Share Unit 2 - Functions of Several Variables

JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Engineering Mathematics I T.
SENTHILPRABU 1
MA 8151 Engineering Mathematics I

UNIT II Functions of Several Variables
Partial differentiation
When we differentiate the given function partially w.r.t. x, treat other variables (y,z)
as constant. Similarly when we differentiate the given function partially w.r.t. y and
z, treat x,z and x,y as constant.
1. If , Prove that
Sol.
2. If , Prove that
Sol.
3. If
JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Engineering Mathematics I T. SENTHILPRABU 2
Sol. Given
4. If
Sol. Given
5. If u = log(x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz), prove that

Sol. u = log(x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz)
, ,
6. If y = f(x + at) + g(x at), show that where a is constant.

Sol. y = f(x + at) + g(x at)
Sol.
Sol.
Eulers Theorem
If u is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, then
If u is a homogeneous function in x, y and z of degree n, then
1. If
Sol.
Put x = x t, y = y t in the given equation we get
, which is a homogeneous
function of degree 2.
By Eulers theorem, we have
2. If
Sol.
Put x = x t, y = y t in the given equation we get
, which is a
homogeneous function of degree ½ .
By Eulers theorem, we have
3. If
Sol. Put x = x t, y = y t in the given equation we get
which is a homogenous function of degree 0.

Hence by Eulers theorem, we have
4. Verify Eulers theorem for u = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz.

Sol. Given u = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz ------- (1)
This is clearly a homogeneous function of degree 3 in x, y and z. Hence to
verify Eulers theorem, we have to show that
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. x, y and z, we have

5. Using Eulers theorem given u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n

prove that
Sol. Since u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n , by Eulers theorem we
have
Diff (1) p.w.r.to x,
Diff (1) p.w.r.to y,
6. Given find the value of


By Eulers theorem if u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n, then we
have
7. Given find the value of

By Eulers theorem if u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n, then we

have
Total differentiation
In partial differentiation of a function of two or more variables, only one variable
varies as others remains constant. But in total differentiation, increments are given
in all variables.
dz is called the total differential of z.

Problems
1. If u = find du.
Sol.
2. Find if u = x3y2 + x2y3 where x = at2, y = 2at.

Sol.
3. Find if x3 + y3 = 3ax2y
Sol. Let f = x3 + y3 3ax2y
4. If ey ex + xy = 0 find .
Sol. Let f = ey ex + xy
5. Find when f(x,y) = log(x2 + y2) + tan1
Sol.
Sol.
Sol.
Let f = x3 + y3 3axy
8.
Sol.
9.
Sol.
10. If
Sol.
12. If u = f(x y, y z, z x) find

Sol. Given u = f(x y, y z, z x)
Let r = x y, s = y z, t = z x so that u = f (r,s,t)
13. If u = Prove that

Sol. Let r = , s= so that u = f(r,s).
14. If the curve f(x,y) = 0 and touch, show that at the point of contact,
Sol. f(x,y) = 0
Since f(x,y) = 0 and touch, their slopes are equal. So, we have
(i.e.)
15. If show that

Sol. Let
Using these values in (2), we have
Divide by
16. Given the transformation u = ex cosy and v = ex siny and that is a function of
u and v and also of x and y, prove that
Sol. Given = f(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have
From (1), we have
From (2), we have

17. If g(x,y) = ψ(u,v) where u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy, Prove that
Sol. Given g = ψ(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have
From (1), we have
From (2), we have

18. If z = f(u,v) where u = coshx cosy, v = sinhx siny Prove that
Sol. Given z = f(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have
From (1), we have
From (2), we have
19. If u = f(x,y) and x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ find

Sol. Given u = f(x, y) and x, y are functions of r and θ, we have
From (1), we have
From (2), we have

20. If z = f(x,y) and u,v are two variables such that u = ,v= , Prove
that
Sol. Given z = f(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have
From (1), we have
From (2), we have
Taylors series expansion for functions of two variables

Taylors series expansion about (a,b) is
f (x,y) = f (a,b) + [ (x a) fx(a,b) + (y b) fy(a,b)]
+ [(x a)2 fxx(a,b) + 2(x a)(y b) fxy(a,b) + (y b)2 fyy(a,b)]
+ [(x a)3 fxxx(a,b) + 3(x a)2(y b) fxxy(a,b)

