Module 5

S. S.
Jain Subodh LawCollege

Module 5
Internet
Internet is a network of computers linking many different types of computers all over the
world. It is a network of networks sharing a common mechanism for addressing computers and a
common set of communication protocols for communication between two computers on the network.
OR
Internet is interconnection of large number of heterogeneous computer networks all over the
world that can share information back and forth. These interconnected network exchange
information by using same standards and protocols
History
The internet has its root in the ARPANET system of the Advanced Research Project Agency
of the U.S. Department of Defence. ARPANET was the first WAN and had only four sites in
1969. The Internet evolved from the basic ideas of ARPANET for interconnecting computers
and was used by research organizations and universities initially to share and exchange
information. In 1989, the U.S. Government lifted restrictions on use of the Internet., and
allowed it to be used for commercial purpose as well. Since then, the Internet has grown
rapidly to become the world’s largest network. It now connects more than 30,000 networks,
allowing more than 10 million computers and more than 50 million computer users in more
than 150 countries around the world to communicate with each other. The Internet continues
to grow at rapid pace.
Scope of Internet:
Ubiquitous: The web is everywhere. Web pages serve youngsters following their music
bands, students gathering material for their essays, families following their member's
activities through social media sites, journalists researching their articles, academics putting
up course notes for students, the elderly looking up details of the drugs prescribed them . . .
the list is endless. {20} More used than search engines for websites are emails (over 3 billion
accounts {3}) and social media sites. Beyond social media, emails, and web pages, the
Internet has a host of other uses, including:
Business intelligence systems

Blogs
Cloud computing
Content management systems
S. S. Jain Subodh LawCollege
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Transnational: No country is without Internet access, and the information it conveys has the
potential to make the world a better informed, friendlier and more democratic place.
Transpersonal
eCommerce is no longer aimed at the cost-conscious shopper or computer geek, but caters for
all ages, social groupings and incomes
Standardized
Throughout its vast extent, the Internet runs on standard network protocols. A web page
created in Russia is seen in a broadly similar fashion in China and the USA, depending a little
on operating system, browser and VDU settings.
Media Rich
Web pages carry text, graphics, sound and/or video files. To them can also be attached PDF,
Excel and Powerpoint pages. Practically any sort of computer file can be sent FTP across the
Internet, or attached to an email.
Interactive
Increasingly, the web is becoming interactive, with sites being created by a two-way flow of
information between site owner and viewer. With social media sites like Facebook and
MySpace, that information flow is multidimensional as friends add their own information and
links.
Applications of internet
The internet is treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a large number of uses.
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1. Communication: it is used for sending and receiving message from one and other
through internet by using electronic mail. Some of the web sites providing this service are
yahoomail.com Hotmail.com rediffmail.com etc
2. Job searches: getting information regarding availability of job in different sectors and
areas. You can publish your resume in online for prospective job. Some of the web sites
providing this service are naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com, recuritmentindia.com
etc.
3. Finding books and study material : books and other study material stored around the
world can be easily located through internet. Latest encyclopaedias are available online.
4. Health and medicine: internet provide information and knowledge about field of health
medicine people can have information about various disease and can receive help .patient can
be taken to virtual check room where they can meet doctors.
5. Travel: one can use internet to gather information about various tourist place . it can be
used for booking Holiday tours , hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing this
service areindiatravelog.com, rajtravel.com, makemytrip.com.
6. Entertainment one can download jokes, song, movies, latest sports updates through
internet Some of the web sites providing this service arecricinfo.com, movies.com espn.com
7. Shopping : internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you
can perform the transaction. You can even pay your bills and perform bank related
transaction.
8. Stock market updates : you can sell or buy shares while sitting on computer through
internet. Several websites like ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide information
regarding investment
9. Research : a large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can
download any kind information by using internet
10. Business use of internet: different ways by which internet can be used for business are:
• Information about the product can be provided online to the the customer .
• Provide market information to the business
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• It help business to recruit talented people

