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    Chinese J of Electronics - 2020 - Lu - An Adaptive Time Domain Kalman Filtering Approach To Acoustic Feedback Cancellation (Recovered 1) (Recovered)

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    siva prasad
    1. An adaptive time-domain Kalman filter approach is proposed for acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids. The adaptive filtering algorithm employs a first-order Markov model, and the observation equation is constructed using a more past data vector. 2. A major issue in the hearing aids is the computational complexity. Several variable step-size adaptive filtering algorithms have been proposed to handle this problem. However, their convergence performance is still restricted by the existence of upper and lower step-size limitations in the algorithms. 3. In this paper, a broadband Kalman filter is adopted to reduce the complexity. A two-feedback-path model is used to improve the algorithm's lack of re-convergence. Simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm clearly out

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    Chinese J of Electronics - 2020 - Lu - An Adaptive Time Domain Kalman Filtering Approach To Acoustic Feedback Cancellation (Recovered 1) (Recovered)

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    siva prasad
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    1. An adaptive time-domain Kalman filter approach is proposed for acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids. The adaptive filtering algorithm employs a first-order Markov model, and the observation equation is constructed using a more past data vector. 2. A major issue in the hearing aids is the computational complexity. Several variable step-size adaptive filtering algorithms have been proposed to handle this problem. However, their convergence performance is still restricted by the existence of upper and lower step-size limitations in the algorithms. 3. In this paper, a broadband Kalman filter is adopted to reduce the complexity. A two-feedback-path model is used to improve the algorithm's lack of re-convergence. Simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm clearly out

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    Chinese J of Electronics - 2020 - Lu - An Adaptive Time‐Domain Kalman Filtering Approach to Acoustic Feedback Cancellation (Recovered 1) (Recovered)

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    1. An adaptive time-domain Kalman filter approach is proposed for acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids. The adaptive filtering algorithm employs a first-order Markov model, and the observation equation is constructed using a more past data vector. 2. A major issue in the hearing aids is the computational complexity. Several variable step-size adaptive filtering algorithms have been proposed to handle this problem. However, their convergence performance is still restricted by the existence of upper and lower step-size limitations in the algorithms. 3. In this paper, a broadband Kalman filter is adopted to reduce the complexity. A two-feedback-path model is used to improve the algorithm's lack of re-convergence. Simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm clearly out

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views8 pages

    Chinese J of Electronics - 2020 - Lu - An Adaptive Time Domain Kalman Filtering Approach To Acoustic Feedback Cancellation (Recovered 1) (Recovered)

    Uploaded by

    siva prasad
    1. An adaptive time-domain Kalman filter approach is proposed for acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids. The adaptive filtering algorithm employs a first-order Markov model, and the observation equation is constructed using a more past data vector. 2. A major issue in the hearing aids is the computational complexity. Several variable step-size adaptive filtering algorithms have been proposed to handle this problem. However, their convergence performance is still restricted by the existence of upper and lower step-size limitations in the algorithms. 3. In this paper, a broadband Kalman filter is adopted to reduce the complexity. A two-feedback-path model is used to improve the algorithm's lack of re-convergence. Simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm clearly out

