Powerplant Electricity generation

> 29504

used
*
Electricity because
easily transportable
methods
Typical of electricity generation
Thermal PP

}
•

Hydro PP In near
future
• >

( Demand of ↑ ↑)
nuclear PP electricity
•

•
AT 00 Geothermal PP
•
Renewable resources PP
LOAD -

DURATION CURVE

load us time move

depicting requirements of electricity at
any
instant

daily

µ!µ
game >
toad "M ^

head
>
Monthly toad curve

>
Annual load curve
3
Aug wad bad
FACTOR : load
LOAD
Average
Peak toad ✗ curve

CAPACITY FACTOR :
Avg . load
Rated capacity
RESERVE FACTOR :
Capacity = dead factor
Peak load
capacity factor
USE FACTOR : 1
=
caba0tybad#
Reserve factor toad factor
DIVERSITY FACTOR : Summation of individual freaks
a+b¥
=

Peak of the total curve

*
High diversity factor is
preferable .

Load duration curve for a

running power plant
peak load
cnk ? :
Reducing the . _ .
 ^

Peak Exhaust Motor

>
Flue gases
load

:n
n
vwp

%③
0$ LOAD
CURVE Furnace
Qi
B
River /sea
Intermediate
>
ac
load ^ a
Dst ③
&
vwtcshaftwook )
Fuel Air
Generator
>
Time

EÑtoicity
( MW)

Boiler ⑨ Haole)
By first
B : : law :EQ=ew
T : Turbine I 51120 (g) < On ,
-

Qz =
WT -

Wp
C: condenser ⑦ : mixture By second lane :
P ③: mole)
:
pump Allin useful energy cannot
be converted tow
only a fraction
of it can be converted
Ngai :&
I steady flow energy equation
hkwp
%
= =
-

Qi ,

Boiler →
Yto 1

hy -12 ,
= h ,

Q ,
= hi -

hn
Turbines 1h02
h, =
With 2

Condenser → 2h03

QT=hz -
h 3

Pump → stay
h]
Wp=hy -

wt
Y=Wgt_
s -

Wp
Q,

= 1h , hz) -
-
1h , -
his )
1h ,
-

HD
 STEAM RATE : For unit power output how much steam is needed

%/ J
¥
=

HEPTRn wook output

: amount
of heat input too unit
"
KJ
/ Rws efoesent heat energy
Fna ¥
→ •
=

KW wook output
^

↓ constant pressure and

s -6
} constant temperature
T

QECO
=

Is try-

QEVAP
QEVAP
=

46 hs -

Qsn
QELO
QSH hog @ hi ho
=
=

state 6
-

> soo
s

ap
^
1-
> No two face region for
heat addition process .

* usually not with steam

with
working fluid
us
.
but co , as a .

3 28 n

>
&
SUPERCRITICAL RANK NIE CYCLE

ⁿᵈ
There are two kind
of irreversibilities : P"

→ Internal : all the pressure drops ,

"
p,
loss of Kamp work , turbine wook

→ External : boiler ,
condenser shows } 2s 2

antennal

INTERNAL ? > s

To
quantify these losses >
isoentoofsic efficiency >
efficiency as
compared
hus h}
Mp
4=1:* isoentoopic
= -

to the ideal

him .
Carl .
 EXTERNAL :
^

*÷
:
I

>
s
✗

COMPARISON WITH CARNOT CYCLE

a

T
diff possibilities
.
: I → 2 → 3 → u

I → 2 - s - 6
""
For both the cases in Carnot
cycle :

^
1=1 ¥
^ u -

< -12 Issues in 3h04 :

compressing fluid ( mixture
of gas tliq )
- - - - - - -
-

a-
-

s 3 .

with significant
} vapour traction .

→
specific volume will be high
→
wook input& pump size will be larger .

* stob
again will lot of work input due to
require very high baessuoe of 6.
a

Bite
lowering effective
'
-
→
of mean
temp .

of

"[
- -

heat addition
"
""
"

""
^

→ ˢ°ʰ "" "" " " " "°

Gion s

↳?
3 - -

To is the mean temperature of

heat addition .