• Help in locating suppliers of the product .
• Fast information regarding customers view about companies product
• Eliminate middle men and have a direct contact with contact with customer .
• Providing information to the investor by providing companies back ground and financial
information on web site
Services of Internet
1. Communication:
Email is an important communications service available on the Internet. Pictures, documents
and other files are sent as email attachments. Emails can be cc-ed to multiple email addresses
Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation
of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that
underlies all Internet communication.
2. Data Transfer:
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A
computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be
uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. Some of the example of
file sharing are:-
• FTP
• TELNET( Remote Computing)
Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility software, which uses available
telecommunication facility and allows you become a user on a remote computer. Once you
gain access to remote computer, you can use it for the intended purpose. The TELNET
works in a very step by step procedure. The commands typed on the client computer are
sent to the local Internet Service Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote
computer that you have gained access. Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENET into
your own account from another city and check your e-mail while you are traveling or away
on business.
The following steps are required for a TELNET session
• Start up the TELNET program
• Give the TELNET program an address to connect (some really nifty TELNET packages
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allow you to combine steps 1 and 2 into one simple step)

• Make a note of what the “escape character” is
• Log in to the remote computer,
• Set the “terminal emulation”
• Play around on the remote computer, and
• Quit.
3. Information:
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably,
but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents,
images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URIs). Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol
of the World Wide Web, but it is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used
on the Internet. Internet is interconnection of large number of heterogeneous computer
networks all over the world that can share information back and forth. These interconnected
network exchange information by using same standards and protocols.
Internet Connections:
Dial-up Connection
‘Dial-up’ connection is also known as Level Two connection. This provides connection to
Internet through a dial-up terminal connection. The computer, which provides Internet access
is known as ‘Host’ and the computer that receives the access, is ‘Client’ or ‘Terminal’. The
client computer uses modem to access a “host” and acts as if it is a terminal directly
connected to that host. 56K modem access is now widely available and supported by most
ISPs. It allows user to surf the Web at 56 Kbps with graphics. So this type of connection is
also known as ‘Remote Modem Access’ connection. And the host to which the client gets
connected is actually connected to the Internet by a full time connection (See Leased
Connection).
In dial-up connection to Internet, Host carries all the command that are typed on a client
machine and forward them to Internet. It also receives the data or information from the
Internet on behalf of the ‘Client’ and passes it to them. The client computer acts as a ‘dumb’
terminal connected to remote host.
This type of connection can further be divided into three categories.
Shell Connection:
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In this type of Internet Connection, the user will get only textual matter of a Web Page. This
connection does not support Graphics display.Shell Accounts were the only type of Internet
access available for many years before the Internet entered in to the world of graphics and
became more users friendly.
TCP/IP Connection:
Today’s graphical World Wide Web browsers provide easier access with multimedia sound
and pictures. The major difference between Shell and TCP/IP account is that, Shell account
can only display text and does not support graphics display, whereas TCP/IP can display both.
ISDN:
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) offers Internet connectivity at speeds of up to
128 Kbps through the use of digital phone lines. ISDN is a dial-up service that has been
provided by telephone companies for many years.
To access any of these dial-up accounts you need the followings;
• Computer
• Modem
• Telephone Connection
• Shell or TCP/IP/ISDN account from the ISP
• Internet client software such as Internet browser
Leased Connection
Leased connection is also known as direct Internet access or Level Three connection. It is the
secure, dedicated and most expensive, level of Internet connection. With leased connection,
your computer is dedicatedly and directly connected to the Internet using highspeed
transmission lines. It is on-line twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
DSL connection
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides digital data
transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital
subscriber loop. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to
mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL
technology. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the
same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses higher frequency bands for data
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separated by filtering. On the customer premises, a DSL filter on each outlet removes the
high frequency interference, to enable simultaneous use of the telephone and data.
The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in
the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions,
and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction,
(the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service.
In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data
rates are equal.
Advantages:
• Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so that it will not
be on the same network. In some cable modem networks, other computers on the
cable modem network are left visibly vulnerable and are easily susceptible to break in
as well as data destruction.
• Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN technology.
• High bandwidth
• Cheap line charges from the phone company.
• Good for “bursty” traffic patterns
Disadvantages
• No current standardization: A person moving from one area to another might find
that their DSL modem is just another paperweight. Customers may have to buy new
equipment to simply change ISPs.
• Expensive: Most customers are not willing to spend more than $20 to $25 per month
for Internet access. Current installation costs, including the modem, can be as high as
$750. Prices should come down within 1-3 years. As with all computer technology,
being first usually means an emptier wallet.
• Distance Dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL Access
Multiplexer), the lower the data rate. The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a
little over 3 miles.
TYPE OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

