JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN NO: 0745-6999

PRESENT AND FUTURE STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1
JETTI GOPI, 2Mr.K.MANOJ, 3Mr. K.S. RAMBABU
1
M.Tech Student, 2,3Assistant Professor
Department Of Mechanical Engineering(MINING)
KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Ramachandrapuram

ABSTRACT natural resources; biological diversity; visual

aesthetic characteristics, and so on.
Mining-selected waste (or just mining waste)
There are two main environmental hazards
is a subset of materials resulting from the
associated with mining waste:
exploration, mining, and concentration of
• Risks related to not just the possible pollutant
substances subject to mine and quarry
source (for example, acidity and heavy metals
regulation. Identification of the environmental
in non-ferrous metallic ore), but also the
risks associated with such waste necessitates
particular environmental context and the
not only the classification and quantification
existence of targets in the case of release. The
of the various types of waste, but also an
potential hazards from a prospective pollutant
assessment of the vulnerability of specific
source (such as acidity and heavy metals) in
environments based on geological and
waste are determined by the quality of probable
hydrogeological conditions, as well as
leachates, the immediate environment (soil,
peripheral targets.
groundwater, surface water, air), and the
1. - Identification and quantification of various
potential targets (human, fauna and flora). The
kinds of trash.
creation of a Geographic Information System
This project is based on a country-by-
(GIS) dedicated to mining waste amounts and
country inventory of sites involved with the
contamination potential in various
management of mining, quarrying, and ore-
environmental settings would therefore serve
processing waste throughout the European
as a tool for assessing the hazards associated
Union. It is the first comprehensive review of
with such materials. Some regional
the current situation in Europe with respect to
governments are now using similar systems for
mining waste, as well as the existing legislative
land planning information management. In
and management mechanisms in place in each
mining, risk management using a GIS system
nation.
necessitates a large collection of particular data
There were two methods to the survey:
as well as a series of external data analyses.
• A questionnaire on the amount of waste
Before being built, this system should be
that exists, as well as the kind of mined
thoroughly described and researched. The
substance(s), waste deposit(s), mining
findings may then be effectively visualised in
methods, and ore processing technique (s),
the GIS system.
• An estimate of the major kinds of waste
• The risks connected with tailings dam
produced during the past five or ten years
stability, as shown by previous dramatic
based on the various processes used throughout
catastrophes in Spain and Romania. In terms of
the mining production chain and their
the potential danger posed by tailings dams, it
management at each stage.
will be essential to assess the stability of each
2. - Risk assessment in relation to mining
tailings dam on a site-by-site basis. During the
waste.
assessment, certain factors such as unusual
The concept of mining's environmental
climatological circumstances should be
effect is only complete if it includes a change
carefully considered. Common minimum
in the original environmental parameters as a
safety criteria for design, building, operation,
result of such operations. These criteria, which
and monitoring should also be established and
control "environmental quality," may include a
implemented. The profession's know-how
variety of elements such as chemical
might be used to create these minimal safety
composition of waterways, soils, and other

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requirements.
3. - Waste management is being improved.
Mines are regulated by a set of legislation
in all European Union nations, which are
usually encapsulated in a Mining Code. Mines
are a source of worry for national
administrations, as shown by the many
regulating texts, regulations, and standards.
General waste regulations and texts apply to
mining waste. Environmental issues are
handled to varying degrees in various national
legislation, depending on the Member State.
According to the contract's objectives, this
report briefly discusses certain technical
procedures, waste quantities and kinds, and a
brief explanation of national laws in different
Member States. According to the returned
surveys, the following three kinds of mine and
associated produced waste may be
distinguished:
• Abandoned/old mines;
• Mines that operate mostly according to old
operating techniques;
• Mines that operate according to modern
design.
It is critical for abandoned mines to:
• To get a clear picture of the situation, conduct
site monitoring (covering land form(s),
geology, soil type(s), hydrogeology, flora and
fauna, land use, heritage, overburden and waste
characterization, recycling possibilities, and so
on).
• To set treatment goals based on future land
use requirements (for example, pollutant level
in soil after treatment to be fixed depending on
the proposed land use). It is critical to assess
the control routine in terms of pollution
hazards and tailings dam stability for mines
that rely heavily on outdated operating
techniques, and to take all required precautions
to minimise risks (for example, installing
leachate collection tanks, etc.). To achieve an
adequate degree of environmental protection,
significant modifications in the operating and
monitoring phases are likely to be required.
1. INTRODUCTION
Solid waste is any substance that is discarded
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because it has no value. The most frequent
and significant method of disposal in India is
land filling, which accounts for the majority
of solid waste disposal. Solid waste is
defined as material that is generated as a
result of human and animal activity and then
discarded as worthless. The majority of the
processing includes reuse, recycling, or
disposal.
Municipal, industrial, agricultural, industrial
hazardous, and biochemical wastes are only a
few examples of solid waste. The particular
waste management issues for municipal and
industrial wastes are both comparable and yet
distinct.
Within each category, waste compositions
vary greatly, but in general, industrial waste
streams include a greater diversity and
concentration of hazardous materials,
necessitating the use of specific technologies
and processes.
Disposal and treatment methods need
significant long-term capital expenditures as
well as continuous expenses. However, trash
and pollutants that are handled and disposed
of continue to exist, presenting ongoing and
future risks to the people and environment.
Prevention-based
waste/pollution management methods aim to
remove both of the aforementioned
drawbacks by removing pollution or trash at
the source. Because many pollution control
methods depend on technological
expenditures that include operation,
maintenance, and expenses, as well as
continuing costs, they are only partly
effective in lowering the first disadvantage
(e.g. labor, energy). They are, nevertheless,
more cost efficient than disposal and
treatment methods when correctly applied.
Minimization methods tend to minimise the
risks associated with the second
disadvantage, but they also have the potential
to balance some of the costs and liabilities
connected with the first.
When we consider the many methods
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available, we may see a generalised hierarchy
based on long-term liabilities or hazards
connected with waste/pollution management,
as well as the costs associated with each. The
following is the order of things:
PREVENTION
This strategy prevents wastes from ever being
formed at the first place.
RECYCLING/RESOURCE RECOVERY/
WASTE-TO-ENERGY
Recycling and reuse of materials, the
recovery of some wastes for reuse (also
known as resource recovery), and the
conversion of certain kinds of trash into
usable energy such as heat, electricity, and
hot water are all methods that help balance
the costs of waste management.
TREATMENT
When trash cannot be avoided or reduced via
reuse or recycling, we must seek methods to
reduce volume and/or toxicity. Treatment
technologies are procedures that aim to
stabilise wastes, reduce toxicity, reduce
volume before final disposal, or create
limited-use-by-products in certain instances.
DISPOSAL
Figure 1: Major mine waste regions
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The only other option is to dispose of the
item. All governments' environmental
management plans include waste disposal
procedures, which are an essential element of
most industrial processes and are often
among the highest direct cost components. It
is the least desired approach from a
commercial perspective, and one that may be
immediately addressed via waste reduction
and pollution control measures.
SCENARIO OF MINING INDUSTRY
Mining is a large-scale industrial activity that
takes place all over the globe. It encompasses
the whole "life cycle" of industrial
operations, which are all carried out in
accordance with a variety of engineering,
legal, regulatory, economic, social, scientific,
and environmental norms and practises.
The Egyptian expedition in the Sinai
Peninsula began mining operations around
2600 B.C. Except for Antarctica, every
continent has mining activities. They can be
found in almost all of the world's main
biomes, and in a wide variety of climatic
circumstances, from the Arctic to the tropical
belt's deserts and rain forests.
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Approximately 23 billion tonnes of minerals, mining and processing of about 12 tones of

