5

Trigonometry
Skills check b) i) 0.766 ii) −0.643

1. a) x = 7 sin 35° = 4.02 cm iii) −0.966 iv) −0.259

b) x = 82 − 62 = 5.29 mm 4. a) sin 132° = sin 48°

⎛3⎞ b) cos 310° = cos 50°
c) x = cos–1 ⎜ ⎟ = 68.0°
8 ⎝ ⎠ c) tan 215° = tan 35°
π π d) sin 220° = −sin 40°
2. a) i) 90 × = = 1.57 rad
180 2 e) cos 153° = −cos 27°
π 5π f) tan 148° = −tan 32°
ii) 225 × = = 3.93 rad
180 4
g) cos 195° = −cos 15°
π 43π
iii) 43 × = = 0.750 rad h) sin 335° = −sin 25°
180 180
3π 180 5. a) sin θ = 0.36 ⇒ θ = sin–1(0.36) = 21°
b) i) × = 135°
4 π b) sin  21° = sin(180 − 21) = sin(159°) = 0.36
7π 180 Angle is 159°
ii) × = 252°
5 π
6. x = cos–1(0.3) = 73°
180
iii) 2.5 × = 143.2° cos 73° = cos(360 − 73°) = cos 287° = 0.3.
π
Angles are 73° and 287°
3. a) 2x2 − 7x − 4 = 0
2x2 − 8x + x − 4 = 0 7. cos θ = 0.7660  θ = cos–1(0.7660) = 40.004°
(2x + 1) (x − 4) = 0 θ = 40.0° and 360 − 40.0 = 320.0°
−1
x = , 4. 8. sin θ = −0.3636.  Let Φ = sin–1(0.3636) = 21.3°
2
−( −5) ± ( −5)2 − 4 (1)(2) 5 ± 17 Then θ = 180 + Φ = 180 + 21.3 = 201.3°
b) x = = = 4.56 and θ = 360 − Φ = 360 − 21.3 = 338.7°
2(1) 2
or 0.438 9. a) Let θ = sin–1(0.9) = 64.158…
Exercise 5.1 x = θ = 64°
−1 x = 180 − θ = 116°
1. a) cos 240° = −cos 60° =
2
b) Let θ = cos–1(0.9) = 25.84. . .
b) tan 135° = −tan 45° = −1
x = θ = 26°
− 3
c) sin 300° = −sin 60° = x = 360 − θ = 334°
2
1 c) Let θ = sin–1(0.6) = 36.87. . .
d) cos 315° = cos 45° =
2 x = 180 + θ = 180 + 36.87 = 217°
3π π 1 x = 360 − θ = 360 − 36.87 = 323°
2. a) sin  = sin  =
4 4 2 d) Let θ = cos–1(0.33) = 70.73. . .
4π π − 3
b) sin  = −sin  = x = θ = 71°
3 3 2
3π π x = 360 − θ = 289°
c) sin  = −sin  = −1
2 2 e) Let θ = tan–1(0.25) = 14.04. . .
5π π
d) tan  = −tan  = − 3 x = θ = 14°
3 3
3. a) i) sin 130° = sin 50°, so positive.
x = 180 + θ = 194°
ii) cos 130° = −cos 50°, so negative. f) Let θ = tan–1(0.44) = 23.75. . .
iii) sin 255° = −sin 75°, so negative. x = 180 − θ = 180 − 23.75 = 156°
iv) cos 255° = −cos 75°, so negative. x = 360 − θ = 360 − 23.75 = 336°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 1
10. a) Let θ = sin–1(0.4) = 0.4115. . . 5. a) Let θ = sin–1(0.384) = 22.6°
x = θ = 0.412 rad Then x = θ = 22.6°
x = π − θ = 2.73 rad x = 180 − θ = 157.4°
