Before started

• Light waves – Electromagnetic waves

• Light propagation – Governed by
1.Electromagnetic Fields Maxwell’s Eqs.
• Mostly, harmonic waves are discuss and
And basic math tools serve as basis to analyze
anharmonic/polychromatic/pulsed light.
– Fourier OOXX.

1 2

Maxwell’s equations and boundary

Outline
E: Electric vector (Electric field)
conditions
• Maxwell’s equations and boundary H: Magnetic vector (Magnetic field)

conditions D: Electric displacement

B: Magnetic flux density
• Poynting’s theorem and conservation laws Faraday’s law   E  B  0
P: Polarization t Electric current density
[Amp/m2]
• Complex-function formalism M: Magnetic induction
Ampère’s law   H 
D
J
t Sources
• Wave equations and monochromatic plane Coulomb’s law   D  
B  0 Electric charge density
waves Permittivity [Coul/m3]

• Propagation of laser pulse; group velocity Constitutive Eqs. D  ε  E   0E  P

Electric polarization

problems (Material Eqs.)

B   μ  H  0  H  M 

Magnitization
Permeability
3 SI unit 4
 Maxwell’s Eqs. (Different concerns) Boundary conditions
B D  ε  E   0E  P Solving differential equation  Boundary conditions needed.
E 0
t
B   μ  H  0  H  M  Strong field Interfaces  Boundaries  Boundary conditions
D
H  J
t
Isotropic media Gauss divergence theorem
D  
D  
B  0 D   E   0E  P D   ε( E, Η) E   0E  P( E, Η)    FdV  o F  dS
B  0
No free source B   H  0  H  M  B  μ(E, Η) H  0H  0M(E, Η)

Nonlinear optics!
B P   0 χ  E n   B 2  B1   0
E 0
t M  χ M  H n   D 2  D1   
D
H  0
t
Surface charge density
D  0
B  0 B 2 n  B1n
D 2 n  D1n  
SI unit 5 6

Boundary condition (cont’d) Boundary condition (cont’d)

Stokes’s theorem B In most case in optics, surface charge density and surface current density
E 0
t are zero.
    F  dS   o F  dl D
n H  J
t Tangential component of E and H are continuous.
dS  0 Perpendicular component of D and B are continuous.
n   E2  E1   0
n   H 2  H1   K

Surface current density

E2 t  E1t
H 2 t  H1t  K

This is the most important concept in this book.

Tangential component of the electric field is always continuous!

7 8
 Poynting’s theorem and Poynting’s theorem and
conservation laws conservation laws (cont’d) E
B
0
t
E Work
D    E  H   H     E  E     H 
F  qE H  J J E
q The work done by the field is qv  E t
v D
J  qv J  E  E    H  E 
t
B D
B J  E     E  H   H 
 E
Magnetic field doesn’t do work on point charges. t t
q F  qv  B S 1 
Assume no nonlinear effect   H  B  E  D
v FB 2 t
1
U   H  B  E  D
For current density distribution J, the work done by the electric field per 2
U
unit volume is J  E    S  J  E Energy density of the
t
EM fields
Poynting vector [joule/m2s] indicates the power flow.
  S represents the EM power flowing out of a unit volume.

9 10

Complex-function formalism Complex-function formalism (cont’d)

Im
A complex scalar A can be presented in different
Euler's formula
forms using Cartesian or polar coordinate.
ei  cos   i sin  y A
A  x  iy  r cos   i sin    rei r
Let 
cos x  i sin x Re
f x   e ix  0 x x
eix
 To get the real part,
eix cos x  i sin x   cos x  i sin x eix 
*
 A
d
f x  
dx e 
ix 2 1. Just take the Re[ ]

e ix  sin x  i cos x   cos x  i sin x ie ix  ReA  Rer cos   i sin    r cos   A cos 