– Dialup
– Cable Connection
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– DSL Broadband
– Dedicated Leased Line
– ISDN
– Wireless Connection
Dial up connection:
 Dial-up connections are the most common type of Internet Connection for home
users.
 Dial-up connections today are considered the slowest but the reputation of being most
inexpensive. Connection rates for dial-up modems tend to fall between 24 kbps to 56
kbps
Features of dial up
 Uses POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
 Provides a low cost need based access.
 Bandwidth 24 to 56 Kbps.
 On the Customer End Modem is connected to a Telephone
 Line.
 Achievable bandwidth depends on the line quality.
Cable Connection
 Cable connection offers very fast and reliable connections with fixed monthly fee.
Because cable connections use a different medium to connect you to the Internet, it
will not affect how you use your telephone.
 Cable broadband Internet connections offer data transfer rates of approximately 1.5
Mbps up to 7.5 Mbps
DSL Connection
 Digital Subscriber Line or DSL connections are becoming widely available and can
provide you with an excellent Internet connection.
 DSL allows you to use the phone normally while connected to the internet. The
disadvantage of DSL connections can be costlier than dialup. DSL operates at 512
kbps up to 20 mbps.
Dedicated Leased Line

 A dedicated leased line is a point-to-point, high speed communication line that
directly connects your computer to your ISP’s network. The speed of your internet
access depends on the type of leased line you have.
 Dedicate Leased Line is much more expensive than the DSL and Cable Connection.
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Features of Dedicated Leased Line

o Used to provide point-to-point dedicated network connectivity.
o Analog leased line can provide maximum bandwidth of 9.6 Kbps.
o Digital leased lines can provide bandwidths 64 Kbps
World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is an information system that makes the Internet easier to use. While
the Internet is a physical entity (a vast network of computers), the World Wide Web is more
of a concept. It is a special way to encode, retrieve, and navigate many resources that are
stored on Internet-linked computers. Such resources include e-mail, file transfer protocol,
real-time communications, electronic bulletin boards, newsgroups, and Telnet. Each of
these applications has a different set of communication rules that allows it take place. The
World Wide Web makes all of these applications accessible through one interface.
Web page
A web page or webpage is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language

(HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser. A web page
is accessed by entering a URL addresses and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to
other web pages and files. Every Web page is identified by unique URL(Uniform Resource
Locator).
A website refers to a central location that contains more than one web page. For example,
Computer Hope is considered a website, which contains thousands of different pages.
Hyperlink
A hyperlink is an element, a text, or an image that you can click on, and jump to another
document.
OR
An element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to
an entirely different document. Typically, you click on the hyperlink to follow the link.
Hyperlinks are the most essential ingredient of all hypertext systems, including the World
Wide Web.
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What is Web browser?
A browser is software that is used to access the internet. A browser lets you visit websites and
do activities within them like login, view multimedia, link from one site to another, visit one
page from another, print, send and receive email, among many other activities. The most
common browser software titles on the market are: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google's
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple's Safari, and Opera. Browser availability depends on the
operating system your computer is using (for example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Ubuntu,
Mac OS, among others).
What does my browser do?
When you type a web page address such as www.allaboutcookies.org into your browser, that
web page in its entirety is not actually stored on a server ready and waiting to be delivered. In
fact each web page that you request is individually created in response to your request.
You are actually calling up a list of requests to get content from various resource directories
or servers on which the content for that page is stored. It is rather like a recipe for a cake -
you have a shopping list of ingredients (requests for content) that when combined in the
correct order bakes a cake (the web page).The page maybe made up from content from
different sources.Images may come from one server, text content from another, scripts such
as date scripts from another and ads from another. As soon as you move to another page, the
page that you have just viewed disappears. This is the dynamic nature of websites.
Domain name System

Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember.
The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name,
therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For
example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to198.105.232.4.
The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to
translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address
is returned.
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IP Address
Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address) is an unique address that computing devices use to
identify itself and communicate with other devices in the Internet Protocol network. Any
device connected to the IP network must have an unique IP address within its network. An IP
address is analogous to a street address or telephone number in that it is used to uniquely
identify a network device to deliver mail message, or call ("view") a website.
Dotted Decimals
The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit number to represent an IP address, and it
defines both network and host address. Due to IPv4 addresses running out, a new version of
the IP protocol (IPv6) has been invented to offer virtually limitless number of unique
addresses. An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets of numbers
separated by period each set representing 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of
IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12, which is the IP address assigned to topwebhosts.org.
An IPv4 address is divided into two parts: network and host address. The network address
determines how many of the 32 bits are used for the network address, and remaining bits for
the host address. The host address can further divided into sub network and host number.
Public and Private IP Addresses
In order to maintain uniqueness within global namespace, the IP addresses are publicly
registered with the Network Information Center (NIC) to avoid address conflicts. Devices
that need to be publicly identified such as web or mail servers must have a globally unique IP
address, and they are assigned a public IP address. Devices that do not require public access
may be assigned a private IP address, and make it uniquely identifiable within one
organization. For example, a network printer may be assigned a private IP address to prevent
the world from printing from it. To allow organizations to freely assign private IP addresses,
the NIC has reserved certain address blocks for private use. A private network is a network
that uses RFC 1918 IP address space.
The TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/IP means transmission control protocol and internet protocol. Protocols are set of rules
which govern every possible communication over the internet. These protocols describe the
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movement of data between the host computers or internet. These offer simple naming and
addressing schemes.
TCP/IP that is transmission control protocol and the internet protocol was developed by
Department of Defence’s Project Research Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) under the project
of network interconnection.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication

language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a
private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to
the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other
computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
Description of different TCP/IP protocols

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Layer 1: Physical layer

1. Defines the physical media over which bit stream is to be transmitted.
2) Defines Mechanical (Connector Types), Electrical (Voltage Levels), Functional (Ping Assignments)
and procedural (Handshake) aspects of physical media.
3) Defines methods for Activating, maintaining and deactivating physical links.
4) Defines methods for movement of bits between nodes through physical link.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer/Network Interface
1)Ensures proper sequence of transmitted data.

2) Ensures reliable transfer of data between physical links.
3) Establishes error free communication path over physical link between network nodes.
4) Frames messages for transmission
5) Checks integrity of received messages
6) Manages Access to communication channels
7) Responsible for data flow control, data frame formatting, error detection and link management
functions.
Layer 3: Internet layer

1)Selects best path between nodes to deliver data.
2) Internet protocol operates at this layer.
3) Provides Routing services across the internet.
4) Shields other layers from details about network
5) Responsible for establishing and maintain connections.
Layer 3: Transport Layer

1) Ensures orderly and reliable delivery of data between end systems.
2) TCP and OSI protocols are used.
3) Performs data multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
4) Divides transmitting messages into packets and reassemble them at receiving end .
Layer 4: Application Layer

1) Provides Support services for user and Application tasks.
2) Determines how user uses data network.
3) Provides network based services to user. Ex: Email, File transfer, resource sharing.
4) Defines nature of task to be performed.
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Merits of TCP/IP model