including coal, are produced each year,
according to the International Labor
Organization (ILO, 2003). The amount of
trash generated by high-value minerals is
several times that of the end product. For
example, each ounce of gold requires the
ore, whereas each tone of copper requires the
mining and processing of approximately 30
tones of ore. The table below shows ILO
estimates of the tonnages of various ores
mined in 1995, as well as the proportion of
that ore that is wasted:

Table 1
Generation of waste from selected metal ore

Source: Gardner and Sampat (2005)

Table 2
Ore and Waste production for selected metals

Source: Report to Congress: Wastes from the Extraction and Beneficiation of Metallic Ores, Phosphate,
Rock, Asbestos, Overburden from Uranium Mining, and Oil Shale, December 2004,

The mineral industry in India has grown
tremendously, from a value of Rs.58 crores
when the country gained independence to a
whopping Rs. 55000 crores now. India
produces approximately 600 million tonnes
of minerals per year, including 65 main
minerals and 22 minor minerals. It accounts
for 11% of overall industrial output from the
mining industry, which accounts for less than
1% of the country's total land area. With the
recent rapid expansion of the mining sector,
as well as the quick extraction / depletion of
mineral resources, land degradation is
unavoidable.

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Mining is a site-specific activity that can only
take place where the minerals are found.
However, the most significant effects of
mining activities, as well as beneficiation-
generated mining wastes, cannot be
overlooked. The accumulating mining waste
has a direct on-site impact on the disposal
area. The trash from most mines in our nation
is dumped on the ground. Even if the
property is located inside the mining lease
area, it cannot satisfy other technical or
economic criteria.
The waste disposal issue in underground
mines may be mitigated to some degree by
using mining waste to ‘backfill' mined-out
sections. The mine's mining waste is a major
environmental concern with substantial
disposal issues. As a result, waste disposal
must be planned in a methodical and
scientific way, with a focus on environmental
preservation. Mining usually starts with
mineral exploration and discovery, then
The generation of mining waste can be depicted as follows:
Figure 2: Mining Wastes Types
SOLIDWASTE
Solid waste is usually undesired or wasted
solid material produced in mines. It may
include overburden, low-grade ore/rejects,
mill tailings, and other materials that are
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moves on to industrial and infrastructural
operations aimed at operational extraction
and processing of these commodities. Mining
also encompasses operations such as
decommissioning, closure, and long-term
cleanup of former mining sites.
WASTES GENERATED DUE TO THE
MINING ACTIVITIES
Mining-selected waste (or just mining waste)
is a subset of the materials produced by the
exploration, mining, and processing of
substances subject to mine and quarry
regulation. It could be made up of natural
materials that haven't been altered beyond
crushing (e.g., ordinary mining waste,
unusable mineralized materials) or natural
materials that have been processed to varying
degrees during the ore-processing and
enrichment phases, and may contain
chemical, inorganic, and organic additives.
Overburden and topsoil are both considered
trash.
produced in significant numbers at the
mining site. The removal of plant cover for
building, mining, or infrastructure
development accelerates erosion on the
exposed surface, resulting in the buildup of
metal-laden sediments at the Site.
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WASTEROCK
Overburden and mine development rock are
examples of waste rock. The word
"overburden" is used in industry to describe
the dirt and rock that covers an ore deposit.
Mine development rock, on the other hand,
refers to material removed from underground
mines in order to get access to the ore body.
These waste rocks are either not mineralized
or do not contain enough minerals to be
Table 3 Classification of minerals wastes
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processed economically. They're usually
transported to rubbish landfills for disposal
from mining sites. To win the ore in opencast
mining, massive amounts of overburden must
be removed. Waste rock is produced in
underground mining during the early
development of the mines, such as shaft
sinking, drifting, and so on. Before beginning
to remove the overburden, the surface top
soil is removed and put aside.
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Research has largely focused on the recovery
of the residual metal content of mineral
wastes with little effort expended on their
value as construction and industrial minerals.
If industrial applications could be found for
mineral waste it would improve the
profitability of quarrying operations and
improve the efficiency of resource utilization.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING
WASTE
Mining operations, both open-pit and
underground, typically produce large
volumes of tailings deposits and mine waste
piles. One of the most widespread
management problems in the mining industry
relates to the large volume and/or chemical
composition of waste material. Mine tailings
and wastes are generally disposed of on land,
although limited ocean, lake and river line
disposal do occur.
These wastes can affect the environment through
the following intrinsic criteria:
 Its Chemical And Mineralogical
Composition,
Figure 3: Extraction process in mines
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology described here includes
elements that help distinguish between sites
where waste poses no risk to human health or
the environment and sites where waste poses
a significant and long-term risk. The
presence of a risk implies the presence of a
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 Its Physical Properties,
 Its Volume And The Surface Occupied,
 The Waste Disposal Method,
 Climatic Conditions Liable To Modify
The Disposal Conditions,
 Geographic And Geological Location,
 Existing Targets Liable To Be Affected
(Man And His Environment).
As a result, determining the
environmental risks associated with the
exploitation of mines and quarries, as well as
ore processing, necessitates not only the
characterization and quantification of various
types of waste, as well as an understanding of
the processes used, but also an assessment of
the vulnerability of specific environments
based on geological and hydro geological
conditions. It is important to note that not all
plants or deposits will release pollutants to
begin with. If waste management is
inefficient, pollutant can be transferred from
a tailings dam or a processing plant to the
river by meteoric precipitation. Infiltration of
meteoric precipitation through the deposit
can transfer pollutants to the river via
groundwater flow if there is no impermeable
layer beneath the deposit.
hazard source, a mode of transfer, and a
target (at this stage of the process, man), with
the air, surface water, groundwater, and
direct contact being the four main pollutant
transfer vectors (soil). If one of the factors is
missing, the risk is not to be considered, and
the risk assessment for the given
methodology and application is no longer
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valid.
The following items must be completed as
part of this research:
1. Estimation of the amount of mining waste
produced
2. A description of waste management
methods in various countries (from a
"hazard" standpoint) and the types of waste,
3. Identifying and analysing potential
environmental consequences of waste
management.
4. Mining waste management practises and
the industry's identification of better actions
5. Inventory and analysis of each country's
legislation (legislative and standards). The
vocabulary used in the study of mining waste
Figure 4: Project main steps
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is drawn from both mining and polluted site
management.
ASSESSMENT OF QUANTITIES OF
MINING WASTE GENERATED
The fundamental principle was to identify the
waste and define it qualitatively and
quantitatively. To assess the quantities of
mining waste generated since the beginning of
mining activities, an inventory of mining sites
per country was required. These inventories
provided data on the substances mined, the ore
deposit typology, and the operating systems and
processes. They also included data and
information on the amount of ores extracted and
processed, the amount of marketable products
produced, and the amount of residual waste.
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3. ASSESSMENT OF  Coal.
QUANTITIES OF
MINING WASTE The companions followed one-of-a-kind
GENERATED approaches. Some of them made a widespread
examine at country wide level (e.g. Denmark,
INVENTORY OF MINING SITES United Kingdom), whilst others used an method
Constructed from the answers received of a questionnaire in keeping with mining
from the sub contractors, Table indicates district, or maybe in keeping with mining site.
the number of mining sites (including More than 1/2 of of the mining webweb sites
known abandoned or closed sites) inside the European Union at the moment are
covered by thequestionnaire. closed. According to the questionnaires, it
seems that while nearly all steel and coal mining
Four main categories of ore were considered is closed; the bulk of industrial-minerals mining
into which all extracted substances, withinthe continues to be active. Among the closed
scope of the study, can be placed: webweb sites, a few were rehabilitated or are
challenge to a rehabilitation project, a few at the
 Ferrous metals, moment are used as landfill webweb sites for
 Non-ferrous metals, industrial (inner landfill) or home waste, while
 Industrial minerals,
others are abandoned.

