De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Program

Mechanical Engineering Lab 2

MEET324L - MEE31

MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY AND PRESSURE WITH MANOMETER

Experiment No. 6

Submitted by:
Barillo, John Paolo D.
Dones, Victor Lorenz E.
Escober, Christian A.
General, Paul Ryan L.

Submitted to
RENE D. RUBIO PhD, PME, OSH Consultant

GROUP No. 5

Date Submitted:
June 15, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Objective

II. Theory

III. List of Components

IV. Procedures

V. Safety Precautions

VI. Questions and Problems

VII. Solution and Answers

VIII. Conclusion

IX. Recommendation
I. OBJECTIVE

1. To measure the velocity and pressure of air flowing through an air duct or pipe.

II. THEORY

PRESSURE is defined as the intensity of force and is evaluated as the force exerted on
a unit area.

In equation form:
P = F/A
Where:
P = pressure
F = force
A = cross sectional area

A standard device utilized for pressure and gage calibration is a manometer. It is

inherently accurate because it gives value by balancing the pressure directly against a

column of liquid. The liquid shall vary in density and shall depend upon by the type and

properties of the fluid whose pressure is to be determined. When such a tube is partly

filled with a liquid, usually water or mercury and is connected as at A in the figure, there

will be observed a difference in the level of the liquid corresponding to the pressure. If the

end of the tube at B is open to the atmosphere, then the difference in the level of the liquid

in the two branches of the U-tube manometer called legs, gives the difference in pressure

between that in the container and atmospheric pressure. When the level in the leg B is

higher than in A, then the pressure measured is greater than atmospheric and is called

gage pressure to distinguish it from the other condition when the level in the leg A is higher

than in B, i.e. when the pressure is less than atmospheric.

 Fig. 1.1

Consider leg A of Fig. 1.1 and apply the principle that P = wh, point 1 being lower than
point 2, P1 – P2 = wy.

If a fluid flows through the pipe as shown in Fig. 1.2 in the direction indicated by the arrow

and the pressure gage is connected as shown Fig. 1.2 (a), the gage will indicate the internal

bursting pressure of static pressure. The orientation of the manometer is made in such a way that

the velocity will not have a marked effect on the reading. The velocity pressure, however, is the

pressure due to the impact of the air and is determined by the manometer set-up in Fig. 1.2 (c).

The importance of this determination is depicted in the fact that the actual velocity at which the

fluid is moving in the pipe may be calculated. The combination of this pressure is known as the

total, or stagnation pressure, which will be determined in the manometer set-up in Fig. 1.2 (b).
III. List of components

Qty Unit Description

1 pc Air flow demonstration unit

1 pc Tachometer

1 pc Vernier Caliper

IV. PROCEDURE

A. Constant speed of fan.

1. Close the outlet valve of the air flow demonstration unit and run the fan at the desired
speed.

2. Record the setting of both the left and right leg of the U-tube manometer and compute for
the difference.

3. Turn outlet valve and allow ample time to secure good readings of the manometer.
Measure and record the size of the opening.

4. Adjust the valve opening by increments of three turns until it reach 100% of the pipe area.
Again record in each case the velocity and total pressure indicated.

5. Compute the total and velocity pressure.

B. Variable fan speed with constant size of orifice.

1. Repeat procedures in A, put one with constant area opening of the outlet valve.

2. With the use of variac. Adjust the knob until the fan operates 10% of its supply voltage.

3. Record the speed of the fan motor using a tachometer and determine the velocity and total
pressure indicated by the manometer.
 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 by adjusting the supply voltage with an increment of 10% until it
reaches 100 % setting of the variac.

Plot the following curves:

1. Total pressure against speed as the abscissa.
2. Velocity against speed as the abscissa.

V. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. The instructor must orient the students in the proper handling of the apparatus before the
actual experiment to avoid accidents.
2. Always wear protective equipment like gloves and glasses.
3. Use caution when operating the variac and blower.
4. Keep fingers and loose clothing away from the intake of the blower.