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    w w
    i?2 722/#+F Ti?X
    Pm` KBM ;QH Bb iQ }M/ i?2 QTiBKH `2+m`bBp2
    2biBKiQ` Q7 w(n)X i i?Bb TQBMi- r2 Q#iBM i?2
    a
    bii2 2[miBQM 1[XUdV M/ Q#b2`piBQM 2[miBQM 1[XUeV-
    `2bT2+iBp2HvX q2 +M /2`Bp2  biM/`/ iBK2@/QKBM
    6B;X kX :2M2`H +QM};m`iBQM 7Q` 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM #b2/
    QM S1J
    EHKM }Hi2` iQ B/2MiB7v i?2 722/#+F Ti?X h?2 HBM2`
    KBMBKmK K2M@b[m`2 2``Q` 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 bii2 p2+iQ`
    kX hBK2@/QKBM EHKM }Hi2`
    w(n) +M #2 2tT`2bb2/ b[33] ,
    h?2 LGJa H;Q`Bi?K Bb mbmHHv /QTi2/ 7Q` i?2
    /TiBQM Q7 ŵ(n)X >Qr2p2`- i?2 LGJa +QMp2`;2b p2`v
    Rv (n) = [AL − K(n − 1)Û h (n − 1)]Rv (n − 1) + σn2 (n)AL
    bHQrHv QrBM; iQ i?2 ?B;? +Q``2HiBQM Q7 i?2 BMTmi bT22+?X
    U3V
    h?2 S H;Q`Bi?K Bb HbQ mb2/ #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 BM?2`2Mi /2@
    R2 (n) = Û h (n)Rv (n)Û (n) + σx̂2 (n)AP UNV
    +Q``2HiBQM T`QT2`iv[30] X AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- r2 rBHH /2p2HQT 
    EHKM }Hi2` #b2/ QM i?2 B/2 Q7 i?2 S H;Q`Bi?K iQ K(n) = Rv (n)Û (n)Rê−1 (n) URyV
    7mHHv /2@+Q``2Hi2 i?2 BMTmi bB;MHX ˆ − Û h (n)ŵ(n − 1)
    ê(n) = d(n) URRV
    AM i?2 S1J@6*- i?2 /2bB`2/ bB;MH 7i2` T`2@
    ˆ
    r?Bi2MBM; Bb d(n) = ûh (n)w(n) + x̂(n)X h?2 r?Bi2M2/ ŵ(n) = ŵ(n − 1) + K(n)ê(n) URkV
    2``Q` bB;MH ê(n) Bb +H+mHi2/ b
    r?2`2 K(n) Bb i?2 EHKM ;BM Ki`Bt- ê(n) Bb i?2 
    ˆ − ûh (n)w(n − 1) T`BQ`B 2``Q` bB;MH p2+iQ` #2ir22M i?2 KB+`QT?QM2 bB;MH
    ê(n) = d(n) U8V
    p2+iQ` M/ i?2 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 722/#+F bB;MH p2+iQ` BM
    h
    r?2`2 û(n) = [û(n), û(n − 1), · · · , û(n − L + 1)] Bb  i?2 T`2@r?Bi2M2/ bvbi2K- Rê (n) Bb i?2 +Q``2HiBQM Ki`Bt
    L@/BK2MbBQMH p2+iQ`X *QMbB/2`BM; i?2 KQbi P `2+2Mi Q7 i?2  T`BQ`B 2``Q` bB;MH- M/ Rv (n) Bb i?2 +Q``2HiBQM
    bKTH2b- 1[XURV +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b Ki`Bt Q7 i?2  T`BQ`B bii2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` bB;MH v(n) =
    w(n) − ŵ(n − 1)X h?2 BMBiBHBxiBQM Bb ŵ(n) = 0 M/
    ˆ
    d(n) ˆ
    = [d(n), ˆ − 1), · · · , d(n
    d(n ˆ − P + 1)]h Rv (0) = εAL - r?2`2 ε Bb  bKHH TQbBiBp2 +QMbiMiX
    1[bXU3ĜRkV `272`b iQ i?2 biM/`/ EHKM H;Q`Bi?K BM
    = Û h (n)w(n) + x̂(n) UeV
    _27X(j9) r?2M P = 1X
    r?2`2 Û (n) = [û(n), û(n − 1), · · · , û(n − P + 1)] Bb jX h?2 bBKTHB}2/ p2`bBQM
    i?2 BMTmi bB;MH Ki`Bt Q7 bBx2 L × P - x̂(n) = h?2 biM/`/ EHKM }Hi2`BM; H;Q`Bi?K `2[mB`2b
    3
    h
    [x̂(n), x̂(n − 1), · · · , x̂(n − P + 1)] Bb i?2 T`2@r?Bi2M2/ O(L ) KmHiBTHB+iBQMb T2` bKTH2- r?B+? Bb iQQ 2tT2MbBp2
    p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 M2`@2M/ BMTmi bB;MH p2+iQ`X BM T`+iB+2X q2 i?mb T`2b2Mi  bBKTHB}2/ bi`m+im`2 Q7 i?2
    AM T`+iB+H TTHB+iBQMb- i?2 722/#+F Ti? +MMQi EHKM }Hi2` iQ `2/m+2 Bib +QKTH2tBivX 6B`bi- r2 bbmK2
    `2KBM mM+?M;2/ HH i?2 iBK2X h?2 i2KT2`im`2 M/ i?i i?2 mT/i2 Ki`Bt mb2/ BM i?2 `B;?i@?M/ Q7 1[XU3V
    ?mKB/Biv Q7 i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi rBHH H2/ iQ  bKHH p`BiBQM +M #2 TT`QtBKi2/ b
    QM i?2 722/#+F Ti?X  bi`QM; p`BiBQM Q7 i?2 722/#+F
    i`[K h (n)Û (n)]
    Ti? Kv Q++m` QM ++QmMi Q7 i?2 `2HiBp2 TQbBiBQM +?M;2 AL − K(n)Û h (n) ≈ {1 − }AL URjV
    PL
    Q7 i?2 ?2`BM; B/X 6Q` bBKTHB+Biv- r2 BMi`Q/m+2  }`bi@
    Q`/2` J`FQp KQ/2H iQ /2b+`B#2 i?2 /vMKB+ #2?pBQ` Q7 q?2M i?2 /TiBp2 }Hi2` bi`i iQ +QMp2`;2- i?2 Ki`Bt
    R9k *?BM2b2 CQm`MH Q7 1H2+i`QMB+b kyky

    Rv (n) i2M/b iQ #2+QK2  /B;QMH QM2 MQBb2 BM i?Bb +b2 Bb bT22+? bB;MH- r?B+? Bb ?B;?Hv MQM@
    biiBQM`v- i?2 bii2@Q7@i?2@`i MQBb2 p`BM+2 2biBKiBQM
    Rv (n) ≈ rv (n)AL UR9V K2i?Q/ +MMQi K22i i?Bb `2[mB`2K2Mi 2MiB`2Hv[38−40] X
    bbmKBM; i?i i?2 /TiBp2 }Hi2` ?b +QMp2`;2/ iQ 
    lbBM; 1[XURjV M/ 1[XUR9V- r2 +M i?2M /2/m+2 i?2 +2`iBM /2;`22- i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 2``Q` bB;MH e (n) +M #2
    bBKTHB}2/ EHKM H;Q`Bi?K miBHBx2/ iQ 2biBKi2 σx̂2 (n) /B`2+iHv
     