Table 4 Number of Mining sites (including known abandoned or closed mines)

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In the north of European Union, the number
of rehabilitated sites appears to be higher than
in south of European Union. The acid mining
drainage is less important for the old mining
sites. The metals contained in waste can be
finding in small quantity. The potential risk is
low. It should also be noted that the number of
sites quoted in the following table cover only
the sites mentioned in the questionnaires by the
subcontractors. This table should not be
interpreted as presenting all sites in the
European Union. The methodology used in the
questionnaires was a first attempt to carry out
an inventory at the European level. The
difficulties faced during this exercise should
serve as lessons for future work at Community
level.
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MINING
SYSTEMS
The ore consists of minerals, each containing a
combination of chemical elements, whose
common forms are oxides and sulphides. In
addition to coal, there are two main types of
mineral raw material:
 Industrial minerals, usable as such
after concentration and purification
(kaolin, potash, talc),
 Concentrates resulting from the
extraction of an element present
within a mineral, and demanding
further processing steps after
separation of the mineral from its
gangue.
For metals, the process culminating in the industrial
product generally involves threesteps:
 Ore or mineral processing (enrichment
of the ore by separating the mineral
from the gangue),
 Extractive metallurgy ( regime of quarries, with all the others belonging
pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy,
hydro - metallurgy), which culminates
in a material having a certain degree of
purity,
 Refining. A technical (hence universal)
definition of a mine includes all
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developments, structures and ore-
extraction and-processing equipment,
as well as all temporary and permanent
storage dumps for materials and/or
waste resulting from the exploitation
and upgrading of a mineral resources.
A mine is a raw-material production site that
comprises the phases of ore extraction from the
deposit to the concentration of the useful
mineral. It is organized around large civil
engineering, equipment and consumables
infrastructures. It manages all the inputs and
outputs attached to it, whether liquid
(wastewater, effluents), solid (fines, dump
stocks, plant releases, semi-finished and
finished products, chemical reagents) or
gaseous (pyrometallurgy).
However, it is also necessary to add an
administrative definition that can substantially
modify this technical view with the local
regulatory framework. As a rule, the substances
are usually classed in two categories, those
governed by the regime of mines and those,
which depend on the regime of quarries. The
origin of this distinction can be found in the
rarity of the substances in the mines, a rarity
that has historically incited the States to
arrogate ownership.
Substances coming under quarry regulations
belong to the owners of the land, who can either
exploit them themselves, or entrust the
exploitation to third parties in exchange for
payment. Although exploitation in this case
is governed by common law, the same
Administration can supervise the operations.
The most common rule is to define the list of
concessible substances in a law, all the others
pertaining to the regulations on quarries.
However, a number of mining codes in the
world set the list of substances belonging to the
to the regime of mines.
This difference in classification of mineral
resources is an important factor that ultimately
affects the management of products and waste
and the overall qualification as an extractive
industry or the more specific qualification as a
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mining industry, whereas the extraction
methods and problems associated with waste
management commonly display many common
features. Given the variety of morphologies of
natural deposits and the large variety of useful
mineral substances, numerous mining
techniques have been developed to address the
problem of extracting ores and materials.
Technological evolution has consistently
improved these different techniques, which
generally culminate in different types of waste
and thus waste-management methods.
4. IDENTIFICATION
OF IMPROVED
MINING WASTE
MANAGEMENT
BY THE
INDUSTRY
DESIGN OF TAILINGS AND WASTE-ROCK
FACILITIES
The location of a new mine is the key issue, and
a considerable amount of information of the
immediate environment is required in order to
make the .best choice. in terms of tailings and
waste-rock facilities. The choice also concerns
minimization of mining waste (backfilling,
selective waste handling of various types of
wastes). Many factors must be considered when
selecting sites for the surface disposal of
mining waste. Planning during the preliminary
design stage of any mine development
generally considers the following
environmental issues:
 Existing land use,
 Where to site dumps in relation to
topography, drainage systems,
water bodies and residential areas,
so as to minimize dump instability,
water pollution (surface and
underground), dust problems and
adverse visual impacts,
 Location and direction of the
groundwater flow, which can
influence the migration of any
contaminants reaching the
groundwater,
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 Allowing sufficient area around
dumps for bunds or trenches to
collect acid water runoff or for the
placement of dams to collect
seepage (leachate), runoff and
sediments,
 Prevailing wind direction and
strength, as waste dump materials
may cause dust and noise problems
downwind,
 Distance of disposal sites from the
mining area or processing facilities,
 The sitting of sub-economic grade
material for possible future
reprocessing when either technology
or commodity prices permit,
 Avoiding the sitting of tailings
deposits (which can fluidize) above
existing or proposed underground
workings.
 Minimizing transport-energy costs
from the processing plant through
using gravity transport when
possible.
 If a waste deposit can be located as
close as possible to both plant and
mine, this reduces the amount of
land required to be disturbed and
significantly reduces transport
related operating costs, particularly
if any of the material is likely to be
reclaimed for further processing.
However, the selection of the
location of waste facilities should
take into consideration the
environmental consequences of such
decisions.
TAILINGS DAM STABILITY
Terrestrial embankments (dams) in areas
subject to earthquakes or landslides are
particularly vulnerable. Foundation conditions
(rock or sediment type, compaction rate, etc) are
important in terms of safety, environmental
protection, reducing risks of seepage and
groundwater pollution. It is important that
impoundment is designed with future closure in
mind, so that it will remain stable, secure and
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virtually pollution free, with little maintenance
required. Standards should be laid down to
ensure the safe management of tailing dams.
They do not prevent the realization of a specific
study.
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The waste characterization is crucial to ensure a
proper waste management and should
systematically take into account all the
following parameters:
- The different mineral species (speciation)
present in the primary ore, including
weathering minerals,
- The non-upgraded elements present, even
in very low concentrations, can cause
significant pollution if the tonnage handled is
large,
- The industrial processes employed to treat
this ore, as well as their yield and efficiency
in terms of the recovery of the elements
present in the various raw materials used,
- The material balance of the materials
employed and those generated in the
processesapplied,
The state of the potential source is related to
its behavior into liberation of pollutants. A