e 
ix 2
2. Plus its own complex conjugate gives 2 times the real part
This operation always gives real number.
 eix sin x  ie ix cos x  ie ix cos x  i 2 eix sin x
 A  A*  x  iy  x  iy  2 x  2 Re A
e 
ix 2
Sometimes using “tilde”~
0
cos x  i sin x A  A ei
 f x   constant   f x  0  1
eix To represent complex
 eix  cos x  i sin x number.
11 12
 Complex-function formalism (cont’d) Complex-function formalism (cont’d)
Im
A  A e i , A*  A e i
Steady-state sinusoidal time-varying fields
i t i i t i  t  
can be written as Ae  Ae e  Ae Or we can use the complex scalar plus its complex conjugate
a t   A cos t    i a t   Ae i t  A*e i t   e i e i t  e i e i t 
1 A
y A  Ae 2 2
t
A complex scalar A with  A
angle  to the real axis Re  cos t     i sin  t     cos t     i sin  t   
2
i
A  Ae A
 2 cos t     A cos t   
A 2
Adding time developing term
a t   Aei t  c.c.
1
Aei t  A ei e i t  A ei  t   2

Often we use a  t   Ae
i t
Take the real part
  
Re Ae i t  Re A ei  t    Which is ok for linear operations.
a t   A cos t   
 A cos t    Differentiation, integration, summation… are ok.
t

a t   Re Ae i t 
13 14

Complex-function formalism (cont’d) Complex-function formalism (cont’d)

For two waves,
Time averaging of sinusoidal products
a  t   A cos  t    b  t   B cos  t   
 Re  Aei t   Re  Bei t  Since the field varying with time rather rapidly, even any modern
instrument can’t directly measure the variation of the fields. Time-
A  A ei B  B ei averaged values are measured instead of the instantaneous
values of many physical quantities like Poynting vector and the
Multiplication a t  b t  energy density.
1 T
a  t  b  t    A cos  t    B cos  t    dt
1 T 0
a t  b t   AB  cos  2 t       cos      a  t  b  t   ABei 2 t  AB e 
i 2 t    
2
2 T
Extra term! ERROR!  0 integrated over the whole period
1
a  t  b  t   AB  cos  2 t       cos     
When involve in product (or power), the 2
simplified form will lead to an error. Therefore,  A B 
when calculating Poynting vector, energy    
cos     Re ei      Re e i  e i  Re   
 A B 
density, real form have to be employed. 1
a t  b t   Re  AB* 
2
15 16
 Complex-function formalism (cont’d) Before we go any further…
1
a t  b t   Re  AB*  a t   A e i  t   Coordinate translation
2 
Function displacement
bt   B e i  t   
1
Re  a  t   Re b  t    Re  a  t  b*  t   2  f x  a 
2  f x 
A cos  t    a t b t   A B e
 i  t    i  t   
e f x  a 

So, the multiplications of field can be applied.

x
1 b 0 a
S Re  E  H*  Time averaged Poynting vector
2 
1
U  Re  E  D*  B  H*  Time averaged energy density f  x  b 
4 f x   f  x  a 

17 18

Make the wave move! Pulse moves with time

Assume no loss, a pulse (wave) travels along the
x direction without changing its shape.
  x, t   f  x , t 

  x, t  t 0  f  x,0   f  x 

Profile
After time t, the pulse (wave) traveled
distance vt.
  x, t   f  x  vt  Velocity of the wave
v0
One dimensional wave function

The wave function f(x) can describe the displacement of rope, pressure of sound,
For negative propagating wave   x, t   f  x  vt  electric field amplitude… etc.