b) Let θ = cos (0.4) = 1.159. . .
–1
b) Let θ = tan–1(1.988) = 63.3°
x = θ = 1.16 Then x = θ = 63.3°
x = 2π − θ = 5.12 x = 180 + θ = 243.3°
c) Let θ = sin (0.8) = 0.9273. . .
–1
c) Let θ = cos–1(0.379) = 67.7°
x = π + θ = 4.07 Then x = θ = 67.7°
x = 2π − θ = 5.36 x = 360 − θ = 292.3°
d) Let θ = cos–1(0.21) = 1.3592. . . d) Let θ = sin–1(0.2) = 11.5°
x = π − θ = 1.78 Then x = 180 + 11.5 = 191.5°
x = π + θ = 4.50 x = 360 − 11.5 = 348.5°
e) Let θ = tan (0.75) = 0.6435. . .
–1
⎛1⎞ π
6. a) sin–1 ⎜ ⎟ =
x = θ = 0.644 ⎝2⎠ 6
x = π + θ = 3.79 π π 5π π 13π π 17π
x = , π − = , 2π + = , 3π − =
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
f) Let θ = tan–1(0.36) = 0.3456. . .
x = π − θ = 2.80  1  π
b) cos–1  −  =
x = 2π − θ = 5.94  2 4
π 3π π 5π π 11π
Exercise 5.2 x= π − = ,π + = , 3π − = ,
4 4 4 4 4 4
1. a) sin(180 − 40) = sin(140) = 0.643 3π + π =
13π
Angle is 140° 4
4
π
b) sin(360 + 40) = sin 400 = 0.643 c) sin–1(1) =
2
sin(540 − 40) = sin 500 = 0.643
x = π + π = 3π , π + 3π = 7π
Angles are 400° and 500° 2 2 2 2
π π
2. Angles are d) tan–1(1) =
4 4
π 5π
π 3π π 7π π 11π
+π = x= π − = , 2π − = , 3π − = ,
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4
π 9π 4π − π = 15π
2π + = 4 4
4 4
π 13π 7. a) sin(180 + x) = sin(180 − (−x)) = sin(−x)
3π + = = −sin x
4 4
π 17π b) cos(180 − x) = −cos x
4π + =
4 4 c) tan(180 + x) = tan x
π 21π d) tan(360 − x) = −tan x
5π + =
4 4
8. a) cos(3π + x) = cos(π + x) = −cos x
3. Let θ = cos–1(0.766) = 40.0 b) sin(x + 4π) = sin(x + 2π) = sin x
cos(180 + 40) = cos(220) = −0.766 c) sin(x − π) = sin(π + x) = −sin x
cos(180 − 40) = cos(140) = −0.766 d) tan(x − π) = tan(π + x) = tan x
Angles are 140° and 220° 2
9. 3 sin x = 2 cos x ⇒ tan x =
3
4. Let θ = sin–1(+0.25) = 14.48 ⎛2⎞
x = tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ = 33.69°
sin(180 + 14.48) = −0.25 3 ⎝ ⎠
sin(360 − 14.48) = −0.25 x = 33.7°
Angles are 194.5°, 345.5° x = 180 + 33.7° = 213.7°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 2
Exercise 5.3 Exercise 5.4
1. a) 0° b) −90° c) −60° 360
1. a) period = = 180°
d) 45° e) 0° f) 30° 2
360
g) impossible h) 180° i) 45° b) period = = 72°
5
j) 0 k) 30° l) −30° c) period = 360°
2. a) 53.1° b) 14.5° c) 43.5° d) period = 360°