liquid source could be more transportable
than a solid one.
The two phases of the potential pollution source
are:
- Solid phase: grain size distribution of
materials, uniformity and isotropy of the soil,
density, water content, permeability, pH,
redox conditions, organic carbon and clay
contents,
- Liquid phase: pH, redox conditions, total
and dissolved carbon contents, content of
suspended matter (particularly for surface
waters and effluents), major physicochemical
composition (sulphate, chloride, phosphate,
nitrate concentrations, as well as iron and
manganese), aquifer lithology, hydraulic
gradient, effective porosity.
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Other parameters which are considered:
- Type of source: dump/waste deposit or
polluted soil, the latter possibly including
wasteor backfill spread on the surface,
- Type of waste deposit/dump: aboveground or
buried.
WATER MANAGEMENT
Different steps have to be checked:
 Avoid pollution of groundwater and
surface water,
 Collect and treat the polluted water and
leachates,
 Minimize the water volume that require
treatment,
 Manage the dust.
Measures used to control seepage from tailings
dams include:
1. Controlled placement of tailings,
2. Foundation grouting,
3. Foundation cut-offs,
4. Clay liners,
5. Under drains and toe drains,
6. Artificial liners.
1. Controlled placement of tailings is the
most cost-effective method of controlling
seepage. Provided that the tailings are of low
permeability they will form a cohesive
system.
2. Foundation grouting involves the
injection of fluidized material and could not
be effective unless there is high permeability
rock beneath the impoundment or where
there are high permeability zones in the rock.
3. Foundation cut-offs are necessary when
soil foundations are sand or sand and gravel.
A significant reduction in seepage may be
achieved by construction of an earth fill
cut-off or a slurry trench cut-off wall. They
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may be applied to extremely weathered rock
such as laterised, highly permeable rock.
4. Clay liners can be effective in areas
where the storage is located in an area of
high permeability. They are susceptible to
cracking on exposure to the heat (by sun),
whichcan increase permeability.
5. Under drains below the tailings should be
constructed. The drains act to attract the
seepage water and discharge it to a collector
system, ideally for recycling to the process
plant.
5. INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS
LEGISLATIONS
Mining today, like different commercial
activities, is situation to surroundings safety
laws, law and standards. Mining operation
and surroundings safety necessities are
maximum generally carried out via numerous
special criminal tools, such as:
• Mining law,
• Environmental making plans and evaluation
law,
• Environment safety law,
• Other law and standards, together with
occupational fitness and safety.
Government roles in surroundings
safety are step by step evolving in reaction to
converting perceptions in mining operations.
Developments withinside the possession and
manage of mines and steel manufacturing
centers have significantly prompted each the
places of mining and funding in new mines
in Europe and across the world.
i. Canada
All the more explicitly, in Canada, laws have
been instituted both for the Provinces and at
government level. Aside from radionuclides,
which go under the Atomic Energy Control
Bureau, the Canadian Federal Ministry of the
Environment has solidified the enactment on
effluents created by mining waste. The central
matters that arise are:
• Prohibition to dump certain substances,
• Establishment of cutoff esteems on nature
of the effluents,
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• Determination of cutoff substance
approved as far as synthetic mixtures present in
the materials put away.
This guideline applies to:
• Geotechnical steadiness of removal
destinations,
• Pollution control in the various conditions,
• Environmental effect of removal, the
executives, remediation and redevelopment
activities.
The norms drafted at the government level in
OF Canada address most extreme essential qualities
and the nearby natural offices should characterize
the particular qualities for the destinations
concerned, values, which might be lower than the
cross country esteems. The guidelines on water
the executives depend on controlling deliveries
and in this sense, support the obligation of the
mine administrators in the administration and
treatment of the loss inside the geographic
furthest reaches of the mine, utilizing the best
method at the ideal financial level.
The aide esteems applied at the fringe of the not
really settled by each sort of activity, in light of
the hydro geographical, physical, synthetic and
natural properties of the waters getting the
effluents.
ii. Australia
In Australia with a large mining industry, the
mining industry is governed by the
Australian Mineral Industry Code for
Environmental Management, published in
1996. This Code requires the companies to
publish a public report each year on the
environment (Public Environment Report).
The terms of this report must normally at
least contain information on the following
subjects:
• Position of the company with respect to
environmental permits,
• Position of the company with respect to
environmental laws,
• Any prosecution or conviction,
• Regulations or orders relative to the
environmental legislation specific to the
industryand the site,
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• Major incidents,
• Facts or circumstances which may have
an effect on the environmental aspects and
which have had an impact on the
performance of the company.
FRAMEWORK OF EUROPEAN
LEGISLATION ON INDUSTRIES,
WASTE AND WATER
A specific legislation on mines and mining
activities does not exist in the European
Union. Mining operations are covered
indirectly by more general legislation than
that of the IPPC. In fact, in certain
Directives, the mine is excluded if specific
legislation exists. There is a need to train the
decision-makers and for stiffer legislation in
connection with the enlargement of the
European Union. Legislation could be one of
the tools to prevent accidents as the twos
mentioned earlier (Spain and Romania).
On the 23rd of October 2000, the European
commission published a communication on
sage operation of mining activities
[COM(2000) 664 final] presenting existing
Community environmental legislation related
to mining activities. The Communication sets
out three priority actions envisaged to
improve the safety of mines, relating to
industrial risk management, management of
mining waste and integrated pollution
prevention and control:
• an amendment of the Seveso II Directive to
include mineral processing of ores and, in
particular, tailings ponds or dams used in
connection with such mineral processing of
ores1;
• An initiative on the management of mining
waste covering the environmental issues of
the management of mining waste as well as
the best practices, which could prevent
environmental damage during the waste
management phase2;
• A Best Available Techniques reference
document (BREF) describing the Best
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Available Techniques of waste management
to reduce everyday pollution and to prevent
or mitigateaccidents in the mining sector3.
The European legislation relating to industries
and waste must be regarded as a framework in
which the Member States and the Union, in
close collaboration, must develop the basis of a
durable protection and a management of
underground water.23
LEGISLATION ON WASTE
The definition of responsibilities at national
level in the area of waste is governed by Article
No. 5 of the Council Directive 75/442/EEC of
15 July 1975, which states that “the Member
States shall establish or designate the
responsible competent authorities, in a given
region, for the planning, organization,
authorizations and control of operations
pertaining to waste dumps".
The European Directive concerning landfill