1. It operated independently.
2. It is scalable.
3. Client/server architecture.
4. Supports a number of routing protocols.
5. Can be used to establish a connection between two computers.
Demerits of TCP/IP
1. In this, the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.
2. The model cannot be used in any other application.
3. Replacing protocol is not easy.
4. It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces and protocols.
Email:
E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages by telecommunication.
(Some publications spell it email; we prefer the currently more established spelling of e-
mail.) E-mail messages are usually encoded in ASCII text. However, you can also send non-
text files, such as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary streams. E-
mail was one of the first uses of the Internet and is still the most popular use.
The main components of an e-mail system that facilitate sending and receiving of e-mails on
Internet are :
 An e-mail client
 An e-mail server (SMTP server)
 POP and IMAP servers.
An Email Client
If you use e-mails for online communication the you would definitely be using an e-mail
client. An e-mail client provides you with the following capabilities :
 Provides a list of messages that people have sent to you. Each entry in the list contains
the name of sender, a subject, a few words from the message body and the time/date on
which it was received.
 Provides the ability to read a complete message, reply to it or forward it to other
people.
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 Provides the ability to compose a new message and send it to the desired recipients.
 Delete a message.
The e-mail clients could be standalone (like Microsoft Outlook, Pegasus etc) or could be web
based (like gmail, yahoo etc). There could be many advanced abilities that e-mail clients may
provide but whatever the type of e-mail client be, the core abilities described above are
provided by all type of clients.
An Email Server
Whenever you send a message from your e-mail client, it goes to an e-mail server. The e-mail
server manages the messages received by it. It forwards the message to a POP or IMAP
service if the message is to be sent to a recipient on the same subnet else it follows the
standard procedure to send the message over Internet to the destined person.
An e-mail server comes into the picture twice if e-mail is sent over Internet to a remote
destination. First it’s the sender’s e-mail server that sends the e-mail over the Internet and
second is the receiver’s e-mail server that receives the e-mail and makes sure that it is
delivered to the recipient’s system. On the other hand, an E-mail server comes into picture
only once when the recipient is on the same subnet.
SMTP servers are widely used as e-mail servers all over the internet. An SMTP server is also
known as Mail Transfer Agent (MTA).
POP and IMAP Servers
As already explained, these servers come into the picture when a message is received by
SMTP server and it needs to be forwarded to the actual recipient. Let’s discuss both these
servers one by one :
POP
POP stands for Post Office Protocol. A POP (or POP3) server in it’s simplest form stores the
messages for a particular user in a text file. The file for a particular user is appended with
information each time an e-mail is received by a POP server. If your e-mail client is
configured to use a POP3 protocol then whenever you try to fetch e-mails through your e-
mail client then a request is sent to your POP server for the same.
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Please note that the e-mail client connects to port 110 on the server where POP service is
running. After connecting the e-mail client issues the commands (as described above) to the
POP server to authenticate, fetch e-mail, list e-mails etc.
One small problem with POP servers is that once an e-mail client fetches the e-mails from
this server on client machine, it gets difficult to access the same e-mails from any other
device or system as they get downloaded on client machine and are removed from the server.
Though there exists and option ‘Keep a copy on server’ through which e-mail clients can tell
the server not to delete the e-mails. But, this leads to multiple copies of your mailbox on
clients as well as on server and so it makes the management of e-mails difficult.
IMAP
IMAP stands for Internet message access protocol. This protocol is also used to access e-
mails but it is far more capable than POP. One of the most prominent feature an IMAP server
provides is the central access to e-mails. Unlike POP server, an IMAP server keeps the e-
mails on the server itself and so you can access e-mails from any machine or device.
This server also provides easy management of e-mails like searching, categorizing the e-
mails and placing them into various sub-folders etc. The only problem that one could imagine
with IMAP server is that you always need an Internet connection so that the e-mail client is
able to fetch e-mails from the IMAP server. But today, almost all of the e-mail clients have
the capability to cache the e-mails so that you can even view them when you are offline.
To interact with IMAP server, the e-mail client connects to server machine on port 143. As
with POP, IMAP server also understands a set of commands which the e-mail client uses to
connect with the server.
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 An e-mail client like Gmail, yahoo, outlook etc is used to create or reply to an e-mail.
 Once the e-mail is drafted successfully, it is sent using the e-mail client.
 This e-mail first goes to the SMTP server (also known as MTA (Mail transfer agent) )
to which the e-mail client is connected.
 The e-mail server looks out for the recipients address. The address is of the
form<name>@domain.com
 The e-mail server first uses the DNS technique to resolve the domain name into a
valid IP address.
 Next it sends the e-mail to to this IP address over the Internet.
 Now the e-mail traverses over the Internet in a series of IP packets and reaches the
destination SMTP server or the MTA.
 This server collects all the e-mails and places them to appropriate location so that
these are accessible to your e-mail clients through POP or IMAP services.
Why Use Free Email Services?