d) 84.3° e) 146.1° f) −22.0° 180

e) period = = 360°
1
3. a) i) 0.381 ii) −0.381 iii) 0.730 2
iv) −0.730 v) 0.902 vi) 2.24 180
f) period = = 60°
b) tan−1(−0.4) = −tan−1(0.4) 3
⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ g) period = 180°
c) sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = −sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ 360
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠ h) period = = 180°
d) cos  (0.62) + cos  (−0.62) = π
–1 –1 2
2. a) y
π 1
4. a) x = sin  =
6 2 1
y = sin 3x
π 3
b) x = sin  =
3 2 0 x
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
⎛ −π ⎞ π −1 –1
c) x = sin ⎜ ⎟ = −sin  =
⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 2

d) Not possible as π is outside the principal range b) y

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ π
5. a) i) sin–1 ⎜ sin ⎟ = sin–1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 y = –cos 2x
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ π 0 x
ii) sin–1 ⎜ sin ⎟ = sin  ⎜⎜
–1
⎟⎟ = 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 –1

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ π
iii) cos–1 ⎜ cos ⎟ = cos–1 ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 c) y

⎛ ⎛ −π ⎞⎞ –1 ⎛ π⎞ 4
1
iv) cos–1 ⎜ cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = cos  ⎜ cos ⎟ y = tan
2
x
⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
2

⎛ 1 ⎞ π
= cos–1 ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ 2⎠ 4 0 x
–360 –270 –180 –90 90 180 270 360
b) No, as shown by a ii above.
–2

6. a) f(x) = cos 2x is an even function. Therefore it is

π –4
symmetric about the lines x = 0 and x = .
2
d) y
Hence f(x) not one-to-one on either y = 2sin 4x
2
π π
− ≤ x ≤ or 0 ≤ x ≤ π
4 4
π
So f(x) is one-to-one on 0 ≤ x ≤ . 0
45 90 135 180
x
2
π
b) f(0) = +1 and f  ⎜⎛ ⎞⎟ = –1 since the function is –2
⎝2⎠ π
monotone decreasing on 0 ≤ x ≤ , e) y
2
y = 3tan (x+30)
so –1 ≤ f(x) ≤ 1.
1 5
c) Let y = cos 2x Then 2x = cos–1y  x = cos–1 y
2
1
so f  –1
(x) = cos–1 x 0 x
2 90 180 270 360

d) Domain f  (x) = range f (x), so − 1 ≤ x ≤1

–1 –5
π
Range f   –1
(x) = domain f (x), so 0 ≤ f –1(x) ≤
2
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 3
 f) y ⎡ 0⎤
y = 3sin 2x–1
d) Graph shows y = sin x translated by ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎣ −1⎦
Hence, equation is y = sin x° − 1.
0 x 5. a) y
90 180 270 360
1 y = sin 2θ
–2

–4 0 x
45 90 135 180

3. a) y y = cosθ
–1
8 y = 6cos θ + 2

b) The graphs of y = sin 2θ and y = cos θ intersect

0 θ 3 times when 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°, so
π 2π
–4 The equation sin 2θ = cos θ has 3 roots on the
interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°.
c) since sin  2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, The equation becomes
b) y y = tan(θ – π 2  θ cos θ − cos θ = 0
sin 
4)

10
θ (2 sin θ − 1) = 0
cos 
1
θ = 0  or  sin θ =
cos 
2
0
π 2π
θ θ = 90°, 270° or θ = 30°, 150°
–10
Exercise 5.5
3
c) y 1. a) sin x = , x = 48.6°, 180° − 48.6°
4
x = 48.6°, 131.4°
1
y = sin(θ + π
2) b) 5 tan x = 10, tan x = 2.
x = 63.4°, 180° + 63.4°
0
π 2π
θ x = 63.4°, 243.4°
1
6 cos x = 3, cos x =
c)
–1
2
x = 60°, 360° − 60°
d) y x = 60°, 300°
y = cos(2θ – π
2)
1 d) 8 sin(x + 20) = 5
5
sin(x + 20) =
8
0 θ
π 2π x + 20 = 38.7°, 180 − 38.7°
–1 x + 20 = 38.7°, 141.3°
x = 18.7°, 121.3°
⎡ 45°⎤
4. a) Graph shows y = cos x translated by ⎢ ⎥ e) 10 − 3 cos x = 9
⎣ 0 ⎦ 1 = 3cos x
Hence, equation is y = cos (x − 45)° 1
cos 
x=
3
b) Graph shows y = cos x stretched parallel to
x = 70.5°, 360 − 70.5°
1
x-axis, factor x = 70.5°, 289.5°
3
Hence, equation is y = cos 3x° f) 9 sin(x − 15) = −4
−4
c) Graph shows y = sin x stretched parallel to sin(x − 15) =
1 9
x-axis, factor x − 15 = 180° + 26.4°, 360° − 26.4°
2
And stretch parallel to y-axis, factor 4. x − 15 = 206.4°, 333.6°
Hence, equation is y = 4 sin 2x° x = 221.4°, 348.6°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 4
2. a) cos θ = 0.776 d) 6 cos 3x = 3
θ = 39.1°, 360° − 39.1° cos 
3x =
1
2
θ = 39.1°, 320.9°
π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π
b) sin 2θ = − 0.364 3x = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
2θ = 1
 80 + 21.3, 360 − 21.3, 540 + 21.3, π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π
x = , , , , ,
720 − 21.3 9 9 9 9 9 9
2θ = 201.3, 338.7, 561.3, 698.7 e) 7 – 2 tan 4x = 13
θ = 100.7°, 169.3°, 280.7°, 349.3° − 3 = tan 4x
c) tan 3θ = 1.988 4x = π
 – 1.25, 2π – 1.25, 3π – 1.25, 4π – 1.25,
3θ = 6
 3.3, 180 + 63.3, 360 + 63.3, 540 + 63.3, 5π – 1.25, 6π – 1.25, 7π – 1.25, 8π – 1.25
720 + 63.3, 900 + 63.3 x = 0.473, 1.26, 2.04, 2.83, 3.61, 4.40, 5.19, 5.97.
3θ = 63.3, 243.3, 423.3, 603.3, 783.3, 963.3 x 1
f) cos  =
θ = 21.1°, 81.1°, 141.1°, 201.1°, 261.1°, 321.1° 3 10
x
θ = 1.47, x = 4.41
d) cos  = −0.379 3
2
4. 6 cos 30x = 3
θ
= 180 – 67.7 = 112.3 1
2 cos 30x =
2
θ = 224.5° To find all solutions in the interval 0° ≤ x ≤ 24°, we