of waste: Directive 1999/31/EC of the Council,
dated 26 April 1999. Directive 1999/31/EEC on
landfill of waste entered into force on 16 July
1999 and will be effective 16 July 2001. This
Directive lays down a number of provisions
related to safe disposal of waste. According
to the scope of this
Directive (Article 3.2), the deposit of non-
hazardous inert waste resulting from
prospecting and extraction, treatment, and
storage of mineral resources as well as
from the operation of quarries is excluded
from the Directive. In addition, according to
Article 3.3, Member States may, under
certain circumstances, exempt from certain
technical provisions of Annex I of the
Landfill Directive the following waste: non
hazardous, non- inert waste resulting from
prospecting and extraction, treatment, and
storage of mineral resources. In this
Directive, the surveillance programme for
water, leachates and gases was set up. The
results of this monitoring must be sent to the
competent Authorities. In Article No. 12, the
Directive specifies the inspection and
monitoring procedures to be set up.
Hazardous and non hazardous (not inert)
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wastes from mining activities are covered by
this landfill Directive.
It should be noted that the Landfill Directive
was adopted primarily to regulate the
disposal of waste into normal landfill sites.
All the issues related to tailing ponds
management have not been specifically
considered in this Directive. However, there
are a number of provisions of the Landfill
Directive, which are relevant to mining waste
management. This provision of Directive
1999:31/EC should apply to this waste and
should be laid down in the .mining waste
initiative.
Article 4 requires that different types of
waste should not be mixed (some specific
examples can be in contradiction, these can
be considered excluded from the scope of the
Landfill Directive, because considered as
treatment operations). Article 7 includes
essential provisions for the management of
.mining waste. such as the requirement for a
plan for closure and after-care procedures.
Specific issues are added such as the
expected long-term behaviour of mining
waste, the question of dam stability and the
requirement that a waste management plan
be drawn up and accepted by the competent
authorities. Article 14 specifies that deadlines
of existing landfill sites should be further
elaborated.
LEGISLATION ON INDUSTRIES
The European Directive on pollution
prevention 96/61/EC of 24th September 1996
(IPPC: "Integrated Pollution Prevention and
Control (IPPC)" is the title of a framework
Directive adopted in September 1996 presenting
the measures and procedures necessary for an
approach to protect human health and the
environment, by preventing or minimizing
emissions from industrial installations. This
regulation stipulates inter aliathat the operating
permits must be based on environmental quality
standards (air, water, soils and waste),
considering the requirements of the best
available techniques (BAT). This document on
the best available techniques takes into account
each metal and presents the processes and
techniques applied the consumption and metal
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emission levels. 24 Installations producing
"chemical concentration of metals produced
from ores" are included in Annex No. 1 of the
Directive on classified installations. The
activities concerned must use secure techniques
derived from the Best Available Techniques,
monitor and prevent any accidental pollution. It
is the duty of the local authorities to specify the
notifications and financial aspects in case of
environmental impact. This Directive has been
applicable since 1999 to new activities, and will
be mandatory from 2007 for existing operations.
The IPPC Directive may not cover all sites in
the European Union where tailings dams are
used. They could not be production sites, not be
producing crude metals, or not be regarded as
landfills falling under category 5.4 of Annex 1
of the Directive.
SPECIFIC LEGISLATION ON WATER
At European level, the management of water is
based on an integrated management. This
management depends on quality standards of
the environment, limiting values of emission
and other legislation related to the habitat, the
clarification sludge, SEVESO or the impact
studies.
Directive 2000/60/EC adopted on 22 December
2000 is the operational tool for the
implementation at national level of the
European Water Policy.
The addition legal texts are mainly the following:
Directive 75/440/CEE on potentially drinkable
water, which introduces the notion of protection
of raw water resources and defines target
values.
Directive 76/464/CEE on hazardous substances
(two lists: the most hazardous substances which
need authorization and an inventory and the
other substances which only need authorization
and a reduction programme,
Directive 80/68/CEE on underground water
(substances from list 1 do not be rejected,
substances from list II have to be studied and
need an authorization before any reject). This
Directive mentions the precautions to manage
the pollution by monitoring, asks for
information when underground water is under
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JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
two countries and asks for information to the
Commission,
Some other Directives such 82/176/CEE or
84/156/CEE on mercury, 85/513/CEE on
cadmium,
REGULATION ON THE CLOSED MINING
SITES
No European regulation exists today that
applies specifically to close mines and closure
procedures. However, since the mine sites can
be identified under cover of the Landfill
Directive, Articles No.12 and 13 of this
Directive (1999/31/EEC) specifies the closure
conditions of this type of site. Existing
operations, as far as they are covered by the
Landfill Directive, have to comply with the
Landfill Directive after the closure of the mine.
Proper closure and remediation procedures
should be applied for .mining waste disposal
sites.
Old mining sites can be taken into account
within the framework defined by the work
groups CARACAS (concerted action on risk
assessment on contaminated sites) or
CLARINET (Contaminated lands and risk
assessment network on European technologies).
6. CASE STUDIES OF IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN GOA AND
SUKINDA INDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MINING
AND WASTE RECOVERIES:
Ecological warranty and the board is the vital
responsibility of the mineral ventures and
comparable lies with the mine organizers,
administrators, Research and development
associations. Government likewise assumes a
widespread element for putting herbal suggestions
and execution of the equal via humans and mining
associations. Progressively the general public
authority, mining businesses and close by
neighborhood region are operating couple to stable
the ecological closer to budget friendly flip of
events. In this specific situation, some suggestions
have been ordered via way of means of the
Government on occasion for remedy of the problems
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regarded via way of means of the mining businesses
with becoming discount measures. To clear up the
problems of the mining and affordable flip of events,
each on neighborhood and close by scale locations
have been selected for this reason. One web website
online entails the pale-Pissurlem collecting of mines
protecting eleven iron mineral mines in north Goa
region and the alternative web website online
consists of eleven chromites mines in sukinda valley
of Jajpur vicinity in orissa. The goal of those
investigations became to get to the neighborhood
ecological management designs so one can empower
one-of-a-kind executers and administrative experts
to define essential rules. The outcomes of those
examinations may be applied as a version for taking
on comparative investigations in one-of-a-kind areas
having bunch of mines.
The widespread mining locales particularly Sukinda
valley chromite belt in Orissa protecting eleven
chromite mines and iron metallic mining belt in