19 20
 Gaussian and Lorentzian Different coordinates
.5

0.4

In space
x 2 ln 2
ln 2 
0.3 yGaussian x   e w2
y l( x)  w2
y g( x) Gaussian
0.2

1 w2
y Lorentzian x   
0.1
w  w x 2  w2
Lorentzian
8
1.410
0 In time
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5 x 5

Gaussian and Lorentzian are the most commonly seen pulse shape. 21 22

Differential wave equation

Differential wave equation
(cont’d)
• 1747 Jean Le Rond d’Alembert • Partial differential equation
• Linear, homogenous, second order, partial – Wave is a function of space and time
differential equation • Linear
– Each term in the equation only has wave
• Lossless medium function itself or its derivatives
• Regardless pressure, elastic or E-M wave, – Each term must appear only to the first power
the solution of waves can be written in this • Order N differential equation has N
form constants in its solution

23 24
 Differential wave equation Differential wave equation
(cont’d) (cont’d)
We start with the very general form of a wave function.  f  f
 x  x   t 
x x t t
  x, t   f  x   t  It has two independent variables, x and t.
f f x f f x
 
 x  x  x  t  x  t
We can take the derivative of the wave function with respect
to x or t. x   x 
  x  t   1   x   t   
Firstly, we should change the variable by defining x  x   t x x t t

Therefore, the wavefunction can be re-written as  f f f f

 1     
  x   f  x   x  x  x  t  x

Now, taking the derivatives with respect to x and t.  

 
t x

The rate of change of  with t and with x are equal within a

multiplication constant v.

25 26

Differential wave equation

The superposition principle
(cont’d)
 f f x f  f f x f
        2 1  2
x x x x x t t x t x 1D differential wave equation 
x 2  2 t 2
Take the derivative again!
For two individual wave functions, each satisfy wave equation.
  f
2 2  2  f  f 
       2 1 1  2 1  2 2 1  2 2
x 2 x2 t 2 t t t  x   
x 2  2 t 2 x 2  2 t 2
 f    f  By adding two eqs.
       
t  x  x  t   2 1  2 2 1  2 1 1  2 2
  
 f
2
x 2 x 2  2 t 2  2 t 2
2
x2
 2 2 f 2 1 2
2  1
2 2    2   2 2  1   2 
t 2 x x  t
 2 2 f  2 1  2
2 2 or  Homogenous differential eq.
t 2 x x 2  2 t 2 The sum of two waves is also a solution.
No source term
1D differential wave equation No damping (no loss) This is also known as the linearity of the wave equation.
27 28
 EM wave equations and EM wave equations and
monochromatic plane waves monochromatic plane waves (cont’d)
B     a     a    2a
E  0 D  ε E   0 E  P
t 
B B 
D B  μ H   0 H  M E  0      E  0
H  J t   t 
t
D  
B E
  B  
E    B 
No free source Isotropic medium   0
t     E   0
 t t
B  0 B
E  0 D  εE  ε0 E  P   E  0   E  0
t
B  μH   0 H  M B  0
D
H  0
t Homogeneous and
D  0  E 
isotropic medium   
B t 
B  0 E  0   E    E  
2
0
t t
B  E
  0
 t
 2E  2H
  E  0  2 E   0 Similarly,  2 H   0
t2 t2
B  0
29 30

EM wave equations and EM wave equations and

monochromatic plane waves (cont’d) monochromatic plane waves (cont’d)
 t  k  r  constant
Wave equations  2E
 2 E   0
t 2 r
 H2
 2 H   2  0
t
k
Plane wave is one solution of the equations
Wave vector k    r 
v  2 2 v
 E   E 0  i  t k r 
  Phase velocity t k  
 H    H e k 
   0 Angular frequency k   
Amplitude
 t  k  r  constant
1
v
r1 Surface of constant phase 
r2 “wavefront” 1
In vacuum, c   299792458 m s
 0 0
k
31 32
 EM wave equations and EM wave equations and
monochromatic plane waves (cont’d) monochromatic plane waves (cont’d)
Both fields are vectors No free charge
1 E  0
c  299792458 m s E  u1 E0 ei  t k r 
 0 0 H  0
H  u 2 H 0 ei  t k r 
1 u1  k  0
In a medium, v B  H Propagation direction  both field directions
 u2  k  0
 Transverse wave Homogenous and
We can define index of B
E  0 isotropic medium
refraction c  t
n 
In an anisotropic medium, only B and D
 u Hte 0
v  0 0  i  t k r 

  u1 E0 e i  t k r   2 0 are perpendicular to the propagation
In non-magnetic material, direction.
  0  k  u1iE0 ei  t k r   i u 2 H 0 ei  t k r   0
u 2 H 0  k  u1 E0 k   

n  k  u1
0 u2 H0  E0
 k
Also,    k  u1  E
n   u2  H0  E0  0
0 k   Impedance of the material
33 34