    −1
    i`{[SU (n − 1) + δ(n − 1)Ap ] SU (n − 1)} σx̂2 (n) = ασx̂2 (n − 1) + (1 − α)ê2 (n) UkRV
    rv (n) = 1 −
    LP
    r?2`2 α Bb i?2 bKQQi?BM; 7+iQ`- 0 < α < 1X q2 ?p2
    × rv (n − 1) + σn2 (n) UR8V
    H`2/v 7QmM/ i?i i?Bb K2i?Q/ #2?p2b p2`v `Q#mbi b
    σx̂2 HQM; b i?2`2 Bb MQ bm//2M +QmbiB+ 722/#+F Ti? +?M;2X
    δ(n) = UReV 8X hrQ@722/#+F@Ti? KQ/2H
    rv (n)
    b K2MiBQM2/ #27Q`2- i?2 722/#+F Ti? Bb iBK2
    ˆ − Û h (n)ŵ(n − 1)
    ê(n) = d(n) URdV p`BMiX h?mb- i?2 /TiBp2 }Hi2` b?QmH/ ?p2  ;QQ/
    SU (n) = Û h (n)Û (n) UR3V i`+FBM; #BHBiv iQ pQB/ i?2 +QmbiB+ ?QrHBM; B7 i?2
    K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 p`BM+2 σx̂2 (n) Bb r2HH 2biBKi2/X
    ŵ(n) = ŵ(n − 1) + Û (n)[SU (n) + δ(n)Ap ]−1 ê(n) URNV >Qr2p2`- r2 7QmM/ i?i σx̂2 (n) +QKTmi2/ #v 1[XUkRV +M
    #2 Qp2`2biBKi2/ r?2M i?2 722/#+F Ti? Bb +?M;2/
    6`QK 1[bXUR8VĜURNV- Bi Bb +H2` i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/
    #`mTiHvX h?mb- i?2 `2;mH`BxiBQM 7+iQ` iiBMb H`;2
    H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` P = 1 #2?p2b HBF2  oaa@LGJaX
    pHm2b ++Q`/BM; iQ 1[XUReVX aQ i?2 `2@+QMp2`;2M+2 bT22/
    aBKBH`Hv- i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` P > 1 #2?p2b
    Bb bHQr M/ i?2 r?QH2 bvbi2K +QmH/ #2+QK2 mMbi#H2X
    HBF2 i?2 S H;Q`Bi?K rBi?  `2;mH`BxiBQM T`K2i2`[33] X
    hQ `2bQHp2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K- r2 T`QTQb2 iQ TTHv i?2
    h?2 bBKTHB}2/ EHKM }Hi2` `2[mB`2b 3P 2 + 2LP + 2L
    irQ@722/#+F@Ti? KQ/2H 7Q` i?2 622/#+F Ti? +?M;2
    KmHiBTHB+iBQMb T2` bKTH2X h?mb- i?2 +QKTH2tBiv Q7 i?2
    /2i2+iBQM U6S*.V M/ BKT`QpBM; i?2 i`+FBM;X PM+2 i?2
    bBKTHB}2/ EHKM }Hi2` Bb Km+? HQr2` i?M i?i Q7 i?2
    722/#+F Ti? +?M;2 Bb /2i2+i2/-  H`;2 T`Q+2bb MQBb2
    biM/`/ p2`bBQMX AM //BiBQM- i?2 +QKTH2tBiv Q7 i?2
    p`BM+2 Bb /QTi2/ iQ 2M#H2 i?2 /TiBQM iQr`/b i?2
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K +M #2 7m`i?2` `2/m+2/ iQ O(2L) #v
    M2r 722/#+F Ti? [mB+FHvX
    mbBM; i?2 7bi 2t+i }Hi2`BM; TT`Q+? BM _27bX(j8-je) M/
    7bi Ki`Bt BMp2`bBQM K2i?Q/ BM _27X(jd)- r?B+? Bb QMHv
    bHB;?iHv KQ`2 +QKTH2t i?M i?2 LGJa H;Q`Bi?KX a
    9X J2bm`2K2Mi M/ T`Q+2bb MQBb2 2biBKiBQM
    hQ KF2 i?2 iBK2@/QKBM EHKM }Hi2` rQ`F
    T`QT2`Hv- i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 p`BM+2 σx̂2 (n) M/ i?2 w w w w
    T`Q+2bb MQBb2 p`BM+2 σn2 (n) b?QmH/ #2 r2HH 2biBKi2/X
    h?2 T`Q+2bb MQBb2 p`BM+2 Bb M BM/B+iQ` Q7 i?2
    bvbi2K +?M;2X q?2M i?2 bvbi2K `2KBMb mM+?M;2/-
    σn2 (n) b?QmH/ #2 p2`v bKHH iQ T`QpB/2  HQr2` bi2/v@
    a
    bii2 KBbHB;MK2MiX q?2M i?2`2 Bb M #`mTi bvbi2K
    +?M;2- σn2 (n) b?QmH/ #2 H`;2 iQ 2M?M+2 i?2 i`+FBM;X
    *QMbB/2`BM; i?2 irQ `2[mB`2K2Mib- r2 T`QTQb2/ iQ 6B;X jX hrQ@722/#+F@Ti? KQ/2H
    2biBKi2 σn2 (n) b 7QHHQrb[25]
    h?2 /B;`K Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ Bb b?QrM BM
    2 6B;XjX h?2 KBM B/2 Q7 i?2 irQ@722/#+F@Ti? KQ/2H Bb
    ŵ(n) − ŵ(n − 1)2
    σn2 (n) = UkyV iQ /QTi  b?/Qr }Hi2` ŵs (n) BM T`HH2H iQ i?2 2tBbiBM;
    PL
    722/#+F +M+2HHBM; }Hi2` UKBM }Hi2`V ŵ(n)X h?2 b?/Qr
    AM i?2 BMBiBH bi;2 Q` r?2M i?2`2 Bb M #`mTi +?M;2 }Hi2` Bb /Ti2/ mbBM; i?2 S H;Q`Bi?K rBi?  }t2/ M/
    BM i?2 722/#+F Ti?- σn2 (n) rBHH iF2 H`;2 pHm2X AM H`;2 bi2T@bBx2 μ = μs - b?QrBM;  7bi +QMp2`;2M+2 M/
    i?2 bi2/v@bii2 bi;2- i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M ŵ(n) M/ `2@+QMp2`;2M+2 `i2- #mi HbQ  ?B;? }MH KBbHB;MK2MiX
    ŵ(n − 1) Bb p2`v bKHH- bQ i?i i?2 bKHH pHm2 Q7 σn2 (n) h?2 KBM }Hi2` Bb i?2 T`QTQb2/ bBKTHB}2/ EHKM }Hi2`X
    rBHH H2/ iQ  HQr KBbHB;MK2MiX h?mb i?2 pHm2 Q7 P#pBQmbHv- i?2 KBM }Hi2` rBHH +QMp2`;2 7bi2` i?M i?2
    σn2 (n) +H+mHi2/ #v 1[XUkyV Bb #H2 iQ Q#iBM  ;QQ/ b?/Qr }Hi2` BM i?2 BMBiBH bi;2- M/ HbQ Q#iBM 
    +QMp2`;2M+2X HQr2` bi2/v@bii2 KBbHB;MK2MiX PM2 r2F TQBMi Q7 i?2
    h?2 2biBKiBQM Q7 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 p`BM+2 KBM }Hi2` Bb i?i Bi +MMQi i`+F i?2 722/#+F Ti?
    Bb MQi?2` +?HH2M;BM; T`Q#H2KX aBM+2 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi +?M;2 [mB+FHvX h?2`27Q`2- i?2 b?/Qr }Hi2` 2t?B#Bib
    M /TiBp2 hBK2@.QKBM EHKM 6BHi2`BM; TT`Q+? iQ +QmbiB+ 622/#+F *M+2HHiBQM 7Q` >2`BM; B/b R9j

