlling and diffusing natural illumination will improve day lighting. Well-designed sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building interiors. Depending on the amount and location of fenestration, reductions in annual cooling energy consumption of 5% to 15% have been reported DESCRIPTION The use of sun control and shading devices is an important aspect of many energy-efficient building design strategies. In particular, buildings that employ passive solar heating or daylighting often depend on well-designed sun control and shading devices. solar control and shading can be provided by a wide range of building components including: -Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows; -Exterior elements such as overhangs or vertical fins; -Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves; -Low shading coefficient (SC) glass; and, -Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvers. THE SUN AND ITS POSITION The earth rotates on its north south axis in a 24 hour period and orbits the sun in a period of one year. The rotating axis is at an angle of 23 degrees. The height at which an observer sees the sun over the horizon (azimuth angle) depends on its location (latitude), the season (position of the earth in its orbit) and on the time of the day (rotation of the earth). The maximum or minimum height of the sun respectively, with h=90-j +/- 23 deg is reached at noon on the summer and winter solstice. The azimuth angle expresses the position of the sun over the horizon. SOLAR VERSES CLOCK TIME Solar time Clock time "solar time" is the time "Clock time" is the according to the position of artificial time that we the sun in the sky relative to use in everyday life to one specific location on the standardize our time ground. In solar time, the sun measurements. It is always due south (or allows people in north) at exactly noon. different locations to This means that someone a use the same time or few miles east or west of you to easily convert time will realize a slightly different from one location to solar time than you, although another. your clock time is probably the same. TRUE NORTH AND MAGNETIC DEVIATION
The true north pole and the
magnetic north pole are not in the same place. Since they are offset from each other there are two different angular measurements we can use. Our choice depends on what type of navigation we are doing In the Google Earth image at left the green pushpin is true north while the red pushpin is magnetic north. They are actually over 500 miles apart. Variation is what we term the angular difference between them. The outer rose (circle). This represents true bearings on the chart where '0', at the top of the rose, always points to true north. True north is often represented by a star icon, a symbol of the north star, also known as Polaris. True north represents the axis about which the Earth rotates on a daily basis
The inner rose (circle). This
represents magnetic bearings on the chart where '0', in the upper part of the rose, points to the magnetic north pole at the time the chart was printed. Variation. This is the difference, in degrees, between true and magnetic. Variation can be east or west. MAGNETIC DEVIATION Magnetic declination is the angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a compass needle points, corresponding to the direction of the Earth's magnetic field lines and true north .This angle varies depending on position on the Earth's surface, and changes over time. SUN-PATH DIAGRAMS
Sun path diagrams are a
convenient way of representing annual changes in the path of the Sun through the sky within a single 2D diagram. Their most immediate use is that the solar azimuth and altitude can be read off directly for any time of the day and day of the year. They also provide a unique summary of solar position that the designer can refer to when considering shading requirements and design options. The generation of each sun-path line is done by determining the exact position of the Sun as it passes through the sky in sub-hourly increments for each date - in most cases on the 1st or 21st of each month. This is then projected from the sky dome onto the flat image, as shown below. READING SUN PATH DIAGRAMS How to read Sunpath Diagrams At 9am... on April 1... the azimuth is 62o the altitude is 30o Azimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run around the edge of the diagram. Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are represented as concentric circular dotted lines that run from the center of the diagram out. Date Lines - Date lines start on the eastern side of the graph and run to the western side and represent the path of the sun on one particular day of the year. In Ecotect, the first day of January to June are shown as solid lines, while July to December are shown as dotted lines. Hour Lines/ Analemma - Hour lines are shown as figure-eight- type lines that intersect the date lines and represent the position of the sun at a specific hour of the day. The intersection points between date and hour lines give the position of the sun. Sun charts illustrating the variation in the sun’s movement in relation to latitude. EXTERIOR SHADING DEVICE Exterior shading device is primary used to control the amount of radiation penetration to the interior of buildings. Some of them are operable, i.e. they can be raised or lowered. Two basic types of exterior shading device are horizontal and vertical Its effectiveness depends on its type and placement relative to glass. When radiation strikes a shading device, a part of it is reflected outwards from its surface, another part is reflected onto the glazing remaining part is absorbed by itself, causing it to heat up. INTERIOR SHADING DEVICES Interior shading devices are mainly established in order to provide visual comfort by eliminating glare. Further, interior shading devices can contribute to the interior architectural design of rooms without influencing the exterior façade of the building. Because of the heat absorption happening inside the building (the transformation of short wave sunlight energy into long wave heat energy) interior shading devices are not as efficient as exterior shading solutions to reduce solar heat gains. Internal shading devices limit the glare resulting from solar radiation. Internal shading devices usually are adjustable and allow occupants to regulate the amount of direct light entering their space. Most commonly these take the form of horizontal or vertical blinds attached above windows. In rooms that are oriented north or east without risk for overheating in the summer, the following interior shading devices are in use : Venetian blinds – horizontal blade construction, which can be lowered and elevated (1) Roller blinds - textile curtains or foils, which are rolled up above the window (2) Pleats curtains – textile curtains, which are folded above the window (3) Vertical-blades - textile vertical blade curtains (4)
