NATIONAL

SERVICE TRAINING
PROGRAM 1
Drug Abuse and Prevention
PROF. APRIL HOMOROC , MBA, Phd BA cand.
Drug abuse is a serious
public health problem
that affects almost
every community and
family in some way.
Each year drug abuse
results in around 40
million serious illnesses
or injuries among
people in the United
States.
Drug Abuse also plays a role in many major social
problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress and
child abuse. Drug Abuse can lead to homelessness,
crime and missed work or problems with keeping a job.
It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are
different types of treatment for drug abuse. But the best
is to prevent drug abuse in the first place.
GENERAL SIGN OF DRUG USER

Mood swings; irritable and

Sudden change in behavior grumpy and then suddenly
happy and bright

Withdrawal from family Careless about personal

members grooming
 Loss of interest in hobbies, sports, and other favorite activities

Changed sleeping pattern; up at night and sleeps during the day

Red or glassy eyes

Sniffly or runny nose

GENERAL SIGN OF DRUG USER

Problems at school

REASON FOR
Drinking and driving DRUG USE

Unplanned sexual
activity and consequent
pregnancy or sexually
transmitted disease.
Emotional trauma
over guilty feelings

Criminal activity,
often to support
their habit REASON FOR
DRUG USE
Physical problems,
including alcohol
poisoning

Death
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECTS)

STIMULANTS – DRUGS WHICH EXAMPLES: AMPHETAMINE, COCAINE

INCREASES ALERTNESS AND PHYSICAL
DISPOSITION.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY
ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Hallucinogens – drugs which affect sensation, self awareness and

emotion. Changes in time and spaces perception may be mild or
overwhelming depending on the dosages.

Examples: marijuana, mescaline

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY
ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Sedatives – drugs that reduce Examples: barbiturates,

anxiety and excitement. tranquilizers, alcohol
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMMONLY ABUSED
DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Narcotics – drugs
that relieve pain and
often induce sleep.
Examples: morphine,
heroin
 Alcohol
Alcohol is of course the most commonly used
COMMONLY and widely abused psychoactive drug in the
DRUG ABUSE country. Street names/ slang terms are Booze,
Juice and Sauce. It is ingested orally. Types
& THEIR include beer, wine, and liquor. Narconon
provides effective treatment for alcohol
EFFECTS abuse.
 Effects of Alcohol Abuse
  Reduces sensitivity to pain.
COMMONLY   Narrows the visual field, reduces resistance
DRUG ABUSE to glare.

& THEIR   Interferes with the ability to differentiate

intensities of light.
EFFECTS
  Reduces ability to make decisions.
COMMONLY
DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Marijuana
  Marijuana is the most
frequently used illicit
drug in America and has
been linked to harming
a developing fetus. It
has the same or similar
effects as depressants,
stimulants, and
hallucinogens.
Marijuana cigarettes
yield almost four times
as much tar as tobacco,
creating a higher risk of
lung damage.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Marijuana Abuse

Increases in heart rate, body temperature, and appetite.

Drowsiness

Dryness of the mouth and throat

Reddening of the eyes and reduction in ocular pressure.

COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Cocaine

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the

brain. Cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known
drugs. The pure chemical, Cocaine Hydrochloride, has been an abused
substance for more than 100 years, and coca leaves, the source of
Cocaine, have been ingested for thousands of years.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

May cause extreme

Effects of Cocaine
anxiety and
Abuse
restlessness.

Twitches, tremors,
Chest pain, nausea,
spasms, coordination
seizures.
problems.

Respiratory arrest and

cardiac arrest.
 Methamphetamine
  Today, Methamphetamine is second only to
alcohol and marijuana as the drug used most
frequently in many Western and Midwestern
states. Seizures of dangerous laboratory
COMMONLY materials have increased dramatically-in
some states, fivefold. In response, many
DRUG ABUSE special task forces and local and federal
initiatives have been developed to target
& THEIR Methamphetamine production and use.
Legislation and negotiation with earlier
EFFECTS source areas for precursor substances have
also reduced the availability of the raw
materials needed to make the drug.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse

Increase wakefulness and physical activity.

Decrease appetite.

Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of light.

Reduces ability to make decisions.

COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Heroin

Heroin is an illegal addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most
rapidly acting of the Opiates. Heroin is processed from Morphine, a naturally
occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy
plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky
substance known on the streets as “Black Tar Heroin.”
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Heroin Abuse

Surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by a warm

flushing of the skin.

Alternately wakeful and drowsy state

Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of

light.

Impaired night vision, vomiting, constipation.

NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM
1
Health Program, Common Illnesses and their Prevention
PROF. APRIL HOMOROC , MBA, Phd BA cand.
Terminologies Related to Disease
Infection is the invasion of
the body by harmful
organisms such as bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, rickets or
viruses.
Carrier is any person who
harbors the organism and is
capable of transmitting it to
another individual showing
no signs or manifestation of
the disease.
Terminologies Related to
Disease
Communicable disease is an illness cause by an
infectious agent that is transmitted directly or
indirectly to a well person through an agency and
a vector or an inanimate object.

Contact is any person or animal that is in closely

association with an infected person, animal, or
freshly soiled materials.
Terminologies Related to
Disease

Contagious disease is a disease that is easily Disinfection is the process of eliminating infective
transmitted from one person to another directly or microorganisms from the contaminated instruments,
indirectly. clothing, or surroundings by physical means or
chemical.
Terminologies Related to Disease

Infectious disease is
transmitted not only by
Host is an animal or
plant or which a parasite ordinary contact but
requires direct contact
leaves. of the organism through
an opening in the skin.
General Infection Control Measure

1 2 3
Apply good basic Cover existing Avoid invasive
hygiene practices wounds or skin procedures if
with regular hand lesions with suffering from
washing. waterproof chronic skin lesions
dressings on hands
General Infection Control
Measure
Avoid contamination of person by
appropriate use of protective clothing.

Protect mucous membrane of eyes mouth

and nose from blood splashes

Prevent puncture wounds, cuts and

abrasions in the presence of blood
General Infection Control
Measure

Avoid Avoid sharps usage where possible

Institute Institute safe procedures for handling and

disposal of needles and other sharps

Institute Institute approved procedures for sterilization

and disinfect surfaces
 CLEAR UP SPILLAGES
OF BLOOD AND OTHER
BODY FLUIDS
General PROMPTLY AND
DISINFECT SURFACES
Infection
Control
Measure INSTITUTE A
PROCEDURE FOR THE
SAFE DISPOSAL OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE
Hand Hygiene

Why is Hand Hygiene important?

