Khamphounvong 014913720

Calculation of afflux at bridges with floodways
Author:
Khamphounvong, Phanta
Publication Date:
1990
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/5021
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i
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t a.9090 PROJECT
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CALCULAT
ION OF AFFLUX AT
BR
IDGES WITH FLOODWAYS
Submitted by PHANTA KHAMPHOUNVONG

in part fulfilment of the requirements
of a Master of Engineering Science
Degree in 1990.
T
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F CIVIL ENi^N^k®^:;:;!;
ENGlKEtR
G PROJECT
THEI
11, i: L i/-», 1
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8.909G PROJECT
CALCULATION OF AFFLUX AT
BRIDGES F/ITff FLOODWAYS
Submitted by PHANTA KHAMPHOUNVONG
in part fulfilment of the requirements
of a Master of Engineering Science
Degree in 1990.
Acknowledaemen ts
Advice from Jerome Goh ( Main Roads Western Australia ) is

gratefully acknowledged.
Thanks are also due to RTA of NSW for their grant of study
leave, financial support, the printing of the manuscript,
and for use of their computer facilities.
04/02 91 08:39 © 6 1 2 9494188 WATER RESEARCH
®002
L STUDENT'S DECLARATION
^ TOsistoccitifythatI, bîng a
candidate for tfac degree of Master of Engineering Science am fully aware of the
policy of the Univeisity reladng to the retention and use of higher degree
projects, namely that the University letains the copies of any thesb submitted for
exarmnaiion, ^'and is &ee to allow the thesis to be consulted or borrowed.
Subject to the provision of the Copyright Act (1968) the University may issue
the thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfilm or other copying
medium", I also authorize the publication by the University Microfilins of a 600
word abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International (D. A. I.).
b. I hereby declare that none of the work in this project has been submitted to any
o&er institution for the award of a higher degree.
Signature :
p. ICJKAMî) k^w
r
2. SUPERVISOR'S CERTinCATlON
I certify that this project has been completed under my supervision and is in my
opinion in a form suitable for examination as part of the requirement for admission to
the degree of Master of Engineering Science.
Signature:
Project Supervisor
Table of Contents
Pages
1. Introduction 1
2. Type of Flow Encountered 3
2.1 Type I Flow 5
2.2 Field Verification 5
3. Computation of Backwater 6
3.1 Bridge Opening Ratio 8
3.2 Kinetic Energy Coefficient 9
3.3 Backwater Coefficient 10
3.4 Effect of M and Abutment Shape (Base Curve) 10
3.5 Effect of Piers ( Normal Crossing ) 11
3.6 Effect of Piers ( Skew Crossing ) 11
3.7 Effect of Eccentricity 11
3.8 Effect of Skew 12
4. Backwater Calculation Procedures 13
4.1 Discharge Calculations 13
4.2 Computation of K Values 14
4.3 Backwater Calculations 14
4.4 Test for Froude Number 15
4.5 Subcritical Backwater Calculations 15
4.6 Bridge and Skew Section 16
5. Floodways 17
6. Conclusion 23
7. Grossary of of Terms 24
8. List of References 26
Appendices
A List of Figures 27
B Equation Contained within Program 44
C List of Variables in the Program 48
D Explanation of Input Data Files 53
E Sample Runs 60
F Program Listing 87
List of Figures
Figure Page
1 Summary of Program Structure 4

2 Flow Line for Typical Crossing 27
3 Type of Flow Encountered 28
4 Normal Crossing, Spillthrough Abutments 29
5 Normal Crossing, Wingwall Abutments 30
6 Aid for Estimating a2 31
7 Backwater Coefficient Base Curves 32
(Subcritical)
8 Incremental Backwater Coefficient for Pier 33
9 Incremental Backwater Coefficient for 34
Eccentricity
10 Incremental Baclcwater Coefficient for Skew 35
11 Discharge Coefficient for Flow 36
12 Distance to Maximum Backwater 37
13 Skew Crossing with Skew Bridge 38
14 Skew Bridge on a Skew Section 39
15 Square Bridge on a Skew Section 40
Spillthrough Abutments
16 Square Bridge on a Skew Section 41
Wingwall Abutments
17 Skew Bridge on a Square Section 42
Spillthrough Case
18 Square Bridge on a Square Section 43
wingwall Case
19 Effective Width between Toe of Abutments 17
Appendix D
Page
Sample of Data Files 53

No Floodway 55
No Floodway, No Pier 56
One Flooway, Left Opening 57
One Floodway, Right Opening 58
Two Floodways, Exceeded 59
Appendix E
Sample Runs Page
Example 1No Floodway, With Pier 60

Example 2 No Floodway, No Pier 62
Example 3 One Floodway, Qc not Exceeded 64
Example 4 One Floodway, Qa not Exceeded 67
Example 5 One Floodway, Qc Exceeded 70
Example 6 One Floodway, Qa Exceeded 73
xample 7 Two Floodway, Qa and Qc Not Exceeded 76
Example 8 Two Floodway, Qc Exceeded 79
Example 9 Two Floodway, Qa Exceeded 82
Example 10 Two Floodway, Qc and Qa Exceeded 85
1. Introduction
It is generally uneconomical to bridge the entire flooded
width where the stream is flanked by floodplains. Where
conditions permit, approach embankments are extended out
onto the floodplain to reduce costs. In doing so the
embankments will constrict the flow of the stream during
flood. This practice is acceptable so long as it is done
within acceptable limits.
The manner in which flow is contracted in passing through

