SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol

SSG VOTING SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN PROTOCOL
JOSINE O. DALMAN
SHELAMAY A. DUMANDAN
GLENN MARK L. FLORES
MARIA J-ANNE S. RUIZ
DENISE C. SORRONDA
JUNE 2022
SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of Computer Science Department
College of Computer Studies
Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Main Campus, Dapitan City
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
JOSINE O. DALMAN
SHELAMAY A. DUMANDAN
GLENN MARK L. FLORES
MARIA J-ANNE S. RUIZ
DENISE C. SORRONDA
JUNE 2022
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE
UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
CERTIFICATION
This Thesis entitled “SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol” has
been prepared and submitted by Josine O. Dalman, Shelamay A. Dumandan,
Glenn Mark L. Flores, Maria J-Anne S. Ruiz, and Denise C. Sorronda in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer
Science has been reviewed, checked, and verified by the undersigned as to
grammar, coherence, and organization.
XUXA MEG P. SAGUIN

English Critic
ii

UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol” prepared
and submitted by Josine O. Dalman, Shelamay A. Dumandan, Glenn Mark L.
Flores, Maria J-Anne S. Ruiz, and Denise C. Sorronda has been examined and
is recommended for oral examination on May 24, 2022.
ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT Adviser
iii

UNIVERSITY
APPROVAL SHEET
This Thesis entitled “SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol” has
been prepared and submitted by Josine O. Dalman, Shelamay A. Dumandan,
Glenn Mark L. Flores, Maria J-Anne S. Ruiz, and Denise C. Sorronda. It has
been reviewed and is recommended for acceptance and approval for final
defense on May 24, 2022.
XUXA MEG P. SAGUIN ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT

English Critic Adviser
Approved by the committee on ORAL EXAMINATION on May 24, 2022 with the
PANEL OF EXAMINERS with the rating of _______.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Engr. JOSEPH AURELIUS P. JACINTO, MSIT

Member
ED NEIL O. MARATAS, MA EDGARDO D. OLMOGUEZ II, MSIT

Member Member
JOHN D. SAGAPSAPAN, MSIT

Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment for the subject Thesis 2 leading to
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science during the second
semester, AY 2021-2022 by the Dean of College of Computer Studies.
iv
ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT

Associate Dean, College of Computer Studies
v
Abstract
Several studies have addressed privacy and security problems, but trust remains
one of the biggest challenges in the development of new technologies. The
emerging number of cyberattacks that happen every day requires a solution that
is more secure, however a centralized system is not enough. With this, the
researchers propose a study that emphasizes the security potential of a
blockchain protocol. Blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among
computer network nodes. Blockchain provides secure solutions in different
sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, and many more. Its characteristic of
being safe from manipulation and tampering makes it more trustworthy. The
research method used for this study are constructive and action research
methods. Findings of the study revealed that the SSG Voting System Using
Blockchain Protocol is found to be functional, reliable and highly secured. It was
recommended that the blockchain protocol be integrated not only in a voting
system but also in other organization processes.
vi
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to the family of the researchers who have expressed their
unending support during the making of this research. The researchers are very
grateful to the Dalman Family, Dumandan Family, Flores Family, Ruiz Family,
and Sorronda Family for being present and fulfilling the needs of their children
financially and emotionally.
This study is greatly dedicated to the highly respected Alma Mater of the
researchers, Jose Rizal Memorial State University, which have presented them
with quality education and knowledge. With this, the Academe have molded the
researchers to become holistically developed individuals.
This study is also dedicated to the adviser, Prof. Armando T. Saguin Jr.,
and panel members namely: Prof. Ed Neil O. Maratas, Prof. John D. Sagapsapan,
Engr. Joseph Aurelius P. Jacinto, and Prof. Edgardo D. Olmoguez II, for showing
their support to the researchers. Their expert advices, lessons, and opinions have
tremendously helped the researchers in completing their study and making of the
system.
The researchers are filled with gratitude for the aid that they have received from
different individuals. Their guidance, understanding, and assistance has paved
the way for the researchers into accomplishing this study.
The Researchers
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This whole experience would not have been possible without the
assistance and cooperation of the few people who have fulfilled their duties. The
researchers would like recognize and convey their heartfelt gratitude to the
following persons who have contributed to the success of the study.
To Armando T. Saguin Jr., the adviser, for dedicating his time and
knowledge for the fulfillment of the study;
To John D. Sagapsapan, Ed Neil O. Maratas, Engr. Joseph Aurelius P. Jacinto,
and Edgardo D. Olmoguez II, for giving their useful ideas, comments, and
suggestions which aided the development of the system and the study;
To the Faculty and Staff of the Computer Science Department, for their
encouraging comments and support;
To the parents of the researchers, for showing their love and support to this
whole journey financially and morally;
To their friends and classmates, for being great helping hands during the
completion of the study.
Lastly, to the Almighty Father, who have bestowed the researchers His eternal
protection, guidance, and blessings.
The Researchers
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title i
Certification of the English Critic ii
Certification of the Dean iii
Approval Sheet iv
Abstract v
Dedication vi
Acknowledgement vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
Chapters
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1
Introduction 1
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 4
Schema of the Study 6
Statement of the Problem 9
ix
Significance of the Study 9
Scope and Delimitations 10
Definition of Terms 11
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 15
Related Literature 14
Foreign Studies 18
Local Studies 25
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
Research Method 29
Research Environment 30
Project Development Process 31
Data Gathering 32
Requirement Analysis 33
Designing or Software Architecture 34
Project System Design 35
Use Case Diagram 36
Class Diagram 38
Activity Diagram 39
Sequence Diagram 39
Data Flow Diagram 40
Entity Relationship Diagram 42
x
Evaluation Procedure 43
Research Instrument 44
Validation of the Research Instrument 44
Respondents of the Study 45
Sampling Design and Techniques 46
Functionality 46
Reliability 47
Security 48
Statistical Tools and Treatment 49
Coding 49
Software Testing and Procedure 51
Procedure for Evaluation 51
System Implementation 52
Calendar of Activities 52
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 54
5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATION 63
Summary 63
Findings 64
Conclusion 65
Recommendation 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY 67
APPENDICES 72
xi
Appendix A – User’s Manual 73
Appendix B – Source Code 77
Appendix C – Letter to the Panelists 90
Appendix D – Letter to the Respondents 95
Appendix E – Evaluation Sheet 97
Appendix F – Curriculum Vitae 102
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
1 Minimum Hardware Requirements 33
2 Minimum Software Requirements 34
3 Respondents of the Study 45
4 Calendar of Activities 53
5 Survey Results 54
6 Respondents Rating on the Proposed System
in terms of Functionality 60
7 Respondents rating on the Proposed System
in terms of Reliability 61
8 Respondents rating on the Proposed System
in terms of Security 62
9 Summary of the Ratings of Software Quality Factor 62
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
1 Conceptual Framework 6
2 Schema of the Study 8
3 Hash Block 19
4 Simplified Bitcoin Blockchain 19
5 FabRec System Overview (Angrish et al., 2018) 21
6 Project Architecture (Tran, 2021) 22
7 Use Case Diagram (Uhlig et al., 2019) 23
8 System Architecture of the Proposed Drug Supply
Chain Management (Jamil et al., 2019) 25
9 CredenceLedger Architecture (Arenas and Fernandez, 2018) 26
10 A secure voting environment based on Blockchain
(Bosri et al., 2019) 27
11 JRMSU, Main Campus Map Location 30
12 Iterative Developmental Model 32
13 Project System Design 36
14 Use Case Diagram 37
15 Class Diagram 38
16 Activity Diagram 39
17 Sequence Diagram 40
18 Data Flow Diagram 41
19 Entity Relationship Diagram 43
xiv
20 Formula for Weighted Mean 49
21 Block Class using PHP 50
22 Pilot Running Model 52
23 Transaction Flowchart of the SSG Voting System Using
Blockchain protocol 58
xv
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Today, technology has become an increasingly important aspect of daily
life. The world's modernization has been made possible by technology
advancements in various fields. Firms, even beyond the financial services
industry, are now embracing the developments and regulatory standards,
particularly in nonpublic networks and platforms. Interoperability, scalability, and
security are all being improved.
People used to save data on a floppy disc, eject it, walk over to the person
who required the data, and copy it onto their computer so they could utilize it back
in the day. The Internet and the birth of the World Wide Web introduced
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a data transmission
technology that made data transport faster and drastically lowered information
exchange transaction costs. After ten years, Web 2.0, which offered social media
and e-commerce platforms, rose to prominence. It revolutionized social
interactions by bringing producers and consumers of information, goods, and
services closer together and allowing to participate in peer-to-peer (P2P)
interactions on a global scale, but always with a middleman: a platform acting as
a trusted intermediary between two people who do not know or trust each other.
While these platforms have done an excellent job of developing a peer-to-peer
economy with a sophisticated content discovery and value settlement layer, they
also control all transaction rules and all user data. Today's Internet is largely
based on the concept of a stand-alone computer. Data is maintained on trusted