+ 3(x a)(y b)2 fxyy(a,b) + (y b)3 fyyy(a,b)] + - - - - - - -
Taylors series expansion about (0,0) are called Maclaurins series which is
f (x,y) = f (0,0) + [ x fx(0,0) + y fy(0,0)]
+ [ x2 fxx(0,0) + 2 x y fxy(0,0) + y2 fyy(0,0)]
+ [ x3 fxxx(0,0) + 3 x2 y fxxy(0,0) + 3 x y2 fxyy(0,0) + y3 fyyy(0,0)]
+-------
Problems
1. Expand xy + 2x 3y + 2 in powers of x 1 and y + 2 using Taylors theorem
upto the first degree terms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = xy + 2x 3y + 2 ; f(1, 2) = 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 8
fx(x,y) = y + 2 ; fx(1, 2) = 2 + 2 = 0
fy(x,y) = x 3 ; fy(1, 2) = 1 3 = 2
f(x,y) = f(a,b) + [(x a) fx(a,b) + (y b) fy(a,b)] + - - - - - - - - - -
Taylors series expansion about (1, 2) is
f(x,y) = f(1, 2) + [(x 1) fx(1, 2) + (y + 2) fy(1, 2)] + - - - - - - -
xy + 2x 3y + 2 = 8 + [(x 1)(0) + (y + 2)(2)] + - - - - - - -
= 8 2(y + 2) + - - - - - - -
2. Find the Taylors series expansion of xy near the point (1,1) upto the first
degree terms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = xy = eylog x ; f(1,1) = 1
fx(x,y) = eylog x. ; fx(1,1) = e log 1(1) = e0 = 1
fy(x,y) = eylog x. logx ; fy(1,1) = e log 1(log1) = e0 (0) = 1(0) = 0
f(x,y) = f(a,b) + [(x a) fx(a,b) + (y b) fy(a,b)] + - - - - - - - - - -
Taylors series expansion about (1,1) is
f(x,y) = f(1,1) + [(x 1) fx(1,1) + (y 1) fy(1,1)] + - - - - - - - - - -
xy = 1 + [(x 1)(1) + 0] + - - - - - - - -
= 1 + (x 1) + - - - - - -
3. Find the Taylors series expansion of ex siny near the point (–1, π/4) upto the
first degree terms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = ex siny ; f(–1, π/4) = e–1 sinπ/4 =
fx(x,y) = ex siny ; fx(–1, π/4) = e–1 sinπ/4 =
fy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fy(–1, π/4) = e–1 cosπ/4 =

Taylor’s series expansion about (–1, π/4) is
f(x,y) = f(–1, π/4) + [(x + 1) fx(–1, π/4) + (y – ) fy(–1, π/4)] + - - - - - - -
ex siny = + [(x + 1)( ) + (y – ) ]+ --------
= [1 + (x + 1) + ( y ) + - - - - - -]
4. Expand ex cosy in powers of x and y upto terms of first degree.

Sol. Let f(x,y) = ex cosy ; f(0,0) = e0 cos0 = 1
fx(x,y) = ex cosy ; fx(0,0) = e0 cos0 = 1
fy(x,y) = ex siny ; fy(0,0) = e0 sin0 = 0
f(x,y) = f(0,0) + [(x 0) fx(0,0) + (y 0) fy(0,0)] + - - - - - - -
ex cosy = 1 + [x(1) + y(0)] + - - - - - - -
=1+x+-------
5. Expand ex log(1 + y) in powers of x and y upto terms of second degree using
Taylors theorem.
Sol.
Let f(x,y) = ex log(1 + y) ; f(0,0) = e0log(1 + 0) = 0
fx(x,y) = ex log(1 + y) ; fx(0,0) = e0log(1 + 0) = 0
fy(x,y) = ; fy(0,0) =
fxx(x,y) = ex log(1 + y) ; fxx(0,0) = e0log(1 + 0) = 0
fyy(x,y) = ; fyy(0,0) =
fxy(x,y) = ; fxy(0,0) =
f(x,y) = f(0,0) + [ x fx(0,0) + y fy(0,0)] + [ x2 fxx(0,0) + 2xy fxy(0,0) + y2fyy(0,0)]
+------
ex log(1 + y) = 0 + [ 0 + y(1)] + [ 0 +2xy (1) + y2(1)]+ - - - - - -
= y + xy +------
6. Expand about (1,1) upto second degree terms.

Sol. Let f(x,y) = ; f(1,1) =
fx(x,y) = ; fx(1,1) =
fy(x,y) = ; fy(1,1) =
fxx(x,y) = ; fxx(1,1) =
fyy(x,y) = ; fyy(1,1) =
fxy(x,y) =
= ; fxy(1,1) =
f(x,y) = f(1,1)+[ (x 1) fx(1,1) + (y 1) fy(1,1)]
+ [ (x 1)2 fxx(1,1)+2(x 1)(y 1) fxy(1,1)+(y 1)2fyy(1,1)]
+------
= + +
= +
7. Expand f(x,y) = sinxy in powers of (x – 1) and (y – π/2) through quadratic

forms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = sinxy ; f(1, π/2) = sinπ/2 = 1
fx(x,y) = y cosxy ; fx(1, π/2) = =0
fy(x,y) = x cosxy ; fy(1, π/2) = =0
fxx(x,y) = –y2sinxy ; fxx(1, π/2) =
fyy(x,y) = –x2sinxy ; fyy(1, π/2) =
fxy(x,y) = –xy sinxy ; fxy(1, π/2) =
Taylor’s series expansion about (1, π/2) is
f(x,y) = f(1, π/2)+[ (x – 1) fx(1, π/2) + (y – π/2) fy(1, π/2)]
+ [ (x – 1)2 fxx(1, π/2)+2(x – 1)(y – π/2) fxy(1, π/2)+(y – π/2)2 fyy(1, π/2)]
+----
sinxy = 1 + [0+0] +
=1 +-------
8. Expand x2y + siny + ex in powers of (x – 1) and (y – π) through quadratic

forms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = x2y + siny + ex ; f(1, π) = π + 0 + e = π + e
fx(x,y) = 2xy + ex ; fx(1, π) = 2π + e

fy(x,y) = x + cosy
2
; fy(1, π) = 1 + cos π = 1 – 1 = 0
fxx(x,y) = 2y + e x
; fxx(1, π) = 2π + e
fyy(x,y) = – siny ; fyy(1, π) =
fxy(x,y) = 2x ; fxy(1, π) = 2
Taylor’s series expansion about (1, π) is
f(x,y) = f(1, π)+[ (x – 1) fx(1, π) + (y – π) fy(1, π)]
+ [ (x – 1)2 fxx(1, π) + 2(x – 1)(y – π) fxy(1, π) + (y – π)2 fyy(1, π)]
+----
x y + siny + ex = (π + e) + [ (x – 1) (2π + e) + 0]
2
+
= (π + e) + (x – 1) (2π + e)
+
9. Expand f(x,y) = 4x2 + xy + 6y2 + x 20y + 21 in Taylors series about (1,1).

