ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.

1.INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING?

Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source that
is produced by electrical means. Artificial lighting has many different
applications and is used both in home and commercially. Artificial lights
are available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, colours of light emitted,
and levels of brightness.

 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN ARCHITECTURE

Lighting plays a vital role in the way people experience and understand
architecture. Whether buildings and structures are lit naturally or artificially,
lighting is the medium that allows us to see and appreciate the beauty in
the buildings around us.
Lighting can bring an emotional value to architecture – it helps create an
experience for those who occupy the space.
Whether it’s daylighting or artificial lighting, light draws attention to textures,
colours, and forms of a space, helping architecture achieve its true
purpose. Vision is the single most important sense through which we enjoy
architecture, and lighting enhances the way we perceive architecture even
more.
To create a successful balance between lighting and architecture, it’s
important to remember three key aspects of architectural lighting:
 aesthetic
 function
 efficiency
Aesthetic is where designers and architects focus on the emotional impact
the balance of lighting and architecture will have on occupants.
Good lighting makes a building look and work the way the architect intends
at all hours of day and night. It contributes to the character, to the desired
attitude towards form and space, and to the effective functioning of that
space.
Light can make or break a space both functionally and aesthetically.
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS
1-Artificial light sources:
 Incandescent lamp
 Compact fluorescent lamps
 Fluorescent tube
 Discharge lamps
 Light emitting diode (LED)

2-Forms of artificial lighting:

A- INDOOR LIGHTING
 According to light function
 According to lamp type
 According to installation method
 According to light output above and below the horizontal
 According to building/space type

B- OUTDOOR LIGHTING
 According to light location and function
 According to lamp type

3- Lighting design basics:

A- Terminology
B- Criteria for selecting proper light source
C- Lighting design process in brief
2.LIGHT SOURCES:
2.1 Incandescent lamps:
The incandescent lamp is of simple construction - a hot wire (the filament) centred in
the glass bulb. An electric current that passes through the wire heats it to incandescence.
Thus, the wire emits radiation respectively light. The length and the diameter of the wire
determine the amount of electrical current consumed by the lamp. This regulates its light
output.

Due to its high melting temperature (3.,655 K), tungsten is used for filaments. The higher
the temperature at which the filament operates the more light can be emitted but the
sooner the lamp fails or burns out. Lamp bulbs originally were evacuated to prevent a
reaction of tungsten with oxygen, which would cause the quick evaporation of tungsten. In
modern incandescent lamps the bulb is filled with an inert gas which slows bulb blackening.
Especially argon, nitrogen and krypton gases are used for this task. Bulb blackening is caused
by condensation of evaporated tungsten particles on the inner bulb wall.
2.2 Fluorescent lamps:
Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapour with extremely low pressure. Electrodes are
located on both ends of the fluorescent lamp. The electrons hit mercury atoms on their path
through the discharge tube. Upon collision, the mercury atoms are shortly excited. The
absorbed shock energy is immediately released in the form of invisible UV radiation. While
passing through the fluorescent layer on the inner side of the discharge tube, the shortwave
UV radiation is partially transformed into visible light.
2.3 Discharge lamps:
Discharge lamps provide high luminous efficacy combined with long life,
resulting in the most economical light source available

Types of gas-discharge lamps:

A- Low pressure discharge lamps
B- B- High pressure discharge lamps
C- C- High-intensity discharge lamp

2.4 Light Emitting Diode:

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the most widely used semiconductor diodes among all
the different types of semiconductor diodes available today. Light emitting diodes emit
either visible light or invisible infrared light when forward biased. The LEDs which emit
invisible infrared light are used for remote controls.
A light Emitting Diode (LED) is an optical semiconductor device that emits light
when voltage is applied. In other words, LED is an optical semiconductor device that
converts electrical energy into light energy.
3.FORMS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:
3.1 Indoor Lighting:
 A decorative chandelier or hanging foyer fixture can provide significant
illumination -serving as a beautiful focal point for living areas.
 General downlighting are avoided and task lighting are used without
glare
 Incandescent lights were used
 Nowadays, CFL and LED lights are mostly used
 General lighting are used in almost all the place of home
 Task lighting are used in the study room, kitchen areas- free of glare
 Accent lighting are used to decorate the home