Migration and Globalization Examples:

- Impoverished farmers and unemployed graduates

MIGRATION AS A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON
According to International Migration Report 2017:
→ The number of international migrants worldwide has
continued to grow rapidly in recent years, reaching
258 million in 2017, up from 220 in 2010 and 173
million in 2000.
→ Over 60 percent of all international migrants live in:
o Asia - 80 millioN
o Europe - 78 million
o North America - 58 million
o Africa - 25 million
o Latin America and the Carribean - 10 million
o Oceania - 8 million
→ Women comprise slightly less than half of all
international migrants.
→ In 2017, the median age of international migrants
worldwide was 39 years
→ High-income countries host almost two thirds of all
international migrants:
o As of 2017, 64 percent of all international
migrants worldwide lived in high income
countries.
o Thirty six (36) percent of the world’s
migrants lived in middle or low income
countries
o 11 million resided in low-income countries
flock to dynamic cities and countries to find a job;
- Victims of religious persecution or social
discrimination leave for more tolerant and welcoming
places;
- People who are afraid of or unhappy with their
government search for safe havens
International and Internal Migration
Much of the research on migration examines
movements across national boundaries
(international migration) as a different and separate
process from movements within countries (internal
migration).
MIGRATION THEORIES
Lee’s Migration Model
- Proposed by American sociologist Everette Lee in
1966.
- According to him, intervening obstacles may prevent
migration from taking place or may reduce the
numbers moving.
- Religious views, political issues, family ties,
bureaucracy, job opportunity, and travel cost and
time are considered intervening obstacles of
migration.

Motives for Migrating:

The massive flow across the planet of people of various

nationalities happens for several reasons:

▪ Leisure travel
▪ Religious pilgrimage
▪ Events in the family
▪ Business
▪ Studies

Migration

- Emigration refers to the departure from one’s locality

- Immigration means entry and stay in one’s final
destination.

Motives

The motives for leaving the place where one was born or grew
up ranges from economic, environmental, cultural, and
political.
Neoclassical Theory capital expenditures and dry up the supply of
unskilled labor and heightens pressure on real wages.
- Migration flows are an outcome of regional wage
inequalities.
- Migration only stops when wage inequality is
identical to migration costs. Thus, whenever wage
disparities grow between any two regions, individual
propensities to migrate will intensify.

Segmented Labor Markets

Two kinds of labor sector:

• Primary sector refers to skilled, secure, high paying

jobs and has returns to human
• Secondary sector refers to unskilled, insecure, low
paying jobs and no return to human

If there is a shortage of labor in the primary sector,

government create policies that tend to create barriers against
migration of skilled labor. If there are policies that favor
conditions that maintain an abundant supply of unskilled
workers, including immigration policies, then native workers
tend to move away from this market.

New Economic Theory

- Migration is not just a response to wage inequalities

but to insecurity created by lack of credit, insurance
and capital markets (imperfect markets). Thus, if
remittances penetrate the origin (home region) and
modernize its economy, migration flows are reduced.

Cumulative Causation Theory

- Migration flows tend to last indefinitely and

reproduce themselves because they create new
conditions that favor it, regardless of what the
original causes were. Migration flows have strong
impact on local income and income distributions that
may promote more migration but also increases