north Goa protecting eleven mines, have been taken
up for the appraisal of the herbal effect. This became
required due to massive scope mining sports in
companies and to advocate discount/medicinal
measures. The mission resolves the problems of
diverse sorts of ecological markers, as EIA, EMP
investigations of express mines depending on the
aggregate of REA examines. The end result of 3
years of exertion of examinations blanketed age of
sample facts on neighborhood scale, trailed via way
of means of development of EIA and EMP on the
mine level. The facts securing for main the
examinations recollects age of the facts for air,
water, clamor, soil, climatic conditions, floor
vibrations and socio – economic boundaries. The
threat research executed has added out glaringly the
producers, pathways and receptors for growing
healing measures to be joined in EMP document for
those mines and at the district overall. It will assist
mining commercial enterprise visionaries to make a
contribution closer to realistic development in Indian
mining region.
METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
Fundamental natural evaluation and dealing with
apparatuses created towards the examination of
ecological records for the hazard appraisal followed
by the dose of itemized EMP, organization archive
and resulting reviewing techniques are laid out in
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table.
In the review regions, according to the subtleties laid
out in table 1, information age, examination and
relating EMP, EIS report measurement, natural
evaluating technique for the generally speaking
ecological appraisal and taking care of apparatuses
have been given for the situation study.
CASE STUDY 1: SUKINDA VALLEY
CHROMITE BELT
Sukinda valley chromite deposits are located in the
state of Orissa. About 90 % of the chromite
production of the country is obtained from this area.
The chromite deposits are of dissiminated type
occurring in the form of bands, extending over a
considerable strike length. Mining operations are by
mechanized / semi – mechanized method followed
by the beneficiation for up gradation of the ore. The
study area covers 11 numbers of chromite mines. the
REA and mine wise EMP of these 11 mines is based
on the data generated from monitoring stations
judiciously selected for analysis of water, air, noise,
dust and other vital parameters. Monitoring has been
carried out as per the norms laid down by Indian
bureau of Mines and MOEF. The location of the
monitoring stations both in core zone and buffer
zone. The study ahs helped to evolve potential
emitters, pathways and receptors. The areas and
factors requiring attention are listed below.
Surface water quality exceeds the standard for
drinking, aquatic life, and fish for Cr in most of the
Table 5
Main results of the REA monitoring: Sukinda
TOPIC
Waste and ore
Leaching tests Leachate of the Nala sediment: Cr total = CrVI 2-12mg/l
Leachate of the paddy sediment : Cr total = Cr VI =
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Damsal nala valley downstream Gurujangpal village.
Surface water is suitable for irrigation only in the
upper part of the valley.
Paddy sediment quality exceeds the Cr standard for
agricultural soil in most of the fields and Ni in few
places investigated.
Ground water quality exceeds the standards for
drinking water in most of the wells that were
investigated.
The exposure assessment of the population and
ecosystem to key substances are risky in character
and has allowed the identification of five major
issues by EMP Water treatment
General pit slopes for their stability and reduction in
waste generation. Disposal of waste and tailings and
their rehabilitation. Development of green belts and
monitoring network.
Chromite contamination is observed in the entire
zone of influence of mining activity. Traces of
mercury higher than drinking water standard from
sources, which could not be identified, have also
been noticed in some areas. It has conclusively
brought to the fore that ultimately the main risk in
the chromite belt is associated with the drinking
water contamination with hexavalent chrodium and
transfer of these pollutants throughout the food chain
to include paddy field, fruits and vegetables and
aquatic flora and fauna.
MAIN FEATURES
Ore : Cr = 48 %
Tailing : Cr = 25 %
Dump : Cr = 7 % Ni
up to 6 %
0.7 mg/l
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Surface water 23 out of the 31 monitoring stations exhibit Cr VI above
drinking water standards (up to 3.4 mg/l)
Ground water 32 out of the 33 monitoring wells exhibit at least one Cr VI
above the drinking water standard ( up to 0.6 mg/l)
6 wells exhibit Hg above drinking water standards ( up to 0.01
mg/l)
The impact have affected the whole valley
and in the framework of the EMPs, solutions
must not only be sought at their sources, i.e.
at individual mining lease scale (exploration,
waste management and effluents treatment),
but also regionally; i.e. at valley scale
transport, land use, water resource
management). This will need involvement of
mine managements, inhabitants in and
around mining belt, state and central
government administrative agencies to
effectively ensure sustainable development
of this very important chromite bearing belt
in India.
6.1 CONCLUSIONS/
RECOMMENDATIONS
The mining area is a significant supporter not
exclusively to the material requirements, yet
additionally to the turn of events and
monetary development of the European
nations. Then again, clearly abuse of mineral
assets requires a mindful way to deal with
keep away from unfavorable consequences
for the climate.
6.2. PRESENT STATUS
The point by point study ahs been done on
the current status of mining waste age, the
board, enactment identified with mine waste
administration and mishaps effects of mining
squanders. Coming up next are the results of
this review.
6.2.1. RISKS LINKED TO MINING
WASTE
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A significant finish of the review is that the
significant dangers connected to mining waste
(not all mine or all mine waste) are twofold:
• Risks connected to the freedom of sharpness
and substantial metals brought about by the
change of the connection between the minerals,
the surface and ground water and the environment
(particularly metallic metal). Such dangers could
compare to a ceaseless and long haul
contamination, which won't stop before absolute
oxidation of the waste presented to the
environment. This danger is the mix of a likely
wellspring of contamination with move pathway
and the presence of targets (human here).
• Risks connected to the strength of the
tailings dam. Such dangers could make marvelous
mishaps as those happened as of late in Spain and
Romania.
a. Liberation of causticity and substantial
metals
A particular portrayal of delegate squander tests
coming about because of mining, quarries and
metal handling activities ought to be completed
on each site. Such portrayal ought to incorporate
explicit examinations identified with the
capability of contamination of the waste. The
strong piece as well as the idea of the leachates
coming about because of mining waste ought to
be characterized (as it is a generally expected
practice for modern waste inside the structure of
the Landfill Directive) and be connected to the
amount of comparing waste. For sure, the
effluents coming about because of stores of
mining waste might be corrosive and contain
weighty metals in critical amounts, with a likely
effect on the climate. The leachate of mining
waste will likewise rely upon the waste
administration rehearses carried out.
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b. Stability of the tailings dams
It appears to be fundamental, at the size of EU, to
have a worldwide assessment of the dangers
introduced by the soundness of the diverse
existing tailings dams. Experience sharing should
be advanced. The two ongoing mishaps, which
have happened in Spain and in Romania, were
straightforwardly connected to the strength of
tailings dams, under altogether different
geographical, climatic, legitimate and regulatory