1=1 ¥
-

> .
 Superheat degree of ! ! T '
-

,
-
TB T, > T,
↳
degree of selah
weather to to :B to I B-to 1 ' thus
go
00
increasing the

efficiency .

increases pinch points

as
degree of superheat
mean
addition
temperature of heat
increases
Ta ↑ →
Ti ↑ → better material ☐
higher
y improvement to be enough
* has
"
to
justify
2
ot •

vapour fraction of ni
> %
constant
fraction
dryness
lines
# Suppose 2
"
has wet steam then inside the saturation
very
u

bigger ( )
droplets dome **
hair
↳ that of water
may
cause
eroding of turbine blades at high speed .

pressure :p < Pz
>
Inlet ,

the material
often declared as
*
Te is
limit at which the properties of
turbine blades are favourable .

Pressure determines both

of the boiler
→

Im & n at the turbine exit Pd -1m ↓ but 49 ,

choose p
accordingly
•
.

Engineering
>

the
standards
keeping metallurgical limit or

highest T in consideration .

REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

 reheating process
2s → 3 :

- after reheating
&
partial expansion
Nys> MY 's

Turbines will be
safer under this condition
*
By reheating we are able to accommodate
boiler pressure without
higher sacrificing
the vapour
quality at the turbine
exhaust .

Low
High - - Pressure
Pressure Turbine
Turbine

Tm↑ R↑
Turbine life ↑

Installation cost ↑

What reheat pressure exactly to use ( Rn ) ?

Qi =

hi -

his hs his
+
-

* Heat rejection is also higher for retreat

in
cycle .

- heat addition in the retreats

that
rejection =

has -

hs
WHPT =
hi hzs
-

Wip ,
=
ʰ3 -

hys WT =
WHAT + WLPT

y
H his) +1ns hast lhrhs ) Heat oath 1-
( Kyros )
-
= -
=
-

(h ,
-

host + 1h} has ) R

Multistage reheating is not steam rate =

why
cost effective

Factors that
affect :
Y ,
n
,
Tzs :
If Isis too low then again the
,

↑
irreversibility due to HT with fluegas
 redesign constraint Pan should
n -0-88 considered
be
accordingly
-

>
preferable region of
consideration .

Tmax =
538°C

D- consider the
way Pru
is considered
heating
REGENERATION

Reducing external heating by losing the heat internal to the

cycle .

> Some past of the hot steam of the turbine is used

in the boiler .

In
principle we are
trying to reduce external irreversibility .

°'

pwnmp [ Stirling cycle >

Is ,
=

Rama
→ Turbine

far

is ^
= Ideal
regeneration
never possible exhst .pt should
• •
Reversible heat addition is superslow Pwmf .

lead to the turbine easing :

•

not compai table w/ power requirement directly steam

→
Turbine exhaust is too wet erosion
-
gets heat from expanding
blades .
 # steam taken the turbine
out from
in between is known as bleed steam
and process is called bleeding .

> A fraction of
steam lost

OPEN HEAT EXCHANGER

Steam at looses heat to

stage 3

water at
stage 6 to get to
a saturated mixture at stage 7
but some work output is also reduced as all the mass is
not
going into the cycle .

The
open heater
-

" hi hi) -14 ) 14 h ,) (l ) (& .h , )

We streams
getting
= -

mi ,
-

+ -
m -
m,
,
,

wp
=
( l -
m
,
-

me) Pho hs ) -1
-
G-m , ) Chs -

halt 11h ,
-
ha) mixed but how .

( mi mi ) ( try hs ) Ch , his
Q, 1 Q, )
-
-
-
- = -

Improve efficiency
-1mL with
reg ) .
=
hit Tmlwlo reg ) .
=
hi ho-

b, $,
-

bio -

So

Ideal be assumed
reg flowsate can to be
[
.

cycle same if the expansion process

is drawn with loss of heat in
consideration .

' ' " '

I → 2- 2 - 3 → 3 →
4

Wi -
Chi ha ) -14 mi ) Chih } ) ell
-
- -

m ,
-

match, -

4)
> 1h hi ( hi hi ) + 1h " h ;)
,
-
+ - -

,
 in the above
As shown
diagram : ur are
getting a stepped expansion
instead of the ideal built up one .

# we can get rid of additional pumps using CLOSED HEATER

6- 7 is
getting heat
from 3-8

but no
mixing is
happening .

6 that balance
saving one
pump Mlhihn ) -1hr hid -

contribution for , Maths -

hsi-m-hy-h.t-4-mimzllhi.tn ) ,

the drip
-
.

1 (efficiency ) increases when

number
of closed heater
increases .