EM wave equations and Propagation of a laser pulse; group

monochromatic plane waves (cont’d) velocity
k  u1  E Monochromatic wave, single frequency (wavelength)  Continuous wave (CW)
u2  H0  E0  0
k      0 ei  t k r 
 E0 Pulse  Super position of many monochromatic waves
E, H fields and  
 H0
k are mutually To describe a pulse, we can “decompose” the pulse into it’s
perpendicular. 0 Fourier components. In other words, as the sum (integral) of all
0   377 the plane waves.
0
Time averaged Poynting vector For an arbitrary wave  propagating along +z-direction,
1
S Re  E  H*  
2 
i   k  t  kz 
E u
2
k 2
  z, t    Ak  e dk
S 0 3  E0 Hecht, Optics 
2 2 Angular frequency is a function of
Time averaged energy density propagation constant. (Dispersion)
1
U  Re  E  D*  B  H*  Amplitude of each propagation constant component
4
1 2
U   E0
2 35 36
 Propagation of a laser pulse; group Propagation of a laser pulse; group
velocity (cont’d) velocity (cont’d)
Fourier transform A laser pulse is usually characterized by its center frequency 0 or the
X    xt  corresponding k0. A(k) has finite distribution around k0 and peaked at k0.
We can expand (k) around k0 using Taylor expansion:
Inverse Fourier transform
f a 
x  a   f a  x  a 2  f a  x  a 3  
 
f  x   f a  
xt   1 X   1! 2! 2!

f n  a 
 x  a n
n!  d  1  d 2 
n 0
 k   0    k  k0    2  k  k0   ...
2

  dk  0 2  dk  0
i   k  t  kz 
  z, t    Ak  e dk
 
 1 i   k  t  kz 
Take t = 0, this equation becomes a   z, t    Ak  e dk

Fourier transform formula… 
  d   
but in space domain.   z, t   ei t k z   A  k  exp i  
0 0
 t  z   k  k0   dk
    dk  0  
  d  
  z, t   ei0t k0 z  E  z    t
  dk 0 
Monochromatic plane wave Envelope function
37 38

Propagation of a laser pulse; group Propagation of a laser pulse; group

velocity (cont’d) velocity (cont’d)
 d 
vg    
  d    dk  0 vp 
  z , t   e i  t  k z  E  z  
0 0
 t k dn
  dk 0  0 Normal dispersion
d
  d 
vp   vg    dn
k  dk  0 0 anomalous dispersion
d
Phase velocity Group velocity
 c
k  n  vp 
n  
c

dk d  n    d
 n     n   http://www.patarnott.com/atms749/watertragedy.html
d d c c c d  d  1  d 2 
n    dn d    k   0  
 k  k0    2  k  k0   ...
2

  dk  0 2  dk  0 If this term can’t be neglected,

c the pulse shape will change.
 d  d 
2
c
vg     v g ~  2  k
 dk 0 n    dn d    dk 0
Pulse broadening
39 http://www.amath.washington.edu/courses/586-spring-2004/dispersion.gif 40
 Pulse broadening Dispersion relation
 k  
c
k  c

k n

Time evolution of a short pulse in a dispersive medium.

k

For vacuum c
k
 c
For isotropic medium with index n for all k. 
k n
 k  
1
For any realistic medium nk   c 
 k 
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dispersion_(optics) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Dispersion_pulse.gif 41 42

Dispersion relation (cont’d) Selected Problems

• 1.3
• 1.7
• 1.8
• 1.10

https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/fulltext.cfm?uri=ao-59-13-D64&id=427934 43 44