RES REVIEWER

HINDUISM

HINDUISM is the THIRD LARGEST religion in the world.

Hindu is a person who believes in the religion HINDUISM.

Out of 1,320,000,000 people in India 1,040,000,000 are Hindus.

HINDUISM

▪ Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period
of time.

▪ It is the world’s OLDEST RELIGION.

▪ It cannot be traced back to a single founder.

INDO - ARYAN MIGRATION

Aryan priests memorized long poems and hymns that were gathered into four
collections called Vedas.

The Aryans brought their spoken language of SANSKRIT with them.

THE VEDIC PERIOD (1500 – 500 BCE)

'Vedic Period' to refer to the period when the Vedas were composed.

It is centered around the sacrifice and sharing the sacrificial meal with each other
and with the many gods (devas).

AUM - the main symbol of Hinduism. It represents the spirits of all things in the
world.

HINDUISM is a POLYTHEISTIC religion (The belief in many gods.)

HINDU DIET - Hindus do not eat beef because cows are considered a holy animal in
the religion.

7 CORE BELIEFS

REINCARNATION - This is the concept that the soul is immortal, and all life forms
are reborn into a new entity after death.

KARMA - The concept that if you do good deeds, good things will happen in your
life. If you do bad deeds, bad things will happen to you in life.
MOSKHA - When your soul becomes free from the cycle of rebirth and is no longer
reincarnated. This happens after you reach the highest level of rebirth, and you can
can’t be born into a higher form.

DHARMA - Is the moral balance of all things Dharma is played out in all aspects of
life: religious, social, family.

ONE UNIVERSAL SOUL - Hindus believe in a Universal Soul known as Brahman.

CYCLICAL TIME - For Hindus, there are no beginnings or endings. Time is a series
of cycles.

VEDAS - The Vedas are Hindu sacred books of knowledge.

THE 4 VEDAS

RIG VEDA
YAJUR VEDA
SAMA VEDA
ATHARVA VEDA

Four Goals of Life in Hinduism

1. Dharma - Be a good, virtuous, moral person.

2. Artha - Earn material prosperity, money

3. Kama - Seek happiness, pleasure, emotional fulfillment

4. Moksha - Seek freedom from ignorance, spirituality, and self-knowledge

How do Hindus Understand God?

G O D Relate to the deities’ three main functions.

Generator - This represents God’s ability to create things.

Operator - This represents God’s ability to preserve things and keep them going.

Destroyer - This represents God’s ability to destroy things.

THE HINDU TRINITY

BRAHMA

▪ The Creator

▪ Supreme presence, or God

▪ All other gods originate from Brahma.

VISHNU
▪The Preserver of the universe.

▪Maintains balance between good and evil.

▪ Vishnu's worshippers, usually called Vaishnava

▪ Appears in 10 different forms or avatars.

SHIVA

▪ The Destroyer

▪ Worshipped as the destroyer or reproducer.

▪ Fire represents cycle of birth and death.

▪ Crushes dwarf to symbolize ignorance.

▪ Holds the flame of destruction, purification, and renewal.

WORSHIP IN THE HOME

▪ Have a small shrine that contains an image of the family’s chosen god, and objects
associated with them.

▪ Has flowers, jewelry and other decorations to show that the god is honored and
special.

▪ Perform activities such as prayer, meditation, recite mantras and study sacred
writings.

▪ Images are washed regularly.

▪ Puja is the name given to the ritualistic worship.

▪ The shrine in the house contains a Puja tray.

o Bell

o Dish

o Food

o Fruit

o Holy Water

o Incense stick

o Lamp

WORSHIP IN THE MANDIR

▪ The Hindu place of worship is called a mandir or temple.

▪ The mandir is the “home of God”

▪ Each mandir is dedicated to a god or deity World’s largest Hindu temple in Delhi.

HINDU HOLIDAYS

DIWALIS - Festival of Lights Monday, October 24

NAVARATRI - A celebration of fertility and harvest. September–October

HOLI - Spring festival Friday, March 18

MAHA SHIVARATRI - The great festival of Shiva March 1

RAKSHA BANDHAN - A celebration of the bond between brother and sister August
11

KRISHNA JANMASHTAMI - A tribute to Krishna’s birthday Thursday, August 18 to

Friday, August 19

BUDDHISM

Siddharta Gautama - " the founder of buddhism "

- he was born around 563 BC. at Northern India

- was born into a wealthy family as a prince

- at the age of 29 he left his wife, and son to follow a more

spriritual path

- the sick man, the corpse followed by the holly man - Bondhi
tree

- 49 days under the tree

- he died at the age of 80

- he also became as a "buddha"

- Buddha means "one who is awakened " or " the enlightened

one

DOCTRINES

WHAT IS BUDDHISM?