θ must find all the solutions in the interval 0° ≤ 30x ≤ 720°
tan  = − 1.030
e)
2 30x = 60°, 360 – 60, 360 + 60, 720 – 60
θ 30x = 60, 300, 420, 660
= 180 – 45.85 = 134.15
2 x = 2°, 10°, 14°, 22°
θ = 268.3°
5. 3 tan x = 27
3θ
f) sin  = 0.664 3 tan x = 9 × 3
2
3 tan x = 3 3, tan x = 3
3θ
= 41.6, 180 – 41.6, 360 + 41.6, 540 – 41.6 x = 60, −180 + 60
2
3θ x = 60°, −120°
= 41.6, 138.4, 401.6, 498.4
π

2
θ = 27.7°, 92.3°, 267.7°, 332.3° 4 (
6. 2 cos  3θ −=1 )
3. a) 3 tan x = 3 cos 3θ − (
π
4
=
1
2
)
tan 
x=1 π π π −π π π
π π 3θ − = −2π − , − 2π + , , , 2π − ,
x = ,π+ 4 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 π
π 5π 2π +
x = , 3
4 4 π −7π −5π −π π 5π 7π
3θ − = , , , , ,
4 3 3 3 3 3 3
π 3
sin(x −
b) )= −25π −17π −π 7π 23π 31π
6 2 θ= , , , , ,
π π 2π 36 36 36 36 36 36
x − = ,
6 3 3
π 5π Exercise 5.6
x = ,
2 6 1. 4 cos2 x − sin2 x = 4 cos2 x − (1 − cos2 x)
1 = 4 
cos2 x + cos2 x − 1
sin 2x =
c)
2 = 5 
cos2 x − 1
π 5π 13π 17π
2x = , , , 2. a) sin2 θ − cos2 θ = sin2 θ − (1 − sin2 θ)
6 6 6 6
= 2 sin2 θ − 1
π 5π 13π 17π
x = , , , b) 2 cos2 θ − 4 sin θ = 2(1 − sin2 θ) − 4 sin θ
12 12 12 12
= 2 − 2 sin2 θ − 4 sin θ

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 5
 sin 3 θ + sin θ cos 2 θ sin 3 θ + sin θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) sin 4 θ − cos 4 θ
3. a) = c)
sin θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ
sin 3 θ − sin 3 θ + sin θ (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )(sin θ + cos θ )(sin θ − cos θ )
= =
sin θ sin θ − cos θ
sin θ = (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) (sin θ + cos θ)
= =1
sin θ θ + cos θ
= sin 
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ
b) 1 + sin θ + = 1 + sin θ +
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ tan 2 θ = tan θ
8. a) = =
(1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) 1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= 1 + sin θ +
1 + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ cos3 θ
b) = cos2θ ⋅ =
= 1 + sin θ + (1 − sinθ) tan θ sin θ sin θ
= 2 sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
c) = =
sin 4 θ cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
4. = sin 4θ ⋅ = sin3 θ cos θ = sin2 θ sin θ cos θ
tan θ sin θ = 1 + cos θ
= (1 − cos2θ) sin θ cos θ
d) (2 − cos2 θ)2 − 4 sin2 θ = 4 − 4 cos2 θ + cos4 θ − 4 sin2 θ
= sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos3 θ
= 4 − 4(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + cos4 θ
5. a) cos5 θ = cos θ cos4 θ
= 4 − 4 + cos4 θ
θ (1 − sin2 θ)2
= cos 
= cos4 θ.
θ (1 − 2 sin2 θ + sin4 θ)
= cos 
9. a) 2 cos x − sin2 x = 2 cos x − (1 − cos2 x)
θ − 2 sin2 θ cos θ + cos θ sin4 θ
= cos 
= 2 
cos 
x + cos2 x − 1
b) (4 sin θ + 3 cos θ)2 + (3 sin θ − 4 cos θ)2
= (cos 
x + 1)2 − 1 − 1
sin2θ + 24 sinθ cos θ + 9 cos2 θ
= 16 
= (cos 
x + 1)2 − 2  p = 1, q = −2
sin2 θ − 24 sin θ cos θ + 16 cos2 θ
 + 9 
= 25(sin2θ + cos2 θ) = 25 b) Max value when cos x = 1
Then (1 + 1)2 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2
sin 2 A sin 2 B
c) tan2 A − tan2 B = − Min value when cos x = −1
cos A cos 2 B
2

sin 2 A cos 2 B − sin 2 B cos 2 A Then ( −1 + 1)2 − 2 = 02 − 2 = −2

=
cos 2 A cos 2 B 1 + sin x cos x sin 2 x + cos 2 x + sin x cos x
10. a) =
sin 2 A(1 − sin 2 B ) − sin 2 B (1 − sin 2 A ) cos 2 x cos 2 x
=
cos 2 A cos 2 B sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x cos x
= + +
sin 2 A − sin 2 A sin 2 B + sin 2 A sin 2 B − sin 2 B 2
cos x 2
cos x cos 2 x
=
cos 2 A cos 2 B sin x
= tan2 x + 1 +
sin A − sin B
2 2
cos x
=
cos 2 A cos 2 B = tan2 x + 1 + tan x
6. (1 + sin θ + cos θ)2 = 1 + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ + sin2 θ b) Let y = tanx, then
+ sin θ cos θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ
y2 + y + 1
+ cos2 θ
2
= 2(1 + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ) ⎛⎜ y + 1 ⎞⎟ + 3
⎝ 2⎠ 4
= 2(1 + sin θ) (1 + cos θ)
3
Minimum value =
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ ( sin θ + cos θ ) ( sin θ − cos θ ) 4
7. a) =
sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
θ + cos θ
= sin  Exercise 5.7
1. cos2 θ − sin2θ = 0
sin 4 θ − cos 4 θ (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )(sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ )
b) = cos2 θ − (1 − cos2 θ) = 0
sin θ − cos θ
2 2
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
2 cos2 θ − 1 = 0
= sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 1
cos2 θ =
2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 6
 1 8. 2 sin θ = 3 tan θ
θ=
cos 
± 2 3sin θ
2 sin θ =
θ = 45, 180 − 45, 180 + 45, 360 − 45 cos θ
θ = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° 2 sin θ cos θ = 3 sin θ
θ (2 cos θ − 3) = 0
sin 
2. 2 cos2 θ + sin θ = 1
3
2(1 − sin2 θ) + sin θ = 1 θ = 0   or  cos 
sin  θ=
2
2 − 2 sin2 θ + sin θ = 1 θ = 0, 180, 360    No solutions
0 = 2 sin2 θ − sin θ = − 1 So θ = 0°, 180°, 360°
0 = (2 sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) 9. sin θ + 5 cos θ = 3 sin θ
−1
θ =  or sin 
sin  θ=1 5  θ = 2 sin θ
cos 
2
θ = 90° 5 = tan θ
 