Sol. Let f(x,y) = 4x2 + xy + 6y2 + x 20y + 21 ; f(1,1) = 4 1 + 6 1 20 +21 = 9
fx(x,y) = 8x + y + 1 ; fx(1,1) = 8 + 1 + 1 = 6
fy(x,y) = x + 12y 20 ; fy(1,1) = 1 + 12 20 = 9
fxx(x,y) = 8 ; fxx(1,1) = 8
fyy(x,y) = 12 ; fyy(1,1) = 12
fxy(x,y) = 1 ; fxy(1,1) = 1

f(x,y) = f(1,1) + [ (x + 1) fx(1,1) + (y 1) fy(1,1)]
+ [ (x + 1)2 fxx(1,1) + 2(x + 1)(y 1) fxy(1,1) + (y 1)2 fyy(1,1)]
+----
= 9 + [ (x + 1)( 6) + (y 1)( 9)]
+ [ (x + 1)2 (8) + 2(x + 1)(y 1) (1) + (y 1)2 (12)]+ - - - -
= 9 6(x + 1) 9(y 1) + 4(x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y 1) + 6(y 1)2 + - - - -
10. Expand ex logy in a series of positive powers of x and (y 1) upto terms of
third degree.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = ex logy ; f(0,1) = e0log1 = 1(0) = 0
fx(x,y) = ex logy ; fx(0,1) = e0log1 = 1(0) = 0
fy(x,y) = ; fy(0,1) = 1
fxx(x,y) = ex logy ; fxx(0,1) = e0log1 = 1(0) = 0
fyy(x,y) = ; fyy(0,1) = 1
fxy(x,y) = ; fxy(0,1) = 1
fxxx(x,y) = ex logy ; fxxx(0,1) = e0log1 = 1(0) = 0
fyyy(x,y) = ; fyyy(0,1) = 2
fxxy(x,y) = ; fxxy(0,1) = 1
fxyy(x,y) = ; fxyy(0,1) = 1
f(x,y) = f(0,1) + [ x fx(0,1) + (y 1) fy(0,1)]
+ [ x2 fxx(0,1) + 2x(y 1) fxy(0,1) + (y 1)2 fyy(0,1)]
+ [ x3 fxxx(0,1) + 3x2(y 1) fxxy(0,1)
+ 3x(y 1)2 fxyy(0,1) + (y 1)3 fyyy(0,1)] + - - - - - - -
ex logy = 0 + [ 0 + (y 1)(1)] + [ 0 + 2x(y 1) (1) + (y 1)2 (1)]
+ [ 0 + 3x2(y 1)(1) + 3x(y 1)2(1) + (y 1)3 (2)] + - - - - -
= (y 1) x(y 1) + + +-----
11. Expand by Taylors series the function f(x,y) = x2y2 + 2x2y + 3xy2 in powers of
(x + 2) and (y 1) upto 3rd degree terms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = x2y2 + 2x2y + 3xy2 ; f(2, 1) = 4 + 8 6 = 6
fx(x,y) = 2xy + 4xy + 3y ;
2 2
fx(2, 1) = 4 8 + 3 = 9
fy(x,y) = 2x y + 2x + 6xy ;
2 2
fy(2, 1) = 8 + 8 12 = 4
fxx(x,y) = 2y + 4y + 0
2
; fxx(2, 1) = 2 + 4 = 6
fyy(x,y) = 2x + 0 + 6x
2
; fyy(2, 1) = 8 12 = 4
fxy(x,y) = 4xy + 4x + 6y ; fxy(2, 1) = 8 8 +6 = 10
fxxx(x,y) = 0 ; fxxx(2, 1) = 0
fyyy(x,y) = 0 ; fyyy(2, 1) = 0
fxxy(x,y) = 4y + 4 ; fxxy(2, 1) = 4 + 4 = 8
fxyy(x,y) = 4x + 6 ; fxyy(2, 1) = 8 + 6 = 2
Taylors series expansion about (2, 1) is
f(x,y) = f(2, 1) + [(x + 2) fx(2, 1) + (y 1) fy(2, 1)]
+ [(x + 2)2 fxx(2, 1) + 2(x + 2)(y 1) fxy(2, 1) + (y 1)2 fyy(2, 1)]
+ [(x+2)3 fxxx(2, 1) + 3(x+2)2(y 1) fxxy(2, 1)
+ 3(x+2)(y 1)2 fxyy(2, 1) + (y 1)3 fyyy(2, 1)] + ---------
= 6 + [(x + 2)(9) + (y 1)(4)]
+ [(x + 2)2(6) + 2(x + 2)(y 1)(10) +(y 1)2( 4)]
+ [0 + 3(x+2)2(y 1)(8) + 3(x+2)(y 1)2(2) + 0] + ----------
(i.e.) f(x,y) = 6 9(x + 2) + 4(y 1) + 3(x + 2)2 10(x + 2)(y 1) 2(y 1)2
+ 4(x + 2)2(y 1) (x + 2)(y 1)2 + -------------
12. Using Taylors series, verify that
Sol. Let f(x,y) = log(1+x+y) ; f(0,0) = log(1+0+0) = 0