conditions. We could consider that the strength
states of the tailings dams are today well
defined28 and ought to be essential for least
specialized prerequisites. In every part states, it is
the obligation of the National specialists to
evaluate the relating hazards. Furthermore, a
methodology at EU level appears to be important
to resolve this issue.
6.2.2. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINE
Clearly the mainstay of supportable improvement
identified with the assurance of climate has not
generally been adequately thought of, specifically
previously. As an outcome, a differentiation ought
to be made between the accompanying three kinds
of mines:
• Abandoned/old mines,
• Operating mines generously dependent on
old planned tasks,
• Operating mines dependent on new plan.
1. Serious issues are emerging from deserted
mines and mines which movement depends on old
tasks which have been imagined without climate
the board. There is a need of essential rules for
mine conclusion plans, which can be founded on
the methodological methodologies, for example,
characterized in European working gatherings like
CARACAS (Concerted Action on Risks
Assessment for Contaminated Sites) or
CLARINET (Contaminated Lands and Risks
Network for European Technologies).
Specifically, for deserted mines, it is significant:
• to build up goals for required future land use
and not acknowledge multi usefulness of
destinations,
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• to attempted overview (counting land
structure, geography, soil types, hydrogeology,
verdure parts, existing area use, legacy,
characterisation of overburden and waste
material, reusing potential,.) to get a reasonable
image of the circumstance.
• The following procedure is proposed :
_ Inventory of the locales (area, kinds of offices,
squander),
_ Prioritization of the locales in term of general
ecological effects and dangers,
_ Evaluation of the dangers (counting dam
wellbeing) and measures to be taken,
_ Remediation intends to address the most
hazardous destinations.
2. For working mines significantly dependent
on old planned tasks, it is fundamental to assess
the unwavering quality of the control routine
identified with the strength of the tailings dams. It
appears to be additionally important to further
develop the waste administration states of these
locales. Moderately assorted circumstances do
exist in the EU and between locales in similar
nations, as far as ecological insurance.
3. Existing mines dependent on new plan
guarantee a more elevated level of ecological
insurance. Nonetheless, these locales ought to
likewise be assessed with the perspectives on
taking extra measures if essential. The conclusion
stage ought to likewise be painstakingly ready.
This is regularly considered.
6.2.3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The reusing of important components of the waste
ought to be energized, through R&D endeavors.
Certain waste contains components which could
be exceptionally valuable for the business and
which are gotten from different sources at a non-
immaterial enthusiastic and natural expense.
Ecological disequilibrium is made rather by the
physicochemical changes identified with the
extraction of the minerals that by the synthetic
substances added during the handling. This could
be additionally examined.
Innovative work programs should be based on
sets of topics, explicit to the different strategies
for mining waste administration.
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6.2.4. LIMITS OF THE METHOD
This report depends on country-by-country stock,
inside the European Union, of destinations related
with the administration of mining, quarrying and
metal preparing waste. It addresses the primary
outline of the current circumstance in Europe as
respects mining waste and presents the current
administrative and the executives estimates
explicit to every country. The overview included
two methodologies:
• a survey identified with the amounts of
existing waste, related with the typology of the
mined substances, stores and mining frameworks
and metal preparing strategies,
• an assessment, based on the various cycles
utilized all through the creation chain in mining
activities and their administration at each level, of
the principle kinds of waste produced throughout
the last five or ten years.
The information given by the survey is
exceptionally different, heterogeneous and
difficult to evaluate and analyze. To get a
dependable arrangement of data of the EU
circumstance in regards to the mining garbage
removal, we additionally have been extrapolating
the current creation information to get a starter
gauge of what could be the waste creation,
throughout the last five or ten years.
The examination of this gauge with the
information gave from the survey shows a few
contrasts, which are expected to:
• Different sorts of mining waste, both from
abuse and handling,
• Different approaches and definitions. A few
materials, which can be called squander, have a
significant capability of reusing inside a given
ecological and monetary structure and are not
viewed locally as waste notwithstanding the
legitimate meaning of waste.
6.3 EVALUATION OF THE LEGISLATION
The second point of the review was to assess the
current public and EU enactment on mining waste. It
is important to discover a trade off between the
methodology by enactment and the methodology by
Best Available Technologies. Enactment fix targets
and rules, and BAT present the specialized angles
(as said prior, enactment and rules do exist in
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Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden and the United
States).
In EU nations, the mining business is at present
directed by either mining codes, which incorporate
waste administration guidelines, or by broad
ecological guidelines.
The control of the ecological effect of mining waste
has known a new advancement inside the European
Commission. This is the reason, it is proposed to
think about the finishes of the various examinations
and comparing laws, done in created mining nations,
for example, Canada, the USA or Australia where
software engineers have been done and are going on,
specifically the developers MiMi (Mitigation of the
Environmental Impact from Mining Waste)
(Swedish program) or MEND 2000 (the Canadian
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage Program) (see
Proceedings from the fifth worldwide gathering on
corrosive stone seepage . ICARD 2000. ISBN 0-
87335-182-7)30. Different drives identifying with
the advancement of a Code of Practices of natural
administration are being worked on inside some
mining organizations, specifically European mining
organizations. At the European administrative level,
the administration of mining, quarrying and metal
preparing waste is remembered for the underlying
Environmental Impact Assessment of businesses.
These frameworks do as of now exist in certain
nations of European Union. Also, there is a solid
case for looking to get least prerequisites for great
practice dependent on cautious audit of the best parts
of minerals arranging in every country. The
European Commission is presently following this
methodology in its drives declared in the
Communication on the security of mining exercises.
There is a requirement for a careful appraisal to be
had of the effect of supportable advancement
strategies applicable to minerals, perhaps prompting
the plan of an European strategy on manageable
double-dealing and utilization of minerals. The
European enactment has job to be applied to the
Central and Eastern European nations, contender for
coordination. For some of them, the mining action
assumes a significant social and financial part.
During the hour of the arranged economy, the
ecological administration was essentially non-
existent. Trying the European guidelines in the field
of the mining action ought to follow a suitable plan.
6.4 MAIN OUTCOMES
As indicated by the abovementioned, the
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proposals are: edition