2
θ = 180 + 30, 360 − 30
θ = 1.19, π + 1.19
θ = 210°, 330°
θ = 1.19, 4.33
So θ = 90°, 210°, 330°
1 10. 2 cos θ − 5 sin θ = 4 cos θ + 3 sin θ
3. 3 sin2 θ = cos2 θ tan2 θ =
3 −8 sinθ = 2 cosθ
1 1
θ=±
tan  ⇒ tanθ = −
3 4
θ = 30, 180 − 30, 180 + 30, 360 − 30 ⇒ θ = 2.90, 6.04
θ = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°
6 − 6 cos 2 θ 6(1 − cos 2 θ ) 6 sin 2 θ
11. a) = = = 3 sin θ
4. cos2 θ − 4 sin2 θ = 1 2 sin θ 2 sin θ 2 sin θ
cos2 θ − 4(1 − cos2 θ) = 1 b) 6 − 6 cos2θ = 3 sin θ
5 cos  θ − 4 = 1
2
6 − 6cos 2 θ 3
=  OR sin  θ = 6 − 6 cos2 θ = 0
cos  θ = 1 2
2 sin θ 2
cos θ = ± 1 3 sin θ =
3
θ = 0, π, 2π
θ = 0°, 180°, 360° 2
1
5. 1 + sin θ cos2 θ = sin θ
sin θ =
2
1 + sin θ(1 − sin2 θ) = sin θ π 5π
θ = ,
1 + sin θ − sin3 θ = sin θ 6 6
π 5π
sin3 θ = 1 So θ = 0, , , π, 2π
6 6
θ=1
sin 
θ = 90° 12. tan θ (tan2 θ − tan θ − 2) = 0
Either tan θ = 0  OR  tan2 θ − tan θ − 2 = 0
6. 6 sin(θ + 70)° − 5 cos(θ + 70°) = 0
 θ = 0, 180   (tan θ − 2) (tan θ + 1) = 0
5
tan(θ + 70) =   θ = 2 or tan θ = −1
tan 
6
θ + 70 = 180 + 39.8, 360 + 39.8 θ = 63.4 θ = 135
θ + 70 = 219.8, 399.8 So θ = 0°, 63.4°, 135°, 180°
θ = 149.8°, 329.8°
Summary exercise 5
7. 3 cos 2θ = 4 sin 2θ
3 −3
3 1. a) sin θ = ± , but 270 ≤ 0 ≤ 360 ⇒ sin θ =
= tan 2θ 5 5
4
b)
2θ = 36.87, 180 + 36.87, 360 + 36.87, 540 + 36.87
5
3
2θ = 36.87, 216.87, 396.87, 576.87 4
θ θ=
cos 
θ = 18.4°, 108.4°, 198.4°, 288.4° 5
4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 7
 −3 10. y
c) tan θ =
4 y = sin( 2x + π
4)
1
2
2. sin 2θ = ⇒ 2θ = 41.81, 138.19
3 0 x
–π π
θ = 20.9, 69.1
–1
3. 2 sin θ = cos θ
2 tan θ = 1
1 11. a) 2 cos2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 2(1 − sin2 θ) + cos θ − 1
tan θ =
2 = 2 − 2 sin2 θ + cos θ − 1
θ = 0.464 = 1 − (2 sin2 θ − cos θ)
4. cos 2x = cos 144 = −cos 36 =1−1=0
2x = 144, 180 + 36, 540 − 36, 540 + 36 b) 2 cos2(θ − 20) + cos (θ − 20) − 1 = 0
(2 cos(θ − 20) − 1) (cos (θ − 20) + 1) = 0
x = 72°, 108°, 252°, 288°
1
cos (θ − 20) = ⇒ θ − 20 = 60  θ = 80
5. 8 cos2x = 5 + 2 sin x 2
8(1 − sin2x) = 5 + 2 sin x cos (θ − 20) = − 1 ⇒ θ − 20 = 180°
0 = 8 sin x + 2 sin x − 3
2
θ = outside range
0 = 8 sin2x + 6 sin x − 4 sin x − 3 1
12. a) tan  x = 3
0 = 2 sin x (4 sin x + 3) − 1(4 sin x + 3) 2
0 = (2 sin x − 1) (4 sin x + 3) 1
x = 1.25, 4.39
2
1 −3
sin 
x= , x = 2.5, 8.78
2 4
x = 30, 180 − 30, 180 + 48.6, 360 − 48.6 b) sin θ (3 cos θ − sin θ) = 0
x = 30°, 150°, 228.6°, 311.4°. θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0, π, 2π
sin 
3 cos θ − sin θ = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 3  θ = 1.25, 4.39
6. sin (x − 30) = 0.7
θ = 0, 1.25, π, 4.39, 2π
x − 30 = 44.4, 135.6
13. a) 3 sin2 x − 4 cos2x = 3(1 − cos2 x) − 4 cos2 x
x = 74.4°, 165.6°
 = 3 − 7 cos2 x
sin θ2
1 − cos θ2
1 cos θ 2
a = 3, b = −7.
7. tan θ sin θ = = = −
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
b) Max value = 3 when cos2x = 0
1
= − cos θ. Min value = −4 when cos2x = 1
cos θ
4 4
8. (cos x − sin x)2 + (cos x + sin x)2 c) 4 − 7 cos2 x = 0  cos2 x =  cos 
x=±
7 7
= 
(cos2 x − 2sin x cos x + sin2 x)
x = 40.9, 139.1.
(cos2 x + 2sin x cos x + sin2 x)
= 2(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2 14. a) y