■ Hand Hygiene refers to removing or killing
microorganisms (germs) on the hands. When
performed correctly, hand hygiene is the single
most effective way to prevent the spread of
communicable diseases and infections. In health
care, hand hygiene is used to eliminate transient
microorganisms that have been picked up via
contact with patients, contaminated equipment or
the environment. Hand hygiene may be performed
either by using soap and running water, or with
alcohol-based hand rubs.
 In health care, hand
hygiene is required:

When Before and after contact

should with any patient/resident,
their body substances or
Hand items contaminated by
them
Hygiene be
performed?
Between different
procedures on the same
patient/ resident
 Before and after performing
invasive procedures

When should
Hand Hygiene
be Before preparing, handling,
serving or eating food or

performed? feeding a patient/resident

After assisting
patients/residents with
personal care (e.g. assisting
patient to blow nose, toileting
or doing wound care)
 Before putting on and after
taking off gloves

When
should After performing personal
Hand functions (e.g. using the toilet,
blowing your nose)
Hygiene be
performed?
When hands come into contact
with secretions, excretions,
blood and body fluids (use
soap and running water
whenever hands are visibly
soiled)
Standard Precautions
■ Assume that every person is potentially infected
or colonized with an organism that could be
transmitted in the healthcare setting and apply
the following control practices during the
delivery of health care.
 Hand Hygiene
■ During the delivery of healthcare,
avoid unnecessary touching of
surfaces in close proximity to the
patient both contamination of clean
hands from environmental surfaces

Standard and transmission of pathogens from

contaminated hands surfaces.

Precautions ■ When hands are visibly dirty,

contaminated with proteinaceous
material, or visibly soiled with blood
or body fluids, wash hands with
either a non-antimicrobial soap and
water or an antimicrobial soap and
water.
 Standard
■ Gloves Precautions
■ Wear gloves when it could be
reasonably anticipated that contact
with blood or other potentially
infectious materials, mucous
membranes, non-intact skin, or
potentially contaminated intact skin
(e.g., of a patient incontinent of stool
or urine) could occur.

■ Wear gloves with fit and durability

appropriate to the task.

■ Wear disposable medical

examination gloves for providing
direct patient care.

■ Wear disposable medical

examination gloves or reusable utility
gloves for cleaning the environment
or medical equipment.
Standard Precautions

Gowns
■ Wear a gown, that is appropriate to the task, to
protect the skin and prevent soiling or
contamination of clothing during procedures and
patient-care activities when contact with blood,
body fluids, secretions, or excretions is anticipated.
■ Wear gown for direct patient contact if the patient
has uncontained secretions or excretions.
■ Remove gown and perform hand hygiene before
leaving the patient’s environment.
Standard Precautions

Mouth, Nose, Eye Protection

■ Use PPE to protect the mucous membranes of
the eyes, nose and mouth during procedures
and patient-care activities that are likely to
generate splashes or sprays of blood, body
fluids, secretions and excretions. Select masks,
goggles, face shields, and combinations of each
according to the need anticipated by the task
performed.
 ■ In addition to Standard
Procedures, use Contact
Precautions, or equivalent,
for specified patients known
or suspected to be infected
or colonized with
epidemiologically important
microorganism that can be
transmitted by direct contact
with the patient (hand or
Contact skin-to-skin contact that
occurs when performing
Precautions patient-care activities that
require touching the
patient’s dry skin) or indirect
contact with environmental
surfaces or patient-care
items in the patient’s
environment.
Contact Precaution

Patient Placement
■ Place the patient in a private room. When the
private room is not available, place the patient in a
room with a patient who has active infection with
the same microorganism but with no other
infection. When a private room is not available and
chorting is not achievable, consider the
epidemiology of the microorganisms and the
patient population when determining patient
placement. Consultation with infection control
professionals is advised before patient placement.
Gloves and Hand Washing
■ In addition to wearing a gown as outlined under Standard Precautions,
wear gloves (a clean, non-sterile gown is adequate) when entering the
room. During the course of proving care for the patient, change gloves
after having contact with infective material that may contain high
concentrations of microorganisms (fecal material and wound drainage).
Remove gloves before leaving the patients room and wash hands
immediately with an anti microbial agent or a waterless antiseptic agent.
After glove removal and hand washing, ensure that hands do not touch
potentially contaminated surfaces or items in the patient’s room to avoid
transfer of microorganisms to other patients or environments.

Contact Precaution
Contact Precaution

Gown
■ In addition to wearing a gown as outlined under Standard
Precautions, wear a gown ( a clean, non-sterile gown is
adequate) when entering the room if you anticipate that your
clothing will be substantial contact with the patient,
environmental surfaces, or if the patient is incontinent or has
diarrhea, an ileostomy, a colostomy, or wound drainage not
contained by dressing. Remove the gown before leaving the
patient’s environment. After gown removal, ensure that clothing
does not contact potentially contaminated environmental
surfaces to avoid transfer of microorganisms to other patients or
environments.
Contact Precaution

Patient Transport
■ Limit the movement and transport of the patient
from the room essential purposes only. If the
patient is transported out of the room, ensure that
precautions are maintained to minimize the risk of
transmission of microorganisms to other patients
and contamination of environmental surfaces or
equipment.
Contact Precaution

Patient-Care Equipment
■ When, possible, dedicate the use of non-critical
patient-care equipment to a single patient (or
cohort of patients infected or colonized with the
pathogen requiring precautions) to avoid sharing
between patients. If use of common equipment or
items is unavoidable, then adequately clean and
disinfect them before use for another patient.
Contact Precaution

■ Additional Precautions for Preventing the Spread

of Vancomycin Resistance
■ Consult the HICPAC report on preventing the
spread of Vancomycin resistance for additional
prevention strategies.
Common Communicable Disease
Amoebiasis
■ Amoebiasis is an infection in the bowel, particularly the colon,
characterized by diarrhea. This infection can be fatal in infant
and to older people with low resistance. The main risk is due
to dehydration from loss of fluid.
Common Communicable Disease

Method of Prevention
■ Thoroughly cook all raw foods.
■ Thoroughly wash raw vegetables and fruits before eating.
■ Reheat food until the internal temperature of the food reaches
at least 167° Fahrenheit.
■ And do not forget that part of the microwave cooking process,
includes careful instructions of the standing times to ensure
the food is completely cooked before it is served.
Common
Communicable Disease
Chicken Pox
■ Chicken Pox is highly infectious disease caused
by virus that is transmitted by airborne droplets
from infected patients. Common symptoms are
mild fever, body malaise, and itchy rash of dark
red pimples from the trunk to the face, scalp
and limbs. The pimples develop into blister then
scabs which drop off after 12 days.
 Method of
Prevention

Common Active immunization

Communicable with vaccine as
Disease necessary.

Avoid exposure as
much as possible to
infected person.
Common
Communicable Disease
Cholera
■ Cholera is an acute infection of the small
intestine by bacteria which cause vomiting and
diarrhea (rice water stools leading dehydration).
The disease is contracted from the food and
drinking water contaminated by the feces of
patient infected.
 Method of Prevention

Food and water supply must be

protected by fecal contamination.

Water should be boiled or

Common chlorinated.
Communicable
Disease Milk should be pasteurized.

Sanitary disposal of human feces is a

must.

Sanitary supervision is necessary.

