2

Measures of location and spread

Skills check 4. m f mf
( 3 + 5 + 2 + 0 + 2 +1 + 3 + 2 + 0 ) 25 27 675
1. a) =2
9 55 18 990
nine values ⇒ median is 5th ⇒ median = 2
b) 62.5 16 1000
5−0=5
c) 67.5 15 1012.5
mode is 2 (appears three times)
d) 75 22 1650
(7 + 8 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 8)
85 14 1190
2. a) = 6.83 100 14 1400
6
b) 6 values ⇒ median between 3rd and 4th ∑ f = 126 ∑mf = 7917.5
⇒ median = 6.5 Mean is 62.8 cm
8−6=2
c)
mode is 6 (appears 3 times)
d) 5. m f mf
8 115 920
Exercise 2.1 20.5 46 943
1. a) most often is 3 times ⇒ mode is 77 30.5 36 1098
b) ten values ⇒ median between 5th and 6th 45.5 22 1001
⇒ median 76.5
68 14 952
770
c) mean = = 77 ∑ f = 233 ∑mf = 4914
10
2. a) highest frequency is 11 ⇒ mode is 4 Mean is 21.1 minutes
b) 39 litters ⇒ median is 20th in order
6. m f mf
⇒ median is 4
161 5000 7 35 000
c) = 4.13
39 12 500 82 10 25 000
3. Estimate of mean before exercise = 90.8 17 500 45 787 500
22 500 24 540 000
m f mf
27 500 13 357 500
64.5 5 322.5
74.5 8 596 40 000 4 160 000
84.5 22 1859 ∑ f = 175 ∑ mf = 290 5000
94.5 29 2740.5 Mean is $16 600
104.5 13 1358.5
114.5 5 572.5
Exercise 2.2
∑ f = 82 ∑mf = 7449 1
1. × 10 = 2.5 ⇒ LQ is 3rd value which is 75
4
Estimate of mean after exercise = 109 3
× 10 = 7.5 ⇒ UQ is 8th value which is 77
m f mf 4
84.5 9 760.5 1
2. × 39 = 9.75 ⇒ LQ is 10th value which is 3
94.5 12 1134 4
104.5 25 2612.5 3
× 39 = 29.25 ⇒ UQ is 30th value which is 5.
114.5 17 1946.5 4
124.5 9 1120.5 1
3.  × 36 = 18 ⇒ median is midway between 18th
134.5 7 941.5 2
144.5 3 433.5 and 19th which are both 64 ⇒ median 64
∑ f = 82 ∑mf = 8949 1
× 36 = 9 ⇒ LQ midway between 9th and 10th
The mean pulse rate was approximately 18 beats 4
per minute faster after the warm-up exercises. which are 59 and 62 ⇒ LQ = 60.5
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Measures of location and spread 1
 3
× 36 = 27 ⇒ UQ midway between 27th and 3. ∑f = 210 ∑ xf = 72 675 ∑ x2 f = 25178672.5
4
72 675 25178672.5 2
28th which are both 69 ⇒ UQ = 69 x= = 346 grams σ2 = −x
210 210
IQR = 69 − 60.5 = 8.5 = 133.006…
1 σ = 11.5 grams
4. × 45 = 22.5 ⇒ median is 23rd ⇒ 28
2 75 293
1 4. x = = 2.5  σ 2 = − x 2 = 3.52
× 45 = 11.25 ⇒ LQ is 12th ⇒ LQ = 23 30 30
4 2.1 83.1
3 5. x = = 0.3  σ 2 = − x 2 = 11.8
× 45 = 33.75 ⇒ UQ is 34th ⇒ UQ = 34 7 7
4 ⇒ σ = 3.43
IQR = 34 – 23 = 11
6. σ  2
=
∑ (x − x ) 2

=
44.3
= 2.77
1 N 16
5.  × 20 = 10 ⇒ median midway between 10th and
2 7. σ 2 = 19 735.4 = 533.389...
45 + 54 37
11th ⇒ = 49.5
2 ⇒ σ = 23.1.
1
LQ: × 20 = 5 ⇒ LQ midway between 5th and 6th 8. 50 is close to the middle, but it looks as though the
4
distribution has more above 50 than below, so
17 + 23
⇒ = 20 estimate mean around 52.
2
3 Know that the bulk (95%) of a normal distribution is
UQ: × 20 = 15 ⇒ UQ midway between 15th
4 within 2 standard deviations of the mean. This is quite
74 + 82 like a normal shape and the bulk of observations are
and 16th ⇒ = 78
2 between 30 to 70, so estimate st. deviation about 10.
IQR = 78 – 20 = 58
1 Exercise 2.4
6.  × 14 = 7 ⇒ median midway between 7th and 8th
2 1. mean = 5 × 3.6 + 62.5 = 80.5
17 + 22
⇒ = 19.5 Variance = 25 × 5.3 = 132.5
2
1 2. mean = 10 × 8.2 + 1055 = 1137
LQ: × 14 = 3.5 ⇒ LQ is 4th ⇒ 14
4 Variance = 100 × 3.22 = 322
3
UQ: × 14 = 10.5 ⇒ UQ is 11th ⇒ 32 446.8
4 3. a) mean = = 55.85
IQR = 32 – 14 = 18 8
b) 10,12,11.5,13,13,14,15.5,17
Exercise 2.3 106
c) mean = = 13.25
1. a) ∑x = 221  ∑x2 = 3291 8
221 3291 55.85 − 32
x = = 13.8  σ 2 = − x 2 = 14.9 d)
9
= 13.25 (check)
16 16
σ = 3.86 5