     Km+? 7bi2` `2@+QMp2`;2M+2 `i2 i?M i?2 KBM }H2`X  bBKBH` +QMp2`;2M+2 BM i2`Kb Q7 BMBiBH +QMp2`;2M+2 M/
    h?Bb BMbTB`2b mb iQ /2i2+i i?2 722/#+F Ti? +?M;2 #v }MH KBbHB;MK2MiX h?Bb /2KQMbi`i2/ i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb
    +QKT`BM; i?2 2``Q` bB;MH TQr2`b Q7 i?2 KBM M/ i?2 Q7 i?2 bBKTHB}2/ EHKM }Hi2`X
    b?/Qr }Hi2`bX h?2 2``Q` bB;MH TQr2` Q7 i?2 KBM }Hi2` 0
    M/ i?i Q7 b?/Qr }Hi2` `2 +H+mHi2/ b

    Misalignment (dB)
    -5
    Pe (n) = βPe (n − 1) + (1 − β) ê2 (n) UkkV
    -10 Standard Kalman

    Pe,s (n) = βPe,s (n − 1) + (1 − β) ê2s (n) UkjV


    Simplified Kalman
    -15
    r?2`2 β Bb  bKQQi?BM; 7+iQ`- r?B+? rBHH z2+i i?2
    `2+iBQM bT22/ Q7 i?2 /2i2+iBQM- M/ ês (n) Bb i?2 2``Q` -20
    0 1 2 3 4 5
    bB;MH Q7 i?2 b?/Qr }Hi2` BM i?2 T`2@r?Bi2M2/ bvbi2KX
    Time (s)
    M #`mTi +?M;2 Q7 i?2 722/#+F Ti? Bb +HBK2/ b
    6B;X 8X LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ M/
    Pe (n) /Pe,s (n) > T - r?2`2 T Bb  /2bB;M i?`2b?QH/X i?2 biM/`/ EHKM }Hi2`BM; H;Q`Bi?K
    q?2M M #`mTi 722/#+F Ti? +?M;2 Q++m`b- i?2 kX *QKT`BbQM rBi? i?2 }t2/ bi2T@bBx2 LGJa
    pHm2 Q7 σn2 (n) Bb bmTTQb2/ iQ #2 H`;2X aBM+2 i?2 i`m2 M/ S H;Q`Bi?Kb
    722/#+F Ti? Bb mMFMQrM- i?2 2biBKiBQM Q7 σn2 (n) #v 6B;Xe 2pHmi2b i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2
    1[XUkyV Bb Km+? bKHH i?M Bib i`m2 pHm2X PM+2 i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ M/ i?2 LGJa H;Q`Bi?K rBi? μ =
    #`mTi bvbi2K +?M;2 Bb /2i2+i2/-  H`;2` +QMbiMi pHm2 0.2 M/ μ = 0.02X b K2MiBQM2/ #27Q`2- i?2 T`QTQb2/
    σn2 (n) = σ0 Bb mb2/- ?2M+2- i?2 `2;mH`BxiBQM T`K2i2` H;Q`Bi?K #2?p2b HBF2  oaa@LGJa H;Q`Bi?K r?2M P =
    δ(n) /2+`2b2b ++Q`/BM; iQ 1[XUReV- H2/BM; iQ  7bi `2@ 1X h?Bb Bb +H2`Hv p2`B}2/ 7`QK 6B;Xe i?i i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2
    +QMp2`;2M+2 `i2X bT22/ Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K Bb bBKBH` iQ i?2 LGJa
    rBi? μ = 0.2- M/ bi2/v@bii2 KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2
    AoX 1tT2`BK2MiH aim/v
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K Bb +QKT`#H2 iQ i?i Q7 i?2 LGJa
    AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- r2 +``v Qmi +QKTmi2` bBKmHiBQMb rBi? μ = 0.02X
    iQ 2pHmi2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K BM 0
    i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 6*X h?2 722/#+F Ti? BM i?2 ?2`BM; B/ NLMS (μ =0.2)
    BMi`Q/m+2/ BM _27X(9R) Bb mb2/ BM i?2 2tT2`BK2Mib rBi? i?2
    Misalignment (dB)

    -5
    bKTHBM; `i2 fs = 8F>x M/ i`mM+i2/ iQ H2M;i? Rk3- NLMS (μ =0.02)
    r?B+? Bb b?QrM BM 6B;X9X  72KH2 bT22+? bB;MH Bb mb2/ b -10
    i?2 M2`@2M/ BMTmi bB;MH 7Q` 2pHmiBQMX h?2 Q`/2` Q7 i?2
    T`2@r?Bi2M }Hi2` Bb b2i iQ kX q2 b2H2+i i?2 T`QD2+iBQM Q`/2` -15
    P = 2- i?2 i?`2b?QH/ pHm2 T = 2.5- M/ i?2 b2T@bBx2 Q7
    Proposed (P=1)
    i?2 b?/Qr }Hi2` μs = 0.2X h?2 +QMp2`;2 T2`7Q`KM+2 -20
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6
    Bb 2pHmi2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2 MQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi-
    Time (s)
    /2}M2/ b Ja. (n) = 20HQ;10 (w(n) − ŵ(n) / w(n))X
    6B;X eX LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ M/
    q2 HbQ mb2 g = 9- D = 24- σ0 = 0.01X
    i?2 LGJa rBi? μ = 0.2 M/ μ = 0.02
    0.2 6B;Xd b?Qrb i?2 KBbHB;MK2Mi +m`p2b Q7 i?2 S
    H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` irQ /Bz2`2Mi bi2T@bBx2 M/ i?2 T`QTQb2/
    0.1
    H;Q`Bi?K rBi? P = 2X AM i?Bb +b2- i?2 T`QTQb2/
    0 H;Q`Bi?K #2?p2b HBF2 i?2 S H;Q`Bi?K rBi?  p`B#H2
    `2;mH`BxiBQM T`K2i2`X Ai Bb TT`2Mi i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/
    -0.1
    H;Q`Bi?K +?B2p2b #Qi? 7bi +QMp2`;2M+2 bT22/ M/ HQr
    -0.2 bi2/v@bii2 KBbHB;MK2MiX
    0 32 64 96 128
    jX *QKT`BbQM rBi? Qi?2` oaa /TiBp2
    Sample
    H;Q`Bi?Kb
    6B;X 9X AKTmHb2 `2bTQMb2 Q7 i?2 722/#+F Ti? BM  ?2`BM; B/ h?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K Bb +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 Qi?2`
    rBi? Rk3 iTb
    oaa /TiBp2 H;Q`Bi?Kb- i.e.- i?2 BKT`Qp2/ T`+iB+H
    RX *QKT`BbQM #2ir22M i?2 biM/`/ M/ i?2 oaa LGJa H;Q`Bi?K BM _27X(Ry) UASoaa@LGJaV- i?2
    bBKTHB}2/ H;Q`Bi?Kb MQ`KHBx2/ oaa bm##M/H;Q`Bi?K BM _27X(Rk) ULoaa@
    AM i?2 }`bi bBKmHiBQM- r2 +QKT`2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 al"V - M/ i?2 ASoaa@S H;Q`Bi?K BM _27X(R8) UASoaa@
    Q7 i?2 bBKTHB}2/ H;Q`Bi?K rBi? i?2 biM/`/ EHKM SVX 6Q` i?2 ASoaa@LGJa- i?2 mTT2` M/ HQr2` #QM/
    H;Q`Bi?KX b b?QrM BM 6B;X8- i?2 irQ H;Q`Bi?Kb 2t?B#Bi `2 b2i iQ μ1 = 0.2- μ2 = 0.02X AM i?2 ASoaa@S- i?2
    R99 *?BM2b2 CQm`MH Q7 1H2+i`QMB+b kyky

