Geometrical Optics

Lecture 5
Afocal and Cardinal points
中央大學光電系
副教授
梁肇文 博士
 Derive Conjugate equation

   ' Divide by  u ' l '

From Figure u '   1 M  
l' 
nu nl '
AS known M u = -η/l ; u’ = -η/l’ M
n 'u ' n 'l
n' n n ' u '
Plug back to previous Eq  
l' l 
 Derive Focal length

n' n nu
Reverse ray tracing from the  
other direction , by analogy…. l' l '
n ' u '
nu
System Optical Power K  
 '
1 f' f
Effective focal length F  
K n' n
 Afocal system

• Afocal system is the system with no focal length

F where K = 0 ;F = ∞ ;
• Parallel rays in, Parallel rays out with different
beam width.
Location of Principle plane

h1  hk h1  hk
 ' , u1  0   , u 'k  0
u 'k u1
 Locate by ray tracing

• YNU Ray tracing to locate front and back

principle plane….
Design a compact telephoto lens
 Two separated components

d’
After some calculation at P.80 t

t
K  K1  K 2  K1 K 2
 d'
n ' dK1 K1
  n ' Fb  f ' d '
 K1  K 2   K1 K 2 K K Back Focal Distance (BFD)

ndK 2 K 2 Ff  f  d
d  n
K K Front Focal Distance (FFD)
Two thin lens example

d’=δ’ ; d = δ
 Thick lens equation

1 tc1c2 (   1) 2
 K  (   1)(c1  c2 ) 
F 
 K1  K 2   K1 K 2
 Nodal Points

• Conjugate points with unit angular magnification

• When n=n’ , principle points and nodal points coincident with each other.
• Both nodal points of a refraction or reflection sphere surface is at it’s center
of curvature
 Nodal slides

• When the lens is set on the nodal point N’, the image doesn’t shift
with the lens tilt motion.
• Nodal slide is useful in determine system focal length precisely
 HomeWorks

• Chapter 4 problems 17,18,21,22,23,24,25