- Buddhism is a widespread Asian religion or philosophical tradition based on

a series of original teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.
 - Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions and originated 2,500 years
ago in India.
- The followers of Buddhism are called Buddhist/s.

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

1. the truth of suffering (duhkha)

2. the truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya)

3. the truth of the end of suffering (nirvana)

4. the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering (the eightfold path)

BUDDHISM: MORAL or ETHICS

Buddhist moral or ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the
enlightened perspective of the Buddha.

FIVE MORAL PRECEPTS

 Refrain from taking life

 Refrain from taking what is not given
 Refrain from the misuse of the senses
 Refrain from wrong speech
 Refrain from intoxicants that cloud the mind

BUDDHISM: NATURE

Most Buddhists believe people need to live simply and respect the cycle and balance
in nature so everything can continue for future generations.
CHRISTIANITY

They believe that Jesus is the son of God and the savior of the humanity.

Christianity means the Follower of Christ.

Christianity began 2000 years ago.

Christianity is a monotheistic religion.

Sect of Judaism

4 BOOKS NAME THE GOSPELS

St. Mathew
St. Mark
St. Luke
St. John

According to the Gospels Jesus Christ was born to the virgin named Mary, and his
father was named Joseph.

JESUS PREACHED FORGIVENESS

At the age of 33 he died on the cross.

After 3 days jesus christ he back his life.

After 40 days he back in to the heaven.

According to the Gospel Jesus will back on the earth.

PAUL THE APOSTLE - He spread the Christianity.

Jesus (founder of Christianity) - referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ,

was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of
Christianity, the world's largest religion. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation
of God the Son and the awaited messiah (the Christ).

Christianity began as an offshoot of the Jewish faith during the first century CE. It
began because of one of the most influential figures in human history: Jesus of
Nazareth, the founder of Christianity. From the teachings of Jesus and the acts of his
followers after his death, the Christian faith spread across the world. Today it is the
largest religion in the world and has widely influenced law, personal morality, and
philosophies.

THE THREE MAJOR BRANCHES OF CHRISTIANITY

ROMAN CATHOLICISM (KATOLIKO) - is the largest of the three major branches of

Christianity. Thus, all Roman Catholics are Christian, but not all Christians are
Roman Catholic. Estimated 2.3 billion Christians in the world, about 1.3 billion of
them are Roman Catholics

EASTERN ORTHODOXY - Eastern Orthodoxy, official name Orthodox Catholic

Church, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is
characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial
churches.

PROTESTANTISM - Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began

in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some
parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman
Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity.

The sacred text of Christianity is the Bible, including both the Hebrew scriptures
(also known as the Old Testament) and the New Testament.

CROSS – the symbol of Christianity.

ISLAM
NATURE AND HISTORY

- Abrahamic-monotheistic religion and it is one of the world’s major monotheistic

religions.

- Islam comes from the word “al-silm” and “istaslama” which means peace and
surrender. or “submission to the will of God.”

- Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8
billion Muslims worldwide.

- the youngest of the major world religions.

Muslim – the followers of Islam.

Mecca – where Islam started.

Quran/Koran – the major holy text of Islam. It is considered the most important holy
book among Muslims. It contains some basic information that is found in the Hebrew
Bible as well as revelations that were given to Muhammad. The text is considered
the sacred word of God and supersedes any previous writings.

Allah – the deity or the god.

Mosques are places where Muslims worship.

Some important Islamic holy places include the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, the Al-
Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem, and the Prophet Muhammad’s mosque in Medina.

Hijra - In 622, Muhammad traveled from Mecca to Medina with his supporters.

Caliphate System - An Islamic form of government in which political and religious.

leadership is united, and the head of state (the Caliph) is a successor to the Prophet
Muhammad.

The first caliph is Abu Bakr and he is Muhammad’s father-in-law and close friend.

Sunnis and Shiites

When Muhammad died, there was debate over who should replace him as leader.
This led to a schism in Islam, and two major sects emerged: the Sunnis and the
Shiites.