fx(x,y) = ; fx(0,0) =
fy(x,y) = ; fy(0,0) =
fxx(x,y) = ; fxx(0,0) =
fyy(x,y) = ; fyy(0,0) =
fxy(x,y) = ; fxy(0,0) =
fxxx(x,y) = ; fxxx(0,0) =
fyyy(x,y) = ; fyyy(0,0) =
fxxy(x,y) = ; fxxy(0,0) =
fxyy(x,y) = ; fxyy(0,0) =
f(x,y) = f(0,0) + [ x fx(0,0) + y fy(0,0)]
+ [ x2 fxx(0,0) + 2xy fxy(0,0) + y2 fyy(0,0)]
+ [ x3 fxxx(0,0)+3x2y fxxy(0,0)+3xy2 fxyy(0,0) +y3 fyyy(0,0)]+-------
log(1+x+y) = 0 + [ x(1) + y(1)] + [ x2(1) + 2xy (1) + y2 (1)]
+ [ x3(2) + 3x2y(2) + 3xy2(2) + y3 (2)] + - - - - - - - -
= (x + y) [ x2 + 2xy + y2 ] + [ x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 ] -------
= + -------
13. Expand ex siny in powers of x and y upto the third degree terms.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = ex siny ; f(0,0) = e0sin0 = 1(0) = 0
fx(x,y) = ex siny ; fx(0,0) = e0sin0 = 1(0) = 0
fy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fy(0,0) = e0cos0 = 1(1) = 1
fxx(x,y) = ex siny ; fxx(0,0) = e0sin0 = 1(0) = 0
fyy(x,y) = ex siny ; fyy(0,0) = e0sin0 = –1(0) = 0
fxy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fxy(0,0) = e0cos0 = 1(1) = 1
fxxx(x,y) = ex siny ; fxxx(0,0) = e0sin0 = 1(0) = 0
fyyy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fyyy(0,0) = e0cos0 = –1(1) = –1

fxxy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fxxy(0,0) = e0cos0 = 1(1) = 1
fxyy(x,y) = – ex siny ; fxyy(0,0) = – e0sin0 = –1(0) = 0
f(x,y) = f(0,0) + [ x fx(0,0) + y fy(0,0)]
+ [ x2 fxx(0,0) + 2xy fxy(0,0) + y2 fyy(0,0)]
+ [x3 fxxx(0,0)+3x2y fxxy(0,0)+3xy2 fxyy(0,0)+y3 fyyy(0,0)] + - - - -
ex siny = 0 + [ 0 + y (1)] + [ 0 + 2xy (1) + 0]
+ [ 0 + 3x2y (1) + 0 + y3 (1)] + - - - - - -
Jacobians
If u and v are functions of the two independent variables x and y then
In the case of three variables, we have
Properties of Jacobians
If u,v are functions of x,y and x,y are themselves functions of r,s then we have
Note: If u,v,w are functionally dependent functions of 3 independent variables x,y,z

then . The converse is also true. (i.e.) If u,v,w are functions of x,y,z
such that then u,v,w are functionally dependent. (i.e.) there exists a
relationship among them.
Problems
1. If then find
2. If x = u(1+v) and y = v(1+u), find
Sol.
3. Find if .
Sol. =
4. If u = x + y, y = uv find the Jacobian of x,y in terms of u,v.

Sol. Given u = x + y, y = uv
u = x + uv
x = u uv
5. If u = and v = tan1x + tan1y are functionally dependent, Find the

Jacobian of (u,v) w.r.t (x,y)
Sol. Since u and v are functionally dependent, = 0.
6. Find if .
Sol. = . =
=
=
7. If x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ, z = z find the Jacobian of x, y, z in terms of r, θ, z.
8. If u = x – y, v = y – z, w = z – x find
Sol. =
9. If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw. Show that

Sol. Given x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw
x + uv = u y + uvw = uv
x = u uv y = uv uvw
10. Find the Jacobian of y1, y2, y3 with respect to x1, x2, x3 if
Sol. =
11. Prove u = x + y + z, v = xy + yz + zx, w = x2 + y2 + z2 are functionally

dependent and find the functional relationship between them.
Sol. =
Hence u, v and w are functionally dependent.