Check on calc 4. a) x f xf x2f

b) ∑ f = 118  ∑xf = 753  ∑x2f = 5027 9 5 45 405
753 5027 11 14 154 1694
x = = 6.38  σ 2 = − x 2 = 1.88
118 118 13 3 39 507
σ = 1.37
15 2 30 450
Check on calc if it allows frequency table entry ∑ f = 24 ∑ xf = 268 ∑ x   f = 3056
2

2. ∑ xf = 26141  ∑x2f = 1 942 739

26141 1942739 268 3056
x = = 74.3  σ 2 = − x 2 = 3.97 X = = 11.2 mins, σ X2 = – X 2 = 2.64
352 352 24 24
σ = 1.99

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Measures of location and spread 2
 b) c) −37
x f xf x2f 2. = −1.85 ⇒ mean = a – 1.85
20
0 5 0 0
1529
1 14 14 14 σ2 = − (−1.85)2 = 73.0275
20
2 3 6 12
σ = 73.0275 = 8.55 (3 s.f.)
3 2 6 18
∑ f = 24 ∑ xf = 26 ∑x  f = 44
2 3. ∑ x = (5 × 97) + 314 = 799
2
26 44 1623 ⎛ 314 ⎞
X = = 1.08 σ X2 = – X 2 = 0.660 −⎜ ⎟ =
6.25...
24 24 97 ⎝ 97 ⎠
2
X = 11.2 = 9 + 2 × X check
d) ∑ x 2 ⎛ 799 ⎞
−⎜ ⎟ =
6.25...
97 ⎝ 97 ⎠
σ X2 = 2.64 = 4 × σ X2 check
∑ x = 7188
2

5. a)
919 60 773
M f Mf M2f 4. a) x = = 65.6  σ 2 = − x 2 = 31.9
14 14
–2 < x ≤ 2 0 12 0 0
b) ∑ x = x × 15 = 957
2< x ≤ 4 3 63 189 567
∑ x2 = (5.582 + x 2 ) × 15 = 61 524[rounding]
4<x≤6 5 32 160 800
6<x≤8 7 21 147 1029 c) Total marks scored = 919 + 957 = 1876
1876
8 < x ≤ 10 9 8 72 648 overall mean = = 64.7
29
10 < x ≤ 18 14 4 56 784
5. Arrange in order:
∑ f = 140 ∑ Mf = 624 ∑ M    f = 3828
2
0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 11, 12, 12, 14, 15, 28, 34
624
b) M = = 4.46 16 values ⇒ LQ between 4th and 5th, median between
140
8th and 9th and UQ between 12th and 13th
3828
σ M2 = – M 2 = 7.48 ⇒ LQ is 3.5, median is 8, UQ is 13.
140
⇒ IQR = 9.5
c) mean = 2500 M + 5000 = 16 143
Variance = 25002 × σ M2 = 46 729 592 338
6. a) x = = 67.6
5
6. a) –0.5 < T ≤ 0.5
23044
0.5 < T ≤ 1.5 σ 2 = − x 2 = 39.04
5
1.5 < T ≤ 2.5  ⇒ σ = 6.25
2.5 < T ≤ 3.5 6.25
b) b = = 0.625  a = 67.6 − 50 × b = 36.35
10
M f Mf M 2f
0 312 0 0 −23.2
1 479 479 479
7. i) ∑ ( x − a) = −23.2 ⇒ x − a = 20
= −1.16

2 243 486 972 x = 8.95 ⇒ a = 10.11

3 119 357 1071 ii) σ 2 =
∑ ( x − a) 2

− ( x − a )2 =
211.23
− (−1.16)2 = 9.2159
∑ f = 1153 ∑ Mf = 1322 ∑ M    f = 2522
2 n 20
σ = 3.04 (3 s.f.)
1322 2522
b)=
M = 1.15   σ M2 = – M 2 = 0.873 703
1153 1153 8. ∑ x = 703 ⇒ x = 10
= 70.3
c) mean time = 18.2
σ2 =
∑x 2

− ( x )2 =
49 495
− (70.3)2 = 7.41
variance of time = 21.8 n 10
σ = 2.72 (3 s.f.)
Summary exercise 2
150
9. ∑ ( x − 40) = −23 = ∑ x − 25 × 40 ⇒ ∑ x = 977
1. Mean = =6
25 ∑ ( x − 40)2 = 347 = ∑ x 2 − 2 × 40 × ∑ x + 25 × 402
Variance =
1535
− 62 = 25.4 ⇒ ∑ x 2 = 347 + 78 160 − 40 000 = 38 507
25

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Measures of location and spread 3
10. i) Total height of boys = 15 × 172 = 2580; total 11. 4-year-olds: mean 99.4, standard deviation 9.65
height of girls = 12 × 167.5 = 2010 14-year-olds: mean 77.1, standard deviation 7.60
Total height of all 27 pupils = 4590, mean height 4-year-olds have a higher pulse rate on average
4590 and a greater variation in pulse rates.
= = 170
27

ii) 5.38 2
=
∑h 2
b
− 1722
15
⇒ ∑ hb2 = 15 × (5.382 + 172 2 )
= 444 194.166

5.65 2
=
∑h 2
g
− 167.52
12
⇒ ∑ hg2 = 12 × (5.652 + 167.52 )
= 337 058.07
444 194.166 + 337 058.07
σ2 = − 1702 = 35.268
27
σ = 35.268 = 5.94

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Measures of location and spread 4