1 y = sin2 x
9. a) y
1
y = sin4 x
0 x
90 180 270 360
0 x –1
180

–1
3 3
⇒ 1 − cos2x >
b) sin2x >
4 4
b) i) 4x = 60°, 120°, 420°, 480° 3
cos x < 1 −
2

x = 15°, 30°, 105°, 120° 4

1
ii) 4x = 210°, 330°, 570°, 690°
cos2x <
4
x = 52.5, 82.5°, 142.5°, 172.5°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 8
 1 1 1 17. a) y
c) cos2x < ⇒ − < cos x < y = sin 1 θ
4 2 2 1
2
60 < x < 120, 240 < x < 300°
15. a) 3(1 − cos2 θ) + 5 cos θ − 1 = 0 0 x
π π 3π 2π
3 − 3 cos θ + 5 cos θ − 1 = 0
2 2 2
1
–1 y = 2 sin θ
0 = 3 cos2 θ − 5 cos θ − 2
0 = (3 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 2)
b) Graphs intersect 2 times, so there are 2 solutions
1
θ = − ⇒ θ = 109.5°, 250.5°
cos 
3 18. a) y
θ ≠ 2 since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
cos 
10 y = tanθ
b) 2 sin θ tan θ = 3 5
sin θ
2 sin θ =3 0 x
cos θ –270 –180 –90
–5
90 180 270

2 sin2 θ = 3 cos θ –10 y = tan (– θ )