 Dengue Fever

Common
Communicable
Disease Dengue or break bone fever is a
viral disease transmitted to man
principally by mosquito. Symptoms
include severe pain in the joints
and muscles, headache, sore
throat, fever, and an irritating
rash.
Common Communicable
Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Prevention and control muscles must be
geared towards the elimination of mosquito.
■ Breeding places destruction of larvae.
■ Screening of homes and use of repellants.
■ A broad public education program for all the
preventive measures.
 Influenza
Common
Communicable
Disease
Influenza is a highly
contagious viral infection
that affects the respiratory
system. The viruses are
transmitted through
coughing and sneezing.
Headache, fever, loss of
appetite and generalized
body weakness are the
common symptoms.
Common
Communicable Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Avoidance of crowded places
■ Immunization
■ Educate the public about basic personal hygiene
 Malaria

Common
Communicable
Disease Malaria is an infectious disease
caused by the presence of
parasites in the red blood cells.
The disease is transmitted by a
mosquito bites. It result to fever,
shaking chills, sweating and even
convulsions.
 Method of Prevention

Malaria cases should be reported.

Screening for infected patients for

Common the carrier mosquitoes
Communicable
Disease Destruction of mosquito breeding
grounds.

Use of insecticides, mosquito nets

and insect repellants at home

Blood donors should be properly

screened.
Common Communicable
Disease
Measles
■ Measles are highly infectious viral disease that
mainly affects children. It can be easily
transmitted through body secretions. This may be
considered on of the most common and most
serious of all children diseases.
Common
Communicable Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Since the disease is infectious all throughout the
period, individuals should avoid association
with infected patients.
■ Immunization is highly important.
Common Communicable
Disease
Pneumonia
■ Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs
caused by bacteria in which air sacs are
filled with pus and turns the lungs into solid
state. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even
chemicals may cause pneumonia.
 Method of
Prevention
•Prevent common cold,
Common influenza and other
Communicable respiratory infections.
Disease
•Immunization
•Avoid exposure to
cold, pollution and
conditions of fatigue
or alcoholism.
Common
Communicable Disease
Tuberculosis
■ Tuberculosis is a chronic sub-acute and acute
infectious disease that affects the lungs and
characterized by the formation of tubercles to
the nearest nodules. Many people become
infected with no signs of symptoms. Infected
people tend to transmit this through coughing
and sneezing.
 Method of Prevention

Submit all babies for BCG immunization.

Common
Communicable Avoid crowded places.
Disease
Improve nutritional and health status.

Fro infected persons, advise them to

prophylactic measures such as x-rays and
tuberculin test.
 NATIONA L
SER VIC E
TR A INING
PROGRAM 1

H E A LT H P R O G R A M F I R S T A I D A N D B A S I C
L I F E S U P P O RT
 VICTIM ASSESSMENT
In first aid, usually we like to call the person getting hurt a casualty instead of a
victim. The first part of the assessment of the casualty is the Primary Survey.
ABC
• Check the AIRWAYS
• BREATHING
• and Circulation

*before assessing the casualty, you will want to do an Emergency Scene survey,
and call for help.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

THE PRIORITIES OF A- AIRWAY B- BREATHING C- CIRCULATION

FIRST AID ARE… (AND BLEEDING)
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

A- Airway
• The airway of an unconscious person may be narrowed or blocked,
making breathing difficult and noisy or impossible. This happens when
the tongue drops back and blocks the throat. Lifting the chin and
tilting the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air
passage. Place two fingers under the person’s chin and lift the jaw,
while placing your other hand on the forehead and tilting the head
well back. If you think the neck may be injured, tilt the head very
carefully, just enough to open the airway.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

B- Breathing
• Check for breathing by placing your head near the person’s nose and
mouth. Feel the breath on your cheek or moisture on the back of your
head.
• If a person has just stop breathing use mouth to mouth ventilation, make
sure the airway is open and head tilt back. Pinch the nostrils together,
take a deep breath and blow into the mouth, firmly sealing your lips
around the mouth so air is not lost.You should see the chest rise.
• Remove your lips and let the chest fall. Continue this, giving about ten
breaths every minute until help arrives or breathing begins.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

C- Circulation
• Check for circulation (to see if the heart is still beating) by feeling for the Adam’s
apple (lump on the windpipe) with two fingers. Slide the fingers to the side of the
windpipe and feel for the pulse. If the heart has stopped beating use chest
compression to try to restart the heart. Place your hand flat just above the point
where the ribs meet the breastbone. Bring the other hand on top of it and lock
your fingers together. With your arms straight, press down firmly on the
breastbone, pushing it down by 4-5 cm. Release the pressure and repeat the
compressions at a rate of about 80 per minute. If the person is also not breathing,
alternate 15 compressions with two breaths until help arrives.
• Stop bleeding by applying firm pressure to the wound for about 15 minutes. Never
use a tourniquet.
 • This is the best position for an
unconscious person or
someone having a fit. It allows
them to breathe easily and
prevents them from choking.
After checking the ABC, bend
the nearest arm to you, putting
THE RECOVERY the hand by the head. Then

POSITION
bring the far arm across the
chest and hold both hands in
one of yours. With your other
hand pull the furthest legs up at
the knee and roll the person
towards you to lie in this
position.
 THE RECOVERY POSITION
• Try out the positions for all these first aid
procedures now with a friend. Better still, join a first
aid class if any are available. St. John’s Ambulance has
many groups around the world on a day your
knowledge of first aid may save a life!
 In an emergency any number of things may need
your attention at the same time. If you try to do
FIRST everything at once you may easily get distracted
THING from the essential matters. On arriving at the
FIRST scene…
FIRST THING FIRST

Assess the situation Take in quickly what Look for dangers to Make the area safe An unconscious person
has happened yourself and to the always takes priority
casualty and needs immediate
help to make sure he
or she can breathe.
Only then should you
begin to assess any
injuries
BLEEDING AND WOUNDS

External Bleeding
• External bleeding from a cut or scratch may be so minor
that treatment is unnecessary. In contrast, a more
extensive wound or cut may produce so much bleeding
that stitches are required. Once the bleeding has stopped,
however, this type of hemorrhage does not pose a threat
to health. Still, there are some types of external bleeding
that indicate a serious medical problem that requires
prompt attention.
FIRST AID

The three main principles of the treatment

of external bleeding are:
• Look
• Apply
• Elevate
FIRST AID

• Look at the wound to check how large it is. Check that the wound
has nothing in it (such as debris or a foreign body).
• Apply direct pressure to the wound. If the victim is able to press on
the wound, encourage him or her to do so. If not, then apply direct
pressure yourself, initially with your fingers and, if you have it handy,
with a sterile dressing or a piece of clean cloth. Applying direct
pressure to the wound enables the blood to clot and therefore stems
the blood flow from the cut. Once applied, a sterile dressing (or
whatever you have handy) should ideally be held in place with a firm
bandage or improvised bandage such as a scarf or tie.
FIRST AID

• Elevate the part with the wound. If the injury is an

arm or leg, raise the wound above the level of the
heart. It is harder for the blood to pump upward
and this therefore reduces the blood flow and
thus the fluid loss from the body.
• Treat for shock. Keep the victim warm and
continually at rest. Reassure the victim.
INTERNAL BLEEDING

Internal Bleeding
• Is bleeding occurring inside the body. It can be a serious
medical emergency depending on where it occurs (e.g.
brain, stomach, lungs), and can potentially cause death and
cardiac arrest if proper medical treatment is not received
quickly.
INTERNAL BLEEDING

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• The person is known to have had an accident (not necessary in the
immediate past)
• Signs and symptoms of shock
• Bruising
• Boarding – this most commonly occurs where there is bleeding into the
stomach area; the quantity of blood combined with the tissues swelling
result in rigidity to the tissues.
• Swelling
• Bleeding from the body orifices
FIRST AID

• Call or get someone to call emergency services. Don’t wait to see if

the person improves or deteriorates.
• If available put synthetic gloves on as bleeding may become apparent.
• Check airway, breathing and circulation. Begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) if necessary. If you want to understand CPR in
more depth then go to CPR- Q’s & A’s.
• If unconscious and breathing – place the person in the recovery
position and with legs higher than the heart if possible. Injuries
permitting.
FIRST AID

• If conscious – lie the casualty down and raise or bend legs if injuries
permit.
• Keep casualty warm. This may help delay the onset of shock by
minimizing the bodies’ heat loss.
• Reassure and stay calm. This helps provide security for the injured
person.
• Continue to check pulse and breathing.
• Treat other injuries as appropriate.
• Do not give anything to eat or drink as they may require surgery to
stop bleeding.
OPEN WOUNDS

A wound is an injury that causes either an internal or external

break in body tissue. An open wound (as in a knife cut) is a break
in the skin or mucous membrane.

Description of Open Wound

The most common accidents resulting in open wounds are falls,
mishandling of sharp objects, accidents with tools or machinery,
and car accidents
OPEN WOUNDS

First Aid Management

• Control Bleeding
• Cover the wound
• Care for the shock
• Consult or refer to physician
Home Care (Wounds with bleeding not severe)
• Clean the wound with soup and water
• Apply mild antiseptics
• Cover wounds with dressing the bandage
CLOSE WOUNDS

Causes:
• Blunt object that may result in contusion or
bruises
• Application of external forces
CLOSE WOUNDS

Signs and Symptoms

• Pain and tenderness
• Swelling
• Discoloration
• Hematoma
• Uncontrolled restlessness
• Thirst
• Symptoms of shock
• Vomiting or cough-up blood
• Passage of blood in the urine or feces
• Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal
CLOSE WOUNDS

First Aid Management

• I – Iced application
• C – Compression
• E – Elevation
• S – Splinting
CLOSE WOUNDS

• Calm the person, lay him/her, and cover with blanket.

• Stop the bleeding, see ‘Bleeding (severe)’ and ‘Shock’
• Wrap amputated part in a clean and dry cloth then put it into a
waterproof plastic bag.
• Close this bag and put it into another bag that contains cool
water/ice.
• Do not give alcohol, cigarettes or food to casualty (in case of a
surgery in hospital).
• Do not freeze the amputated part (just keep it cool).
ANIMAL BITES

• Any animal bite requires medical attention. Deep

bites can cause serious wounds, severe bleeding,
and tissue damage, while all animal bites can cause
infection. Puncture wounds from teeth carry
infection deep into the tissue, while scratches are
also an infection risk. The human bite is among
the most infectious.
TREATMENT

• The priority is to ensure the safety of yourself

and bystanders. If the animal is still a risk, do not
approach it but call the local Animal Control
Service through your police department.
NOSE BLEEDING

• Nose bleeds are often the result of common

events, usually trauma, but nose bleeds can be a
warning of other problems. Nose bleeds are
caused by a small blood vessel rupturing. There
are two main types of nose bleed: upper and
lower nose bleeds.
NOSE BLEEDING

First Aid
• If your nose bleeds
• Sit down and lean forward
• Using your thumb & index finger, squeeze soft part of nose
• This part is between end of nose and the bridge of nose
• Continue holding till bleeding stops-
• Do not stop in-between
• If bleeding continues, hold for another 10 minutes
• If the patient is a child, divert attention by TV/Stories
• Avoid picking, blowing or rubbing nose for 2 days
• Place an ice pack on the bridge of nose
BURNS

• Burn is an injury involving the skin, including

muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This
results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or
other forma of radiation.
BURNS

First Aid
For Minor Burns
• Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running
water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides.
• Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don’t use fluffy cotton,
or other material that may get lint in the wound.
• Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen
( Advil, Mortin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others).
BURNS

Caution
• Don’t use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a
burn victim’s body to become too cold and cause further
damage to wound.
• Don’t apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could
cause infection.
• Don’t break blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable
to infection.
POISONING

Swallowed Poison
• Poison is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to
impair healt or cause death when introduced into the
body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can
be life threatening.
Causes:
• Common in suicide attempts
• Occasional accident poisoning,
POISONING

First Aid
• Try to identify the poison.
• Place the victim on its left side.
• Save any empty container, spoiled food analysis.
• Save any vomits and keep it with the victim if the
person is taken to an emergency facility.
CARBON MONOXIDE

• Carbon monoxide (sometimes referred to as

CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by
burning material containing carbon. Carbon
monoxide poisoning can cause brain damage and
death.You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it; but
carbon monoxide can kill you.
SYMPTOMS

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Flue-like symptoms, fatigue
• Shortness of breath on exertion
• Impaired judgment
• Chest pain
• Confusion
• Depression
SYMPTOMS

• Hallucinations
• Agitation
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Drowsiness
• Visual changes
• Fainting
• Seizure
• Memory and walking problems
FIRST AID

• Firstly, stay calm and act quickly.

• Immediately, leave the area and get fresh air.
• Turn off the source of carbon monoxide if it can be done safely.
• Call your local emergency medical services.
• If severely affected, administer oxygen with a tight mask once the ambulance arrives.
• Watch for the symptoms and give symptomatic treatment.
• If the victim is unconscious, check for the ABC’s of life and get him to an open area for fresh air.
• Call for medical help immediately.
• Hospitalization is necessary.
• Usually the victim is placed in a compressed, pressurized chamber with oxygen.
• This helps in replacing the carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen.
• This proceeded is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

• CPR (or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a

combination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation) and chest compression. If someone isn’t
breathing or circulating blood adequately, CPR can restore
circulation of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Without
oxygen, permanent brain damage or death can occur in
less than 8 minutes.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

• CPR may be necessary during many different emergencies,

including accidents, near-drowning, suffocation, poisoning,
smoke inhalation, electrocution injuries, and suspected
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
• Tips: Use CPR any time a victim’s breathing and heart
beat have stopped. Use rescue breathing whenever there
is pulse but no breathing.
SIGN OF SUCCESSFUL CPR

• Chest rise and fall with each recue breath

• Checking pulse after the 1st minute of CPR and every few
minutes to determine if the pulse has return
• Having a rescue feel for carotid pulse while giving chest
compression
WHEN TO STOP CPR

• When a doctor – or some other appropriate emergency

medical provider – tells you to stop.
• When you become exhausted and cannot continue (this
gets messy, as we’ll see below).
• When the victim begins yelling at you to stop hitting him
in the chest (this really happens). In other words, when
the victim gets better.
WHEN NOT TO STOP CPR

• Situations where attempts to perform CPR would place the rescuer

at risk of serious injury or mortal peril
• Obvious clinical signs of irreversible death (e.g. Rigor mortis,
dependent lividity, decapitation, transaction, or decomposition)
• A valid, signed, and dated advance directive indicating that
resuscitation is not desired, or a valid, signed, and dated DNAR order.
RECOVERY POSITION

