RADAR SYSTEMS

(Digital Notes)

By
Dr. C. Ravi Shankar Reddy
Mrs.S. Rajani

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade)
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India
B.Tech (ECE) R-18

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

IV Year B.Tech. ECE-I Sem L T/P/D C
3 -/ - /- 3
CORE ELECTIVE – V
(R18A0419) RADAR SYSTEMS

COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To learn Radar Fundamentals like Radar Equation, Operating frequencies &
Applications.
2. To understand the basic concepts of different types of Radars for surveillance &
Tracking.
3. To know the various types of tracking techniques involved.
4. To understand Radar Receivers, MTI filters, displays and antennas.

UNIT I
Basics of Radar: Introduction, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms, Simple form
of Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications,
Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise, Modified Radar
Range Equation, Related Problems.
Radar Equation: SNR, Envelope Detector-False Alarm Time and Probability, Integration of Radar
Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets (simple targets - sphere, cone-sphere), Transmitter
Power, PRF and Range Ambiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment), Related Problems.
UNIT-II
CW and Frequency Modulated Radar: Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation
between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements,
Applications of CW radar, Related Problems.
FM-CW Radar: FM-CW Radar, Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and
Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets), FM-CW altimeter, Multiple Frequency CW
Radar.
UNIT-III
MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar: Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier
Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics,
Blind Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar
Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar.
Tracking Radar: Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking
Radar – Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Angular Accuracy,
Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns, Comparison of Trackers.
UNIT-IV
Detection of Radar Signals in Noise: Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver – Response
Characteristics and Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency
of Non-matched Filters, Matched Filter with Non-white Noise.

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET)

B.Tech (ECE) R-18

UNIT-V
Radar Receivers: Noise Figure and Noise Temperature, Displays – types, Introduction to Phased
Array Antennas –Basic Concepts, Radiation Pattern, Beam Steering and Beam Width changes,
Applications, Advantages and Limitations.
Electronic Warfare: Introduction to ESM, ECM and ECCM systems.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, TMH Special Indian Edition, 2nd Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, 3rd Edition Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001.
2. Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications-Byron Edde, Pearson Education, 2004.
3. Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles-Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A.
Holm, Yesdee,2013.
4. ‘Radar Hand Book ‘ Ed. By M.I Skolnik, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. ‘Understanding Radar Systems’ by Simon Kinsley and Shaun Quegan, Scitech Publishing,
McGraw-Hill.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the factors affecting the radar performance using Radar
Range Equation.
2. Analyze the principle of FM-CW radar and apply it in FM-CW Altimeter.
3. Differentiate between a MTI Radar and a Pulse Doppler Radar based on their working
principle.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of Matched Filter Receivers in Radars.
5. Familiarize with the different types of Radar Displays and their application in real time
scenario

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET)