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WEEK 6 YEAR&SECTION:
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Chapter 5: Exogenic Processes

Lesson Focus
In this lesson, you will
 Describe how the products of weathering carried by erosion and deposited elsewhere.
 Describe erosion and its agents.

Let’s Read!
Erosion and Transportation
Another degradation process is erosion. Is erosion the same as weathering? You learned that weathering is the physical
breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks by several elements in the environment. On the other hand, erosion is the process of
transporting weathered sediments by agents of erosion to different places.
Agents of Erosion
Weathered materials are removed from the original site and transported away by natural agents. These agents derive the energy
from the sun through the water cycle and through differential heating. Water Running water is the primary agent of erosion on Earth. Most
running water is found in streams and rivers. There are different types of water erosion that affect landforms:
1. Splash erosion- Raindrops cause tiny particles of soil to be detached and to move out.
2. Sheet erosion- Raindrops break apart the soil structure which moves down the slope as water flows overland as sheet.
3. Gully erosion- After heavy rain, water flows in narrow channels, eroding gullies into great depth.
4. Valley erosion- Continuous water flow alongside land and move downward, which deepens a valley.
5. Bank erosion- Continuous flow of water wears out stones along the bank of streams and rivers.
6. Coastline erosion - Waves from ocean and seas crash against the shore, pounding the rocks into pebbles and reducing the pebbles
to sand. Sand is also removed from the beaches, which changes the coastline.
7. Seaside Cliff erosion -The battering of ocean waves erodes seaside cliffs, forming hales that create caves. Continuous pounding of
waves may create an arch that may tall, leaving nothing but rock columns called sea stocks.
Glacier
A glacier is a thick large mass of ice formed hundreds or thousands of years mostly in remote areas like in the poles or in high
mountains. They move very slowly.
Glaciers are capable of great erosion. They can erode land through plucking and abrasion. Plucking is the process wherein
fractured bedrocks are incorporated into the ice. This occurs when ice water freezes. It expands, loosens, and pulls out the rock fragments,
becoming part of the glacier.
The abrasional effect happens when the ice and its load of rock fragments slide over bedrock. Abrasion smoothens and polishes
the surface below. The result of abrasion may be rock Hour (pulverized rock) or glacial striation (scratches and grooves) on the bedrock
surface.
The effect of glacial erosion varies. It depends on the rate of movement, thickness of the ice, shape and hardness of fragments
contained in the ice, and erodibility of the surface underneath the ice.
Wind
Recall that wind is formed by differences in pressure due to differential heating of the atmosphere by the sun. Wind carries dust,
sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. In dry areas, strong wind wears away soft rocks, and also polishes rocks and cliffs until
they are smooth. Wind can also erode materials until nothing is left. In the desert, wind flows sand to form sand dunes.
Transportation
How are the materials transported? Materials are transported in four distinct ways-as solution, as suspension, by traction, or
through saltation.
 Solution- Materials are dissolved in water and carried along by water.
 Suspension-The suspended particles are carried by a medium (air, water, or ice).
 Traction- Particles move by rolling sliding, and shuffling along eroded surface movements occur in all erosional agents.
 Saltation- Particles move from the surface to the medium in quick repeated cycles repeated cycle has enough force to detach new
particles.
There are factors that affect the transportation of particles. These include particle weight, size, shape, surface configuration, medium
type, resistance of particles to cohesions, and other environmental factors. For example, for wind, transport velocity can be affected by
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variation in spatial heating and cooling which create pressure gradient. In stream, the transport of sediments is influenced by slope,
discharge, and channel shape.
Deposition and Depositional Landforms
The process of weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are responsible for the continued reshaping of Earth’s surface.
The agents of erosion are also agents of deposition. Deposition is the aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create
different landforms.
Water and Landforms
Whenever stream velocity decreases, it deposits the sediments it carries. The material deposit or a stream is called alluvium. Some
may be temporary because the materials may be carried again and eventually carried to the ocean. Materials like sand and gravel may be
deposited in a longer span as deltas, alluvial fans, flood plains, and levees.
Deltas are formed when river loses energy as it flows in to an area of slow-moving water, such as a lake or the sea. When the
river meets the sea, clay particles coagulate and settle in the seabed (flocculation). The water flows into a delta through distributaries.
Distributaries are parts of a stream that leaves the main flow.
Alluvial fans are formed when a stream reaches a flat area (called piedmont) or gently sloping plain. When its velocity slows, it
loses its capacity to carry its sediment material and deposits them at the junction of the hill and piedmont, forming fan-shaped deposits.
Flood plain is a flat wide expanse of alluvium covering flat areas prone to flooding. A sheet of silts is deposited after successive
flood, increasing the richness of the soil as well as its height.
Levees are formed by successive floods over many years. When a river overflows to decreases, leaving coarse sediments
deposited to form a small, natural embankment alongside the channel. As the water spreads out, the sediments are deposited over the
valley, forming gentle slopes of levees.
Glacier and Landforms
Glaciers, as they moved across the land, pick up and transport huge load of debris. Ultimately, these materials are deposited when
glaciers melt. In general, all unsorted deposits of rock formed directly by the ice are called glacial till.
Moraines are layers or ridges of till. A long pile of rocky material at the edge of a glacier is called lateral moraine while at the
middle of the glacier is called medial moraine.
Esker is a winding ridge of sand and gravel deposited under a glacier by water melting from the ice.
Drumlins are streamlined asymmetrical hills composed of tills. They may occur in clusters as drumlin fields. Kames are steep-
sided hills. Like eskers, they are composed of sand and gravels.
Wind and Landforms
Like water and glacier, wind is considered significant agent in creating landforms. Accumulations of windblown sediments are
usually found in dry lands and along sandy coasts. There are two types of windblown deposits: loess and dunes.
Loess is the accumulated blanket of silt carried by wind in suspension and deposited over broad areas. When loess is cut by
streams in road building, it tends to maintain a vertical clit. Do you know that the thickest and most extensive loess is found in Western
and Northern China? Loess can be as high as 100 meters.
Sand dunes are deposits of coarse materials in the shape of hills or ridges. Dune is a general term to describe any mound or ridge
of windblown sand rising to various heights up to 50 m. Dunes are found in deserts or above low-lying coasts where sand it’s constantly
renewed by onshore winds flowing across the sandy beaches.
Do you know that there areas in Ilocos Norte that have sand dunes? Paoay sand dunes have been attracting local tourists. Visit the
place and appreciate how nature shapes Earths landscape.
We learned about…

 Erosion is another exogenic process. It is the transporting of weathered sediments by agents of erosion to different places. Agen
of erosion include water, glacier, and wind.
 The process of transportation of weathered materials is through solution, suspension, fraction, and saltation.
 Deposition is the aggregation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different Landforms.
 Landforms created by water include deltas, alluvial fans, flood plains, and levees.
 Landforms created by glaciers include glacial till, moraine, esker, drumlin, and kame.
 Landforms created by wind include loess and sand dunes.

How Much Have You Learned?

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Activity 6
You have inherited a big area of land in your locality and you want to develop this into sustainable farm. What
knowledge and insights have you learned from this chapter that will help in your future endeavor?

REFERENCES

 You and the Natural World Earth and Life Science -Lilia G. Vengco and Teresita F. Religioso (Phoemex Publising
house)
 Earth-and-life-sciences | University of Gibraltar

FOR INQUIRIES, YOU CAN REACH ME THROUGH THE 3

FOLLOWING:
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE. CONTACT #: 09772150221
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GMAIL: jessicaborromeo013@gmail.com