• Roll the victim onto side (if no evidence of head

and neck injury)
• Place lower arm behind back
• Place hand on upper arm under the chin
• Flexor bend the top leg
DANGEROUS COMPLICATION
OF CPR
• Vomiting
• Stomach distension
• Inhalation of foreign substances (aspiration)
• Chest compression related injuries
• Dentures, loose or broken teeth or dental appliances
FOREIGN BODY OBSTRUCTION
(CHOCKING)
Choking is the physiological response to sudden airways
obstruction. Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO)
causes asphyxia and is terrifying condition, occurring very
accurately, withy the patient often unable to explain what is
happening to them. If severe, it can result in rapid loss of
consciousness and death if first aid is not undertaken
quickly and successfully. Immediate recognition and
response are of the utmost importance.
CAUSE OF CHOKING

Choking is most common in children. A marble,

button or food may get in the air passage and
cause blockage. In adults too, food may go down
the wrong way (go into the windpipe instead of
food pipe) and cause choking. The danger of
choking increases if the person has been drinking
alcohol and becomes careless about chewing food
well.
CAUSE OF CHOKING

• Trying to swallow large pieces of food

• Drunkenness
• Wearing dentures
• Eating too fast
• Eating while laughing and talking
• Walking, running or playing with objects in the
mouth
TYPES OF UPPER AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
• Tongue. Relaxed tongue muscle of an unconscious
victim may slip or fall to the airway then cause
obstruction. This is the most common causes of
obstruction.
• Vomit. When at or near death, most people vomit.
TYPES OF UPPER AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
• Foreign Body. The shape of consistent nuts, candy hotdogs and grapes
have been become the primary reason why children accidentally
inhale this objects.
• Swelling.Victims who suffer allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) and
irritants tend to experience swelling of the throat leading to
obstruction of airway.
• Spasm. If a person accidentally inhaled water, the throat starts to
spasm. This usually happens when someone is drowning.
INFANT CPR

• Step 1: Circulation
• Place the baby gently on a flat surface, like a table
or the floor. CPR should always be done placing
the victim on a flat surface.
INFANT CPR

• Gently place two of your fingers in the middle of the chest of the
baby. To understand the exact point, imagine seeing a horizontal line
going through the chest of the baby, dividing his/her nipples! You need
to pace your fingers (2 fingers of one hard) in the center of the chest
just below this horizontal line!
• With the help of two fingers, gently compress the chest of the baby.
Dig your fingers about 1.5 inches deep into the chest and pump about
100 compression within a minute, that is about 16 compressions per
10 seconds.You can also count aloud to keep a track.
INFANT CPR

• Step 2: Airway
• After the compressions to restore blood circulation in the
infant, the next step would be to clear the airways of the
infant allowing him/her to breath.You can do this after 30
compressions by gently tilting the head of the infant back
by lifting his/her chin with one hand and pushing the
forehead down the other hand.
INFANT CPR

• Make sure that you don’t tilt the head way too
much. It may prove to be harmful for the infant.
• Within 10 seconds of lifting the chin of the infant,
check for movements in the chest and breathing.
Do this by placing your ears and cheeks in front
of the baby’s mouth and nose.
INFANT CPR

• Step 3: Breathing
• If there are still no signs of breathing, then the next step would be to
cover the infant’s nose and mouth with your mouth and provide the
infant with the rescue breathing!
• Slowly breathe into the infant and blow gentle puffs of air by taking a
second for a single breath! While you do this, also check for the rise
in the infant’s chest.
INFANT CPR

• If you see the bay’s chest rising, then give the

second rescue breath. If the chest is not rising,
then you will have to repeat Step #2 and then
again go for the rescue breathing!
• It is advisable to give the infant two rescue
breaths within a period of every 30 compressions.
Continue to do this until help arrives!
ADULT CPR
• 1. Attempt to wake victim. If the victim is
not breathing (or is just gasping for breath),
call 911 immediately and go to step 2. If
someone else is there to help, one of you
calls 911 while the other moves on to step
2.
ADULT CPR
• 2. Begin chest compressions. If the victim is not breathing,
place the heel of your hand in the middle of his chest. Put
your other hand on top of the first with your fingers
interlaced. Compress the chest at least 2 inches (4-5 cm).
Allow the chest to completely recoil before the next
compression. Compress the chest at a rate of at least
100 pushes per minute. Perform 30 compressions at this
rate (should take you about 18 seconds).
ADULT CPR

• 3. Begin rescue breathing. If you have trained in CPR, after 30

compressions, open the victim’s airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift
method. Pinch the victim’s nose and make a seal over the victim’s
mouth with yours. Use a CPR mask if available. Give the victim a
breath big enough to make the chest rise. Let the chest fall, and then
repeat the rescue breath once more. If the chest doesn’t rise on the
first breath, reposition the head and try again. Whether it works on
the second try or not, go to step 4.
If you don’t feel comfortable with this step, just continue to do chest
compressions at a rate of at least 100/minute.
ADULT CPR

• 4. Repeat chest compressions. Do 30 more chest

compressions just like you did the first time.
• 5. Repeat rescue breaths. Give 2 more breaths
just like you did in step 3 (unless you’re skipping
the rescue breaths).
ADULT CPR

• 6. Keep going. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for about two minutes

(about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths).
If you have access to an automated external defibrillator
(AED), continue to do CPR until you can attach it to the
victim and turn it on. If you saw the victim collapse, put the
AED on right away. If not, attach it after approximately one
minute of CPR (chest compressions and rescue breaths).
ADULT CPR

• 7. After 2 minutes of chest compressions and rescue

breaths, stop compressions and recheck victim for
breathing. If the victim is still not breathing, continue CPR
starting with chest compressions.
• 8. Repeat the process, checking for breathing every 2
minutes (5 cycles or so), until help arrives. If the victim
wakes up, you can stop CPR.
COMMON CPR MISTAKES
Rescue breathing (mouth to mouth) mistakes:
• In adequate head tilt
• Failing to pinch the nose shut
• Not giving slow breaths
• Failing to watch chest and listen for chest exhalation
• Failing to maintain tight seal around victim’s mouth and or
nose
COMMON CPR MISTAKES

Chest compression mistakes

• Pivoting at knees instead of hips
• Wrong compression site
• Bending elbows
• Shoulders not above sternum
• Fingers touching chest
• Heel of bottom hand not in line with the sternum
COMMON CPR MISTAKES

Chest compression mistakes

• Placing palm rather than the heel of the hand on sternum
• Lifting hands off chest between compression (bouncing
movement)
• Incorrect6 compression rate
• Jerky or jobbing compression rather than smooth ones
CPR EDUCATIONAL VIDEO
 NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM 1
HEALTH PROGRAM VITAL SIGNS
VITAL
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS CHANGE WITH AGE, SEX, WEIGHT, EXERCISE TOLERANCE
AND CONDITION. NORMAL RANGES FOR THE AVERAGE HEALTHY ADULT VITAL
SIGNS ARE:
• BLOOD PRESSURE: 120/80 MM/HG
• BREATHING: 12-18 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• PULSE: 60-80 BEATS PER MINUTE (AT REST)
• TEMPERATURE: 97.8 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT/AVERAGE 98.6 FAHRENHEIT OR
36.5 TO 37.5 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
 AS THE RATE AT WHICH THE HEART BEATS IN
ONE MINUTE, PULSE RATE OR THE HEART
BEAT IS INDICATIVE OF THE HEALTH OF THE
PERSON. AS THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD INTO
THE BODY, THE BLOOD VESSELS CLOSE TO