    mTT2` M/ HQr2` #QM/ Q7 i?2 bi2T@bBx2b `2 μ1 = 0.2 M/ Q7 i?2 i?`22 H;Q`Bi?Kb Bb bBKBH`X q?2M i?2 #`mTi
    μ2 = 0.02- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 MmK#2` Q7 bm##M/ Q7 i?2 bvbi2K +?M;2 Q++m`b i t = 10b- i?2 T`QTQb2/ B/2H
    Loaa@al" Bb jkX H;Q`Bi?K biBHH rQ`Fb r2HH- r?BH2 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K
    0 rBi?Qmi 6S*. HKQbi biHHb #2+mb2 Bib K2bm`2K2Mi
    MQBb2 p`BM+2 Bb Qp2`2biBKi2/ #v KQ`2 i?M jy/" b Bi
    AP (μ =0.2) +M #2 b22M 7`QK 6B;XNUbVX q?2M i?2 6S*. Bb /QTi2/-
    Misalignment (dB)

    -5
    AP (μ =0.02)
    i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K +M `2+Qp2` p2`v [mB+FHv 7`QK
    -10 ?QrHBM;X
    6B;XRy +QKT`2b i?2 i`+FBM; +T#BHBiv Q7 i?2
    -15
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K M/ Qi?2` oaa K2i?Q/bX i iBK2
    t = 5b- i?2 bvbi2K `2bTQMb2 Bb KmHiBTHB2/ #v ĜR iQ KQ/2H
    -20 Proposed (P=2)
    -22 M #`mTi 722/#+F Ti? +?M;2X Ai Bb TT`2Mi i?i i?2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 T`QTQb2/ EHKM }Hi2` rBi? 6S*. QmiT2`7Q`Kb HH i?2
    Time (s)
    Qi?2` BMpQHp2/ H;Q`Bi?KbX
    6B;X dX LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ M/
    (a)

    Misalignment (dB)
    i?2 S rBi? μ = 0.2 M/ μ = 0.02 Proposed without FPCD

    Ai +M #2 MQiB+2/ 7`QK 6B;X3 i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/ True (Proposed ideal)
    Proposed
    H;Q`Bi?K vB2H/b 7bi2` BMBiBH +QMp2`;2M+2 bT22/ i?M HH
    i?2 Qi?2` i?`22 oaa H;Q`Bi?KbX M BKT`Qp2K2Mi BM
    0 5 10 15
    i?2 bi2/v@bii2 KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 TT`QtBKi2Hv kĜ8/"
    (b) Proposed without FPCD
    /m`BM; +QMp2`;2M+2 Bb +?B2p2/ 7Q` i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K
    Variance (dB)

    True(Proposed ideal)

    +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 Qi?2` oaa H;Q`Bi?KbX h?Bb 2tT2`BK2Mi Proposed


    +H2`Hv b?Qrb i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 BKT`Qp2K2Mi Q7 i?2
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?KX
    0 5 10 15
    0 Time (s)
    IPVSS-NLMS 6B;X NX UaV LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 S`QTQb2/-
    Misalignment (dB)

    -5 NVSS-SUB S`QTQb2/ A/2H M/ S`QTQb2/ rBi?Qmi .2i2+iBQM-


    rBi?  bKHH +?M;2 Q7 722/#+F Ti? i t = 5b- M/
    IPVSS-AP
    -10 M #`mTi +?M;2 Q7 i?2 722/#+F Ti? i t = 10bc
    UbV h?2 pHm2 Q7 σx̂2 (n) BM i?2 S`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/-
    S`QTQb2/ A/2H M/ S`QTQb2/ rBi?Qmi .2i2+iBQM-
    -15
    rBi?  bKHH +?M;2 Q7 722/#+F Ti? i t = 5b- M/
    Proposed M #`mTi +?M;2 Q7 i?2 722/#+F Ti? i t = 10b
    -20
    0 1 2 3 7
    Time (s)
    Misalignment (dB)