2
institutions' systems. Firewalls secure the data on these servers, and system
administrators are required to administer these servers and their firewalls.
Attempting to modify data on a server is similar to breaking into a house with a
fence and an alarm system. In this regard, blockchain appears to be a driving
factor behind the next-generation Internet, called Web 3.0 (Voshmgir, 2020).
Blockchain refers to the fact that all participants in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network
are assured of the reliability of the same data by applying various consensus
algorithms (Roh, C.-H. & Lee, I.-Y., 2020). Blockchain operates through
cryptography. It provides a security level which is way better than any previously
known databases. It guarantees that processes, including the transactions within
the system, are stored in a block so that malicious activities cannot easily alter
the data.
As indicated in an article published by the Statista Research Department
on April 25, 2022, the Philippines had 98.41 thousand cyberattacks, a
considerable decrease from the same month the previous year in June 2021.
During the first quarter of the year, the number of cyberattacks in the country
increased exponentially, reaching roughly 1.76 million.
On February 4, 2022, the Risk Based Security released the 2021 Year End
Data Breach Quick View Report revealing that 4,145 publicly disclosed breaches
had exposed over 22 billion records last 2021 (“Data Breach Report: 2021 Year
End”, 2022). According to Dhillon et al. (2020), fears of large-scale internet vote
rigging have slowed efforts toward change. Indeed, just a few countries use
online voting at all, and the majority of those that do use Electronic Voting
Machines (EVMs), which require voters to attend a polling station and produce
3
identity before voting on the EVM. EVMs provide a number of clear advantages.
These have become a need and a significant cost-cutting measure in major
countries like India and Brazil because of the high speed of counting. Many
mature democracies, on the other hand, have resisted internet voting due to
concerns about hacking and fraud. Some countries have actively stopped using
them like the Netherlands in 2005. However, EVMs and centralized internet
voting systems like Estonia's do not address one of the most pressing concerns
confronting democracies: maintaining public trust in election authorities.
Due to its ability to operate without a third party and enable trust through
the use of decentralized applications, blockchain has a wide range of non-
financial uses. For example, blockchain can serve as the platform for an inter-
organizational business process, allowing companies to monitor each other's
actions and data, or allowing business processes to be executed directly on the
blockchain. Participants can have confidence in the information kept on the
blockchain, and smart contract processes cannot be tampered with (Six et al.,
2022). Because a vote is a little bit of high-value data, this type of system
infrastructure is highly useful for voting (Leibkind, 2020).
The researchers were encouraged to undertake this investigation because
of several studies emphasizing the trustworthiness of blockchain's structure and
its security possibilities. Through this study, the researchers hope to help people
overcome their fear of new technologies. This study suggests the use of the
blockchain protocol to increase data security, and this potential is showcased
through a voting system for the Supreme Student Government of Jose Rizal
Memorial State University, Main Campus.

4
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This study applies the network theory. Network theory, in computer science, is a
part of graph theory (Fleming, 2019) which was invented in the 18 th century by
Leonhard Euler.
Network theory, according to theoretical physician Markus Schirmer, is the
study of how components in a network interact. He explains that a simple way of
comprehending a network is to assume that a set of elements are connected by
some form of link.
Network theory allows for the observation of clusters of communication
relationships established by objects communicating inside a network, as Michael
Gines Munsayac describes in his paper "Organizational Communication Theories
Under the Cybernetic Tradition" (Fleming, 2019).
Using the network theory in this study, each node is a vertex. An end user
(voter or administrator) relationship to the node is called an edge or link. One of
the connections between the nodes (or vertices) of a network (or graph) is also
an edge (or link). The connections between nodes go in a direction wherein one
node connects to the other. A node, as seen in the figure below is a computer or
a server. It shows an arrow (a link) going to the direction of the node,
representing a flow of data which is entered by the end user into the system. The
transaction made could be, for example, a vote being casted during the election
by a voter, in the form of a ballot transaction. A transaction request is then made
and a block representing this transaction is created. The figure shows a network
5
graph of a node which has a relationship with another node. The nodes are being
linked to each other because once a block is created, it is broadcasted to every
node in the network for validation. Each node in the network has a copy of the
whole blockchain. The nodes are shown as vertices and the lines between these
nodes are the relationships as edges.
This study uses the blockchain protocol. Blockchain is the distributed ledger
protocol invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 when he created Bitcoin (Biais et
al., 2019). Nakamoto (2008) proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-
work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes
computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a
majority of CPU power. The electronic payment system by Nakamoto (2008) is
based on cryptographic proof in lieu of trust. This allows any two willing parties to
make transactions with each other without needing a third party. The privacy of
users is put into consideration by keeping public keys anonymous.
According to a study by Qayyum et al. (2019), the backbone of blockchain
based cryptocurrency is distributed consensus, which is a protocol that work in a
situation where some of the participating nodes are malicious or faulty and should
have two properties: 1) all honest nodes should terminate on the same value, and
2) that value must have been proposed by an honest node.
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of this research proposal. The
administrator will input the information of the candidates who are part of the
election. The system will use public key cryptography to protect the voter’s
privacy. A voter makes a transaction when he submits his vote. A block is then
proposed to the network to check for validity. Once a block is confirmed, it is

6
added to the blockchain. The votes accumulated in the blockchain are calculated
for the results.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Schema of the Study
The schema of this study is shown in Figure 2. The diagram below
represents the input, process, output, and feedback.
The first box contains the input requirements of the SSG Voting System
Using Blockchain Protocol. These are: laptop or a personal computer and a
Smartphone which are the main components in order to make and access the
system. Network connectivity is also a requirement in order to be able to test
and/or use the web application. In the coding process the most important
requirement is the blockchain protocol which will be used for data security of the
SSG Voting System. The system also requires the administrator of the election to
input the candidate's data in order to initiate the election process.

7
The process box shows the iterative development model which will be
undergone in developing the system. The planning phase of the iterative cycle is
where software needs and other requirements are identified including the cost,
time, resources and other items. This phase will be performed again for the next
iteration to verify that the risks are mitigated and the quality is maintained. The
design process establishes technical requirements for the software architecture.
It describes in detail the features and specifications of the solution. In the
implementation stage, coding will begin, and it will be ensured that every
guideline, from planning to design, is properly implemented. The system is
evaluated based on the result of its performance, functionality, security and other
criteria. If the code is incorrect or the software requires an upgrade, the second
iteration begins with the planning. After repetitive testing and evaluation, the
system is deployed. The third box in the figure contains the web application.
It is the final output which is the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol.
The fourth element of the diagram is the feedback. The feedback part
helps in improving the software. Modifications to the input and process stage can
be made based on the feedback obtained. There is an ongoing need to collect
and respond to the feedback from the end users. Meeting end user needs is
crucial in adding value to the software and boosting the user’s satisfaction.
8
Figure 2. Schema of the Study

9
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to design a web application, SSG Voting System using
Blockchain Protocol, for Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Main Campus,
Dapitan City during the academic year 2021-2022.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the current status of the SSG voting system in JRMSU Main
Campus?
2. What are the processes involved in the SSG Voting System using
Blockchain Protocol?
3. What is the function of blockchain in the SSG Voting System and how is it
implemented in the system?
4. How can the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol be assessed
in terms of:
4.1. Functionality;
4.2. Reliability; and
4.3. Security?
Significance of the Study
The development of the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol of
JRMSU Main Campus is important because the findings of this study are
expected to contribute to the advancement of technologies by providing
opportunities to improve security and management of information through the use
of blockchain.
Practically, the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol is deemed
beneficial to the following:

10
Students. The students are the main beneficiary of the system. It is
expected to benefit them in a way that using blockchain protocol promotes
enhanced security. This system also supports the integrity and privacy of the
students who are the voters during the election.
University. This study will benefit the university because the findings of this
study will help in advancing the current SSG Voting System of JRMSU.
Researchers. This study helps the current researchers in improving their
knowledge and skills in programming and application development. The process
involved in conducting this research will be a good additional experience for the
researchers which may be useful once they go out of the university. This may
also benefit the future researchers who wish to conduct a study of the same
interest. Government. This study will benefit the government because it
introduces a new approach to traditional voting which is usually done on pen and
paper. This presents the possibility of making a voting process that uses the
blockchain protocol. Blockchain-based voting systems can address the different
problems and issues faced in the current election process when it comes to
security and transparency.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The main focus of this study is on blockchain introduction and
implementation. The researchers considered the voting system as the application
to be used as a model for this study.
The voting system is primarily designed for the use of Supreme Student
11
Government in Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Main Campus. It is limited
to the processes involved in a voting system which are registration, casting of
votes, and tallying results.
The registration process involves registering the student’s information in order to
create a voter account. The candidate’s information is also entered into the
system. The casting of votes is the phase wherein the voters select the candidate
of their choice for a specific position in the SSG. Through the gathered votes, the
results are then displayed.
The data in this research is not too big, thus, does not require devices or
machines that have huge memory. The blockchain in this study is not open for
public to join in. It is only available for the members of the SSG organization. The
researchers are only focused on the potential of blockchain in safeguarding data
in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are described operationally:
Blockchain Protocol. Blockchain is the distributed ledger protocol
invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. A Blockchain protocol operates on top of
the Internet, on a P2P network of computers that all run the protocol and hold an
identical copy of the ledger of transactions, enabling P2P value transactions
without a middleman though machine consensus.
Cryptography. Cryptography is the study of secure communications
techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to
view its contents. It is closely associated with encryption, which is the act of
12
scrambling ordinary text into what's known as cyphertext and then back again
upon arrival.
Consensus Algorithm. A consensus algorithm is a procedure through
which all the peers of the Blockchain network reach a common agreement about
the present state of the distributed ledger. In this way, consensus algorithms
achieve reliability in the Blockchain network and establish trust between unknown
peers in a distributed computing environment. Essentially, the consensus protocol
makes sure that every new block that is added to the Blockchain is the one and
only version of the truth that is agreed upon by all the nodes in the Blockchain.
Database. A database is an organized collection of structured information,
or data, set up for easy access, management and updating.
Data Security. Data security means protecting digital data, such as those
in a database, from destructive forces and from the unwanted actions of
unauthorized users, such as a cyberattack or a data breach.
Functionality. Functionality refers to the use or group of purposes for
which something is created.
Hashing. Hashing is the process of mapping data of any size to a defined
length using an algorithm.
Nodes. Nodes may be any kind of device, usually computers, laptops or
servers. The P2P protocol allows nodes to communicate with each other within
the network and transfer information about transactions and new blocks.
P2P network. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network in which interconnected
nodes ("peers") share resources amongst each other without the use of a
13
centralized administrative system. A network based on the client–server model,
where individual clients request services and resources from centralized servers.
Reliability. Reliability is the ability of a system to execute its needed
function under specified conditions at any time—with a lengthy mean time
between failures.
SSG Voting System. Supreme Students Government online voting
system is used for an online election process that allows the university to
securely conduct the election and the votes. This system balances and supports
the security, accessibility, integrity and privacy of the voters during the event.
SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol. SSG Voting System
Using Blockchain Protocol is a web application for the election of SSG officers
that utilizes blockchain, a decentralized database, in keeping records of
transactions.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to Fink (2019), literature reviews are designed to provide an
overview of the sources you used while researching a specific topic and to show
your audiences how your research fits into a larger field of study.
In this chapter, the researchers used the Google scholar and other
resources to gather studies and literature that are relevant to the study, SSG
Voting System using Blockchain Protocol Data Security, for Jose Rizal Memorial
State University, Main Campus, Dapitan City.
Related Literature
Ayyagari (2012) looked into 2633 different data breaches that resulted in the
loss of over 500 million records. The findings show that data breaches are still a
key challenge for many organizations. The findings suggest that the type of data
breaches is evolving. Data breaches are commonly linked with hacking;
nevertheless, it shows that cyber-related breaches are declining, whereas
breaches caused by the "human element" are increasing. One concerning finding
of this research is that data breaches directly related to the implementation and
execution of security rules account for a significant portion. Overall, the findings
suggest that enterprises should provide effective training and tougher security
rules.
Sengupta et al. (2020) stated that the Internet of Things (IoT) is vulnerable
to a variety of cyberattacks and requires innovative methods to attain the
appropriate level of security. Furthermore, with the rise of Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT), the security risks it poses have become even more serious.
15
Furthermore, Mohanta et al. (2019) claimed that the current centralized system
does not foster sufficient user trust. There are security and privacy concerns in
an Internet of Things (IoT) system. While some research has addressed security
and privacy concerns, there is still much work to be done before IoT is broadly
embraced by people. Although authentication, authorization, access control,
integrity, and confidentiality are some of the most basic security concerns in the
IoT system, they are not the only ones. One of the biggest difficulties in the IoT
network is trust. The communication between nodes, as well as the processing
among nodes, must be transparent in order for all users to trust each other. In
addressing the problem in trust determination, Angrish el at. (2018) stated that
the transparency provided by decentralization and the value provided by
resource allocation distribution can potentially address the issue of trust
determination in a cyber manufacturing network.
David Shaum invented the world's first electronic voting system in the
early 1980s. To cast votes and keep voters anonymous, the system relied on
public key cryptography. The Blind Signature Theorem was employed to ensure
that there were no linkages between voters and ballots. Since the system's
inception, numerous academics have expressed interest in the issue, and
extensive research has been conducted. The Direct Recording Electronic System
and Internet Voting Systems have received the most attention in this field. The
first method replaces paper ballot voting in polling booths, while the second
method is designed to be mobile and allows voters to vote from anywhere using
any device with an Internet connection. Obviously, it is convenient, and it has the
16
potential to significantly increase the number of voters. Technical dangers to the
e-voting system, on the other hand, have always been a concern (Ayed, 2017).
The voting system has transitioned from a paper-based to a digital method
in today's digital age. Transparency, decentralization, irreversibility, and
nonrepudiation are all characteristics of a digital e-voting system. The emergence
of digital e-voting systems has raised a slew of security and transparency
concerns. In this work, employing blockchain technology to tackle security
challenges and meet system requirements in a digital e-voting system opens up
new possibilities for any organization or country to implement a secure e-voting
system. The solution is superior to previous solutions since it is a decentralized
system that stores results in the form of bit-coins and has several locations
(Singh and Chatterjee, 2018).
According to Fauzi et al. (2019), the fundamental security factor of
blockchain technology was the signing and mining block. It can identify
eavesdropping and reduce the need for intervention. Because the eavesdroppers
require extra time to solve the mathematical equation in the mining process, they
are unable to alter the voting data. This technology has the potential to be
developed into a complicated system. As a result, blockchain technology is
suitable for use in the real election system with a high secure factor.
Blockchain has recently emerged as a solution for increasing the thrust of
systems used in various domains. The initial and primary application of
blockchain technology was to track cryptocurrency transactions. Other uses and
applications, however, have emerged in recent years. Recently, the blockchain-
based e-voting system has emerged as an important option for overcoming some
17
of the challenges associated with e-voting. Blockchain-enabled voting systems
have been proposed as the next generation of modern electronic voting systems
due to the blockchain's immutability, which has made it a decentralized
distributed ballot box (Tas and Tanrıöver, 2020). Blockchain technology
encourages governments to implement smart sustainable voting systems and to
incorporate sustainability data into voting systems. It ensures that all participants
have access to reliable information about long-term assets. It is important to note
that, while blockchain is increasingly being used to improve the security of
electronic voting systems, several issues remain (Benny, 2020).
According to Benny (2020), smart contracts are meaningful pieces of code
that must be integrated into the blockchain and executed as scheduled in each
step of the blockchain update process. E-voting is another popular, yet critical,
topic in the realm of online services. The blockchain, combined with smart
contracts, appears to be a promising candidate for use in the development of
safer, cheaper, more secure, transparent, and easier-to-use e-voting systems.
Ethereum and its network are among the most suitable due to their consistency,
widespread use, and provision of smart contracts logic. An e-voting system must
be secure, as it should not allow duplicate votes and be completely transparent,
all while protecting the attendees' privacy.
The immutability of blockchain is frequently cited as incompatible with data
privacy laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation [EU]
2016/679) (GDPR), which gives data subjects control over their personal data,
including how it is collected and stored, and requires those who collect and store
it to agree to hand over, correct, and delete it upon request. In reality, many of
18
the GDPR's privacy "challenges" may be solved by openness, such as explicitly
sharing with participants how the blockchain works and utilizes personal data, as
well as how the exercise of an individual's rights would be handled given the
technology's nature. This necessitates that businesses using blockchain
technology have a solid understanding of data processing processes
(Kamalpour,
2020).
Foreign Studies
Blockchain is an emerging technology with strong cryptographic
foundations, allowing applications to take advantage of these capabilities to build
secure solutions. A Blockchain resembles a data structure that stores and shares
all of the transactions that have occurred since its inception. It's basically a
distributed decentralized database that keeps track of a continually expanding
and evolving list of data records that are protected from illegal manipulation,
tampering, and change (Mehboob et al., 2018).
The first block in a blockchain is referred to as the 'Genesis block' or
'Block 0'. The genesis block is often hardcoded into software; it is unique in that it
does not include a reference to a prior block. When the genesis block is
initialized, 'Block 1' is produced and, when finished, is attached to the genesis
block. Each block has a transaction data component; copies of each transaction
are hashed, and then the hashes are paired and hashed again, and so on until
only one hash remains; this is known as a merkle root (Figure 3) (Barnes et al.,
2016).
19
Figure 3. Hash Block
The merkle root is contained in the block header. To ensure that a
transaction cannot be changed, each block also preserves a record of the
preceding block's header. This implies that to change data, you'd have to change
both the transaction block and all subsequent blocks, as seen in Figure 4
(Barnes et al., 2016).
Figure 4. Simplified Bitcoin Blockchain

20
In a case study conducted by Angrish et al. (2018), a decentralized
approach to handle manufacturing information generated by various
organizations using blockchain technology, called “FabRec”, was proposed. A
system was
proposed in this study in which a decentralized network of manufacturing
machines and computing nodes can enable automated transparency of an
organization's capability, third-party verification of such capability through a trail
of past historic
events, and automated mechanisms to drive paperless contracts between
participants using 'smart contracts.' The system decentralizes critical
manufacturer information and makes it available on a peer-to-peer network
comprised of fiduciary nodes to ensure transparency and data provenance via a
verifiable audit
trail.
The problem being addressed in the study is that in a cyber manufacturing
scenario, guaranteeing trustworthiness among system elements can be difficult,
especially when several parties are engaged in the design, fabrication,
production, and verification of product assemblies. The researchers illustrate
ways enabling a consortium of diverse enterprises to communicate through a
decentralized network using a testbed platform comprised of manufacturing
machines, system-on-chip platforms, and computer nodes. The prototype testbed
highlights the value of decentralized computer code for verifying information on
the blockchain and demonstrating how actions can be triggered autonomously in
the physical world

21
(Angrish et al., 2018).
Figure 5. FabRec System Overview (Angrish et al., 2018)
In a recent study by Tran (2021), a voting system based on blockchain
technology, specifically Ethereum Smart Contracts was proposed. Because the
vote results can be readily altered if the data is not saved in a secure database,
such a system is required. The usage of blockchain ensures that data is
unchangeable, resulting in a transparent outcome after voting. The Ethereum

22
Smart Contract was built using ReactJS as the front-end framework, NodeJS as
the back-end server, and Solidity as the Ethereum Smart Contract language.
Figure 6. Project Architecture (Tran, 2021)
The implemented application completed the intended task of creating a
secure voting mechanism. The application does not allow for any changes to the
vote results, which was its original aim. The application's code works well in real
life; all that is required are Smart Contracts on Mainnet and access to the
government's central database to verify the validity of social security numbers.
Another study conducted by Uhlig et al. (2019) entitled “Blockscripts—A
Blockchain System for University Transcripts, a blockchain that holds student
transcript information and/or diplomas was developed. It was stated that having
23
immutable records in a digital blockchain format allows students to have an
official record that cannot be modified while also being available publicly for
authorized viewers, hence meeting the demand for secure communication
channels. It mentioned that creating and storing records in this manner ensures
that digital transcripts and diplomas cannot be altered in any way. Furthermore,
due to the nature of decentralized data storage, Blockscripts provides non-
repudiation and a more secure platform for storing transcripts. As a result, if one
node in the blockchain network goes offline, the other nodes in the network will
persist and maintain accurate copies of the transcript ledger data. This also
eliminates the risk associated with a data center, especially in terms of disaster
recovery. The researchers built a Python 3 application to handle
Representational State Transfer (ReST) interfaces using the Flask framework as
a proof of concept. SHA-256 16 is the basic algorithm for encoding the
Blockscripts information application.

24
Figure 7. Use Case Diagram (Uhlig et al., 2019)

It was concluded that blockchain technology can shorten the time it takes
to process and retrieve transcripts from three weeks to the same day the request
is made. Furthermore, the immutability offered by blockchain technology will
make falsification or modification of these papers almost impossible, providing
tremendous assurance to interested third parties. Blockchain technology allows
network users to store data in a decentralized manner, significantly improving
data security and recovery time. Our system is less vulnerable to malicious
intent, natural calamities, and cyber-attacks thanks to redundant data storage.
The blockchain's encryption allows a user to store sensitive or private
information, such as a transcript, while allowing public access to it (Uhlig et al.,
2019).
25
Jamil et al. (2019) proposed a new medicine supply chain management
system based on Hyperledger Fabric that handles safe drug supply chain
records. To construct a smart healthcare environment with a drug supply chain,
the suggested solution tackles this challenge by executing drug record
transactions on a blockchain. A smart contract has been launched to provide
time-limited access to electronic drug data and electronic health information for
patients. In order to show the usability and efficiency of the planned platform, a
number of experiments were. Finally, the researchers utilized Hyperledger
Caliper to evaluate the developed system's performance in terms of transactions
per second, transaction latency, and resource utilization. The ability of blockchain
to change the traditional supply chain business into a safe, automated,
anonymous, persistent, audible, and decentralized supply chain has been
demonstrated. The results showed that implementing blockchain technology
improves throughput and lowers delay while consuming less resources.
Figure 8. System architecture of the proposed drug supply chain

management (Jamil et al., 2019)
26
Local Studies
A study by Arenas and Fernandez (2018), “CredenceLedger: A
Permissioned Blockchain for Verifiable Academic Credentials”, explains how
permissioned Blockchain may be used for a specific educational use case:
decentralized academic credential verification. The suggested Blockchain-based
solution, called 'CredenceLedger,' is a system that saves compact data evidence
of digital academic credentials in a Blockchain ledger that can be readily verified
by education stakeholders and other interested third parties. While it is very
simple to counterfeit credentials nearly instantly, authenticating them is more
difficult. This also demonstrates that the procedures of copying and verifying are
inversely proportional. This is the gap that this study is trying to address. This
software platform is built on Multichain with the inclusion of the CredenceLedger
mobile application, which allows students to get valid digital versions of their
credentials in addition to paper-based credentials when they graduate.
Permissioned Blockchain, according to the study, can be a useful distributed
solution for a shared database or 'ledger' in which several entities validate data
without the need for a centralized system.

27
Figure 9. CredenceLedger Architecture (Arenas and Fernandez, 2018)
Bosri et al. (2019) tried to address the problem in the voting process in a
study entitled “Towards A Privacy-Preserving Voting System Through Blockchain
Technologies”. People in several nations are voting using digital technology (e.g.,
optical scan voting system, internet voting system, electronic voting system)
Digitalization alone could not totally resolve the difficulties because there are still
countless methods to mess with digital technologies and obstruct the voting
process. The researchers provide blockchain technology as a service for the
distributed electronic voting system in order to create a safe electronic voting
environment. Data integrity was accomplished, which is a crucial quality of a
voting environment, by using blockchain. All of the security challenges in the
voting environment are solved through the architecture of the system and the use
of blockchain
28
Figure 10. A secure voting environment based on blockchain (Bosri et al.,

2019)
Synthesis
Technological advancement continues to emerge nowadays. The literature
review showed that one of the problems faced by today’s technological
advancement include security and trust between users (Sengupta et al., 2020;
Mohanta et al., 2019). Numerous data breaches have resulted in a big loss for
organizations (Ayyagari, 2012). The study of Ayyagari (2012) advises that
businesses should give adequate training as well as stricter security policies.
According to Sengupta et al (2020), the Internet of Things (IoT) is vulnerable to
many cyberattacks and requires innovative methods to provide the necessary level
of security. Additionally, Mohanta et al. (2019) asserted that the current centralized
29
system does not foster enough user trust. The emergence of blockchain sought to
address these major concerns (Tas and Tanrıöver, 2020; Benny, 2020).
The characteristic of the blockchain wherein data records are protected
from illegal manipulation, tampering, and change (Mehboob et al., 2018), with
reduced human intervention (Fauzi et al.,) makes it more secure and trustworthy.
Although blockchain’s immutability is not compatible with the General Data
Protection Regulation, Kamalpour (2020) said that clearly disclosing with users
how the blockchain works and uses personal data, as well as how the exercise of
an individual's rights would be handled given the technology's nature, might
overcome the privacy "challenges."
Several studies have emphasized the potential of blockchain in different
fields. The blockchain, providing secure solutions, was integrated in healthcare
(Jamil, 2019), manufacturing (Angrish et al, 2018), education (Uhlig et al., 2019;
Arenas and Fernandez, 2018), and especially, in voting systems (Tran, 2021;
Bosri et al., 2019). The researchers want to explore this potential of blockchain
and implement it on a system through this study entitled “SSG Voting System
Using
Blockchain Protocol”.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the research is presented in this section. The
research process, research environment, data collection, requirements analysis,
system design or software architecture, coding, testing and evaluation,
implementation, documentation, and maintenance are all covered here.
Research Method
The researchers used constructive and action research methods. There
are two research methods used extensively in the creation or application of new
computing and information technology approaches for use in differing domains:
constructive research and action research. The constructive research method is
a systematic approach that enables the purposeful creation of methods,
modules, tools, and techniques that have applicability well beyond the case study
that motivated their creation. It is a research paradigm widely used in computer
science, mathematics, operations analysis, and clinical medicine. The focus is on
the construction, with theoretical demonstration as well as practical
implementations as valid outcomes of the research process (McGregor, 2018).
Action research, as the name suggests, involves taking action, evaluation,
and critical reflection (Koshy et al., 2011). Within the context of computing and
information technology research, it refers to taking the action of introducing a
computing and information technology solution then evaluating and reflecting on
its value. Action research has been demonstrated in transdisciplinary research
with its participatory and collaborative focus used as a driver for the interaction
31
between many disciplines along with the broad context of taking action on the
broad transdisciplinary innovation (Djanibekov et al., 2012).
Research Environment
Figure 11 shows the map location of JRMSU-Main Campus. The Jose Rizal
Memorial State University is a public university founded under Republic Act
9852. The University is divided into six (6) campuses, the main campus of which
is situated in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte is where the study is conducted.
Figure 11. JRMSU- Main Campus Map Location

32
This study focuses on Jose Rizal Memorial State University (JRMSU) -
Main Campus where the beneficiaries and respondents of the research study
and/or work. It is located at Gov. Guading Adaza St. Cruz, Dapitan City,
Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. It has facilities like computer laboratories and
has skilled instructors who are knowledgeable in the field of science and
technology. With this, this institution keeps up with the needs of the students for
advancement in technology.
The system is designed for the use of the Supreme Students Government
(SSG) organization in Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Main Campus during
the election. The said organization is the highest governing body of the university
composed of student leaders who give voice to the students' thoughts and needs
and implement projects and activities for the university.
Project Development Process
The process and facility of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling
resources to achieve certain goals is known as project development.
The project development process used in this study is the Iterative Development
Model. The flow of this model is shown in the figure below.
In 1995, the iterative process model was investigated. It was once thought
that human learning is an iterative, trial-and-error process. As a result, the same
approach was examined for software development phases in order to produce
better software, faster, and with fewer flaws (Allan, 2019). It is a cyclical process.
After the initial planning is completed, the remaining processes for each iteration
are repeated with intensive testing in between until the ultimate deployment
stage is reached.
33
Figure 12. Iterative Development Model
Data Gathering
To gather more information from the user, the researchers collect data
from the books, journals, internet resources and other existing researches or
studies related to blockchain and online voting system. The researchers also
retrieve information from the students of JRMSU- Main Campus who have used
voting system but without blockchain technology. The data are all combined to
come up with the overall idea relating to the creation of the system. The
necessary interpretation and analysis are done. The other quantitative data for
this research are obtained through the use of an online survey questionnaire
made with the use of Google forms and is circulated through the internet. The
survey is made up of appropriate questions adapted from relevant studies and
questions devised by the researchers and tested using the appropriate tools.
34
The following are the equipment that researchers used to collect data:
interviews, surveys and web searching. The interviews and surveys provide
invaluable insight about the study conducted wherein the data is collected
firsthand from the students of Jose Rizal Memorial State University and other
personnel with knowledge regarding the topic. The web searching refers to the
act of browsing through the internet to find a wide range of information and
learning opportunities while also putting into consideration whether the online
source is a trusted website or not. Most of the journals and books cited in the
study is acquired from Google
Scholar and other similar sources.
Requirements Analysis
After organizing the data, the researchers focused on the SSG Voting
System using Blockchain Protocol. The researchers reviewed all of the
requirements in order to evaluate all of the needs of the study and probable
outputs. The systems requirements are as follows:
Table 1. Minimum Hardware Requirements
Hardware requirements include computers or laptop, a programmable
electronic device electrical device that manipulates data or information. It can
store, retrieve, and process information. The minimum RAM is 4.0 GB and the
35
recommended is 16 GB. The storage capacity should have 500 GB as minimum
and 1 TB for the recommended capacity requirement. The minimum processor
speed is 3 Ghz, but it is recommended that the speed be 4 Ghz.
Table 2. Minimum Software Requirements
The minimum software requirements for the development of the
application is a Windows 10-64 bit, XAMPP for the server application, MySQL 8
for the database, PHP for the back-end, and for the front-end, HTML, CSS, and
JS are used. In the user-end, the user is required to use an internet browser
(Microsoft
Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or Google Chrome) to access the web application.
Designing or Software Architecture
This chapter delves into the design process. It covered all of the primary
components of the study in order to elicit the users' engagement with all of the
system's conceivable outcomes. It was the process of employing numerous
approaches and principles to define a process in order to allow its physical

36
implementation. During the design process, the researchers utilized all of the
needs and information obtained to create a representation that met its objectives.
Software architecture reveals a system structure while concealing
implementation specifics. The interaction of the parts and components inside a
system is also a focus of architecture.
Project System Design
Systems design is the process of specifying software and hardware
architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data in order for a system to
meet a set of well-defined operating criteria. Modeling, analysis, synthesis, and
optimization are all part of the system design process.
Dimensions, forms, materials, and data processing structures are all
design features. Formal expressions or formulae, drawings, diagrams, tables of
metrics with their values and margins, patterns, algorithms, and heuristics are all
examples of design enablers. The need to structure the pieces that make up a
system arose as a result of its complexity. It should include a high-level overview
of why the new system was established, as well as what the new system is
meant to replace and how it was designed.
The figure below represents the project system design of this research.
The administrator and the voter both have an access to the voting system
application, although the admin has a higher access level compared to the voter.
The arrows represent the flow of data. Every transaction made by the end-user of
the system, just like the casting of votes, is recorded in the blockchain. The
nodes are the servers or the computers in the network that decides, through a
consensus, whether or not the transactions made are to be accepted as a valid

37
block. The majority of the nodes, in this case are 3 out of 3 or 2 out of 3, must
agree that it is a valid transaction. The results from the election are then returned
to the voters and the administrator.
Figure 13. Project System Design
Use Case Diagram
A use case diagram is a Unified Modeling Language (UML) behavior or
dynamic diagram. Actors and use cases are used to model the functioning of a
system in use case diagrams. A set of tasks, services, and activities that the
system must do are referred to as use cases. The "actors" are persons or things
that perform certain functions within the system. In the use case diagram of the
system below, the actors are the Admin, Voter, Candidate and the Node which is
handled by a trusted representative of the school.