Now, 2v + w = 2(xy + yz + zx) + x2 + y2 + z2
= (x + y + z)2
= u2
(i.e.) u2 = 2v + w, which is the functional relationship among u,v and w.
12. If then prove that u and v are functionally

related.
Sol.
Hence u and v are functionally dependent.
13. If u = 4x2 + 6xy, v = 2y2 + xy, x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ evaluate
Sol. = . =
=
=
14.
Sol. =
15. If u,v,w are functions of independent variables x,y,z and = 4. Find the
value of .
Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables

Let f (x,y) = 0 be given function.
Find Equate each of these to zero. Solve these equations. Let the roots
of the equation be (x1, y1), (x2, y2), etc. These points are called stationary points.
Find r = , s= ,t= . Then find rt s2 and its value for each of the
stationary points.
(a) If rt s2 > 0 and r > 0 at a certain point, then the function is minimum at
that point.
(b) If rt s2 > 0 and r < 0 at a certain point, then the function is maximum at
that point.
(c) If rt s2 < 0 at a certain point, then there is no maximum or minimum at
that point. Such points are called saddle points.
(d) If rt s2 = 0 at a certain point, then nothing can be said.
Problems
1. Examine f(x,y) = x3 + y3 12x 3y + 20 for its extreme values.
Sol. Let f(x,y) = x3 + y3 12x 3y + 20
For a maximum or minimum
The stationary points are (2,1), (2, 1), (2,1), (2, 1)
Now, rt s2 = 6x.6y 0
= 36xy
At (2,1), rt s2 = 36(2)(1) > 0
At (2, 1), rt s2 = 36(2)( 1) < 0

At (2,1), rt s2 = 36(2)(1) < 0
At (2, 1), rt s2 = 36(2)( 1) > 0
Here (2, 1) and (2,1) are saddle points.
Hence the function attains a maximum or minimum at (2, 1) and (2, 1).
Also r = 6x
At (2,1), r = 6(2) > 0
At (2, 1), r = 6(2) < 0
Hence the function attains a minimum at (2,1) and maximum at (2, 1).
Minimum value = 23 + 13 12(2) 3(1) + 20
= 8 + 1 24 3 + 20
=2
Maximum value = (2)3 + (1)3 12(2) 3(1) + 20
= 8 1 + 24 + 3 + 20
= 38.
2. Find the maximum or minimum values of 2(x2 y2) x4 + y4
Sol. Let f(x,y) = 2(x2 y2) x4 + y4
The stationary points are (0,0), (0, ±1), (±1,0), (±1, ±1).
Now, rt s2 = (4 12x2)( 4 +12y2) 0
At (0,0), rt s2 = (4)( 4) = 16 < 0
At (0, ±1), rt s2 = (4)(8) = 32 > 0
At (±1,0), rt s2 = (8)( 4) = 32 > 0
At (±1, ±1), rt s2 = (8)( 8) = – 64 < 0
Here (0,0) and (±1, ±1) are saddle points.
Hence the function attains a maximum or minimum at (0, ±1) and (±1, 0).
Also r = 4 12x2
At (0, ±1), r = 4 > 0
At (±1, 0), r = 8 < 0
Hence the function attains a minimum at (0, ±1) and maximum at (±1, 0).
Minimum value = 2(0 1) 0 + 1
=2+1
= 1
Maximum value = 2(1 0) 1 + 0
=21
= 1.
3. Investigate the maxima and minima, if any, of the function y2 + 4xy + 3x2 + x3
Sol. Let f(x,y) = y2 + 4xy + 3x2 + x3
(1) (2)×2, we get

6x + 3x2 8x = 0
3x2 2x = 0
x(3x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x =
(2) 2y + 4x = 0
When x = 0, (2) y=0
When x = , (2) y=
The stationary points are (0,0),
Now, rt s2 = (6 + 6x).2 16
= 12(1 + x) 16
At (0,0), rt s2 = 12(1) 16 = 4 < 0
At , rt s2 = 12(1 + ) 16 = 4 > 0
Here (0,0) is saddle point.
Also r = 6 + 6x
At , r=6+ >0
Hence the function attains a minimum at .
Minimum value =
=
4. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point (x,y) is
u(x,y) = x2 + 2y2 x. Find the coldest point on the plate.
Sol. Given u(x,y) = x2 + 2y2 x
The stationary point is

Now, rt s2 = 8 0 = 8 > 0
Also r = 2 > 0
Hence the function is minimum [(or) the coldest point on the plate] at
Minimum value =
5. Examine f(x,y) = x3 + 3xy2 15x2 15y2 + 72x for extreme values.

Sol. Let f(x,y) = x3 + 3xy2 15x2 15y2 + 72x
, ,
When y = 0, equation (1) becomes
When x = 5, equation (1) becomes
The stationary points are (4,0), (6,0), (5,1), (5, 1)

Now, rt s2 = (6x 30)2 36y2
At (4,0), rt s2 = 36 > 0
At (6,0), rt s2 = 36 > 0
At (5,1), rt s2 = –36 < 0
At (5, 1), rt s2 = –36 < 0
Here (5,1) and (5, 1) are saddle points.
Hence the function attains a maximum or minimum at (4,0) and (6,0).
Also r = 6x 30
At (4,0), r = 6 < 0
At (6,0), r = 6 > 0
Hence the function attains a maximum at (4,0) and minimum at (6,0).
Maximum value = 43 + 0 15(4)2 0 + 72(4)
= 64 240 + 288
= 112
Minimum value = 63 + 0 15(6)2 0 + 72(6)
= 216 540 + 432
= 108.
6. Find the maxima and minima of given 0 < x,y < π.
Sol. Let
Solving (1) and (2) we get

At ,
Now,
Hence f(x,y) is maximum at
Maximum value = .
7. Examine the extreme values for the function f (x,y) = x3y2(6 x y).
Sol.

