Children Edition

DIABETES
MELLITUS
Presented by Group 2
DIABETES
MELLITUS
.Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple
etiologies characterized by chronic disturbances of
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, resulting
from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

It is the commonest endocrine disease in childhood

and adolescence.

APRIL 4, 2021
 TRIVIA:

For a quick history regarding diabetes mellitus, Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski are the ones
commonly credited with the formal discovery (1889) of a role for the pancreas in causing the condition.
At the beginning of the 20th century, physicians hypothesized that the islets of the pancreas secrete a
substance (named insulin) that metabolizes carbohydrates. The discovery and purification of insulin for
clinical use paved the way for treatment. It is now quite clear that diabetes happens WHEN your body
isn't able to take up sugar (glucose) into its cells and use it for energy.
This then results in the buildup of glucose in the bloodstream So, when the blood glucose level rises
above 160 to 180 mg/dL (8.9 to 10.0 mmol/L), glucose spills into the urine. When the level of glucose in the
urine rises even higher, the kidneys excrete additional water to dilute a large amount of glucose. Because
the kidneys produce excessive urine, people with diabetes urinate in large volumes frequently (polyuria).
Excessive urination creates abnormal thirst (polydipsia). Because excessive calories are lost in the urine,
people may lose weight. To compensate, people often feel excessively hungry.
WHO IS MOST LIKELY A RISK
FACTOR?

OBESE PACIFIC ISLANDER HISPANIC BLACK

POSITIVE FAMILY HISTORY ASIAN AMERICAN NATIVE AMERICAN

 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

-Consist of a number of different glands which secrete

hormones that dictate how cells and organs behave.

PANCREAS LIVER

·an organ located behind the liver and stomach

·It plays an important part in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
·Secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
·The liver responds to the presence of insulin by taking up glucose from
into the bloodstream to control the amount of glucose in the body.
the blood.

Ø INSULIN- it is produced by beta cells. These cells are distributed in a

cluster of cells in the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans.
KIDNEY
- Insulin is a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by
assisting the transport of glucose from the blood into neighbouring
··Sitting on top of the kidneys are the adrenal glands which release
cells.
epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine is a hormone which
- the release of insulin into the body lowers the level of blood glucose
triggers a number of body responses to enable the body to respond to
(simple sugars from food) by allowing glucose to enter the body cells,
a stressful situation with “fight or flight”.
where it is metabolized.
-Epinephrine raises blood pressure, triggers the release of glucagon to
Ø GLUCAGON- it is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas to
raise blood sugar levels, and contracts the skeletal muscles to be
stimulate the release of glucose from the liver, if the blood glucose
ready for movement.
gets too low.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
If the amount of insulin available is insufficient
If the cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin
If the insulin itself is defective
↓
Glucose will not be absorbed properly by the body
↓
The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose,
poor protein synthesis, and breakdown of fat storage
WHEN DO THE TYPES OF DIABETES
TYPICALLY MANIFEST?

Type 1 Type 2

Congenital Impaired Glucose

Diabetes Homeostasis
WHEN DOES IT COMMONLY
OCCUR?
Avoid or limit sugar Choose plain, whole Encourage the child to eat
milk yogurt than fruit Check blood sugars lots of green and orange
sweetened
flavored yogurt regularly vegetables everyday
beverages
(carrots and broccoli)
Get more active Limit screen time

Manage weight
 WHEN TO CALL A DOCTOR?
When you experience low blood sugar
Be sure that you, your family, friends, and coworkers learn to
recognize these symptoms and spot the signs of
hypoglycemia. If you begin to experience these symptoms,
follow your diabetes management plan as recommended
by your physician or primary health care provider (e.g.,
some people are told to eat something that contains a
certain amount of sugar). Hypoglycemia can be treated, so
be sure to ask your health care provider what you should
do when your blood sugar goes too low.
Be sure that your family, friends, and coworkers learn to
spot the signs of hypoglycemia... it just might save your life!
When you experience high blood sugar
Be sure that you, your family, friends, and coworkers learn to
recognize these symptoms and spot the signs of hyperglycemia. If
you begin to experience these symptoms, follow your diabetes
management plan as recommended by your physician or primary
health care provider (e.g., some people are told to increase their
insulin dose or make adjustments to their medications).
Hyperglycemia can be treated, so be sure to ask your health care
provider what you should do when your blood sugar goes too high.
Untreated hyperglycemia may lead to a condition called diabetic
ketoacidosis, which develops when your body doesn't have enough
insulin. Not having enough insulin means your body can't use the
sugar in your blood for energy. Instead, your body begins to break
down fat for energy.
Breaking down fat produces ketones. Large amounts of ketones are
not good for your body as they are acidic. A buildup of ketones in
your blood leads to ketoacidosis and can be life-threatening. You
should test for ketones in your urine if your blood sugar levels go
above 13.3 mmol/L.
 BSN 2A

GROUP 2