38
Figure 14. Use Case Diagram

39
Class Diagram
The figure below is a form of a static structural diagram that depicts a
structure of a system by displaying its classes, the characteristics of the classes,
their methods, and the connections between objects that are all covered. It is
called the class diagram. If two classes in a model need to interact, a link
between these classes is required, this may be represented by an association
(connector). Aggregation is a connection between two classes in which one holds
a collection of items from the other, also referred to as a “has a” relationship.
Figure 15. Class Diagram

40
Activity Diagram
An activity diagram, like a flowchart or a data flow diagram, visually
depicts a series of actions or control flow in a system. Figure 10 reflects the
activity diagram of the project.
Figure 16. Activity Diagram
Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram simply displays the order in which things interact or
the order in which these interactions occur. A sequence diagram can also be
referred to as an event diagram or an event scenario. Sequence diagrams show
how and in what sequence the components of a system work together.

41
Figure 17. Sequence Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
The functions, or the processes, that capture, manipulate, store, and
distribute data between a system and its environment, as well as between
system components, are visually represented by the data flow diagram. The
figure below represents the DFD of this project. There are six data storages
which are Admin,

42
Voter, Candidate, Ballot_Transaction, Blockchain_Ballot, and TallyResults.
Figure 18. Data Flow Diagram

43
Entity Relationship Diagram
The Entity Relationship Diagram, often known as the ERD, ER Diagram,
or ER model, is a sort of database architecture structure diagram. The key
entities within the system scope, as well as the inter-relationships among these
entities, are visualized using different symbols and connectors in an ERD. The
term "relationship" refers to how various things interact inside the system.
Cardinality refers to the relationship between the number of occurrences in one
entity and the number of occurrences in another. Cardinality is indicated by a
crow's foot at the connector's ends in an ER diagram. One-to-one, one-to-many,
and many-to-many are the three most prevalent cardinal connections.
The figure below shows the ERD of this project. The voter entity has a
oneto-one relationship with the Ballot Transaction or simply Ballot entity because
a voter in our proposed system will only have one chance to submit a filled ballot.
The Block entity has a one-to-many relationship with the Ballot, Voter, and
Candidate entities because a block can contain many transactions. On the other
hand, the Block entity has a many-to-one relationship with the Tally Result entity
because many Blocks are required in order to come up with the election results.
The Candidate entity has a many-to-one relationship with the Result entity
because the list of candidates is all tallied in the overall report with their
corresponding accumulated vote points. The same relationship with the Ballot
entity, many Candidate entities are required to create a Ballot.
The administrative entity is tasked to input the Candidate values into the
system, but has no direct identified relationship, thus, not reflected on the ERD.
44
Figure 19. Entity Relationship Diagram
Evaluation Procedure
The SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol is evaluated by thirty
(30) respondents and is classified into four (4) groups of evaluators. The first
group comprised of the Computer Science instructors of the JRMSU-Main
Campus, Dapitan City, and the second group comprised of SSG COMELEC
Officers of the same campus. The third group comprised the SSG Officers of the
JRMSU- Main Campus. The last group is composed of normal students who take
part in SSG elections. An evaluation sheet was used by the respondents to
assess the functionality and capability of the system. Various factors which
influence the software are termed as software quality factors. The following
45
software quality factors were subjected to evaluation by the respondents namely:
functionality, reliability, and security.
Research Instrument
This study uses Google forms to make an online survey questionnaire. An
organized inquiry that your target audience completes via the internet, usually by
filling out a form, is known as an online survey. There are two (2) instruments
used in this study. The first survey questionnaire is for the purpose of collecting
data from the respondents regarding the current state of the current online SSG
voting application. The second set is the evaluation form used to assess the
overall effectiveness of the software. This allows the respondents to choose
responses from a set of given choices. It is composed of the characteristics of
the software product and quality which is classified as functionality, reliability,
and security from the standpoint of the user.
Validation of the Research Instrument
The researchers have to confirm the validity of the questionnaire. The
Cronbach's Alpha formula was used to assess the instrument's reliability. Lee
Cronbach invented Alpha in 1951 to provide a measure of a test's or a scale's
internal consistency; it is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. Internal
consistency specifies the amount to which all of the items in a test measure the
same notion or construct, and is thus related to the test's inter-relatedness. To
ensure validity, internal consistency should be confirmed before a test is used for
study or examination.
46
There is no established standard discovered by local or international
researchers in terms of the best coefficient reliability value. According to Mohd
Majid Konting, an instrument's coefficient reliability value should be at least 0.60.
Fraenkel and Wallen argue that it should be at least 0.70, while Edward and
Richard insist on at least 0.80 (Ahmad, 2008).
In the test, the first survey questionnaire had a Cronbach Alpha value of
0.88, while the second instrument used for evaluation had a 0.82 Cronbach
Alpha value which are both considered a good level of internal consistency and
reliability for an instrument. The completed questionnaire is also forwarded to an
expert in the selected subject for feedback and confirmation.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are those who have been invited to take part
in research and have actually done so. Both qualitative and quantitative
investigations are included in this concept.
The total respondents of this study are 30 people comprising five
instructors, five JRMSU SSG Commission on Election officers, five SSG officers,
and 15 students from different colleges. These people are identified as crucial for
the study because they have direct experience in the voting process of the SSG
elections. The percentages of the respondents are shown in the table below.
Table 3. Respondents of the Study

47
Sampling Design and Techniques
There are two sections to the instrument that is used to collect data for the
study. The first section is based on research. The second section is based on the
ISO/IEC 9126 standard quality model, which determines the functionality,
reliability, usability, efficiency, portability, and maintainability of a product.
The researchers used the purposive sampling method in selecting the
respondents for this study. Purposive sampling, also known as selective or
subjective sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling in which researchers
pick people from the public to participate in their surveys based on their own
assessments. To correctly pick and approach eligible participants using the
purposive sampling method, researchers must have previous information about
the purpose of the study.
The weighted mean was used to measure the effectiveness of the SSG
Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol in terms of functionality, reliability, and
security. It uses Likert's 5-point scale which shows the following range of values.
Functionality
The existence of a set of functions and their stated qualities is determined
by a set of attributes. The functions are those that fulfill a set of users, either
48
explicitly or implicitly. It is the property of being useful or having practical use.
Functionality refers to the use or group of purposes for which something is
created, such as computer software, hardware, or an electronic device. A
collection of inputs, behavior, and outputs are used to describe the function.
Calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing, and other
particular capabilities that describe what a system is expected to achieve are
examples of functional requirements.
Range of Descriptive Rating
Mean
4.21-5.0 Highly Functional – Processing takes approximately five seconds
and system responds inquiry of the end user automatically
3.41-4.20 Functional – Processing takes approximately ten seconds and the
system responds to the inquiry of the end-user and it satisfies the end-
user.
2.61-3.40 Moderately Functional – Processing takes approximately fifteen
seconds and system responds inquiry of the end-user and it
moderately satisfies the end-user.
1.81-2.60 Less Functional – Processing takes approximately one minute and
system responds inquiry of the end-user but it does not satisfy the
end-user.
1.00-1.80 Not Functional – Processing does not generate response to the
end-user.
Reliability
49
Reliability is the ability of a system to execute its needed function under
specified conditions at any time—with a lengthy mean time between failures. The
scope of an experiment, test, or the measurement technique of a system
determines its quality or condition of reliability.

Mean
4.21-5.0 Highly Reliable – System generates precise data without error
on the entry of information.
3.41-4.20 Reliable – System generates data but contains 4% error on the
entry of information.
2.61-3.40 Moderately Reliable – System generates data but contains 6%
error on the entry of information end-user.
1.81-2.60 Less Reliable – System generates data but contains 10% error
on the entry of information.
1.00-1.80 Not Reliable – System does not generate data.
Security
Security is the ability of the system to safeguard computer information
against breach, theft, or unauthorized use.
Mean
4.21-5.0 Highly secure – The respondents are fully confident that the
system is working properly and is highly secure.
3.41-4.20 Much Secure – The respondents are confident that the system is
working and is much secure.

50
2.61-3.40 Moderately Secure – The respondents are neutral that the
system is working and is moderately secure.

1.81-2.60 Fairly secure – The respondents think that the system is working
and is fairly secure.
1.00-1.80 Not secure – The respondents think that the system is not
working and is not secure.
Statistical Tools and Treatment
The formula for the weighted mean is used to measure the functionality,
reliability, and security of the SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol.
Figure 20. Formula for Weighted Mean
Coding
The analyzed data will be encoded as commands in coding to make the
program and instructions, thus, data will be translated into computer commands
and instructions that will run as system software of the proposed study after the
analysis in finding algorithms that will suit the need of the current problem.
51
52
Figure 21. Block Class using PHP Software Testing and Procedure
While making the system, the testing method adopted is pilot running
wherein the system is implemented first for only a small group of users to test
and assess until in time the ― SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol is
observed to be accurately running through its different methods and strategies.
Traditional voting processes are simple, but new technologies are now available
in our time, so proponents will introduce each of the observers to the fact that
computer technology is more powerful in today's age.
1. Check the data that are used in the system if it is necessary.
2. Set up the system if it is working properly.
3. Use similar software testing procedures as the integration test.
4. Confirm that the system test achieves system test objectives.
5. After checking the study, the researchers will conduct an evaluation of the
system software.
In order to make a qualitative interpretation of the result, the researcher
will use the five-point Likert scale and a range of scores. Each respondent will be
asked to rate the study according to the criteria created by the researchers.
Procedure for Evaluation
This research may be completed with the use of tests and evaluations.
The researchers know that no program can be adopted without first conducting a
thorough study, testing, and evaluation. The procedure can assist researchers in
achieving their objectives for the precise outcome. Each respondent will give the
study a score based on the researchers' criteria.

53
System Implementation
Pilot running is the strategy employed by the researchers to implement the
system. The term ‘pilot’ means 'to test or trial before introducing something more
widely'. When a new system is implemented for only a small number of users to
test and assess, it is known as pilot running. The new system is made available
to all users once it has been thoroughly tested and determined to be functional.
Figure 22. Pilot Running Model
Calendar of Activities
Table 4 reflects the activities involved in making the study, including the
time frame for each activity. The researchers started the data gathering phase
from April 12 until June 6. Data gathering is continuous despite what phase. The
analysis of the requirements started on the same day they gathered data and
paused in the 29th of May. The designing stage was done during the whole month
of December and continued until the 2nd week of May. The coding stage started
on Mar 1 until May 20th, testing was started on the month of May, and the
implementation phase was after the coding phase. Documentation was done all
alongside all the other processes.

54
Table 4. Calendar of Activities

Activities 1st Semester S.Y 2021-2022
Nov 1- Dec 1- Jan 1- Feb 1- Mar 1- Apr 1- M y Jun

30 31 31 28 31 30 a 1-21
1
1-
3
1. Data Gathering
2. Requirement Analysis
3. Designing
4. Testing and Evaluation
5. Coding
6. Implementation
7. Documentation
Chapter 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the solution or detailed explanation and discussions of
the specific problem in the study SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol.
Problem 1: What is the current status of the SSG voting system in JRMSU Main
Campus?
The SSG election in JRMSU Main Campus is done online. There is a
current web application developed for this purpose. The students can access the
site through a web browser by using their Smartphone, laptop, desktop, or tablet.
The first time this has been used was in 2021. There have been no known
records of complaints from candidates during the election period since then. The
table below shows the mean of the results of the survey.
Table 5. Survey Results

56
The researchers disseminated the survey questionnaires to the
respondents. Statement no. 1, “The online voting system can be accessible using
different devices.” produced a mean of 1.0 or strongly agree. Statements 2, 3, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10 had the same mean of 2.0 or agree. Statement 4 is the only one in
the instrument that acquired a mean of 3 which means neither agree nor agree.
The statement no. 4 states that the “The current voting system can identify
tampering and manipulation of votes/results.”
In the current SSG voting application, the student voters are given a link
directing to the website, they then click the PROCEED button under VOTE
ONLINE. They will sign in their already registered account using their ID number
and default passwords. Once signed in, they can now select their desired
candidates in different positions and click PROCEED. It will show all candidates
that were selected for review, after that click SUBMIT to cast the vote. The
students can only vote once. The results are shown in real time.
Problem 2: What are the processes involved in the SSG Voting System using
A. Registration of voter
1. Sign up
2. Input required voter information, including password.
3. Click register.
B. Registration of candidates
1. Collect candidate’s data from SSG 2. input candidate’s information into
the system
3. Save.
57
C. Casting of Votes
1. Sign in voter account
2. Select preferred candidate from the choices.
3. Review selected candidates
4. Click Cast Vote button
D. Updating of information
1. Sign in to your account
2. Update information
3. Save changes
For the User:
● The design is composed of Homepage, Profile, Cast Your Vote, and Election
Results.
● The first page shows the field where users log in their ID and password.
● The Home section is where the user finds the Profile, Cast Your Vote, and
Election Results tab.
● The Profile tab shows the basic information of the user.
● The Cast Your Vote tab is the page where the user can select the candidate
of their choice.
● Election Results tab displays the counts of the votes casted and the percent
of registered voters who participate in the election.
For the Administrator:
● The design is composed of Homepage, Dashboard, Profile, Voters,
Candidates, Cast Your Vote, and Election Results.
● The first page shows the field where users log in their ID and password.
58
● The Homepage section is where the admin finds the Profile, Voters,
Candidates, and Election Results tab.
● The Profile tab shows the basic information of the user.
● The Voters and Candidates tabs show the registered voter and candidates.
● Election Results tab displays the counts of the votes casted and the percent
of registered voters who participate in the election
Problem 3. What is the function of blockchain in the SSG Voting System and how
is it implemented in the system?
The function of blockchain protocol in this study is to improve the security
of the SSG voting system. It keeps the records of transactions from being altered,
destroyed or deleted. Changes in a block do not go undetected as long as the
block hash is safely stored.
Every block in the chain contains a set of transactions, a ballot in the case of the
voting system where all the selected candidate of the user is being recorded. The
first hash is calculated for the first block or the genesis block using the
transactions inside that block. This serves as the digital signature of that block.
For every block that is generated, it has a copy of the hash of the previous block
as well as the transactions, to indicate the current block hash. This guarantees
that no ballot in history can be tampered, since every time a part of the ballot
changes, the hash changes. The identity of the voter is also protected because of
the encryption. A voter makes a transaction when he submits his vote. A block is
then proposed to the network to check for validity. Once a block is confirmed, it is
added to the blockchain.

59
Figure 23. Transaction Flowchart of the SSG Voting System Using Blockchain
protocol
60
Problem 4. How does the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol be
assessed in terms of Functionality, Reliability, and Security?
The respondents of the system evaluated “SSG Voting System using
Blockchain Protocol” carefully. The selected respondents are 30 people
comprising five instructors, five JRMSU SSG Commission on Election officers,
five SSG officers, and 15 students from different colleges. They were considered
as professional evaluators as well as end-users. In terms of functionality, the
system was quick and easy to use. The simplicity of understanding and providing
reliable information were used to determine reliability. Finally, this system was
proved to be secure.
Evaluation Process/Scoring Process
The findings that proved the functionality, reliability and security of the SSG
Voting System using Blockchain Protocol are shown on the tables found in the
proceeding page.
The respondents were composed of 30 people comprising five
instructors, five JRMSU SSG Commission on Election officers, five SSG officers,
and 15 students from different colleges who answered the evaluation
questionnaires. The testing was done individually. Each respondent rated the
project according to the criteria set by the researchers.
The criteria were assessed on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 indicating the
greatest likelihood of this being possible in the internet application. The
equivalents were included in the rate.
The requirement for the project, SSG Voting System using Blockchain
Protocol, is determined by the results of testing and evaluation.

61
A. Functionality
Table 6. Respondents rating on the Proposed System in terms of

Functionality
The Table 6 above reveal the rating of the respondents on the proposed
system in terms of functionality. The criterion, “The intended use of the software
is fulfilled” earns the mean of 4.05 or functional; “Adequate data handling
procedure” criterion has a mean of 3.95 or functional; “It meets the needs of the
end user” criterion acquired the mean of 4.25 or highly functional; and the last
criterion which is “It has the capacity of storing data” is functional, obtaining 4.15
as its mean. The average weighted mean of all the criteria is 4.10 which means
that the system is functional. This means that the processing takes approximately
ten seconds, the system responds to the inquiry of the end user, and it satisfies
the end user. It means that the software performs accordingly to the desired
functions and that it satisfies the functional requirements.
B. Reliability
The table below exhibits the reliability of the system. The criterion “It is lenient to
the input of end users” obtains the mean of 3.85 or reliable; “The output is clear and
62
understandable to the end users” earns 4.30 or highly reliable; “The system is
complete” criterion acquired a 3.70 mean which means that it is reliable; and the
last criterion, “The information provided by the system is accurate” has a mean of
4.25 or highly reliable. The average mean is 4.03 which means the system is
reliable. This means that the system generates data but contains 4% error on the
entry of information.
Table 7. Respondents rating on the Proposed System in terms of Reliability
C. Security
Table 8 shows the respondents rating on the proposed system in terms of
security. The criterion, “Validation of transaction” earns a mean of 4.15 or secured;
“Voter ballot secrecy” acquired 4.00 mean which means that it is secured;
“Identification of tampering and manipulation of votes/results earns 4.25 weighted
mean or highly secured; the last criterion, “Use of blockchain protocol” has a
weighted mean 4.50 or highly secured. The average mean is 4.23 which means
63
the system is highly secured. Highly secured indicates that the respondents are
fully confident that the system is working property and is highly secured.
Table 8. Respondents Rating on the Proposed System in terms of Security
Summary of the Ratings of Software Quality Factors
Table 9 above shows the descriptive rating of the system which is
functional with the average means of 4.10 of its functionality, reliability is reliable
with the average of 4.03, Security which is highly secured with the average mean
of 4.23.
The total average mean is 4.18 which means that the system is acceptable.
Table 9. Summary of the Ratings of Software Quality Factor

64
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary and conclusions of the study. It also
covers the presentation of findings out from the data treated and the conclusions
are drawn based on the findings and recommendations.
Summary
In this chapter, the researchers sought to study “SSG Voting System using
Blockchain Protocol” and the sub problems in the statement of the problem. This
was accomplished through a process called the project development process
which includes Data Gathering, Requirements and Analysis, Designing, Coding,
and Testing Evaluation.
Answers to the following sub problems were being sought:
1. What is the current status of the SSG voting system in JRMSU Main
Campus?
2. What are the processes involved in the SSG Voting System using
3. What is the function of blockchain in the SSG Voting System and how
is the blockchain implemented in the SSG Voting System?
4. How does the SSG Voting System using Blockchain Protocol be
assessed in terms of Function, Reliability, and Security?
The method used in this study was a quantitative research method
employing analysis from the data gathered from the evaluation sheet. It is
66
carefully examined and analyzed in order to produce the desired result and
accurate output of the study.
Findings
After all the necessary data of the study were treated accordingly, the
following findings were exposed:
1. The researchers found out that the current online SSG voting system in
JRMSU Main Campus is effective in the election, but it received a
neutral (neither “agree nor disagree” score in being able to “identify
tampering and manipulation of votes/results” according to the data from
the respondents.
2. The proposed system has four (4) processes which includes:
Registration of voters, registration of candidates, casting of votes, and
updating information.
3. The function of blockchain protocol in this study is to improve the
security of the SSG voting system. It keeps the records of transactions
from being altered, destroyed or deleted. Changes in a block do not go
undetected as long as the block hash is safely stored. Every transaction
added to a block is validated by every node before it is added to the
blockchain.
4. The researchers evaluated the system by letting respondents test and
evaluate it.
The researchers found out the following results:

67
1. The software quality factor in terms of functionality was proven
functional with the average weighted mean of 4.10 which
described it as functional. This means that the processing takes
approximately ten seconds, the system responds to the inquiry of
the end user, and it satisfies the end user.
2. The software quality factor in terms of reliability was proven
functional with the average weighted mean of 4.03 which is
reliable. This means that the system generates data but contains
4% error on the entry of information.
3. The software quality factor in terms of security for admin were
proven functional with the average weighted mean of 4.23 which
is highly secured. Highly secured indicates that the respondents
are fully confident that the system is working property and is
highly secured.
4. The overall mean average rating of the software quality factors

was
4.18 which indicated that the SSG Voting System using Blockchain
Protocol is acceptable by the respondents.
Conclusion
The researchers concluded that the “SSG Voting System using
Blockchain Protocol” is found to be functional, reliable, and highly secured. It is
acceptable to be used as a new and improved SSG voting system. The
blockchain protocol provides an immutable security that is safe from alteration or
deletion of data. The purpose of this research is to introduce and implement

68
blockchain by using the SSG voting system as the model application, and it was
indeed realized. Based on the analysis of the system, the researchers concluded
that the end users and the election administrators will both benefit in building
mutual trust in the election process. The overall findings obtained from the
overall mean average rating of the software quality factor revealed that the SSG
voting system that uses blockchain protocol data security was acceptable to be
used.
Recommendation
The researchers would like to recommend the use of the SSG Voting System
using Blockchain Protocol. It is also recommended that the student voters,
Commission on Election officers, election candidates and administrators join
seminars introducing blockchain and how it is used in the system. Further
improvement on the general user interface is also recommended. Thus, the
system may be used as a basis specifically in determining what can be improved
and also opening such opportunities on how to make the election process more
secure and effective. Future researchers may integrate blockchain not only in a
voting system but also in other organization processes that they may find
blockchain useful.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmad, J., Hassan, A., & Abiddin, N. Z. (2008). Developing, Validity And
Reliability Of A Drug Addiction Module Among Drug Addicts Who Are
Undergoing
Treatment At Rehabilitation Centres. Journal of International Social
Research, 1(5).
Allan, M. (2019, October). What Is Iterative Development – An Easy Guide For
Beginners https://www.goodcore.co.uk/blog/iterative-development/
Angrish, A., Craver, B., Hasan, M., & Starly, B. (2018). A case study for
Blockchain in manufacturing: “FabRec”: A prototype for peer-to-peer
network of
manufacturing nodes. Procedia Manufacturing, 26, 1180-1192.
Arenas, R., & Fernandez, P. (2018, June). CredenceLedger: a permissioned
blockchain for verifiable academic credentials. In 2018 IEEE International
Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp.

1-
6). IEEE.
Ayyagari, R., (2012) An Exploratory Analysis of Data Breaches from o2005-
2011: Trends and Insights, Journal of Information Privacy and
Security, 8:2, 33- 56, DOI: 10.1080/15536548.2012.10845654 Ayed, A. B.
(2017). A conceptual secure blockchain-based electronic voting system.
International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 9(3),
01-09.
70
Barnes, A., Brake, C., & Perry, T. (2016). Digital Voting with the use of
Blockchain
Technology. Team Plymouth Pioneers-Plymouth University.
Benny, A. (2020). Blockchain based e-voting system. Available at SSRN
3648870.
Biais, B., Bisière, C., Bouvard, M., & Casamatta, C. (2019, May). Blockchains,
coordination, and forks. In AEA papers and proceedings (Vol. 109, pp.
8892).
Bosri, R., Uzzal, A. R., Al Omar, A., Hasan, A. T., & Bhuiyan, M. Z. A. (2019,
August). Towards a privacy-preserving voting system through blockchain
technologies. In 2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and
Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing,
Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on
Cyber Science and Technology Congress
(DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) (pp. 602-608). IEEE
Data Breach Report: 2021 Year End. (2022, February).
https://www.riskbasedsecurity.com/2022/02/04/data-breach-report-
2021year-end/
Dhillon, A. et al. (2020, September). Long Read: How blockchain can make
electronic voting more secure. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog /2020/09/
25/long- read-how-blockchain-can-make-electronic-voting-more-secure/
Djanibekov, N., Hornidge, A. K., & Ul-Hassan, M. 2012. From Joint

71
Experimentation to Laissez-faire: Transdisciplinary Innovation Research
for the Institutional Strengthening of a Water Users Association in
Khorezm,
Uzbekistan. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 18(4): 409–
423. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2012.691785
Fauzi, Ilham; Wardhani, Rini Wisnu; Muhasyah, Surano; Delina, Mutia (2019).
The study of blockchain technology in election system. AIP Conference
Proceedings [AIP Publishing THE 8TH NATIONAL PHYSICS
SEMINAR 2019 - Jakarta, Indonesia (29–30 June 2019)] THE 8TH
NATIONAL PHYSICS SEMINAR 2019 -, 2169(), 040010.
doi:10.1063/1.5132673
Fink, A. (2019). Conducting research literature reviews: From the internet to
paper. Sage publications.
Fleming, E. (2019, August). What is a node in
network theory? https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-is-a-node-in-
network-theory/
Jamil, F., Hang, L., Kim, K., & Kim, D. (2019). A novel medical blockchain model
for drug supply chain integrity management in a smart
hospital. Electronics, 8(5), 505.
Kamalpour, A. et al. (2020, December). Privacy Laws and blockchain.
https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/cityam-
talkinglegal---privacy-laws-and-blockchain/
Koshy, E., Koshy, V., & Waterman, H. 2011. Action Research in Healthcare.
72
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Books.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446288696.n1
Leibkind, J. (2020, December). How Blockchain Technology Can Prevent Voter
Fraud
McGregor, C. (2018). "Using Constructive Research to Structure the Path to
Transdisciplinary Innovation and Its Application for Precision Public Health
with Big Data Analytics" Technology Innovation Management Review.
Retrieve https://timreview.ca/article/1174
Mehboob, Kashif & Arshad, Junaid & Khan, Muhammad. (2018). Secure Digital
Voting System Based on Blockchain Technology. International Journal of
Electronic Government Research. 14. 53-62. 10.4018/IJEGR.2018010103.
Mohanta, Bhabendu & Panda, Soumyashree & Satapathy, Utkalika & Jena,
Debasish & Gountia, Debasis. (2019). Trustworthy Management in
Decentralized IoT Application using Blockchain. 1-5.
10.1109/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944797.\
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
Decentralized Business Review, 21260.
Qayyum, A., Qadir, J., Janjua, M. U., & Sher, F. (2019). Using blockchain to rein
in the new post-truth world and check the spread of fake news. IT
Professional, 21(4), 16-24.
Roh, C. H., & Lee, I. Y. (2020). A study on electronic voting system using private
blockchain. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 16(2), 421-434.

73
Sengupta, J., Ruj, S., & Bit, S. D. (2020). A comprehensive survey on attacks,
security issues and blockchain solutions for IoT and IIoT. Journal of
Network and Computer Applications, 149, 102481.
Singh, A., & Chatterjee, K. (2018). Secevs: Secure electronic voting system using
blockchain technology. In 2018 International Conference on Computing,
Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON) (pp. 863-867). IEEE.
Six, N., Herbaut, N., & Salinesi, C. (2022). Blockchain software patterns for the
design of decentralized applications: A systematic literature review.
Blockchain: Research and Applications, 100061.
Taş, R., & Tanrıöver, Ö. Ö. (2020). A systematic review of challenges and
opportunities of blockchain for E-voting. Symmetry, 12(8), 1328.
Tran, P. (2021). Using Blockchain technology to create a secure voting system.
Uhlig, R. P., Yonts, R., Cashman, B. W., Clark, R. S., & Nieman, B. (2019, April).
Blockscripts--A Blockchain System For University Transcripts. In 2019
Pacific Southwest Section Meeting.
Voshmgir, S. (2020). Token Economy: How the Web3 reinvents the Internet (Vol.
2). Token Kitchen.