(1) (2), we get

4x 2x = 18 12
2x = 6
x=3
When x = 3, equation (1) becomes 12 + 3y = 18
3y = 6
y=2
x = 0, 3 ; y = 0, 2
The stationary point is (0,0), (0,2), (3,0), (3,2)
At (0,0), (0,2), (3,0), rt s2 = 0, then nothing can be said.
Hence the function attains a maximum at (3,2).

Maximum value = 3322(6 3 2)
= (27)(4)(1)
= 108.
Lagranges Multiplier
The problem is to find the maximum or minimum values of f (x,y,z) subject to
the condition
Form the function where λ is an undetermined constants.
Consider x, y, z as independent variables and write down the conditions
Eliminate λ from the above three equations and find the
values of x, y, z using
Note: This method does not help us in identifying whether the value obtained is
maximum or minimum.
Problems
1. Find the minimum value of x2yz3 subject to the condition 2x + y + 3z = a
Sol. Let L = x2yz3 + (2x + y + 3z a)
Lx = 0 2xyz3 + 2 = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 x2 z3 + = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 3x yz + 3 = 0 - - - - - - (3)
2 2
Also 2x + y + 3z = a - - - - - - (4)
(1) 2×(2), we get
2xyz3 2x2z3 = 0
2xyz3 = 2x2z3
y=x
3×(2) (3), we get
3x2z3 3x2yz2 = 0
3x2z3 = 3x2yz2
z=y
x = y = z = α (say)
x = α, y = α, z = α
Substitute the values of x,y,z in (4), we get
2α + α + 3α = a
6α = a
α=
Hence x = ,y= ,z=
Minimum value = . . =
2. The temperature T at any point (x,y,z) in space is T = kxyz2 when k is a
constant. Find the highest temperature on the surface of the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.
Sol. Let L = kxyz2 + ( x2 + y2 + z2 a2)
Lx = 0 kyz2 + 2 x = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 kxz2 + 2 y = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 2kxyz + 2 z = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 - - - - - - (4)
(1) × y (2) × x, we get
ky2z2 kx2z2 = 0
y2 = x2
(2) × z – (3) × y, we get
kxz3 – 2kxy2z = 0
z2 = 2y2
y2 = z2/2
x2 = y2 = z2/2 = α (say)
x2 = α, y2 = α, z2 =2α
Substitute these values in (4), we get
α + α + 2α = a2
α=
Hence x2 = , y2 = , z2 =
x= ,y= ,z=
Highest temperature = k . . =
3. Find the maximum value of xm yn zp when x + y + z = a.

Sol. Let L = xm yn zp + ( x + y + z a)
Lx = 0 mxm1 yn zp + = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 nxm yn1 zp + = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 pxm yn zp1 + = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also x + y + z = a - - - - - - (4)
(1) (2), we get
mxm1 yn zp nxm yn1zp = 0
my = nx
(2) (3), we get

nxm yn1 zp = pxm yn zp1
nz = py
= α (say)
x = mα, y = nα, z = pα
mα + nα + pα = a
α=
, ,
Maximum value =
4. Find the extreme values of the function U = x2+y2+z2 subject to ax+by+cz = p.

Sol. Let L = x2 + y2 + z2 + ( ax + by + cz p)
Lx = 0 2x + a = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 2y + b = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 2z + c = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also ax + by + cz = p - - - - - - (4)
(1) × b (2) × a, we get
2xb 2ya = 0
bx = ay
(2) × c (3) × b, we get

2yc 2zb = 0
cy = bz
= α (say)
x = aα, y = bα, z =cα

a2α + b2α + c2α = p
α=
, ,
Extreme value =
5. Find the volume of the largest rectangle parallelopiped that can be inscribed
in the ellipsoid
Sol. Let the dimension of the rectangle parallelopiped be 2x.2y.2z so that its
volume is 8xyz.
Let L = 8xyz +
Lx = 0 8yz + =0
8a2yz + 2 x = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 8xz + =0
8b2xz + 2 y = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 8xy + =0
8c2xy + 2 z = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also - - - - - - (4)
(1) × y (2) × x, we get
8a2y2z 8b2x2z = 0
a2y2 = b2x2
(2) × z (3) × y, we get

8b2z2x 8c2y2x = 0
b2z2 = c2y2
= α (say)
x2 = a2α, y2 = b2α, z2 =c2α
α+α+α=1
α=
, ,
, ,
Maximum volume =
6. A rectangular box, open at the top is to have a volume of 32c.c. Find the
dimensions of the box requiring least material for its construction.
Sol. Let x, y, z be the length, breadth and height of the box respectively so that its
volume xyz is given by 32 (i.e.) xyz = 32.
Surface area, S = xy + 2yz + 2xz
The material for the construction of the box is least, when the area of surface
of the box is least. Hence we have to minimize S = xy + 2yz + 2zx subject to
the condition xyz = 32.
(i.e.) L = xy + 2yz + 2zx + (xyz 32)
Lx = 0 (y + 2z) + (yz) = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 (x + 2z) + (xz) = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 (2y + 2x) + (xy) = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also xyz = 32 - - - - - - (4)
(1)×x (2) ×y, we get
x(y + 2z) y(x + 2z) = 0
xy + 2zx = xy + 2zy
x=y
(2)×y (3) ×z, we get