    Proposed
    -10
    6B;X 3X LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K- NVSS-SUB
    i?2 ASoaa- ASoaa@S- M/ Loaa@al"
    -15 IPVSS-AP
    IPVSS-NLMS
    9X h`+FBM; #BHBiv 2pHmiBQM
    -20
    q2 MQr 2pHmi2 i?2 i`+FBM; T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?KX h?2 i`m2 BKTmHb2 `2bTQMb2 Bb -21
    KmHiBTHB2/ #v RXR i iBK2 t = 5b iQ KQ/2H  bKHH 0 2 4 6 8 10
    Time (s)
    +?M;2 BM i?2 722/#+F Ti?- M/ Bi Bb KmHiBTHB2/ #v
    6B;X RyX LQ`KHBx2/ KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 S`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K-
    ĜR i iBK2 t = 10b iQ KQ/2H M #`mTi 722/#+F Ti?
    i?2 ASoaa- ASoaa@S M/ Loaa@al"- rBi?  bm//2M
    +?M;2X h?2 KBbHB;MK2Mi Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K rBi? +?M;2 Q7 722/#+F Ti?
    M/ rBi?Qmi 6S*.- i?2 T`QTQb2/ B/2H H;Q`Bi?K Ui?2
    2t+i K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 p`BM+2 Bb mb2/V Bb T`2b2Mi2/
    oX *QM+HmbBQMb
    BM 6B;XNUaVX hQ ;Bp2  #2ii2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 AM i?Bb TT2`- r2 T`2b2Mi2/  iBK2@/QKBM EHKM
    H;Q`Bi?KǶb +QMp2`;2M+2 #2?pBQ`- r2 THQi i?2 2biBKi2/ }Hi2`BM; H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` i?2 6* BM ?2`BM; B/bX 
    K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 p`BM+2 Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?K S1J@#b2/ bB;MH T`2@r?Bi2MBM; QT2`iBQM Bb }`bi TTHB2/
    rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi 6S*.- i?2 i`m2 K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 iQ `2/m+2 i?2 +Q``2HiBQM #2ir22M i?2 M2`@2M/ bB;MH
    p`BM+2 BM 6B;XNUbVX b b22M 7`QK 6B;XNUaV-  bKHH M/ i?2 HQm/bT2F2` bB;MH- M/ ?2M+2 i?2 #Bb BM i?2
    p`BiBQM BM i?2 722/#+F Ti? rBHH MQi H2/ iQ M Q#pBQmb 2biBKi2/ r2B;?i p2+iQ` +M #2 `2/m+2/X q2 i?2M /2`Bp2/
    +?M;2 BM i?2 KBbHB;MK2Mi +m`p2b- M/ i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 i?2 iBK2@/QKBM EHKM }Hi2` 7Q` 6* #b2/ QM i?2
    M /TiBp2 hBK2@.QKBM EHKM 6BHi2`BM; TT`Q+? iQ +QmbiB+ 622/#+F *M+2HHiBQM 7Q` >2`BM; B/b R98

