22
Finally, more research is needed on the positive
feedbacks to population health from WSUD
interventions and research to support cost/benefit
analysis of different WSUD implementation
approaches, particularly against other available
approaches for mitigating excess urban heating
such as increasing surface albedo. Nevertheless,
based on the evidence presented here, we suggest
that CSUD should be added to the list of objec-
tives for WSUD.
Funding
This research was funded by a large number of
government and industry partners as part of the
collaborative Cities as Water Supply Catchments
research program. A list of funding partners can be
found at http://www.waterforliveability.org.au/
?page_id¼89
References
Alexander LV and Arblaster JM (2009) Assessing trends
in observed and modeled climate extremes over
Australia in relation to future projections. International
Journal of Climatology 29(3): 417–435.
Alexandri E and Jones P (2008) Temperature decreases in
an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in
diverse climates. Building and Environment 43(4):
480–493.
Ali-Toudert F and Mayer H (2007a) Effects of asymmetry,
galleries, overhanging façades and vegetation on
thermal comfort in urban street canyons. Solar Energy
81(6): 742–754.
Ali-Toudert F and Mayer H (2007b) Thermal comfort in an
east–west oriented street canyon in Freiburg
(Germany) under hot summer conditions. Theoretical
and Applied Climatology 87(1): 223–237.
Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H, et al. (2010) A
global overview of drought and heat-induced tree
mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for for-
ests. Forest Ecology and Management 259(4): 660–684.
Asaeda T and Ca VT (2000) Characteristics of permeable
pavement during hot summer weather and impact on
the thermal environment. Building and Environment
35(4): 363–375.
Australian Government (2010) Australia to 2050: Future
challenges. The 2010 intergenerational report: Over-
view. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
Downloaded from ppg.sagepub.com at Monash University on November 18, 2014
Progress in Physical Geography
Barradas VL (1991) Air temperature and humidity and
human comfort index of some city parks of Mexico
City. International Journal of Biometeorology 35(1):
24–28.
Bonan GB (2000) The microclimates of a suburban Col-
orado (USA) landscape and implications for planning
and design. Landscape and Urban Planning 49(3–4):
97–114.
Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, and Pullin AS
(2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A
systematic review of the empirical evidence. Land-
scape and Urban Planning 97(3): 147–155.
Burns MJ, Fletcher TD, Walsh CJ, et al. (2012) Hydrologic
shortcomings of conventional urban stormwater man-
agement and opportunities for reform. Landscape and
Urban Planning 105(3): 230–240.
Chang CR, Li MH, and Chang SD (2007) A preliminary
study on the local cool-island intensity of Taipei city
parks. Landscape and Urban Planning 80(4): 386–395.
Chen L, Zhang Z, Li Z, et al. (2011) Biophysical control of
whole tree transpiration under an urban environment in
Northern China. Journal of Hydrology 402(3–4):
388–400.
Chen Y and Wong NH (2006) Thermal benefits of city
parks. Energy and Buildings 38(2): 105–120.
Chen Y and Wong NH (2009) Thermal impact of strategic
landscaping in cities: A review. Advances in Building
Energy Research 3(1): 237–260.
Chen Z, Zhao L, Meng Q, et al. (2009) Field measurements
on microclimate in residential community in Guangz-
hou, China. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engi-
neering in China 3(4): 462–468.
Christen A and Vogt R (2004) Energy and radiation
balance of a central European city. International
Journal of Climatology 24(11): 1395–1421.
Clarke JF and Bach W (1971) Comparison of the comfort
conditions in different urban and suburban micro-
environments. International Journal of Biometeorol-
ogy 15(1): 41–54.
Coutts A, Beringer J, and Tapper NJ (2007) Impact of
increasing urban density on local climate: Spatial and
temporal variations in the surface energy balance in
Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology
and Climatology 46(4): 477–493.
Coutts A, Beringer J, and Tapper N (2010) Changing urban
climate and CO2 emissions: Implications for the
development of policies for sustainable cities. Urban
Policy and Research 28(1): 27–47.