PILE DYNAMIC TEST

BACKGROUND OF DYNAMIC TEST :

Since the early days of driven piles the termination criteria based on “Sets observed”, are
followed. Various formulas are available. The I.S. Code 2911 covering driven piles permit such
formule. The principle followed is recording the penetration per blow of the hammer and on that
basis having obtained the desired set i.e. average penetration of standard numbers of blows of
hammer the ultimate capacity for the pile is worked out and then with suitable factor of safety the
safe capacity is arrived at. For assessing the quality of workmanship of pile foundation I.S. Code
has recommended that 1.5 percent of piles shall be subjected to static load test. However due to
the time consuming and costly nature of the test procedure many a times the number of tests are
either reduced or avoided totally. In an area where earlier tests results are available and general
information of the regional geology is known reduction of the tests can be accepted to some
extent. The basic reason of reluctance on the part of contracting agency, promoter and engineers
is time consuming costly procedure.
This method has been explicitly accepted by Indian Road Congress (IRC) Vide their
notification No.54 dated 28th May 2009 In this test cast-in situ piles are driven further after
curing and displacement is measured by sophisticated optoelectronic instruments. The
procedure will help in ascertaining the quality of workmanship on a large number of piles
without much of time wasting and avoiding delays in a construction activity with relatively
less cost. It recommends use of modified Hiley’s Formula for calculation of load carrying
capacity. This method is prefered over the other method of testing as it gives ultimate load
carrying capacity unlike static test.

METHDOLOGY:-

The methodology of test is based on a large weight giving the dynamic impact to the elastic body
it equates the energy of hammer blow to work done in overcoming the resistance of the founding
strata to the penetration of the ordinary cast in situ piles as well as grouted micro piles.
Allowance is made for loses of energy due to the elastic compression of the pile, and subsoil as
well as losses caused by the impact of the pile.
The (Modified Hiley’s formulae) permited by the code I.S. 2911 part –1, Section I is used in
estimating the ultimate driving resistance in tones. Applying the factor of safety as outlined in the
code the safe load on pile can be worked out.
The instantaneous displacements including rebounds of the pile are precisely recorded in
automatic data acquisition system. This is done for several cycles and then using formulae as
accepted in I.S. Code 2911 the safe loading capacity is calculated. The optical instrument is used
for position sensitive measurement by non contact continuous measurement using instrument
placed away from the vibrations due to impact load. The system is based on combined light
emitting diode transmitters and a position sensitive detector. The transmitter and receiver are
installed so that the infrared light beam forms a reference line from transmitter, receiver to the
prism group reflectors. The reflected light is received and recorded 100 times per second. Using
the energy transmitted to the pile and accounting for temporary compression of pile, ground and
dolly occurring during the impact loading the ultimate driving resistance is calculated. Applying
the factor of safety the safe load for the pile is calculated.
Advantages :-
1. Compared to the static test this method is less time consuming and hindrance to work in the
adjoining area is much less.
2. The transmition of energy from drop hammer to pile is calculated taking in to account the
relative masses of pile and drop hammer and coefficient of restitution of bodies under impact.
3. The observations of displacement are up to 0.01 mm. and such recording up to 100 per
seconds can be taken and complete displacement profile is obtained.
4. The non contact method of recording eliminates effect of vibration due to machines.
5. The method follows the formula given in the Indian code and calculation methods.
6. The cost of test is low.
7. The formulae used for calculation gives best correlation among the various dynamic formulae
in use for reinforced concrete piles.
8. The impact loading arrangement is such that pile testing can be conducted without damaging
the head or cutting the reinforcement bars.
9. The main advantage compared to static test is the dynamic test calculates the ultimate
capacity of piles while static test is conducted upto 1.5 times the design load in routine
and 2.5 time design load in initial load test. The additional capacity if any will be
revealed in dynamic test while it will not get tested in static test.
 Sample Calculations
A) OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR PILE NO.:-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Date of Casting xxxxxxxxxx
Date of Testing xxxxxxxxxx
Dia of pile in 1200
Length of Pile in mtr 9.1000
Weight of pile in tonnes P = 24.6879
Main reinforcement 20 Bars 25 mm diameter
Link 08 @c/c 200
Concrete M-40

Wh 
Modified Hilley's Formula is R  
(S + C/2)
Where
R = Ultimate driving resistance in tones

W = Mass of Ram in Tones = 3.00 T

Calculation for Hammer Drop -

The dynamic load to be applied to the pile shall be such that the efficiency of load transfer
as explained in the dynamic test shall be maximum possible without causing harm to the
pile; from our experience of more than 5000 such tests the product of hammer weight in
tones and fall in meter shall be near about 25 % of weight of pile in tones.
Pile Weight in Tonne = P = pd2/ 4 X Length X Density

= 0.785*1.2*1.2*2.4*9.10 = 24.6879 Tonne

Weight of Hammer in tones = W = 3.00 Tonne
Hight Of Drop in mtr = h
P
------- = h
4XW
Pile Dia = 1200 mm
Pile Length = 9.1000 mtr
Pile Weight = 24.6879Tonne
24.6879
H = -------- = 1.76 mtr
4 X 3.0
So Provide Drops Of 2.00 mtr
 For Three Hammer Drop Of 2 Meter
h = Height of free fall in cm considered at 80 % for winch operated
drop .= 160

 = Effiiciency of the blow representing ratio of energy after impact to

Stricking energy of ram. = 0.21
e = Coefficient of restitution = 0.40
S = Average Final set per blow in cm = 0.015cm

(0.013+0.017+0.015)
---------------------------
3
C = Average Sum of temporary elastic compression of the pile, dolly packing
and ground as prescribed in I.S. code.In Cm = 0.042
(0.039+0.045+0.042)
---------------------------
3
Ultimate Capacity Wh  2524.7576 tonnes
R298
 
(S + C/2)
Applying factor of safety of 2.5
Safe Geotechnical Capacity from test = 1009.9030 tonnes
Subtracting the weight of pile as = 24.6879tonnes

the safe Geotechnical capacity from the test works out as = 985.2151 tonnes
Structural Capacity as column (for M -40 concrete with 20  25mm
Grade of concrete = M-40
Considering one grade lower for self compacting concrete)

 D2
= ------ x 900 + Ast x 1.9 Tonnes
4
= 1017.3600 + 188.7680 = 1206.1280 Tonnes
The Safe Capacity of Pile In Tonnes = 985.2151 tonnes

CONCLUSION :-
Considering the lower value from above the safe capacity for pile xxxxxxxxxxxxx ( 1200 ) is
985.2151 tonnes
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