PULSE RATE THE WRIST, UPPER ARM AND NECK START

PULSATING AND THROBBING, WHILE THE
CHART NORMAL PULSE RATE FOR HUMANS IS
USUALLY 60 TO 100 BEATS PER MINUTE,
THERE ARE CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS
SUCH AS CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA WHICH
MAY ALTER THE NORMAL PULSE RATE OF AN
INDIVIDUAL.
 YOU CAN CHECK YOUR PULSE RATE BY PLACING
HOW TO TIPS OF YOU INDEX, SECOND AND THIRD

CALCULATE FINGERS ON THE PALM SIDE OF YOU OTHER

WRIST, BELOW THE BASE OF THE THUMB OR ON
PULSE RATE? YOU LOWER NECK, ON EITHER SIDE OF YOUR
WINDPIPE.
NORMAL PULSE
RATE CHART

RESTING PULSE RATE CHART: IT IS

OBSERVED THAT THE LOWER THE
RESTING HEART RATES, THE
HEALTHIER IS YOU HEART.
NORMAL PULSE RATE CHART
100-
Babies to age 1:
160

Children aged 1 to 10: 60-140

Children aged 10+ and

60-100
adults:
Well-conditioned
40-60
athletes:
HOW TO TAKE A RADIAL PULSE
THE RADIAL ARTERY IS FOUND CLOSE TO THE INSIDE PART OF YOUR WRIST NEAR
YOUR THUMB. YOU WILL NEED A WATCH WITH A SECOND HAND TO COUNT YOUR
PULSE. THE FOLLOWING STEPS MAY HELP YOU TAKE YOUR RADIAL PULSE.
• BEND YOUR ELBOW WITH YOUR ARM AT YOUR SIDE. THE PALM OF YOUR HAND
SHOUL BE UP.
• USING YOUR MIDDLE (LONG) AND INDEX (POINTER) FINGERS, GENTLY FEEL FOR THE
RADIAL ARTERY INSIDE YOUR WRIST. YOU WILL FEEL THE RADIAL PULSE BEATING
WHEN YOU FIND IT. DO NOT USE YOUR THUMB TO TAKE THE PULSE BECAUSE IT
HAS A PULSE OF ITS OWN.
RESPIRATION

• RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN IS

INHALED INTO THE LUNGS, CONVERTED INTO ENERGY VIA A
CHEMICAL REACTION AND EXPELLED AS CARBON DIOXIDE.
NORMAL RESPIRATION IS AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS AND DOES
NOT REQUIRE CONSCIOUS EFFORT.
NORMAL RANGE
BY AGE
• AVERAGE RESPIRATORY RATES BY AGE:
• NEWBORNS: 30-40 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• LESS THAN 1 YEAR: 30-40 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 1-3 YEARS: 23-35 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 3-6 YEARS: 20-30 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 6-12 YEARS: 18-26 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 12-17 YEARS: 12-20 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• ADULTS OVER 18: 12-20 BREATHS PER MINUTE
BODY TEMPERATURE

• WHAT IS BODY TEMPERATURE?

BODY TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF THE BODY’S ABILITY TO
GENERATE AND GET RID OF HEAT. THE BODY IS VERY GOOD AT KEEPING ITS
TEMPERATURE WITHIN A NARROW, SAFE RANGE IN SPITE OF LARGE VARIATIONS
IN TEMPERATURES OUTSIDE THE BODY.
BODY TEMPERATURE

WHAT IS NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE?

MOST PEOPLE THINK OF A “NORMAL” BODY TEMPERATURE AS AN

ORAL TEMPERATURE OF 98.6F. THIS IS AN AVERAGE OF NORMAL BODY
TEMPERATURES. TOUR TEMPERATURE MAY ACTUALLY BE 1F (0.6C) OR
MORE ABOVE OR BELOW 98.6F.
BODY TEMPERATURE

A RECTAL OR EAR (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE)

TEMPERATURE READING IS 0.5 TO 1F (0.3C TO 0.6C)
HIGHER THAN AN ORAL TEMPERATURE READING. A
TEMPERATURE TAKEN IN THE ARMPIT IS 0.5 TO 1F (0.3
TO 0.6C) LOWER THAN AN ORAL TEMPERATURE READING.
PROCEDURE IN TAKING AN ORAL
TEMPERATURE
• WASH YOUR HANDS.
• RINSE THERMOMETER IN COLD WATER IF KEPT IN A CHEMICAL SOLUTION, AND
WIPE DRY WITH TISSUE. RATIONALE: CHEMICAL TASTE IS BITTER.
• GRASP THERMOMETER WITH THUMB AND FOREFINGER AND SHAKE
VIGOROUSLY BY FLICKING WRIST IN DOWNWARD MOTION TO LOWER
MERCURY LEVEL TO BELOW 95-96 DEGREES.
• CHECK TEMPERATURE READING ON THERMOMETER.
• EXPLAIN PROCEDURE TO THE PATIENT.
BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD IS CARRIED FROM THE HEART TO ALL PARTS OF YOUR BODY

IN VESSELS CALLED ARTERIES. BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE OF
THE BLOOD PUSHING AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIES. EACH
TIME THE HEART BEATS (ABOUT 60-70 TIMES A MINUTE AT REST).
IT PUMPS OUT BLOOD INTO THE ARTERIES.
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• GATHER THE EQUIPMENT. YOU WILL NEED S SPHYGMOMANOMETER (BLOOD
PRESSURE CUFF), STETHOSCOPE, PEN AND PAPER.
• NEXT YOU NEED TO IDENTIFY AND GREET THE PATIENT SO THAT THEY FEEL A
LITTLE MORE COMFORTABLE. YOU CAN DO SO BY SAYING SOMETHING LIKE ‘HI
(PATIENT’S NAME) MY NAME IS (YOUR NAME).
• THEN YOU WILL TELL THE PATIENT WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO DO. AGAIN THIS
JUST MAKES THEM FEEL COMFORTABLE. IT ALSO LETS THEM KNOW WHAT YOU
ARE GOING TO DO SO THEY ARE NOT SURPRISED WHEN YOU START DOING IT.
YOU CAN DO SO BY SAYING ‘I AM GOING TO TAKE YOUR PRESSURE.’
National Service Training
Program 1
Health Program, Family Planning and Prevention of STD’s and
HIV
w/ special topics of Rench Chanliongco about STD and HIV
 Rench Chanliongco
Health Education & Promotion Officer III
Philippine National AIDS Council Secretariat

Philippine National AIDS Council

HIV and AIDS: Situation,

Responses, and Challenges
Died from AIDS

Rock Hudson Sarah Jane Salazar

The Philippines is one of ONLY
seven countries in the world
where new cases are rising

(The others are Bangladesh, Armenia, Georgia,

Kazhakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, & Tajikistan)

Philippine National AIDS Council

Philippine National AIDS Council
Most At-Risk Areas
§ 1.Metro-Manila

§ 2. Metro-Cebu

§ 3. Metro-Davao
Target Population
§ Most At-Risk Population § Vulnerable Population

§ 1. PIP § 1. MARCY

§ 2. MSM § 2. Clients of CSW

§ 3. IDU § 3. OFW & Partners

 This virus can only infect
human beings

The effect of the virus is to

create a deficiency (a failure
to work properly) within the
body’s immune system

This organism is a retro virus,

which means it can reproduce
itself by taking over the
machinery of the human cell

Source: UNAIDS. Training manual on HIV & AIDS for Catholic Church pastoral workers. Makati: UNAIDS. 2007.