Email is a staple of the web. It's one of the main things we use the internet for. Having free
email accounts at our disposal allows us to instantly communicate with friends, relatives and
business associates. Even if you tend not to correspond with others through email, you still
need a personal address in order to log in to other services such as Facebook, Twitter and
YouTube.
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The best free email services use social media in their respective dashboards. These sites
intend to keep you on their pages without the need to browse elsewhere by integrating
breaking news, instant messengers and calendars.
In our free email reviews, we looked for the highest amount of features combined with great
ease of use. The services that came out on top are Gmail, Outlook and Yahoo Mail. If you're
looking to do some more research on this topic, take a look at our informative articles on free
email services.
Free Email Services: What to Look For
Email is more than just sending and receiving messages. We have broken down the following
categories to determine the most important features to help you find the best email account
for personal use.
Features
Of course, all free email accounts give you the ability to send and receive emails. The
best email services also provide features such as a calendar, instant messaging and
mobile apps for your smartphone.
Another thing to consider is the amount of storage a free email service provides. If you
use your email a lot and archive everything you send and receive, you'd be well
advised to get as much storage as possible. Also consider the attachment size limit. If
you send emails with large attachments, make sure you pick a free email provider that
can handle your files.
If you're a heavy email user, you know that business and personal emails, newsletters
and offers pile up, and it can be difficult to decide what email you need to read right
now, what can wait and what you can just delete. The best email hosting services allow
you to set up filters and folders to better handle the stream of incoming mail, and some
even automatically sort emails based on your past habits.
Composition Tools
The main purpose of having an email address is to stay in contact with people in your
address book. While it seems like a basic feature, the composition tools should not be
taken for granted. It's important to look for a text editor complete with spell check. You
should also be able to change your signature, font and indentation. The best email
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services allow you to open an external window for composition so you can refer to a
previous email message while you write.
Security
There can be a good deal of sensitive information stored in a free email address inbox,
such as bank account numbers, social security data and tax return records. Therefore,
keeping cyber criminals out of your inbox is crucial. The best free email accounts have
several layers of security surrounding your information. Phishing filters, secure login
procedures, image blocking and automatic download restrictions all provide a virtual
fortress around your email.
Keep in mind that security is more than just protecting your personal information. It's
also about protecting your computer. Secure email providers offer additional features
such as virus scanners for attachments and spam filters to keep potential viruses and
other malware off your computer.
Help & Support

Because our lives are so intertwined with our online services, not being able to access
your email is a problem that needs to be solved immediately. The best free email
services have help and support resources available, including password recovery
services and customer service via email or phone.
Best free email services: Google Gmail
Rating: 5/5
Gmail has a lightweight, minimalist design for speed and most of the screen is taken up by
the inbox. At one time you couldn’t view the inbox and an email at the same time, but a new
‘labs’ feature splits the view horizontally or vertically with the inbox in one half and the
current email in the other.
Folders for organising messages aren’t supported and instead you attach labels, such as work,
personal and family. Clicking a label lists all the messages tagged with it. It’s merely a
different way of organising email, and arguably more effective.
It takes some getting used to, but if you know the right commands to enter into the search
box, you can do some clever filtering that isn’t possible with rival services.
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There are many different ways to view email and the default shows messages in date order.
Priority inbox puts at the top messages Gmail thinks are important, and this works well.
Gmail can automatically sort messages by content into primary, social, promotions, updates
and forums and these are accessible on tabs. It’s nice to have lots of different ways of
viewing email.
Best free email services: Microsoft Outlook.com
Rating: 4.55/5
Microsoft should stop attacking competitors (Google), and simply tell people how good
Outlook.com is because it really does have great features.
The interface is similar to traditional email clients with a folder list on the left, including
inbox, drafts, and sent. Most of the screen lists the contents of the current folder, such as
inbox, with the option to show a vertical or horizontal reading pane, enabling you to browse
the inbox and read emails at the same time.
Like most email services, folders are used to organise emails and adding new folders is
straightforward. Messages can be dragged to folders and rules created to automatically sort
incoming mail.
A Quick views section automatically categorises messages to a degree, like Gmail’s tabs, but
there are more categories. You can also create rules to assign incoming messages to
categories too.
Click a Quick view category and you can see all unread emails, ones with picture or
document attachments, flagged messages, bills, social networking updates and so on.
Messages can be archived, which moves them to a folder, or flagged so they appear in quick
views rather than the inbox. Sweep moves or deletes all messages from a sender, or all
messages older than a certain date. If you get junk mail, Outlook can try to unsubscribe you
from the sender.
Best free email services: Yahoo! Mail
Rating: 4/5
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Yahoo! has a modern look and feel, and themes are available with plain or photographic
backgrounds. The attractive design is ruined by an advert, but you can go ad-free for £30 a
year.
There’s a panel with the inbox, sent, spam, trash and other system folders, and a list of email
on the right from whatever folder is selected. A preview pane can be added to enable you to
browse folders, such as the inbox, and read messages at the same time.
Tabs are optional and when turned on they enable multiple messages to be opened on
different tabs, and new messages to be created on a tab. It makes it easy to switch from
reading to writing to browsing the inbox without losing the current view. Menus under the
tabs provide access to all the functions for replying, moving, deleting, flagging messages and
so on.
Clicking Folders on the left enables you to create extra folders to organise messages. They
can be dragged and dropped into folders and there are facilities for creating filters that
automatically sort incoming mail into the right folders. Messages can be starred and filters
created from them to deal with similar ones.
HTML
HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 HTML documents are described by HTML tags
 Each HTML tag describes different document content
HTML adds "markup" to standard English text. "Hyper Text" refers to links that connect Web
pages to one another, making the World Wide Web
HTML Tags
HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:
<tagname>content</tagname>
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
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 The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name
HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.
There are different document types on the web.
To display a document correctly, the browser must know both type and version.
The doctype declaration is not case sensitive. All cases are acceptable:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<!doctype html>
<!Doctype Html>
How To Create and Save Your First HTML File By Hand
Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:

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 Adobe Dreamweaver
 Microsoft Expression Web
 CoffeeCup HTML Editor
However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit
(Mac).
We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.
Step 1: Open Notepad
To open Notepad in Windows 7 or earlier:
Click Start (bottom left on your screen). Click All Programs. Click Accessories.

Click Notepad.
To open Notepad in Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen).
Type Notepad.
Step 2: Write Some HTML
Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

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</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save the HTML Page
Save the file on your computer.
Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.
Step 4: View HTML Page in Your Browser
Double-click your saved HTML file, and the result will look much like this:
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HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:
Example
Try this code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

</body>
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</html>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
The link address is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
Try this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
</body>
</html>
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided
as attributes:
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">
Try this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
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<body>
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">
</body>
</html>
Comment tag:
The comment tag is used to insert comments in the source code. Comments are not displayed
in the browsers.
You can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source
code at a later date. This is especially useful if you have a lot of code.
Browser Support
Element
 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Try this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
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<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Color Settings:
HTML tags to change the color of text using the <font> tag.
Select a color to use for your font. HTML fonts are generally described using hexadecimal
codes that translate into RGB colors.
We can also use name instead of hexadecimal codes.
Add a color tag to your HTML. The syntax for adding the hexadecimal color value to your
font is straightforward.
Syntax
<font color="color_name|hex_number|rgb_number">
<font color="red">This is some text!</font>
Try this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
<body>
<p><font color="red">This is some text!</font></p>
<p><font color="blue">This is some text!</font></p>
<p>The color attribute is not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.</p>
</body>
</html>

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S. S.

Jain Subodh LawCollege

Business intelligence systems

• It help business to recruit talented people

allow you to combine steps 1 and 2 into one simple step)

TYPE OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

Dedicated Leased Line

Features of Dedicated Leased Line

World Wide Web

A web page or webpage is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language

What is Web browser?

What does my browser do?

Domain name System

Public and Private IP Addresses

The TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication

Description of different TCP/IP protocols

Layer 1: Physical layer

Layer 2: Data Link Layer/Network Interface

1)Ensures proper sequence of transmitted data.

Layer 3: Internet layer

Layer 3: Transport Layer

Layer 4: Application Layer

Merits of TCP/IP model

POP and IMAP Servers

Why Use Free Email Services?

Free Email Services: What to Look For

Help & Support

Best free email services: Google Gmail

Best free email services: Microsoft Outlook.com

Best free email services: Yahoo! Mail

HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

There are different document types on the web.

Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:

We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.

Step 1: Open Notepad

To open Notepad in Windows 7 or earlier:

Click Start (bottom left on your screen). Click All Programs. Click Accessories.

To open Notepad in Windows 8 or later:

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer.

Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Step 4: View HTML Page in Your Browser

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:

Try this code:

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.