    bBKTHB}2/ J`FQp KQ/2H M/ KQ`2 Tbi /iX  bBKTHB}2/ S`Q+X Q7 A111 AMiX *QM7X .B;BiX aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- aBM;TQ`2-
    iBK2@/QKBM EHKM }Hi2` rb HbQ T`2b2Mi2/ iQ `2/m+2 TTXRRNRĜRRN8- kyR8X
    (R8) GBM? hX hX h`M- >X a+?2TF2`- aX .Q+HQ- 2i HX- dz/TiBp2
    i?2 +QKTH2tBiv M/ #`B/;2 #2ir22M i?2 2t+i EHKM
    722/#+F +QMi`QH mbBM; BKT`Qp2/ p`B#H2 bi2T@bBx2 {M2
    }Hi2` M/ i?2 S H;Q`Bi?KX q2 ?p2 T`2b2Mi2/  irQ@ T`QD2+iBTM H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` ?2`BM; B/bǴ- S`Q+X bB@S+B}+
    722/#+F@Ti? KQ/2H iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 i`+FBM; #BHBiv Q7 i?2 aB;MH M/ AM7Q`KiBQM S`Q++2bbX bbQ+BiBQM MMmH amKKBi
    T`QTQb2/ H;Q`Bi?KX 1ti2MbBp2 bBKmHiBQMb /2KQMbi`i2/ M/ *QM7X- EmH GmKT2`- JHvbB- TTXNd3ĜN38- kyRdX
    i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2 M2r H;Q`Bi?K BM i2`Kb Q7 BMBiBH (Re) CX `2Mb@:`+ő- X _X 6B;m2`BM@oB/H- M/ X >X av2/-
    dzJ2M b[m`2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7  +QMp2t +QK#BMiBQM Q7
    +QMp2`;2M+2 `i2- bi2/v@bii2 KBbHB;MK2Mi M/ i`+FBM;
    irQ /TiBp2 }Hi2`bǴ- A111 h`MbX +QmbiX aT22+?- aB;MH
    #BHBivX h?2 T`QTQb2/ iBK2@/QKBM EHKM }Hi2` +M #2 S`Q+2bbX- oQHX89- LQXj- TTXRyd3ĜRyNy- kyyeX
     ;QQ/ QTiBQM 7Q` 6* BM ?2`BM; B/bX AM i?2 7mim`2- r2 (Rd) _X *M/B/Q- JX hX aBHp- M/ oX >X Lb+BK2MiQ- dzh`MbB2Mi
    rBHH +``v Qmi KQ`2 `2H@iBK2 2tT2`BK2Mib iQ p2`B7v i?2 M/ bi2/v@bii2 MHvbBb Q7 i?2 {M2 +QK#BMiBQM Q7 irQ
    i`+FBM; #BHBiv Q7 i?2 T`QTbQ2/ H;Q`Bi?KX /TiBp2 }Hi2`bǴ- A111 h`MbX +QmbiX aT22+?- aB;MH
    S`Q+2bbX- oQHX83- LQX3- TTX9ye9Ĝ9yd3- kyRyX
    (R3) >X a+?2TF2`- GX hX hX h`M- aX LQ`/?QHK M/ aX .Q+HQ-
    _272`2M+2b dzAKT`QpBM; /TiBp2 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM BM ?2`BM; B/b
    mbBM; M {M2 +QK#BMiBQM Q7 }Hi2`bǴ- S`Q+X A111 AMiX *QM7X
    (R) hX oM qi2`b+?QQi M/ JX JQQM2M- dz6B7iv v2`b Q7 +QmbiB+ +QmbiX aT22+? aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- a?M;?B- *?BM- TTXkjRĜkj8-
    722/#+F +QMi`QH, aii2 Q7 i?2 `i M/ 7mim`2 +?HH2M;2bǴ- S`Q+X kyReX
    Q7 A111- oQHXNN- LQXk- TTXk33Ĝjkd- kyRRX (RN) *X Gm- 6X uM; M/ CX uM;- dz 7`2[m2M+v@/QKBM
    (k) JX _X a+?`Q2/2`- dzAKT`Qp2K2Mi Q7 +QmbiB+@722/#+F bi#BHBiv /TiBp2 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM H;Q`Bi?K #b2/ QM +QMp2t
    #v 7`2[m2M+v b?B7iBM;Ǵ- CX +QmbiX aQ+X K2`X- oQHXje- LQXN- +QK#BMiBQMǴ- S`Q+X bB@S+B}+ aB;MH M/ AM7Q`KiBQM
    TTXRdR3ĜRdk9- RNe9X S`Q++2bbX bbQ+BiBQM MMmH amKKBi M/ *QM7X- EmH
    (j) JX X SQH2iiB- dzh?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 KmHiB+?MM2H bQmM/ bvbi2Kb GmKT2`- JHvbB- TTX9d9Ĝ9dd- kyRdX
    rBi? 7`2[m2M+v b?B7iBM;Ǵ- CX +QmbiX aQ+X K2`X- oQHXRRe- (ky) "X SX :B##b- /pM+2/ EHKM 6BHi2`BM;- G2bi@b[m`2b M/
    LQXk- TTX38jĜ3dR- kyy9X JQ/2HBM;,  S`+iB+H >M/#QQF- CQ?M qBH2v  aQMb- L2r
    (9) CX GX LB2Hb2M M/ lX SX ap2MbbQM- dzS2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 bQK2 uQ`F- la- kyRRX
    HBM2` iBK2@p`vBM; bvbi2Kb BM +QMi`QH Q7 +QmbiB+ 722/#+FǴ- (kR) :X 1MxM2` M/ SX o`v- dz6`2[m2M+v@/QKBM /TiBp2 EHKM
    CX +QmbiX aQ+X K2`X- oQHXRye- LQXR- TTXk9yĜk89- RNNNX }Hi2` 7Q` +QmbiB+ 2+?Q +QMi`QH BM ?M/b@7`22 i2H2T?QM2bǴ-
    (8) aX JX EmQ M/ CX *?2M- dzL2r /TiBp2 AA_ MQi+? }Hi2` M/ aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- oQHX3e- LQXe- TTXRR9yĜRR8e- kyyeX
    Bib TTHB+iBQM iQ ?QrHBM; +QMi`QH BM bT2F2`T?QM2 bvbi2KǴ- (kk) aX JHBF M/ :X 1MxM2`- dzJQ/2H@#b2/ pbX i`/BiBQMH
    A111 1H2+i`QMX G2iiX- oQHXk3- LQX3- TTXd9eĜdee- RNNkX 7`2[m2M+v 7`2[m2M+v@/QKBM /TiBp2 }Hi2`BM; BM i?2 T`2b2M+2
    (e) :X _QK#Qmib- hX pM qi2`b+?QQi - M/ JX JQQM2M- Q7 +QMiBMmQmb /Qm#H2@iHF M/ +QmbiB+ 2+?Q Ti? p`B#BHBivǴ-
    dzS`Q+iBp2 MQi+? }Hi2`BM; 7Q` +QmbiB+ 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQMǴ- S`Q+X Q7 AMiHX qQ`Fb?QT QM +QmbiB+ 1+?Q M/ LQBb2 *QMi`QH-
    S`Q+X Q7 kM/ MMmX A111 "2M2Hmtf.aS oHH2v aB;MH S`Q+2bbX a2iiH2- qb?BM;iQM la- kyy3X
    avKTX- J2i`QTQHBb- Mir2`T- "2H;BmK- TTXReNĜRdk- kyyeX (kj) :X 1MxM2`- dz"v2bBM BM72`2M+2 KQ/2H 7Q` TTHB+iBQMb Q7 iBK2@
    (d) aX >vFBM- /TiBp2 6BHi2` h?2Q`v- S`2MiB+2@>HH- >HKBiQM- p`vBM; +QmbiB+ bvbi2K B/2MiB}+iBQMǴ- S`Q+X Q7 1m`QT2M
    *M/- kyykX aB;MH S`Q+2bbX *QM7X- "2BDBM;- *?BM- TTXkRkeĜkRjy- kyRyX
    (3) X >X av2/- 6mM/K2MiH /TiBp2 }Hi2`BM;- CQ?M qBH2v  (k9) aX JHBF M/ :X 1MxM2`- dzaii2@bT+2 7`2[m2M+v@/QKBM
    aQMb- L2r uQ2F- la- kyyjX /TiBp2 }Hi2`BM; 7Q` MQMHBM2` +QmbiB+ 2+?Q +M+2HHiBQMǴ-
    (N) JX _Qi`m- 6X H#m- M/ >X *QM/- dz p`B#H2 bi2T bBx2 A111 h`MbX m/BQ- aT22+?- GM;X S`Q+2bbX- oQHXky- LQXd-
    KQ/B}2/ /2+Q``2Hi2/ LGJa H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` /TiBp2 722/#+F TTXkye8ĜkydN- kyRkX
    +M+2HHiBQM BM ?2`BM; B/bǴ- S`Q+X Q7 AMi2`MiBQMH avKTX (k8) *X SH2QHQ;m- CX "2M2biv- M/ aX *BQ+?BMǎ- dzaim/v Q7 i?2
    QM 1H2+i`QMB+b M/ h2H2+QKKMB+iBQMb- hBKBbQ`- hBKBb- ;2M2`H EHKM }Hi2` 7Q` 2+?Q +M+2HHiBQMǴ- A111 h`MbX
    _QKMB- TTXkejĜkee- kyRkX m/BQ- aT22+?- GM;X S`Q+2bbX- oQHXkR- LQX3- TTXR8jNĜR89N-
    (Ry) GBM? hX hX h`M- >X a+?2TF2`- aX .Q+HQ- 2i HX- dzAKT`Qp2/ kyRjX
    T`+iB+H p`B#H2 bi2T@bBx2 H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` /TiBp2 722/#+F (ke) :X J2M;- aX >X C2Mb2M M/ CX C2Mb2M- dz1pHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bii2@
    +QMi`QH BM ?2`BM; B/bǴ- S`Q+X Q7 A111 AMiX *QM7X aB;MH Q7@i?2@`i +QmbiB+ 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM bvbi2Kb 7Q` ?2`BM;
    S`Q+2bbX M/ *QKKmMX avbiX- TTXRĜ3- sBK2M- *?BM- kyReX B/bǴ- CX m/BQ 1M;X aQ+X- oQHXN- LQX3- TTXNyeĜNRj- kyyRX
    (RR) 6X ai`bb2` M/ >X Sm/2`- dzam#@#M/ 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM (kd) CX >2HH;`2M M/ lX 6Q`bb2HH- dz"Bb Q7 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM
    rBi? p`B#H2 bi2T bBx2b 7Q` KmbB+ bB;MHb BM ?2`BM; B/bǴ- S`Q+X H;Q`Bi?Kb BM ?2`BM; B/b #b2/ QM /B`2+i +HQb2/ HQQT
    Q7 A111 AMiX *QM7X +QmbiX aT22+? aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- 6HQ`2M+2- B/2MiB}+iBQMǴ- A111 h`MbX aT22+? M/ m/BQ S`Q+2bbX-
    AiHv- TTX3k8dĜ3keR- kyR9X oQHXN- LQX3- TTXNyeĜNRj- kyyRX
    (Rk) 6X ai`bb2` M/ >X Sm/2`- dz/TiBp2 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM (k3) X aT`B2i- AX S`Qm/H2`- JX JQQM2M- 2i HX- dz"Bb Q7 722/#+F
    7Q` `2HBbiB+ ?2`BM; B/ TTHB+iBQMbǴ- A111 h`MbX +QmbiX +M+2HHiBQM H;Q`Bi?Kb BM ?2`BM; B/b #b2/ QM /B`2+i +HQb2/
    aT22+?- aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- oQHXkj- LQXRk- TTXkjkkĜkjjj- kyR8X HQQT B/2MiB}+iBQMǴ- A111 h`MbX aB;MH S`Q+2bbX- oQHX8j-
    (Rj) uXaX EBK- CX?X aQM;- aXEX EBK- 2i HX- dzo`B#H2 bi2T@bBx2 LQXRy- TTXjd9NĜjdej- kyy8X
    {M2 T`QD2+iBQM H;Q`Bi?K #b2/ QM ;HQ#H2 bT22+? #b2M+2 (kN) :X _QK#Qmib- hX oX qi2`b+?QQi- M/ JX JQQM2M- dz_Q#mbi
    T`Q##BHBiv 7Q` /TiBp2 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQMǴ- CX *2Mi`H M/ 2{+B2Mi BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 S1J@6_Pq H;Q`Bi?K
    aQmi? lMBp2`bBiv- oQHXkR- LQXk- TTXe9eĜe8y- kyR9X 7Q` +QmbiB+ 722/#+F +M+2HHiBQMǴ- CX m/BQ 1M;X aQ+X-
    (R9) GX hX hX h`M- aX LQ`/?QHK- >X .M- qX uM- 2i HX- dz+QmbiB+ oQHX88- LQXRR- TTXN88ĜNee- kyydX
    722/#+F +M+2HHiBQM BM ?2`BM; B/b mbBM; irQ KB+`QT?QM2b (jy) JX :X aB[m2B` M/ X HrM- dzai2/v@bii2 MHvbBb Q7
    2KTHQvBM; p`B#H2 bi2T bBx2 {M2 T`QD2+iBQM H;Q`Bi?KbǴ- +QMiBMmQmb /TiBQM BM +QmbiB+ 722/#+F `2/m+iBQM bvbi2Kb
    R9e *?BM2b2 CQm`MH Q7 1H2+i`QMB+b kyky