74
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
User’s Manual
76
Voter’s View
75
77
Administrator’s View
78
79
APPENDIX B
Source Code
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
APPENDIX C
Letter to the Panelists
94

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
May 24, 2022
Prof. JOHN D. SAGAPSAPAN
Computer Science Department
Sir:
We, the undersigned, are 4th year students of Bachelor of Science in
Computer Science who will have our Thesis Final defense entitled “SSG Voting
System Using Blockchain Protocol”. This is in fulfillment of the requirements of
the subject Thesis 2.
We would like to request your presence as one of the panelist on May 24, 2022,
which will be done online via Google Meet.
We are hoping for your kind response on this request.
Respectfully yours,
Josine O. Dalman
Shelamay A. Dumandan
Glenn Mark L. Flores
Maria J-Anne S. Ruiz
Denise C. Sorronda
Approved:
Instructor/Adviser
95

May 24, 2022
Engr. JOSEPH AURELIUS P. JACINTO

Computer Science Department Jose
Rizal Memorial State University
Sir:
System Using Blockchain Protocol”. This is in fulfillment of the requirements of
the subject Thesis 2.
Respectfully yours,
Josine O. Dalman
Denise C. Sorronda
Approved:
Instructor/Adviser
96

May 24, 2022
Prof. ED NEIL O. MARATAS

Computer Science Department Jose
Rizal Memorial State University
Sir:
We, the undersigned, are 4 th year students of Bachelor of Science in Computer
Science who will have our Thesis Final defense entitled “SSG Voting System
Using Blockchain Protocol”. This is in fulfillment of the requirements of the
subject Thesis 2.
We are hoping for yur kind response on this request.
Respectfully yours,
Josine O. Dalman
Denise C. Sorronda
Approved:
Instructor/Adviser
May 24, 2022
Prof. JOHN D. SAGAPSAPAN
Computer Science Department
Sir:
System Using Blockchain Protocol”. This is in fulfillment of the requirements
of the subject Thesis 2.
Respectfully yours,
Josine O. Dalman
Denise C. Sorronda
Approved:
Instructor/Adviser
98
APPENDIX D
Letter to the Respondents
99

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents,
The undersigned are gathering data for their thesis entitled “SSG Voting
System Using Blockchain Protocol”. We humbly ask you to evaluate the
questionnaire with sincerity and honesty.
Your cooperation is appreciated and will have a great impact in their study.
Thank you very much.
Very truly yours,
Josine O. Dalman

Denise C. Sorronda
Noted by:

Adviser
APPENDIX E
Evaluation Sheet
101

Name (Optional):
Program enrolled in JRMSU Main Campus (Example: BSCS) :
Respondent type (check one):
o Student
o JRMSU Main SSG Officer (currently or previously)
o JRMSU Main COMELEC Officer (currently or previously)
o Instructor
What is the status of the current online SSG voting application in JRMSU (Main
Campus)?
Please put a check.
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree
The online voting system can
be accessible using different
devices.
The system shows real-time
results.
The voting system is
userfriendly.
The current voting system
can identify tampering and
manipulation of votes/results.
The identity of the voters are

protected.
The voting system website is
quick to respond.
The overall voting experience
is stress-free.
I do not have any doubts
regarding the results
generated by the current
voting system.
I do not have any complaints
against the voting system.
102
The current system satisfies

the end-user needs.
103

Software Quality Evaluation Form
How does the SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol be assessed
in terms of:
A. FUNCTIONALITY
Highly Functional Moderately Less Not

Functional Functional Functional Functional
Intended use of the
software
Data handling
104
Compliance to end-
user needs
Software's data
storage
B. RELIABILITY
Highly Reliable Moderately Less Not

Reliable Relaible Reliable Reliable
Understandability of
the output
Ease of data
recovery
Speed of data
processing
Ability to perform
correct functions
C. SECURITY
105
Highly Much Moderately Fairly Not

secure Secure Secure Secure Secure
Validation of
transactions
Voter ballot secrecy
Identification of
tampering and
manipulation of
votes/results
Use of the
blockchain protocol
APPENDIX F
Curriculum Vitae
107
Josine O. Dalman
Jose Carreon Street, Dawo, Dapitan City,
Zamboanga del Norte, 7101
09984308620
dalmanjohseeen@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname: Sine-sine Mother’s Name: Cynthia O. Dalman
Age: 22 Occupation: Government Employee
Gender: Female Father’s Name: Joseph Verd P. Dalman
Date of Birth: June 19, 2000 Occupation: Government Employee
Place of Birth: Dapitan City Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single Dialect: Cebuano
Citizenship: Filipino Languages Spoken: English and Filipino
EDUCATION
2018 – Present Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Main Campus
Sta. Cruz, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte
2012 – 2018 Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc.
High School
Potol, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte
2006 – 2012 Dapitan City Central School
Elementary
Justice F. Saguin St., Dapitan City, Zamboanga
del Norte
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED
System Wide Leadership Training, 2019
Royal Farm, Gulayon
Role of Machine Learning Application, 2021
Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, India
IOT Fundamentals: The Beginners Guide to Internet of Things, 2021
Cavite State University (Virtual Seminar)
Build your Brand with Digital Marketing Planning, 2021
Google
Grow your Business with Tools from Google, 2021
Google
108
De Venta Perla, Polanco,
Zamboanga del Norte
09153578466
shelamaydu@gmail.com
Nickname: Lalang Mother’s Name: Lilia A. Dumandan
Age: 21 Occupation: Housewife
Gender: Female Father’s Name: Mateo A. Dumandan
Date of Birth: May 24, 2000 Occupation: Deceased
Civil Status: Single Dialect: Kalibugan
EDUCATION
2016-2018 Sergio Osmena National Highschool
Senior High school
Sergio Osmena
2012 – 2016 Dilawa National High School
Junior High School
Dilawa, Pinan, Zamboanga del Norte
2006 – 2012 De Venta Perla Elemtary School
Elementary
Justice F. Saguin St., Dapitan City,
De Venta Perla, Zamboanga del Norte
Introduction to Fire Protection Part 2: Fire Detection and Alarm
System (2021)
Webinar on Role of Machine Learning Application Today and
Tomorrow (2021)
Blockchain Technology: Future of Global E-Conomy (2021)

109

168 Quines Residence, Turno Dipolog City,
09129627813
floresglennmark546@gmail.com
Nickname: Glenn Mother’s Name: Flordeliz L. Flores
Age: 26 Occupation: Government Employee
Gender: Male Father’s Name: Glenn M. Flores
Date of Birth: Sept. 08, 1995 Occupation: Business Man
Place of Birth: Dipolog City Religion: Born-Again
EDUCATION
2008 – 2012 Zamboanga del Norte National High School, Turno
Campus
High School
Turno, Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte
2002 – 2008 Dipolog Pilot Demonstration School
Elementary
Central, Dipolog City
Web Application Penetration Testing, 2019
Udemy
Build and Operate Containers Apps with AWS Copilot, 2021
AWS
Program, Unite, Survive in Information Technology, 2021
Exceed
#HACK2021 Hackathon, 2021
Indigitous
Chaos Engineering, 2021
AWS
A Day In A Life of A Code, 2021 - AWS
110
Maria J -Anne S. Ruiz

National Highway, Rotunda, Dawo, Dapitan City,
09165517665
Rmajanne82@gmail.com
Nickname: Maria, J-Anne, and Anne Mother’s Name: Josephine S. Ruiz
Age: 23 Occupation: Teacher
Gender: Female Father’s Name: Anecito S. Ruiz
Date of Birth: November 26, 1998 Occupation: Farmer

Languages Spoken: English and Filipino
Citizenship: Filipino
EDUCATION
2016-2018 Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc.
Senior Highschool
2012 – 2016 Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc.
Junior Highschool
2006 – 2012 Dapitan City Central School

111
Elementary
Justice F. Saguin St., Dapitan City,
Zamboanga del Norte
1. Introduction to Fire Protection Part 2: Fire Detection and Alarm
System (2021)
2. Google MSME Caravan
· Drive online sales with Google Ads (2021)
· Grow your business with tools from Google (2021)
· Connect to customers with compelling videos on YouTube (2021)
· Build your brand with digital marketing planning (2021)
· Sell your products online with e-commerce (2021)
· Interact effectively with your customers using social media (2021)
3. Webinar on Role of Machine Learning Application Today and
Tomorrow (2021)
4. IOT Fundamentals: The Beginner's Guide to Internet of Things (2021)
5. Blockchain Technology: Future Of Global E-Conomy (2021)

112
Denise C. Sorronda
Purok Parpagayo, Minaog, Dipolog City ,
09187498616
denisesorronda@gmail.com
Nickname: Denden Mother’s Name: Rebecca S. Catolico
Age: 22 Occupation: Housewife
Gender: Female Father’s Name: Dennis M. Sorronda
Date of Birth: November 10, 1999 Occupation: Driver
EDUCATION
2016 – 2018 Dipolog City National Highschool
Senior Highschool
Barra, Dipolog City
2012 – 2016 Sicayab National Highschool
Junior High School
Sicayab, Dipolog City
2006 – 2012 Minaog Elementary School
Elementary
Minaog, Dipolog City
Introduction to Fire Protection Part 2: Fire Detection and Alarm
System (2021)
Webinar on Role of Machine Learning Application Today and
Tomorrow (2021)
DOST-TAPI Invent School Program Webinar-Workshop (2021)
IOT Fundamentals: The Beginner's Guide to Internet of Things (2021)
Blockchain Technology: Future Of Global E-Conomy (2021)

SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SSG Voting System Using Blockchain Protocol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SSG VOTING SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN PROTOCOL

In Partial Fulfillment of the

XUXA MEG P. SAGUIN

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE

ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT Adviser

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE

XUXA MEG P. SAGUIN ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT

Engr. JOSEPH AURELIUS P. JACINTO, MSIT

ED NEIL O. MARATAS, MA EDGARDO D. OLMOGUEZ II, MSIT

JOHN D. SAGAPSAPAN, MSIT

ARMANDO T. SAGUIN JR., MSIT

one of the biggest challenges in the development of new technologies. The

researchers propose a study that emphasizes the security potential of a

blockchain protocol. Blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among

computer network nodes. Blockchain provides secure solutions in different

sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, and many more. Its characteristic of

Blockchain Protocol is found to be functional, reliable and highly secured. It was

recommended that the blockchain protocol be integrated not only in a voting

system but also in other organization processes.

financially and emotionally.

researchers to become holistically developed individuals.

different individuals. Their guidance, understanding, and assistance has paved

the way for the researchers into accomplishing this study.

following persons who have contributed to the success of the study.

knowledge for the fulfillment of the study;

To John D. Sagapsapan, Ed Neil O. Maratas, Engr. Joseph Aurelius P. Jacinto,

encouraging comments and support;

whole journey financially and morally;

completion of the study.

protection, guidance, and blessings.

Certification of the English Critic ii

Certification of the Dean iii

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xiii

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

Schema of the Study 6

Statement of the Problem 9

Scope and Delimitations 10

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 15

Project Development Process 31

Designing or Software Architecture 34

Project System Design 35

Use Case Diagram 36

Data Flow Diagram 40

Entity Relationship Diagram 42

Validation of the Research Instrument 44

Respondents of the Study 45

Sampling Design and Techniques 46

Statistical Tools and Treatment 49

Software Testing and Procedure 51

Procedure for Evaluation 51

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 54

5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND

Appendix B – Source Code 77

Appendix C – Letter to the Panelists 90

Appendix D – Letter to the Respondents 95