Achieved caonotisation cycle by multiple

of Rankine

regenerative steps .
 Irr %
>

Optimum regeneration pressure

assumptions :
get this analytically
mlhiho) =
G- m ) ( he hs ) -

m =
hb hs -

hi hs -
-

hs=h ,
Pump is
often neglected compared to turbine work →
work
↓

m=ʰb his
assumption Turbine expansion line follows
-

: a
path
that th h , ) ha h ,
-

constant =p
-

so - =

1-2-3 line → Turbine expansion line ( TEL )

hi -48 =p
he he at Pressure the
difference b/w enthalky
B
any
- =

on

h, -

try =p a TEL and saturated liquid line is

fixed .

G-mllhshu )
( ʰg;÷ 1h54 )
1-
1=1
- = 1-

( hi -46 ) ,

h ,
-

hb

1 Cha b) Ch hn )
y
-
- -
=
,

(hihu ) 1h ,
-

hot

hihn heat added in the generator

thighs highs]
=
+

# total rise in feedwater heating hs

enthalpy -
h, =
a

h ,
-
h
,
= hi -

hg +
hg hythy- -
h, >
p
-12-8
in
-
P ✗ ¥

y
=
1- Ñ NOTE →
panda are fixed
( BH ) (✗ + B-8) variable that be controlled
8 is the can
only
 be maximised !
what
dang
8
Ito for = 0

> pi [ 4 + p -

8) _

p( +851--0
+

The best
regeneration pressure is the
8--42 one where the
enthalpy rise in the

regenerator is shared equally with the

economists .

for fixed CP :
on ratio =
0T ratio I half the 0T taken by regenerator)

Mma
=

£+42B compare this with

efficiency % w/o regeneration
ʰ¥→
,
(✗ + 2ps )2 vi. 1-

a¥p= Iip
=
= 1-

oh 22ps Both ✗ and

Mma %
> = -
=

p are

,
Ktp ) k+2p)2 positive on > 0

PHILOSOPHY : divide the

heating load
equally among the heaters .

> economizes entry point

n →
heater
reg .

1 → economists

◦
how >
for each
n -11 heater
How many such heaters to choose ?
> The law of diminishing return .

>
usually 5 to 6
reg .
heaters
are used .

SUPER CRITICAL POWER CYCLE

For steam : CP =
221.2bar

this is
high and
risky
*

for coz → CP 73bar =

Super critical boiler

>

> it about at increment

gives -

in n

>
Boiler is higher than
pressure the

↑::::::
•

} high pressures
are swam
multiple expansion
• •

is favoured .
Efficiency of a
power plant Power available at the

GM Ohtkeit
Moves
= -

an
Rate released
of energy
boom µ .

=
MWe
✗ CV
Wf
% calorific value
Rate of
I
burning fuel

Rate heat absorption wslh hu )

Mbaye of
=
-

,
Rats heat energy 2 dear
of wgxcv
Ws → steam generation rate

B◦aklOatkat_ 103
Massine Mgm
= =
M We ✗

Ws Chi -

ha ) brake output of Turbine

1 overall 1 boiler Maple / 1 generator

= " " ✗

Turbine

Power Plants
Aunillaoy
Control systems .
lighting fan , ,
etc

1am Net power transmitted to the grid

=

,
Gross power generated by generators .

7 overall 1 boiler 1×1 y

= × ✗

cycle
Turbin
Auxiliary

typical values : 0.92 -44

1mg Ryan
= =
◦

,
 95 93
1 turbine 95
°

Mgm Man
=
'
: ◦ '
= 0 -

More
◦ 34 # using highly efficient power plant
=
'

, an

co -

generation plants
> steam used for different
purposes inside a
factory .

Typically for captive power plants

notfor plants
the dedicated for
power generation
only .

Also called back pressure -

turbine
than
condenser pressure greater
atmospheric pressure
Qu also considered output of plant .

Efficiency of a co -

generation plant
input → to be the heat added externally .

output → both work output from turbine & heat

output as process heat

%
°%?n_
=

> close to 100 %

PASS OUT TURBINE lanotheo type of co

gem .
plant )
 Boiler
entry koint
n

Tpo -

Q, =
we 1h ,
-

hs ) : Qa =

@ s
-
w ) 1h , hn )
-

tha h )
y ( Wp )
In > Process heat =
w -

,
= Wi -
+ An

Wp =
@ s
-
w) ( hs hy ) -1W ( ha h 6)
-
-
Qs

WT
=
us 1h hz )
,
-

Cws w ) Chih )
-1 -

How to get of his ?

