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Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
PHONOLOGY
Lecturer: Lê Thị Thu Hường
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
PHONETICS
HỌNG/ HẦU
THANH QUẢN
ARTICULATORS
nose
oral cavity
Alveolar Velar
lip Tongue
teeth
teeth
lip
Glottal
THE TONGUE
The tongue is a very important articulator because it
can be moved to different places and has different
shapes. The tongue is theoretically divided into
different parts: tip, front, center and back. The tip
and the blade lie under THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE, the
front lies under THE HARD PALATE and the back lies
under THE SOFT PALATE (also called THE VELUM).
Section 1. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
Alveolar Velum
(soft palate)
Alveolar sounds (âm
chân răng)
The alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the
hard palate
→ Alveolar sounds (âm chân răng) are the sounds made
with the tongue touching the alveolar ridge.
/t/ & /d/
alveolar stop consonants
/s/ & /z/
alveolar fricative consonants
Palatal sounds (âm
vòm)
/j/
5.5. The hard palate is the front part of the roof of the mouth
which is formed by a bony structure.
→ Palatal sounds /’p`lətl/ are the sounds produced by the
front upper surface of the tongue touching or nearly touching
the hard palate.
Velar sounds (âm ngạc
mềm)
5.6. The soft palate = the velum /'vi:ləm/ is the muscular flap at the
back of the mouth that can be raised to press against the back
wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal cavity, preventing air
from going out through the nose.
→Velar sounds /'vi:lər/ are the sounds produced by the back of the
tongue touching the velum.
/k/ & /g/
velar stop consonants
Dental sounds (âm
răng)
5.7. Dental sounds are sounds made with the tongue touching the
front teeth.
Dental sounds /8/ & /5/
Bilabial, labiodental sounds (âm
2 môi, âm răng môi)
5.8. Bilabial sounds (âm hai môi) are sounds in which the lips are in contact
with each other
Ex: /b/ or /p/
5.9 Labiodental sounds (âm răng môi) are sounds with lip- to-teeth contact
Ex: /f/ or /v/
Oral sounds (âm
miệng)
Oral sounds
● When THE VELUM is raised all the way to touch
the back of the throat, the passage through the
nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked
in this way, the air can escape only through the
mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral
sounds …” [Fromkin & Rodman, 1993: 189-190]
● The mast majority of consonants are oral.
/t/ & /d/
alveolar stop consonants
Nasal sounds (âm
mũi)
Nasal sounds
palate
alveolar oral
velum
back
lips
folds
blade
tip
glottis
Voiced vs voiceless sounds
Voiced sounds vs. Voiceless sounds
● “The airstream from the lungs moves up through THE TRACHEA, or
WINDPIPE, and through the opening between THE VOCAL CORDS,
which is called THE GLOTTIS.
● If the vocal cords are apart, the airstream is not obstructed at the
glottis and it passes freely into the supraglottal cavities (the parts of
the vocal tract above the glottis). The sound produced in this way are
voiceless sounds …
● If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through
and causes them to vibrate. Such sounds are called voiced sounds …”
[Fromkin & Rodman, 1993: 187]
Voiced vs voiceless sounds
Vowels – Consonants (Nguyên
âmConsonants
– Phụ âm) vs. Vowels
● “Every language of the world contains the two basic classes of
speech sounds often referred to by the cover terms consonants
(C) and vowels (V). In the production of consonants the flow of
air is obstructed as it travels through the mouth.
● Vowels are produced with no oral obstruction whatsoever. Oral
and nasal stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides all have
some degree of obstruction and are therefore consonants.”
[Fromkin & Rodman, 1993: 198]
Name the vocal organs!
palate
alveolar oral
velum
back
lips
folds
blade
tip
glottis