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 Exercise No. 5
The Integumentary System – The Human Skin

RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS

I.

Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It protects
the body from harm, keeps the body hydrated and produces
skin cells which contains melanin, and it determines the color
of the skin.
Dermis
The dermis is the inner layer of the two main layers of the
skin. It has connective tissues, blood vessels, nerves, hair
follicles, oil and sweat glands. It is made up of the papillary
dermis, a thin upper layer and reticular dermis, a thick lower
layer.

TABLE 5.1 Fingerprinting Results

Name of member Fingerprint Name of member Fingerprint

1. Pauline Grace O. 4. Benita

Dagandan

2. Michaela Barrios 5. Rojie Mae Esleyer

3. Jasmin Xenia 6. Joselle

I have observed that every fingerprint is different, all have different lines and shapes.
POST-DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. List down and describe the different layers that make up the epidermis and the dermis.

The top two layers of skin on your body are the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is
the top layer, and the dermis is the middle layer. The dermis is located between the epidermis
and the hypodermis. The epidermis is the thinnest layer of skin while the dermis is the thickest
layer of skin. The epidermis is responsible for protecting you from the outside world, and it’s
composed of five layers of its own. The stratum corneum is the topmost layer, which is
composed of keratin and horny scales composed of dead keratinocytes known as anucleate
squamous cells. Dead keratinocytes within this layer secrete defenses, which are part of our
first line of defense. The stratum lucidum, commonly known as the "clear layer," is a thin clear
layer made of eleidin, a byproduct of keratohyalin that is present in thick skin found in the palms
and soles. The stratum granulosum has diamond-shaped cells with lamellar and keratohyalin
granules. Lipids found in these granules work with desmosomal connections to create a
waterproof barrier that serves to stop fluid loss from the body. The stratum spinosum often
referred to as the prickle cell layer, is composed of irregular, polyhedral cells with protruding
cytoplasmic processes that are sometimes referred to as "spines" and connect to other cells via
desmosomes. It is a layer of protection that also promotes the flexibility of the skin. The stratum
basale, often referred to as stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer. This layer is where new
skin cells grow, and it also houses the keratinocyte stem cells, which create the keratin-
producing protein. In order to protect you from the hostile environment, keratin aids in the
formation of your skin's outer layer, hair, and nails. The dermis contains collagen and elastin,
which help make it so thick and supportive of your skin’s overall structure. The dermis layer is
made up of two sublayers: The Papillary Layer is the upper, thinner layer with a fine
arrangement of collagen fibers. The papillary layer regulates temperature and delivers nutrients
to certain layers of the epidermis. The Reticular Layer is the bottom layer that is thicker and
formed of thick collagen fibers that run parallel to the skin's surface.

2. Why does it hurt when you pluck a strand of hair but not when you cut it?

Hair is composed of proteins, which are dead cells that are linked to the scalp by living
cells, from which they grow. As a result, while getting a haircut, a person does not experience
pain because dead cells are being removed. Hair endings linked to the scalp contain nerve
endings, so pulling hair puts pressure on the nerve endings at the root of the follicle and can
cause pain.

3. Explain why the lunula has a whitish appearance.

The lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the
underlying blood vessels. As the keratinized skin cells that produce the nail are still undergoing
this transition, they are lighter in color. Living cells lose their internal contents at this point,
turning into keratinized nail cells, which are no longer alive. The matrix's lunula represents the
edge where this procedure is still in process, and it is not quite complete.
4. Differentiate eccrine glands from apocrine glands by filling out the table below.
TABLE 5.3 Contrast Between Eccrine and Apocrine Glands
Differentiating Eccrine gland
features
Distribution Eccrine sweat glands are
distributed almost all over the
human body, in varying densities,
with the highest density in palms
and soles, then on the head, but
much less on the trunk and the
extremities.
Location of Location of secretory portion in
secretory eccrine glands are mostly in deep
portion dermis.
Termination of The epidermis’s surface.
excretory
Nature of Eccrine glands form a
secretion thermoregulatory organ and secrete
primarily water that contains
electrolytes.
Function Eccrine sweat glands help to
maintain homoeostasis, primarily by
stabilizing body temperature.
Onset of Eccrine sweat glands first appear
function on the palms and soles during the
fourth month of gestation; they
become functional soon after birth.
Apocrine gland
Apocrine glands are found
predominantly in the anogenital and
axillary regions, but are also located in
the external auditory meatus
(ceruminous glands), the eyelid (Moll
gland), and within the areola.
Location of secretory portion in
apocrine glands are mostly in the
subcutaneous layer.
At the hair follicle.
The apocrine gland secretes an oily
fluid with proteins and lipids that is
odorless before microbial activity.
Apocrine glands produce viscous,
lipid-rich sweat, which is also
comprised of proteins, sugars, and
ammonia. The function of apocrine
glands in many species is generally
regarded as scent glands involved in
production of pheromones (body odor)
Apocrine sweat glands start to
function at puberty under the
stimulation of sex hormones.
POST-DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

A 5-year-old girl was brought to the clinic because of rashes on her body. She also has cough,
colds, and conjunctivitis (redness and inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye). The patient
was diagnosed with measles. Her skin was full of palpable red plaques with many punctate
lesions, which are also visible on the mouth. During a consultation with her pediatrician, she
was advised of mild topical steroids and emollients.

Questions

1.
2. The measles virus, known as the morbillivirus, is what causes the development of red
rashes. Special immune system cells are present in the skin. These cells trigger a series
of events in the skin that cause inflammation each time they find a suspicious substance.
The epidermis, follicular epithelia, and lymph histiocytic cell infiltrate in the upper dermis
were found to have measles viral antigens by ABC immunoperoxidase. As the immune
system detects the measles virus as it travels through the bloodstream, it infects
capillaries in the skin. Immune cells recognize the infection and react by secreting
chemicals like nitric oxide and histamine that kill the viral invaders and mobilize other
immune cells. However, these chemicals also cause skin inflammation, resulting in a
rash.

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/apocrine-
gland#:~:text=Apocrine%20glands%20are%20found%20predominantly,outgrowth%20of%20the%20folli
cular%20epithelium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland#:~:text=Eccrine%20sweat%20glands%20are%20distributed,f
orm%20of%20cooling%20in%20humans.