ST.

PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
COLLEGE OF NURSING
ISO 9001

Basic Logical Concepts

Due August 16, 2022 12:59 PM

Instructions

1. Define the following basic logical concepts: (a) Propositions, (b) Arguments, & (c) Validity.

(a) Propositions
The word proposition is also known as statement it can also refer to something abstract that is
mean to expressed. Sentential logic and statement logic are other names for the branch of logic
known as propositional logic. Propositional logic studies the logical relationships and properties
that result from methods of joining or changing statements in order to create more complex
propositions, statements, or sentences.
(b) Arguments
A logical argument is a A series of two or more propositions constructed so that one proposition
is supported and one or more propositions support the conclusion. The word argumentum
which meant indication is derived from Latin. Giving reasons to prove or defend a position. A
strong argument must start with true premises. But one can also look at the argument's
organization. In other words, the argument's logic may be checked. Logic is the study of how
different statements in an argument relate to one another.
(c) Validity
The quality of an argument that results from the fact that the truth of the premises logically
ensures the truth of the conclusion is known as validity in logic. Due to the structure of the
argument, whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

2. Constrast the following terms: (a) Propositions and sentences; (2) Arguments and Inferences;
(3) Induction and Deduction; and (4) Validity and Truth

Propositions and Propositions Sentences

sentences Things that can only be true or false Sentences are the spoken words that appear
are called propositions. in everyday languages.
It is Tuesday today  Ronnel steal the bread
 The bread was stolen by Ronnel
The proposition is either true or
untrue no matter what day of the
week it is. It is true if it is Tuesday,
which it is at the moment I'm
composing this. It is false if it is any
other day of the week. It is a
proposition as a result.

Arguments and Arguments Inferences

Inferences An argument is a series of claims or A new belief is generated by the process of
assertions, some of which are meant inference, which involves using the
to support or serve as proof for justification or justifications offered by existing
another. beliefs.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
COLLEGE OF NURSING
ISO 9001

A motor bike will not run without “It is raining implies it is wet.” We want our
gas. computers to be able to infer what else must
Premise 2: I don't have any gas in my be true of the world. “It is wet.” A logic is a
motorbike system for inference from facts
Conclusion: My motor bike will not
run.
Induction and Induction Deduction
Deduction Induction is observation first, Deduction is idea-first, followed by
followed by an idea that could observations and a conclusion.
explain

I see a rainbow every after rain
Hypothesis: I will probably see a
rainbow every after rain
Validity and Truth Validity
validity is a property of the argument
itself
All dogs have four legs.
Therefore a dog has four legs
Truth
truth is a property of statements

Anna owns either a Honda or a All married people are happy

Saturn.
Elizabeth does not own a Honda.