1. To approve this stock investigation
of the locales of mining waste store in every 2. EUROMINES, Metals and Minerals Mining,
country, by point by point study did by a annual report 1998-1999
homogeneous multidisciplinary group,
particularly for deserted and shut mines, 3. WWF, Toxic waste storage sites in EU
countries, A preliminary risk inventory, IVM
2. To get data for each site, on strong Report number R 99/04, February 2002
arrangement yet additionally on the idea of the
leachates coming about because of explicit and 4. UNEP- A guide to tailings dams and
agent mining waste examples (concurring impoundment - Bulletin 106. 2003
standardized European draining and long haul
tests), 5. UNEP, Environmental and Safety
3. To assess diverse development types Incidents concerning Tailings Dams at
of enactment (in light of BAT), Mines, results of a survey for the years 1980-
4. To characterize essential rules for 1996, Mining Journal Research Services,
mine conclusion plans, on the foundation of May 2000
European debased terrains approach,
5. To put together gatherings and 6. BOLIDEN ENVIRONNEMENT
trades of data among industrials and scientists Tailings dam failure, Spain, HEALTH AND
of the Member States (as the teams after SAFETY REPORT
Spanish and Roman mishaps),
6. To beginning innovative work 7. BLOOMBIED.R.A & SEIBEL.R.J,
programs on sets of topics, explicit to the Bureau of Mines. Research in Mine Waste
different strategies for mining waste Disposal Technology. Proceeding: Bureau of
administration, including an improvement of Mines Technology Transfer Workshop,
reusing methods. The topics that must be Denver, 1999
contemplated are identified with primary
nonexclusive issues: 8. ICARD 2000, Proceedings from the fifth
• Design of following and waste stone international conference on acid rock
offices, drainage, ISBN 0-87335-182-7 THE
• Waste the board (portrayal of the ASSOCIATION OF MINING ANALYSTS
reactivity of explicit mining http://www.ama.org.uk/
• waste by various ways draining test,
long haul section test and standardized trial of
the Landfill Directive, improvement of reusing
procedure of mining waste and appraisal of
current after-care rehearses),
• Dam dependability (investigation of
impact of uncommon meteorological conditions
on the steadiness of dams),
• Water the board (investigation of
the conduct of substantial metals coming from
mining waste in the subjacent geologic layers
and the forecast of their becoming by
instruments like geochemical and solute-
transport displaying),
REFERENCES
1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. European
Minerals Yearbook, ISBN 92-828-687, 96-97

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