Curtains – textile curtains
INTERNAL SHADING DEVICES DESIGN STRATEGY OF SHADING DEVICES The design strategy of the shading device will depend on the size and orientation of the window openings. Shading devices can also affect the building appearance. Although the design of external shading devices involves a number of factors, the following recommendations are generally applied to all designs: Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass Limit the area of east or west glass. Vertical or egg-crate fixed shading can be considered if the shading projections are fairly deep or close together; however these may limit views. North-facing glass receives little direct solar gain , usually no shading is required to this exposure. Interior shading devices such as Venetian blinds or vertical blades do not reduce cooling load since the solar gain has already been admitted into the indoors. However these interior devices do offer glare control. The durability of shading devices should be considered. Operable shading devices usually require more maintenance and repair. VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL SHADING DEVICE Shading devices should be selected according to the orientation of the window. Vertical Shading device is most effective when sun is to one side of the elevation and at low angle, such as eastern or western elevation. Horizontal Shading device is most effective when sun is opposite to the building face considered and at high angle, such as for north and south facing walls. SHADOW ANGLES Shadow angles are formed by sun shading devices or projections on a wall exposed to the sun. Different design of sun shading devices form different shadow angles. The performance of shading device is specified by two angles : Horizontal shadow angle
Vertical shadow angle
These angles depend on the position of the sun
and the orientation where the window is facing. HORIZONTAL SHADOW ANGLE The horizontal shadow angle (HSA) is required for (or cast by) vertical shading devices. It is the horizontal angle between the normal of the window pane and the azimuth of the sun. HSA = wall azimuth – solar azimuth VERTICAL SHADOW ANGLE The vertical shadow angle (VSA) is required for (or cast by) horizontal shading devices. It is the angle between the ground line and altitude of the sun. Actually it is measured on a vertical plane normal to the elevation considered. If we imagine a virtual plane between the bottom left-hand and right-hand corners of the window and the sun, then the VSA is the angle this plane forms with the ground plane. tan VSA = tan(altitude) / cos(HSA) SOLAR ALTITUDE ANGLE &VSA Solar altitude angle describes sun’s position in relation to the horizon, while VSA describes the performance of the shading device. Numerically, the two coincide when, the sun is exactly opposite the wall considered i.e. when solar azimuth and wall azimuth angle are same and HSA = 0. For all other cases, when the sun is sideways from the perpendicular, the VSA is always larger than the solar altitude angle. SHADE DIMENSIONS These two angles, HSA and VSA, can then be used to determine the size of the shading device required for a window. If the height value refers to the vertical distance between the shade and the window sill, then the depth of the shade and its width from each side of the window can be determined using relatively simple trigonometry. Shade Depth : The depth is given by: depth = height / tan(VSA) Shade Width : The width is given by: width = depth x tan(HSA) DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Requirement of shading largely depends upon the climatic conditions. According to climatic zones, there are three categories of shading requirement : Complete year round shading Complete year round shading but only during major sunshine hours Shading during summer months only SOLAR CONTROL GLASS In hot climates, solar control glass can be used to minimize solar heat gain and help control glare. The design and placement of glass, known as fenestration, in specific areas of the building crafts the best environment for energy efficiency. In temperate regions, it can be used to equalize solar control with high levels of natural light. High Performance Glass Selecting a window or door that combines high performance glass with a quality frame and long-lasting weather resistant seals will result in a high performance, long lasting window and door. Coatings A range of coatings can be applied to glass to further enhance its properties. Low E coatings (also known as spectrally selective coatings) lower the amount of heat flow through windows and doors, by reflecting radiation rather than absorbing it. A Low E coating can reflect unwanted heat in summer while retaining heat and preventing it from radiating out in winter. Reflective coatings involve the application of a metallic film to one side of the glass in order to significantly increase the amount of reflected visible and infra red heat. Tinted Glass Tinted glass reduces outside glare, minimising fading to furnishings by UV rays and decreasing solar heat gain. Green, grey, bronze and blue are the most common tints, as they do not significantly alter the colour of the views through the window. Double Glazing Double glazed units comprise two or more panes of glass, separated by an air (or gas) filled cavity that is completely sealed. IGUs provide thermal insulation and improved acoustic performance while also significantly improving a building’s energy efficiency. A combination of IGUs and performance glazing can prevent up to 0% of heat loss in winter and 87% of heat gain in summer compared to standard mm single glazed windows. LANDSCAPING
The use of landscape design principles for selection
of trees, hedges, and trellis-pergola features with vines; all can be used to create summer shading. For winter solar gain it is desirable to use deciduous plants that drop their leaves in the autumn gives year round passive solar benefits. Non-deciduous evergreen shrubs and trees can be windbreaks, at variable heights and distances, to create protection and shelter from winter wind chill. THANK YOU