Now the value
,

>
wshs =
why + lws - w ] has ] simple weighted addition

Binary Cycle Power Plant

--

Mercury turbine steam turbine

 Teonaoycyctepp
Condenser Boiler for the
for Na
cycle
=

ng cycle
&
Condenses for the Boiler for the
ng cycle
' =

Hz 0 cycle
coupled / cascade
cycle

COMBINED CYCLE

dining
and
one
gas turbine
one steam turbine

cycle
GT → Air standard
cycles
Brayton cycle

> Exhaust can be used for running a

steam turbine

> Heart of this PP

DIFFERENCE :

other rankine
1 Combined → 1Gt & 1ST 00
any
2
Coupled / cascade → all subs
cycle are rankine .

Brayton cycle coupled with Rankine

>
cycle
 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
> Benchmark : Reverse Carnot cycle
work input doin here is a

compressor (1-2) and it deals

↓ with a mixture of liq .
and
work vapour
input
device

work done
by expansion device
=

Jvdp
Constant
pressure
line is saturated vapour
n >
Entry point
*
condenser takes the comp .
exhaust to
sat .

liq . or sub cooled liquid .

- compression
completely in superheated
vapour roegion .

is small for liquid

specific volume
> &

extraction opportunity
wook is
insignificant .

As the called
we are
compressing vapour so the
cycle is
VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
( Seasonvalue
Throttle
)
•
Throws out the wook potential <

enthalpic process huh } ( Irreversible )

apx.by an iso process
•
-
:

→
Additional heat required
( kaam toh z
'
tak ka tha )

Beech Mein child

ma .

gayi
 other end :
3- 4 i so entropic

3- a- b- Y
'
is wasted and some more

is wasted by taking 3- 4 ÷
'

if situation considered isentropic

'
extraction 4 -
l -
e -

but now it is h -
i -

e -

making
'
loss 4 d
a
of u c
- -
-

d
g. area
of 1 e
=
y
- -
-

else all is wok input

your
i. e. area
of 141 .

Area 141 -

y d - -
c ) is
increasing
wook input & decreasing refrigeration
and chore Asin C. 0 . F.

>
region
interest
of

⇐ .

Heat rejected ,
9h hz h} =
-

; g.
=
hi his
-
MOLEAR CHART

W
qn go hi hi
= -
= -

C.O.P. = = hi try -

9.
→
srefoigeoation effect
Refg capacity
,
olfg circulation salt
.
in = .
 TON
of refrigeration
ITR =
3.5267kW Cheat interaction /unit time )

Multi pressure
cycles ^
-

p 2 " P
s
bond saved
passage
here

evaf pressure
.

in 1 level
> > h
in
h Multi
staging helps reducing
single stage compassion wook input .

Multi
staging :( it Reduce
( I Enhance
"

"
wook

ref effect
.
( boat to increase cop
)
# FLASH GPS
rating are
layman's figures of COP REMOVAL

>
flash
chamber
!
gyro TIE
>
VALVE evaporator process
↑

separation in
>
Gravity state 3 and state 2
gets mixed
flash chamber separating with each other
resulting in state 4
out liquid from gases .

State 4 combo 00
> states
CP POOJA
Flash Inter
cooling

{
"""
"

" "" "

""
a
work
saved

enthalpy line
>
same

>Automatic
adjustment with Pas control .

now
cooling boom state 2 to 3 will not require any external coolant
but heat boom Sto 6

the process line is maintained at temperature

from state 2- 6 constant

COMBINING BOTH
 Multiple evaporator systems

hotties
throttle value

# Double the refrigeration value household

common
refrigerators

mass
flow rate through Ei & Ez

M,
QI
=
=

C ,
% ha has
-

:÷h÷
mi
.

enthalpy of state 1 ?
input would total
work be mais
flow oah-i.e.fm myth hi
-

,
+ ,

hi ? 1 is obtained heat exchange between state 7- and

by
→

state 8 .

hi = M
,
hat Mzhs ( hs = he ]
My + Mz

single compressor & Multiple expansion

value not for individual evaporators
 ¥8 •

>
flash chamber

flash
>

£÷h
E" ^ " "
"
=
At state 4 -
two streams
chamber
,
one
through Evaporator
leualp 2
/÷ ) and the other is separated into
:
me m
# refer
¥
+
,

and does not contain

.

book lilt vapour &

Individual
.

