Geometrical Optics

Lecture 2
中央大學光電所
副教授
梁肇文 博士
 Reflection

2ψ
θ1 θ2

• Rotate the mirror by an angle ψ causes

reflected ray deviates by 2 ψ.
 =2i1  2i2
 BEC    
 BECD 
 i1  i2  (   )  
BEC 
  2

The deviation angle δ=2ψ is independent of incident angle

A design part of the Penta-prism (Popularly used in camera ),
Also called as” Constant deviation system”
When   /2 it is a “retro-reflective ” system
 Reduced Water Depth

n1 sin(1 )  n2 sin( 2 )
1
C  sin  
1

n

Easily prove that x/d = 1/n

Glass plate shifts beam laterally

D E
 Prism deviates beam

  (i1  i2 )  (i 4 i3 )
i1  ni2 Small incident angle
i4  ni3 approximation

  (n  1)(i2  i3 )
i2  i3  
   (n  1)
 Minimum deviation angle

  2i2

    2(  i1 )  2i2
2
   2i1  
sin(i1 )  n sin(i2 )
1 1
sin( (   )) sin( (   ))
n 2 When i’1=i1, there is min 2
n
 deviation angle , and : 
sin( ) sin( )
2 2
 
w1  AB cos( )

w2  AB cos( ')
sin( ')  n sin( )
w1 ( 1  n 2 sin 2  )
 w2 
cos 
Combined with another prism , the prism set can be used
for anamorphic magnification(@P.167)
 Simplified definition:
Zero, Positive, and Negative power

• Remain Collimated (parallel) Zero power

• Converge to a point after it Positive power
• Diverge from a point before it Negative power
You can’t tell if a component has positive or negative power from a
converging or diverging beam since the (internal) focus point is easily missed.
Trace a positive lens
• Parallel rays intersect
focal point after lens
• Rays emerging from focal
point before lens will be
parallel after intersection
• Rays intersecting center of
lens don’t deviate
Trace a negative lens
• Parallel rays intersect
focal point before lens
• Rays emerging from focal
point after will be parallel
after intersection
• Rays intersecting center of
lens don’t deviate
• Focal point is
halfway between
center of curvature.
• Parallel rays
intersect focal point
before mirror
• Rays intersecting
focal point before
mirror will be
parallel after
reflection
• Rays intersecting
center of curvature
retro-reflects
• Focal point is
halfway between
center of curvature.
• Parallel rays
intersect focal point
after mirror
• Rays intersecting
focal point after
mirror will be
parallel after
intersection
• Rays intersecting
center of curvature
retro-reflects
 Lens shape

Same positive power…..

Same negative power…..

Lens shape provides the degree of freedom for controlling aberration

Virtual and Real
Virtual image, Real image
Emmetropia (Normal Sight)

Myopia (Near Sightedness)

Negative spectacle lens form a virtual
image, real object before the eye

Hypermetropia (Far Sightedness)

Positive spectacle lens form a real

image, virtual object after the eye
 Homework 2 assignment

Chapter 2 problems 3,4,6,9,10