VI. SET-UP OF THE EXPERIMENT

VII. TABULATION OF DATA (PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET)

15.6 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.1 13.8

15.8
D
PRESSURE (kPag)

MANOMETER
15.7 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.2 13.6

16.2
C
15.6 15.1 14.6 14.2 13.7 13.4

16.4
B

14.8 14.3 13.9 13.7 12.9 12.6 12.1

A

6.6 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.1 3.7

R
D
MANOMETER READING

6.4 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.6

L

6.9 6.3 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.1 3.7 3.2 2.7

R
C

6.8 6.6 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.3 3.9

L

6.9 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.1 3.8

R
B

6.4 6.1 5.6 5.2 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.6

L

6.9 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.2

R
A

6.7 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9

L
A. Constant speed of fan with variable opening of outlet valve.

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
RPM

RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM

0.079 0.094 0.110 0.126 0.141 0.157 0.173 0.188 0.204 0.220
BHP

hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

TORQUE
(N – m)

Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm

10V 20V 30V 40V 50V 60V 70V 80V 90V 100V
Preliminary Data Sheet:

VOLTAG
INPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TRIAL
 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.39

0.06
D
PRESSURE (kPag)

MANOMETER
0.13 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.40 047.

0.07
C
0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49

0.01
B
0.12 0.18 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41

0.06
A
5.79 6.08 6.37 6.66 6.95 7.24 7.53 7.82 8.11
R
D
MANOMETER READING

5.21 4.92 4.63 4.34 4.05 3.76 7.47 3.18 2.89

L

5.84 6.18 6.52 6.86 7.2 7.54 7.88 8.22 8.56

R
C

5.16 4.82 4.48 4.14 3.8 3.46 3.12 2.78 2.44

L

5.86 6.22 6.58 6.94 7.3 7.66 8.02 8.38 8.74

R
B

5.14 4.78 4.42 4.06 3.7 3.34 2.98 2.62 2.26

L

5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7 7 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2

R
A

5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.8

L
B. Variable fan speed with constant opening of outlet valve.

156 154 153 151 156 154 153 151 156 154
RPM

2 0 0 8 3 1 1 9 4 2
Name _____________________________________

1.60 3.17 4.72 6.24 8.03 9.50 11.0 12.5 14.4 15.8
BHP

5 1 1 7 5

9.81 19.6 29.4 39.2 49.0 58.8 68.6 78.4 88.2 98.1
TORQUE
(N – m)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Preliminary Data Sheet:

VOLTAG
INPUT

E
TRIAL

10
1

9
VIII. PROBLEM SOLVING

1. In the manometer shown the fluid A to B is mercury and from B to C is Oil (sg =

0.80). At what height h will give a pressure of 2,263 gram/cm2 at C. Use σ = 1.0

gm/cm3.
IX. ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SOLVING

1. In the manometer shown the fluid A to B is mercury and from B to C is Oil (sg = 0.80).

At what height h will give a pressure of 2,263 gram/cm2 at C. Use σ = 1.0 gm/cm3.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟𝐻𝑔 = 13.6
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.80
𝑔
𝑃@𝐶 = 2,263
𝑐𝑚2
𝑔
𝜎 = 1.0
𝑐𝑚3

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑆𝐺 = 𝛾/𝛾𝑤
𝑃@𝐶 = (𝛾ℎ)𝑚 − (𝛾ℎ)𝑜
𝑔
2,263 = 𝐺𝑚 𝛾𝑤 ℎ − 𝐺𝑜 𝛾𝑜 ℎ
𝑐𝑚2
𝑔
2,263 = (13.6)(1)ℎ − (0.8)(1)ℎ
𝑐𝑚2
𝑔
2,263 2
ℎ= 𝑐𝑚
𝑔
12.8
𝑐𝑚3

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒎
X. CONCLUSION

The researchers therefore conclude that there are several engineering uses
for fluid flow over a network of pipes. Examples include heat exchangers, turbines, heat
pumps, air conditioners, and the experimental test part of a wind tunnel. An important
aspect of the entire design verification process is the correct selection and usage of
experimental instruments required to describe fluid flow. Furthermore, The gases typically
flowed at a modest flow rate and pressure. As a result, pressure loss and minimum flow
restriction are significant considerations when choosing a flow monitoring instrument.

XI. RECOMMENDATION

The following things summarize the researchers' suggestions for improving the
experiment overall.

1. Produce an actual experiment in the appropriate laboratory with the appropriate

equipment.
2. To show how the data differs, compare the findings of the study of related literature
to the outcomes of the experiment.
3. Future researchers will go deeper into the experiment in order to get more precise
data.