Sunnis make up nearly 90 percent of Muslims worldwide. They accept that the first
four caliphs were the true successors to Muhammad.
Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real
successors to Muhammad. They deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. Today,
Shiite Muslims have a considerable presence in Iran, Iraq and Syria.

Other Types of Islam

Other, smaller Muslim denominations within the Sunni and Shiite groups exist. Some
of these include:

Wahhabi: This Sunni sect, made up of members of the Tameem tribe in Saudi
Arabia, was founded in the 18th century. Followers observe an extremely strict
interpretation of Islam that was taught by Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab.

Alawite: This Shiite form of Islam is prevalent in Syria. Followers hold similar beliefs
about the caliph Ali but also observe some Christian and Zoroastrian holidays.

Nation of Islam: This mostly African-American, Sunni sect was founded in the
1930s in Detroit, Michigan.

Kharijites: This sect broke from the Shiites after disagreeing over how to select a
new leader. They are known for radical fundamentalism, and today are called Ibadis.

Islamic Calendar

The Islamic calendar, also called the Hijra calendar, is a lunar calendar used in
Islamic religious worship. The calendar began in the year 622 A.D., celebrating the
journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.

The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and celebrations,
including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan, which occurs during
the ninth month of the calendar.

Islam Symbols

The crescent moon and star has been adopted in some predominantly Muslim
countries as a symbol of Islam, though the crescent moon and star image is believed
to pre-date Islam and was originally a symbol of the Ottoman Empire.

Sharia Law

Islam’s legal system is known as Sharia Law. This faith-based code of conduct
directs Muslims on how they should live in nearly every aspect of their lives.

Sharia law requires men and women to dress modestly. It also outlines marriage
guidelines and other moral principles for Muslims.

Muslim Prayer
Muslim prayer is often conducted in a mosque's large open space or outdoor
courtyard. A mihrab is a decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the
direction to Mecca, and therefore the direction to face during prayer.

Muslim Holidays

The two major Muslim holidays are:

Eid al-Adha: celebrates the Prophet Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son for
Allah.

Eid al-Fitr: marks the end of Ramadan—the Islamic holy month of fasting.

ISLAM: DOCTRINES AND MORALS

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM

This constitute the basic norms of Islamic practices and ritual obligations of Muslims

FIRST PILLAR: SHAHADA (DECLARATION OF FAITH)

There are 2 Shahadas

1. There is no god but God - promotes the essential unity of the faith, proclaiming
that there is no god but God

2. Muhammad is the messenger of God

- The second shahada demonstrates God’s essential mercy. This prayer proclaims
Muhammad as the last prophet, and it uses Muhammad as the prime example of
guidance for all Muslims

SECOND PILLAR: SALAH (PRAYER)

1. Washing one's hands, face, and feet.

2. A caller chants aloud in from a raised place in the mosque.

3. Verses from the Quran are recited either loudly or silently.

4. These prayers are a very specific type of prayer and a very physical type of prayer
called prostrations.

5. These prayers are done five times a day, at set strict times, with the individual
facing Mecca. The prayers are performed at dawn (Fajr), noon (Dhuhr) ,
afternoon(Aṣr), evening (Maghrib), and night (Ishā):

MECCA - the holiest city in Islam.

THIRD PILLAR: ZAKAT (ALMSGIVING)

The Third Pillar of Islam is Zakāt, or alms giving or charity. It means Purification
which indicates that a payment makes the rest of ones wealth legally and religiously
pure. 2.5% of an individuals income is usually the amount they need to contribute.

FOURTH PILLAR: SAWM (FASTING)

Sawm is directly stated in the Quran saying “eat and drink until the whiteness of the
day becomes distinct from the blackness of the night at dawn, then complete the fast
till night”

Ramadan - is a period of reflection when Muslims are called upon to recharge their
faith, increment their charity, and make apology.

FIFTH PILLAR: HAJJ (PILGRIMAGE)

1. Walking seven times around the kaaba, touching the black stone, traveling 7 times
between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah,symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina,

When at Mecca, the pilgrims go to the Ka’aba in the mosque and walk around it in a
circle. They then pray together in official ceremonies, and then they go out to
perform the “standing ceremony” to remember the Farewell Sermon of Muhammad
on the Arafat.