y(x + 2z) z(2y + 2x) = 0
xy + 2yz = 2yz + 2zx
y = 2z
x = y = 2z = α (say)
x = α, y = α, z =
α .α . = 32
α3 = 64
α=4
x = 4, y = 4, z = 2
Hence the dimensions of the box are 4cm, 4cm and 2cm.
7. Using Lagrange’s multiplier method, determine the dimensions of a

rectangular tank, open at the top, if the surface area is 108 sq.cm.
Sol. Let x, y, z be the length, breadth and height of the rectangular tank
respectively so that its volume is xyz.
Given Surface area = xy + 2yz + 2zx
(i.e.) 108 = xy + 2yz + 2zx
Let L = xyz + ( xy + 2yz + 2zx 108)
Lx = 0 yz + (y + 2z) = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 xz + (x + 2z) = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 xy + (2y + 2x) = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also xy + 2yz + 2zx = 108 - - - - - - (4)
(1) × (x + 2z) (2) × (y + 2z), we get
yz(x + 2z) xz(y + 2z) = 0
yz(x + 2z) = xz(y + 2z)
xyz + 2yz2 = xyz + 2xz2
y=x
(2) × (2y + 2x) (3) × (x + 2z), we get
xz(2y + 2x) xy(x + 2z) = 0
xz(2y + 2x) = xy(x + 2z)
2xyz + 2x2z = x2y + 2xyz
2z = y
x = y = 2z = α (say)
x = α, y = α, z =
α 2 + α2 + α2 = 108
3α2 = 108 α2 = 36
α=6
x = 6, y = 6, z = 3
8. In a triangle ABC, find the maximum value of cosAcosBcosC.
Sol. We have to maximize the function cosAcosBcosC subject to the
condition A + B + C = π [ since in ΔABC, A + B + C = π ]
Let L = cosAcosBcosC + ( A + B + C – π)
LA = 0 – sinAcosBcosC + = 0 - - - - - - (1)
LB = 0 cosAsinBcosC + = 0 - - - - - - (2)
LC = 0 cosAcosBsinC + = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also A + B + C = π - - - - - - (4)
(1) – (2), we get
– sinAcosBcosC + cosAsinBcosC = 0
sinAcosBcosC = cosAsinBcosC
sinAcosB – cosAsinB = 0
sin(A – B) = 0
A–B=0
A=B
(2) (3), we get
cosAsinBcosC + cosAcosBsinC = 0
cosAsinBcosC = cosAcosBsinC
sinBcosC cosBsinC = 0
sin(B C) = 0
BC=0
B=C
A = B = C = α (say)
α+α+α=π
α=
A=B=C=
Maximum value = cos cos cos
= = .
9. Divide 24 into 3 parts such that the continued product of the first, square of the
second and cube of the third may be maximum. Find the number.
Sol. Let x, y, z be 3 parts of 24 so that 24 = x + y + z such xy2z3 is maximum.
Let L = xy2z3 + (x + y + z 24)
Lx = 0 y2z3 + = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 2xyz3 + = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 3xy2z2 + = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also x + y + z = 24 - - - - - - (4)
(1) (2), we get
y2z3 2xyz3 = 0
y2z3 = 2xyz3
y = 2x
(2) (3), we get
2xyz3 3xy2z2 = 0
2xyz3 = 3xy2z2
2z = 3y
2x = y = 2z /3 = α (say)
x = α /2, y = α, z = 3α /2
Hence x = , y = 8, z =
10. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3,4,12) from the
sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Sol. Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the given sphere and A(3,4,12) be the given point.
Then
Lx = 0 2(x – 3) + 2λx = 0 - - - - - - (1)

Ly = 0 2(y – 4) + 2λy = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 2(z – 12) + 2λz = 0 - - - - - - (3)
Also x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 ---------- (4)
(1) × y (2) × x, we get
2y(x 3) 2x(y 4) = 0
2yx 6y = 2xy 8x
3y = 4x
(2) × z (3) × y, we get
2z(y 4) 2y(z 12) = 0
2yz 8z = 2yz 24y
z = 3y
4x = 3y = z = α (say)
x = α / 4, y = α / 3, z = α
The points on the given sphere which are at maximum or minimum distances
from A are and
and
Now,
Hence the maximum distance is 14 and minimum distance is 12.

11. Find the length of the shortest line from the point (0, 0, 25/9) to the surface
z = xy.
Sol. Given A = (0, 0, 25/9)
Let P(x, y, z) be any point on the surface z = xy, then
AP =
Let L = + (z xy)
Lx = 0 2x y = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 2y x = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Lz = 0 + =0 - - - - - - (3)
Also z = xy - - - - - - (4)
(1) × x (2) × y, we get
2x2 2y2 = 0
x 2 = y2
x = y - - - - - - - - (5)
(2) + (3) × x, we get
2y + =0
y=
x= [ using (5) ]
Let x = y = α (say) then equation (4) becomes

z = α2
and
The points are
Length of the shortest line = .

12. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the hyperbola x2 + 8xy + 7y2 = 225
using the method of Lagranges multipliers.
Sol. Given A = (0, 0)
Let P(x, y) be any point on the surface x2 + 8xy + 7y2 = 225, then
AP =
Let L = + (x2 + 8xy + 7y2 = 225)
Lx = 0 2x + (2x + 8y) = 0
x + (x + 4y) = 0 - - - - - - (1)
Ly = 0 2y + (8x + 14y) = 0
y + (4x + 7y) = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Also x + 8xy + 7y2 = 225 - - - - - - (3)
2
(1) × (4x + 7y) (2) × (x + 4y), we get

x(4x + 7y) y(x + 4y) = 0
4x2 + 7xy = xy + 4y2
2x2 +3xy 2y2 = 0
(2x y)(x + 2y) = 0
2x = y or x = 2y
When x = 2y, equation (3) becomes
4y2 16y2 + 7y2 = 225
5y2 = 225
y2 = 45, for which no real solution exists.
When y = 2x, equation (3) becomes
x2 + 16x2 + 28x2 = 225
45x2 = 225
x2 = 5
y = 2x y2 = 4x2 = 4(5) = 20
y2 = 20
Hence shortest distance = =

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JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Engineering Mathematics  I T.

MA 8151 Engineering Mathematics  I

5. If u = log(x3 + y3 + z3  3xyz), prove that

6. If y = f(x + at) + g(x  at), show that where a is constant.

If u is a homogeneous function in x, y and z of degree n, then

which is a homogenous function of degree 0.

4. Verify Eulers theorem for u = x3 + y3 + z3  3xyz.

Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. x, y and z, we have

5. Using Eulers theorem given u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n

Diff (1) p.w.r.to y,

6. Given find the value of

which is a homogenous function of degree 2.

7. Given find the value of

which is a homogenous function of degree 1.

By Eulers theorem if u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n, then we

dz is called the total differential of z.

2. Find if u = x3y2 + x2y3 where x = at2, y = 2at.

5. Find when f(x,y) = log(x2 + y2) + tan1

12. If u = f(x  y, y  z, z  x) find

13. If u = Prove that

15. If show that

Using these values in (2), we have

From (1), we have

From (2), we have

17. If g(x,y) = ψ(u,v) where u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy, Prove that

Sol. Given g = ψ(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have

From (1), we have

From (2), we have

18. If z = f(u,v) where u = coshx cosy, v = sinhx siny Prove that

Sol. Given z = f(u, v) and u, v are functions of x and y, we have

From (1), we have

From (2), we have

19. If u = f(x,y) and x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ find

From (1), we have

From (2), we have

From (1), we have

From (2), we have

Taylors series expansion for functions of two variables

+ [(x  a)3 fxxx(a,b) + 3(x  a)2(y  b) fxxy(a,b)

fy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fy(–1, π/4) = e–1 cosπ/4 =

4. Expand ex cosy in powers of x and y upto terms of first degree.

6. Expand about (1,1) upto second degree terms.

7. Expand f(x,y) = sinxy in powers of (x – 1) and (y – π/2) through quadratic

8. Expand x2y + siny + ex in powers of (x – 1) and (y – π) through quadratic

fx(x,y) = 2xy + ex ; fx(1, π) = 2π + e

9. Expand f(x,y) = 4x2 + xy + 6y2 + x  20y + 21 in Taylors series about (1,1).

Taylors series expansion about (1,1) is

Sol. Let f(x,y) = log(1+x+y) ; f(0,0) = log(1+0+0) = 0

fyyy(x,y) =  ex cosy ; fyyy(0,0) =  e0cos0 = –1(1) = –1

In the case of three variables, we have

Note: If u,v,w are functionally dependent functions of 3 independent variables x,y,z

2. If x = u(1+v) and y = v(1+u), find

4. If u = x + y, y = uv find the Jacobian of x,y in terms of u,v.

5. If u = and v = tan1x + tan1y are functionally dependent, Find the

Sol. Since u and v are functionally dependent, = 0.

7. If x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ, z = z find the Jacobian of x, y, z in terms of r, θ, z.

9. If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw. Show that

JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Engineering Mathematics I T.

MA 8151 Engineering Mathematics I

5. If u = log(x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz), prove that

6. If y = f(x + at) + g(x at), show that where a is constant.

4. Verify Eulers theorem for u = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz.

5. Using Eulers theorem given u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n

By Eulers theorem if u(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree n, then we

5. Find when f(x,y) = log(x2 + y2) + tan1

12. If u = f(x y, y z, z x) find

Taylors series expansion for functions of two variables

+ [(x a)3 fxxx(a,b) + 3(x a)2(y b) fxxy(a,b)

9. Expand f(x,y) = 4x2 + xy + 6y2 + x 20y + 21 in Taylors series about (1,1).

Taylors series expansion about (1,1) is

fyyy(x,y) = ex cosy ; fyyy(0,0) = e0cos0 = –1(1) = –1

5. If u = and v = tan1x + tan1y are functionally dependent, Find the

At (2, 1), rt s2 = 36(2)( 1) < 0

(1) (2)×2, we get

5. Examine f(x,y) = x3 + 3xy2 15x2 15y2 + 72x for extreme values.

The stationary points are (4,0), (6,0), (5,1), (5, 1)

(1) (2), we get

At (0,0), (0,2), (3,0), rt s2 = 0, then nothing can be said.

(2) (3), we get

(2) × c (3) × b, we get

(2) × z (3) × y, we get

(2)×y (3) ×z, we get

(1) × (4x + 7y) (2) × (x + 4y), we get