Philippine National AIDS Council

 BLOOD
SEMEN
VAGINAL/CERVICAL FLUID
BREASTMILK

Philippine National AIDS Council

Source of illustration: DOH, Remedios AIDS
Foundation, UNICEF

Philippine National AIDS Council

 ► Blood transfusion from
an HIV-infected donor
Source: DOH, Remedios AIDS
Foundation, UNICEF & sharing of infected
syringes and needles

Philippine National AIDS Council

From an
HIV-
infected
mother to
her child
►natural ► breast-
► During delivery feeding
pregnancy Source of illustrations: DOH, Remedios AIDS
Foundation, UNICEF

Philippine National AIDS Council

Impact on Individuals
Psychosocial and Emotional
Social exclusion, stigmatization
and isolation
Physical effects (health)
Difficulty finding assistance
and support

Graphic: Microsoft, ClipArt

Philippine National AIDS Council

Impact on the Family

♠ Psychological stress caused by

anger, sorrow, frustration, and
inability to cope with the needs of
the PLHIV
♠ Stigmatization and discrimination
within the family
♠ Health costs associated with HIV
and AIDS
Source: ipsis.de

Philippine National AIDS Council

 Impact on the
Community
¨ Increased opportunities
for violence and other
discriminatory acts against
PLHIVs in the community
¨ Economic impact on the
community
- increased health costs
- loss of productivity
Graphic: under30ceo.com

Philippine National AIDS Council

 BSTINENCE: Do not have sex. In the case of
adolescents, delaying sexual debut (age of first
sexual encounter) will help.
E monogamous: Have ONE sexual partner

orrect and consistent use of ONDOM and

safer sex practices
O NOT inject drugs
ducation & arly detection

Philippine National AIDS Council

 Complete Title
An Act Promulgating Policies and
Prescribing Measures for the
Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS in
the Philippines, Instituting a Nationwide
HIV/AIDS Information and Educational
Program, Establishing a
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Monitoring
System, Strengthening the Philippine
National AIDS Council, and for other
Purposes

Philippine National AIDS Council

Article I ♠ Education and Information
Article II ♠ Safe Practices and Procedures
Article III ♠ Testing, Screening, and Counseling
Article IV ♠ Health and Support Services
Article V ♠ Monitoring
Article VI ♠ Confidentiality
Article VII ♠ Discriminatory Acts and Policies
Article VIII ♠ The PNAC

Philippine National AIDS Council

¨ Has issued policies on advocacy and
integration of HIV & AIDS in the curriculum
¨ Power of You project
¨ Has held seminars and workshops for
elementary and secondary school health
personnel on HIV & AIDS and adolescent
reproductive health
¨ Has developed and rolled out an HIV &
AIDS module as an IEC material

Philippine National AIDS Council

Major challenges to the country
response

♠ Lack of political support (national and local)

♠ Lack of policy guidelines for efficient
execution of programs
♠ Monitoring and evaluation challenges
♠ Low funding for HIV and AIDS programs
♠ Low public awareness of the disease

Philippine National AIDS Council

 National
M4: HEALTH
PROGRAM
Service
Training
NUTRITION AND
HYGIENE

Program 1
Nutrition

u Nutrition is the science that studies the process by

which living organisms acquire all the things that
are necessary for them to live and grow.
Food
Guide
Pyramid
Food Guide Pyramid

The Food Pyramid, developed

by the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA), is an
excellent tool to help you make
healthy food choices.
Food
Guide
Pyramid
 u At the base of the food
pyramid, see the group that
contains breads, cereals and
pasta. These foods provide
complex carbohydrates,
which are an important source
of energy, especially for a low-
Bread, fat meal plan. You can make
Grain, many low-fat choices from
foods in this group. Need 6 to
Cereal and 11 servings of these foods in a
Pasta Form day. One serving of this group
can be:
the Base
u 1 slice of bread
u ½ cup of rice, cooked cereal
or pasta
 1 CUP OF
Bread, READY-TO-EAT
Grain, CEREAL
Cereal
and Pasta
Form the
Base 1 FLAT
TORTILLA
 u Fruits and vegetables are rich
in nutrients. Many are excellent
sources of vitamin A, vitamin
C, folate or potassium. They
are low in fat and sodium and
high in fiber. The Food Pyramid
suggests 3 to 5 servings of
Fruits and vegetables each day. One
Vegetable serving of vegetables can be:
u 1 cup of raw leafy vegetables
u ½ cup of other vegetables,
cooked or raw
u ¾ cup of vegetable juice
 The Food Pyramid suggests 2 to 4
servings of fruit each day. One
serving of fruit can be:

1 medium apple, orange or

banana
Fruits and
Vegetable
½ cup of chopped, cooked or
canned fruits

¾ cups of fruit jui

 u Meat, poultry and fish supply
protein, iron and zinc. Non-
meat foods such as dried peas
and beans also provide many
of these nutrients. The Food
Pyramid suggests 2 to 3
servings of cooked meat, fish
Beans, or poultry. Each serving should
be between 2 and 3 ounces.
Eggs, Lean, The following foods count as
Meat and one ounce of meat:
1 egg
Fish u

u 2 tablespoons of peanut butter

 u ½ cup cooked dry beans
u 1/3 cup of nuts
u Choose lean meat, fish and
Beans, dry beans and peas often
because these are the lowest
Eggs, Lean, in fat. Remove skin from poultry
Meat and and trim away visible fat on
meat. Avoid frying these foods.
Fish Moderation is the watchword
when it comes to nuts
because they are high in fats.
 u Products made with milk provide
Dairy protein and vitamins and minerals,
especially calcium. The Food
Products Pyramid suggests 2 to 3 servings
each day.
 u A food pyramid’s tip is the
smallest part, so the fats and
Fats and sweets in the top of the food
pyramid should comprise the
Sweets smallest percentage of your
daily diet.
 u nutrient
u Macronutrients &
Micronutrients
u Energy macronutrients
The human u Carbohydrates
body u Proteins
requires u Fats
seven u fiber
major types u Other water , minerals
of nutrients
u CHLORIDE
u SODIUM
u CALCIUM
u MAGNESIUM
u PHOSPHORUS
u ZINC
u IRON
u MANGANESE
u COPER
u IODINE
u SELENIUM
 National
Service M3: Citizenship Training

Training
Program 1
 u Constitution refers to “the body of rules
What is and maxims in accordance with which
the powers of sovereignty are habitually
Constitution? exercised.”
Who are Citizens of the
Philippines?
u Section 1 of the Philippine
Constitution provides that
the following are citizens of
the Philippines:

1. Those who are citizens of

the Philippines at the time
of the adoption of the
Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or
mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
Who are Citizens of the
Philippines?
u Section 1 of the Philippine
Constitution provides that
the following are citizens of
the Philippines:

3. Those born before January

17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine Citizenship
upon reaching the age of
majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in
accordance with law.
What are
the duties
and
obligations
of Citizens?
What are the duties and
obligations of Citizens?
Hereunder are the important duties and obligation of every
citizen in a democracy society.