Compressors any cooling capacity .

multiple compressor system

Flashing with inter cooling
Multiple evaporator
and
multiple compressors
system with flash
I
interceding .

under control
work with

2 tnoolthe value shown in different ways feedback control

CASCADE SYSTEM

cascading ^
the
working fluid
9

when compression ratio

too high
/ Pressure burl 08

Temperature lwd
are
mildly different
# Same different
or

•
epigrams can be used

Reducing the work input -1

for two
cycles
refrigeration
.

Increasing
> Evaporator for topping cycle , condenses for bottoming cycle
Inside heat
exchanger min Chs hs ) - =
in , Chih } )
É
Ff☐↑n¥hÉ+
COPR cascade
,
=

Unit in
nip In .
-

us ]

Vapour Absorption refrigeration system

No compressor

The rest of the equipment of

VCRs are identical .

>
replacing compressor the
work input / rdf specific volume ↓
= >

↓ book intuit

# for vapour high specific whim , high work

ABSORBER :
oibsoobs gaseous components
GENERATOR :
get rid of the oifsigerant vapors .

most of wook input in terms

*
Replacing the

Heat is lower grade & lower cost

of heat & energy .
#2 solutionequilibrium are maintained at generator and absorber .

>
quantatiu analysis of VLE of multicomponent system is beyond the

scope of this syllabus .

>
2
fluid combination
'
At absorber condition , fluid should
min well &
form a sick solution

the condition
generator refrigerant
2
At ,

should come out of solution as

Reese oefg .

vapour .

typically ,
: 2 combinations are used :

i NH , water >
dissolving fluid
-

refrigerant
^
>

2
Water -

Li Bo

Foo water 1h0

-

Li Bo
system :
refrigerant ,
the evaporator temperature
cannot go subzero
usually 5°C e.
g.
: Ac application
But for other system NH } -

water system is used ( NH} → -23°C )

vars : Heat operated system

conditioning
combat
Air Preservation
Mc
AK
cooling
&
heating

Objective : To control temperature and moisture of some enclosed body of

-
air

comforts preservation >

Air : a mix .

of dry air and water vapour

PSYCH RO METRIC PROPERTIES ( Properties air)

- - - - - of moist
- - - - - - - - -

(P -

Properties )

specific humidity [
Humidity ratio ) : moisture content of air
=
mass of water vapour
written as
kg of d. a. ( dry air ) < mass of dry air
 designated both of them
0¥
with
Mirza
w =
= = assume

to be ideal
gasses

Pava
Ia Pu Vu
%
=
T
=
-1

1Pa V ma KV mu
Ñ-
= =

T T

'
Pu
0.622¥
w = Mu Pu = 18.016 =
g of water vapour
Ma Pa 28.960 Fa kg of day air

=p
Put pa

622
pvp g of water vapour
/kg of
=
w 0 .

d. a.
p
,

Dent point temperature :

The temperature at which the

first drop of dew

appears .

>
while cooling the water vapour

follows the same pu line and

when it hits the sat .
done the

first drop appears .

Td Dow point temperature

:

Pressure which
for dad <

point shifts to same temperature

Saturated air at the

0
2 same T .

*
They lie on diff Partial
.
Po . lines (PRB )
0.622,1¥ p¥p
◦
Ws =
WE ' 022

degree of 1-41
saturation
if Wwj 1¥
-
=
= -

1- pulp
Relative humidity : more common metric ( Rn or ¢)

An /ñt
of m=
¥
= = =

=¥ ( )
Mus psv / RT How to relate
*
simpler metric compared to µ w
, µ , ol

kpua
0.622 ¢
¥ Pa
/µ
w =
=

,,

µ 4 [ HIP
] ¢ µ
=
i -
=

1- Pulp 1- ( 1-
tf ) Psip

Enthalpy of moist air

Important
heat to be
to
quantify
in
the amount of
taken out
put or

•
h=ha-whi#
this route

•
should be taken >
specific or / rg of d. 9 .

Pra =
Cpa DBT ( Dry Bulb Temperature)
is 0°C ) DBT i¥
( if Jef .
= I -005

RJ / Rg of d. 9 .

? (class ends
hu abndsthy)
=
◦