2(1 − cos θ) = 3 cos θ

2

b) Graphs intersect when x = − 180°, 0°, 180°

0 = 2 cos2θ + 3 cos θ − 2
Hence tan  θ = tan (−θ) has solutions −180°,
0 = (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 2)
1 0°, 180°
θ=
cos  ⇒ θ = 60°, 300°
2 19. a) y
θ ≠ − 2 since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
cos  3 y = 3sin x
2
c) 7 cos2θ + (1 − cos2θ) = 5 cos θ y = 2cos x
1
6 cos2θ − 5 cos θ + 1 = 0
0 x
(3 cos θ − 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0 –1
90 180 270 360
1
θ=
cos  ⇒ θ = 70.5°, 289.5° –2
3
1 –3
θ = ⇒ θ = 60°, 300°
cos 
2
b) Graph of 3sin x ≥ graph of 2cos x when
3sin θ 33.7° ≤ x ≤ 213.7°
d) = 5 sin θ
cos θ
3 sin θ = 5 sin θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
20. a) i) 2 = = − = tan θ − 1
cos θ cos θ cos θ
θ (3 − 5 cos θ) = 0
sin 
∴ tan θ = 1 + 2 = 3
θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0°, 180°, 360°
sin 
θ=
cos 
3
⇒ θ = 53.1°, 306.9° tan θ = 3
ii)
5 θ = 71.6°, 251.6°
e) cos θ − (1 − cos θ) = 0
2 2
iii) tan(θ − 20°) = 3
2 cos2θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 71.6 + 20, 251.6 + 20
1 1
cos2θ =  cos 
θ=± θ = 91.6°, 271.6°
2 2
θ = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° b) i) 2 sin2 2θ − cos 2θ = 1
f) 1 + sin θ (1 − sin2 θ) − sin θ = 0 2(1 − cos2 2θ) − cos 2θ = 1
1 − sin3θ = 0 cos2 2θ + cos 2θ − 1 = 0
2 
θ = 1  θ = 90°
sin 
ii) (2 cos 2θ − 1)(cos 2θ + 1) = 0
16. a) 1
y 2θ =
cos  or cos 2θ = −1
y = 2cos x 2
2 y = cos2 x
1 2θ = 60°, 300°, 420°, 660°, 780°, 1020°,
x
1140°, 1380°, 1500°
0
–360 –270 –180 –90 –1 90 180 270 360
or 2θ = 180°, 540°, 900°, 1260°, 1620°
–2
θ = 30°, 90°, 150°, 210°, 270°, 330°, 390°,
b) Graphs intersect 4 times, so there are 4 solutions 450°, 510°, 570°, 630°, 690°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 9
 1
2
 1 sinθ 
2
ii) 5sin θ cos θ = (cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ )
21. i)  − tanθ  =  − 
 cos θ  cos θ cosθ  sin θ cos θ 1
⇒ =
 (1 − sin θ ) 
2 (cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) 5
= 

cos θ  tan θ 1
⇒ =
(1 − sin θ ) 2 (1 − tan θ ) 5
2

=
cos2 θ ⇒ 5tanθ = 1 – tan2θ
(1 − sin θ )2 ⇒ tan2θ + 5tanθ –1 = 0

=
(1 − sin 2 θ ) (52 − 4 × 1 × −1)
⇒ tanθ = –5 ±
(1 − sin θ ) 2 ×1

=
(1 + sin θ ) 29
= –5 ±
2
(1 − sin θ )
ii) =2 ⇒ θ = 10.9 ° or 100.9 °
(1 + sin θ )
⇒ 1 – sinθ = 2 + 2sinθ 24 i) 2sin2x – cosx = 1
⇒ –1 = 3sinθ 2(1 – cos2x) – cosx = 1
1
⇒ sinθ = – 2 – 2cos2x – cosx = 1
3
⇒ θ = 189.5 °, 340.5 ° ⇒ 2cos2x + cosx – 1 =0
ii) 2cos2x + cosx – 1 =0
i) 2tanx = cosx
22 (2cosx – 1)( cosx + 1) =0
2 sin x 1
= cosx cosx = or cosx = –1
cos x 2
2sinx = cos2x x = 60 ° or 180 °
2sinx = 1 – sin2x x
iii) = 60 °, 180 °
2
sin2x + 2sinx – 1 = 0 x = 120 °, 360 ° but 360 ° is not in the range
ii) sin2x + 2sinx – 1 = 0 so x =120 °
(22 − 4 × 1 × −1)
sinx = –2 ± i) 2(1 + cos2x) = 3
25
2 ×1
3
8 1 + cos2x =
= –2 ± 2
2 cos2x = ½
= –1 ± 2 2x = 60 °
sinx = –1 + 2 as – 1 – 2 < – 1 x = 30 °
x = 24.5 °, 180 – 24.5 ° ii) y
x = 24.5 °, 155.5 ° 2

iii) x – 30 ° = 24.5 °, 155.5 °

1
x = 54.5 °, 185.5 ° but 185.5 ° is not in the range
so x = 54.5 °
0 π x
2
sin θ
tan θ cos θ iii) 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 2
23 i) =
(1 − tan 2 θ )  1 − sin 2 θ  iv) domain 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 2
 
cos2 θ  π
2
range 0 ≤ f  –1(x) ≤
sin θ cos θ 2
= × × cos2 θ v) y
cos θ  1 − sin 2 θ 
  3
cos 2 θ 
2
sin θ cos θ
= 1
(cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
sin θ cos θ 0 π x
=
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) 2

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