1. To be loyal to the Republic.

2. To defend the State.

 3. To contribute to
the development and
welfare of the State.
What are
the duties 4. To uphold the
and Constitution and obey
the laws.
obligations
of Citizens? 5. To cooperate with
duly constituted
authorities.
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with What are
due regard for the rights of others.
the duties
7. To engage in gainful work. and
obligations
8. To register and vote.
of Citizens?
How can we become Good
Citizens?
We can become good citizens by living in accordance with
good citizenship values which we can derive from the
preamble of the Constitution such as;

• Faith in God
• Unity
• Patriotism
 How can
we become
Good u Equality
Citizens? u Peace
u Promotion of a Common Good
u Concern for the Family and Future
Generations
u Concern for the Environment and Order.
Preamble of We the sovereign Filipino
people, imploring the aid of
the 1987 Almighty God, in order to
build a just and humane
Philippine society and established a
Constitution Government.
National Service
Training Program
1

VALUES AND ETHICS

 u Values can be defined as
those things that are important
to or valued by someone.

u Values are the embodiment of

what an organization stands
for, and should be the basis for
the behavior of its members.

The Character of
Values and
Ethics
The Character of Values and Ethics

u Individually or organizationally, values determine

what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is
right or wrong is what we mean by ethics. To
behave ethically is to behave in a manner
consistent with what is right or moral.
The Character of Values and Ethics
u The Ten Commandments, for many people, define
what is morally right or wrong. Societies not only
regulate the behavior of their members, but also
define their societal core values.

u Experience often has led societies to develop beliefs

about what is of value for the common good
u One example is the notion of reciprocity. (“One
good deed deserves another.”)
u Another is the notion of good intent. (“A
gentleman’s word is his bond.”)
u Yet, a third is the notion of appreciation of merit in
others regardless of personal feelings. (“Give the
Devil his due.”)
Causes of Unethical Behavior

INDIVIDUAL

Complexity of strategic issues obscure ethics

Competition for scarce resources/power/position

Conflicting loyalties
There are three qualities individuals must
possess to make ethical decisions:

u The first is the ability to recognize ethical issues and

to reason through the ethical consequences of
decisions. The ability to see second and third order
effects, one of the elements of strategic thinking, is
very important.
u The second is the ability to look at alternative
points of view, deciding what is right in a particular
set of circumstances. This is similar to the ability to
reframe.
u And the third is the ability to deal with ambiguity
and uncertainty; making a decision on the best
information available.
Ethical Responses

u Exit is the most direct response: if you

can’t live with behavior that does not
meet your own ethical standards,
leave. However, exit is not only a
direct response; it is a final one, so the
personal and organizational
consequences must be considered.
 National Service
Training Program 1

Physical Organization
NSTP as “de Jure”
Republic Act No. 9163 which
known as the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) Act of
2001
It is an act establishing the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level
students and is the result of the amendment
of Republic Act No. 7077 or AFP Reservist Law
and Presidential Decree No. 1706 or the
National Service Law.
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

• “National Service Training Program

(NSTP)” is a program aimed at enhancing
civic consciousness and defense
preparedness in the youth by developing
the ethics of service and patriotism while
undergoing training in any of its three (3)
program components. Its various
components are especially designed to
enhance the youth’s active contribution
to the general welfare.
A Primer on the NSTP Act of 2001

Question

What are the program components of the

NSTP?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

• A. “Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

(ROTC)” is a program institutionalized
under Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act
No. 7077

B. “Literacy Training Service (LTS)” is a

program designed to train students to become
teachers of literacy and numerical skills to
school children,
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

• C. “Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)”

refers to programs or activities contributory to
the general welfare and the betterment of life
A Primer on the NSTP Act of 2001

QUESTION: WHO SHALL TAKE THE

NSTP?
A Primer on the NSTP Act of 2001

Question:

Since when the NSTP been implemented?

A Primer on the NSTP Act of 2001

Question:

How is the NSTP taken up ?

A Primer on the NSTP Act of 2001

Question:

What if I cannot take the NSTP during the

regular semester?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

What if the NSTP

component of my
choice is not offered in
my school?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

Are currently-enrolled
students covered by
the NSTP law?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

Will a student who has

completed all his academic
requirements except ROTC
be allowed to graduate?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

What if a male student

has completed two (2)
semesters of the
E-ROTC/NSP?
A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

What if a male student

has taken only one (1)
semester of Basic ROTC
or
E-ROTC/NSP?
A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

What will become of

NSTP graduates?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

How can a student

continue to qualify for
enlistment in the AFP
reserve force?
A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

What lead agencies will

monitor the implementation
of the NSTP?
 A Primer on the NSTP Act of
2001

Question:

Is the NSTP available

in all schools and
universities?
B. The National Service Reserve
Corps

Mission
To provide a trained and motivated
manpower pool that can be tapped
by the State for civic welfare,
literacy, and other similar
endeavors in the service of the
nation.
B. The National Service Reserve
Corps

Functions

a.) To assist in the disaster preparedness, mitigation,

response, and rehabilitation programs;
b.) To serve as an auxiliary to the Disaster
Coordinating Council (DCC) response units.
c.) To assist in the promotion of civic welfare
activities.
d.) To assist in the implementation of literacy
programs.
B. The National Service Reserve
Corps

Functions

e.) To assist in socioeconomic development.

f.) To assist in environmental protection.
g.) To perform other similar endeavors.
B. The National Service Reserve
Corps

Composition

The NSRC shall be composed of the graduates of

CWTS and LTS components of the NSTP.
B. The National Service Reserve
Corps

Organization

The NSRC is organized under the umbrella of the

National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC).
It shall have a national, regional, provincial, and
city/municipal level of organization parallel to
the Disaster Coordinating Council (DCC)
structures at all levels.
Objectives of NSTP

• To enable all citizens to render their obligatory

national service towards self-help and service to
others;
• To inculcate in the minds of the youth our long
cherished traditional and cultural Filipino values;
• To enable the citizens to contribute to the
country’s development and welfare and in the
attainment and preservation of a just and orderly
society;
• To enhance the respect for law and duly
constituted authorities;
Objectives of NSTP

• To promote and develop civic consciousness and

citizen’s participation in national defense
preparedness;
• To motivate, train and develop the citizens,
particularly the youth, with regard to their
responsibilities as citizens;
• To organize, mobilize and utilize youth manpower
of community development; and
• To harness citizen manpower for the promotion of
national development programs and goals.
Core Values of NSTP

• Unity
• Patriotism
• Faith in God
• Respect for life
• Truth
• Justice
Core Values of NSTP

• Freedom
• Equality
• Peace
• Concern for Family
• Concern for the Environment
• Volunteerism