    7Q` ?2`BM;@B/bǴ- A111 h`MbX aT22+?- m/BQ S`Q+2bbX- oQHX3- uL: 62B`M `2+2Bp2/ i?2 "X1X
    LQX9- TTX99jĜ98j- kyyyX /2;`22 BM 2H2+i`B+H 2M;BM22`BM; 7`QK a?M@
    (jR) CX _X .2HH2` C`- CX :X S`QFBb- M/ CX >X >Mb2M- .Bb+`2i2 /QM; lMBp2`bBiv- CBMM- *?BM- BM kyy8-
    hBK2 S`Q+2bbX Q7 aT22+? aB;MHb- S`2MiB+2 >HH Sh_- h2tb- i?2 JX1X /2;`22 BM bB;MH T`Q+2bbBM; 7`QK
    la- RNNjX aQmi?2bi lMBp2`bBiv- LMDBM;- *?BM- BM
    (jk) X aT`B2i- aX .Q+HQ- JX JQQM2M- 2i HX- 622/#+F +QMi`QH BM kyy3- M/ i?2 S?X.X /2;`22 BM bB;MH
    ?2`BM; B/b- aT`BM;2` "2`HBM >2B/2H#2`;- TTXNdNĜRyyy- kyy3X T`Q+2bbBM; 7`QK i?2 AMbiBimi2 Q7 +QmbiB+b-
    (jj) JX _mTT- dz 7KBHv Q7 /TiBp2 }Hi2` H;Q`Bi?Kb rBi? *?BM2b2 +/2Kv Q7 a+B2M+2b UA*aV-
    /2+Q``2HiBM; T`QT2`iB2bǴ- A111 h`MbX aT22+? m/BQ S`Q+2bbX- "2BDBM;- *?BM- BM kyRjX 6`QK J`+? kyy3
    oQHX9e- LQXj- TTX99jĜ98j- kyyyX iQ CmM2 kyRy- >2 rb rBi? 6Q`i2K2/B- AM+X b  .aS 2M;BM22`X
    (j9) X >X av2/ M/ hX EBHi?- dz bii2@bT+2 TT`Q+? iQ 6`QK T`BH kyRe iQ J`+? kyRd- ?2 rb rBi? _m?`@lMBp2`bBi i
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