On the return trip, pilgrims stop in Mina, Where they throw 7 stones at stone pillars
that represent Satan as to express their hatred for Shaitan (Satan)

They then return to Mecca for final ceremonies by circumambulating the Ka’aba
seven times and then leave Mecca to journey back home.

After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja

ISLAMIC DIETARY LAWS

Pork, Blood Meat sacrificed in the name of someone other than God, and those that
die themselves are Considered Forbidden Food.

HALAL (LAWFUL)

Cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope

HARAM (UNLAWFUL)

If the animal is treated poorly, or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram

Confucianism

- is a philosophy and belief system from ancient China, which the foundation for
much of Chinese culture. Confucius was a philosopher and teacher who lived from
551 to 479 B.C.E.
The Five Classics

- Book of Poetry

- Book of History

- Book of Rites

- Book of Changes

-Spring and Autumn Annuls

The Four Books

- Analects

- Mencius

- Great Learning

- Doctrine of Man

The fundamental concern of the Confucian tradition is learning to be human.

-Learning to be human in the Confucius perspective, entails a broadening and

deepening of thought and being that acknowledge of all modalities of existence
defining the human condition.

Human Nature

- human nature is originally good. Any evil in it results from the changes made upon
it by external things. Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit of that forbidden tree
whose mortal taste brought death into the world for all our woe.

- Lu Wang (1139-1192) Chinese Philosopher

Rectification of Names

- it means that thing in actual fact should be made to accord with the implications
attached to them by names.

-One of the most important doctrines of Confucianism is that of the proper naming of
things.

This involves the Integration of the Four Dimensions of Humanity:

 Self
 Community
 Nature
 Heaven
FOUNDER OF CONFUCIANISM

CONFUCIUS (KONG QI OR KONG FUZI)

- Confucius was a philosopher and teacher who lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E.

- THE "FIRST TEACHER" IN CHINA

- AT THE AGE OF 50, HE WAS APPOINTED TO WORK IN THE GOVERNMENT

OF LU.

- AT THE AGE OF 67, HE RETURNED TO LU AND CONTINUED TEACHING AND

STUDYING FIVE CHINESE BOOKS, KNOWN AS THE FIVE CLASSICS.

FIVE CHINESE BOOKS/FIVE CLASSICS

THE FIVE CLASSICS (TRADITIONAL CHINESE: 五經; pinyin: Wǔjīng) is a corpus

of five ancient Chinese books that makes up part of the basic canon of the Confucian
school of thought. They became accepted as orthodox by the imperial government
during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.)[1] According to tradition, the Five
Classics were written before the time of Confucius and were compiled or edited by
Confucius (551 – 479 B.C.E.) himself.

THE FIVE CLASSICS

1. BOOK OF CHANGES (YI JING)

2. BOOK OF HISTORY (SHU JING)

3. BOOK OF POETRY (SHI JING)

4. BOOK OF RITUALS (LI JI)

5. SPRING AND AUTUMN ANNALS (LIN JING)

1. BOOK OF CHANGES (YI JING). THIS POETIC TEXT DESCRIBES TWO

OPPOSITE, BUT COMPLEMENTARY FORCES OF LIFE—yin and yang. This
ancient book was frequently used to divine the future or guide actions. Both
Confucian and Daoist thinkers adopted it as part of their philosophy

2. BOOK OF HISTORY (SHU JING) CONTAINS OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS DATING

FAR BACK IN CHINESE HISTORY.

3. BOOK OF POETRY (SHI JING). CONFUCIUS SAID: "IN THE BOOK OF

POETRY THERE ARE 300 POEMS. BUT THE ESSENCE OF THEM CAN BE
EXPRESSED IN ONE SENTENCE: ‘HAVE NO DEPRAVED IDEAS.’ "

4. BOOK OF RITUALS (LI JI) DETAILS THE CEREMONIES AND RITUALS OF

THE ZHOU DYNASTY.
5. SPRING AND AUTUMN ANNALS (LIN JING) CHRONICLES THE HISTORY OF
THE STATE OF LU FROM 722 TO 479 B.C., THE YEAR CONFUCIUS DIED.
WRITTEN IN SPARE PROSE, IT FOLLOWS IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE
GOVERNMENT.

Confucius died in 479 b.c. many years after his death, his students (or the students
of his students) wrote down confucius’ teachings in a book called the lun yu.

FOUR BOOKS

 ANALECTS
 DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
 GREAT LEARNING
 MENCIUS