a channel constriction is illustrated in Figure 2.
Constriction of the flow causes a loss of energy, the
greater portion occurring in the re-expansion downstream.
This loss of energy is reflected in a rise in the water
surface and the energy line upstream from the bridge. This
is best illustrated by a profile along the centre line of
the stream as shown in Figures 4A, and 5A. The normal
stage of the stream for a given discharge, before
constricting the channel, is represented by the dash line
labelled "Normal Water Surface". The nature of the water
surface after constriction of the channel is represented
by the solid line " actual water surface " . Initially
the water surface starts out above normal stage at section
1, passes through normal stage at section 2, reaches
minimum depth in the vicinity of section 3, and then
returns to normal stage a considerable distance
downstream, at section 4.
The objective of this project is to estimate the afflux

with the provision of flood flows over roadway approaches.
The program uses the principle of open channel flow to
compute maximum bridge backwater. It is based on the
publication " Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways '
' - J N
Brad
ley^ 1978 Re
f (1). The formulae and graphs in that
publication are based on results of hydraulic model
studies conducted for the U S Bureau of Public Roads, and
evaluated and modified where required to take account of
measurements and field data collected at bridge sites
during floods.
The expression for computation of afflux upstream from a

bridge constriction is as follows:
2 21
V„2" • An2 - - An2 - Vn22
hi = K 02 + «1 (1
)
2g L A4 J L Ai J 2g
Where
hj* maximum backwater (m)

K total backwater coefficient
o-i kinetic energy coefficient at section 1
<X2 kinetic energy coefficient at constriction
•^n2 gross water area in constriction measured below
normal stage (m'^)
Vn2 average velocity in constriction for flow at
normal stage
A4 water area at section 4 where normal stage is
established
Ai total water area at section 1, including that
produced by backwater
Determination o | the rise in water surface at Section 1,

denoted by h^ and referred to as the maximum bridge
backwater, is the primary objective of this program. Its
special feature is the inclusion of floodway flows.
Backwater estimates are based on the total backwater

coefficient, K , which has been found from experiments to
to vary with the following:-
the stream constriction as measured by the

bridge opening ratio M,
the type of bridge abutments such as spill-
through or wingwall,
number, size, shape and orientation of piers in
the constriction,
eccentric, or asymmetric location of bridge with
respect to floodplains,
skew ( bridge crosses floodplain at other than
90^ angle ).
The total backwater coefficient K* is expressed as:
K* = Kb + Ke + Kg + Kp
where
Kb is the backwater coefficient for abutment

type,
Ke is the backwater coefficient for
eccentricity.
Kg is the backwater coefficient for skew, and
Kp is the backwater coefficient for pier.
In this project, the procedure for estimation of backwater

has been extended to take into account the effect of
overtopping of roadways on the bridge approaches. The
program which has been developed allows one floodway
operating in each approach. Calculations are based on the
new opening ratio and the new kinetic energy coefficient
a2 when floo^ways are operating. The total backwater
coefficient K for the combined bridge and floodway will
take into account a modified value of Kj-,, while retaining
values of Kp, KQ, and Kg which would apply when no
floodway is involved. The program will not carry out any
computations when the opening ratio M is equal to unity
(ie. no constriction at esction 2, or when the kinetic
energy coefficient a 2approches to a
Backwater calculations can be carried out for flood levels

up to the soffit of the bridge deck but orifice flow and
flow under submerged conditions are not considered in
this program. Validity of the results depends on certain
assumptions, including the assumptions that the cross-
sectional area of the stream is essentially uniform, the
channel gradient in the vicinity of the bridge is
constant, and the flow is subcritical and close to
uniform.
The program is written in ' Quick-Basic 4.5 ' for use with
the ' MS-DOS ' operating system on IBM desktop computer or
compatibles. The program is presented in a comprehensive
menu structure as shown in Figure 1 which facilitates ease
of use, the switching from one option to another as user's
preference dictates, and the screen plotting and
interpretation of the results. Additional calculations
such as rating curve of the channel at the bridge site,
the screen plotting of the cross-section and the position
of the bridge abutments are also incorporated in the
program.
2. Type of Flow Encountered

There are three types of flow which may be encountered in
bridge waterway design. These are labelled type I through
type III in Figure 3. The long dash lines shown on each
profile represent normal water surface prior to placing a
constriction in the channel. The solid lines represent
the profile of the water surface, on the centreline of
channel in each case, with the bridge in place.
The short dash lines in Figure 3 represent critical depth,
or critical stage in the main channel (Yic and ¥4^) and
critical depth within the constriction Y2cf fo^ the design
discharge in each case. Since normal depth is shown as
being essentially the same in the four profiles, the
discharge, boundary roughness and slope of channel must
all increase in passing from type I to type IIA, to type
IIB to type III flow.
Figure 1. S u m m a r y of P r o g r a m Structure
2.1 Type I Flow
Referring to Figure 3A, it is seen that the normal water

surface is everywhere above critical depth. This has been
labelled type I or subcritical flow. This type is usually
encountered in practice.
All design information in this program is limited to type

I (subcritical flow). The backwater expression for type I
flow is obtained by applying the conservation of energy
principle between Sections 1 and 4. Types IIA, IIB and III
flows are discussed in more details in Chapter 1 of
Ref.(l) and will not be discussed any further in this
report.
2.2 Field Verification
In development of the procedures set out in Ref.(l)

measurements of field data were collected from structures
up to 60m in length with floodplains as wide as 800 m. A
summary of this information is contained in the
comprehensive model study report Backwater Effects of
Piers and Abutments of Ref. (5) of the Colorado State
University, Civil Engineering Section. It was suggested by
Bradley that the design information could be used in the
range prescribed with confidence. The applicability of the
information to structures with larger width to depth
ratios, b/y, remains to be proven.
The recently acquired data have indicated that the model
studies are only partially applicable for type I flow.
This was principally due to the width to depth limitation.
For bridge opening ratios less than M = 0.55, the flow in
the model could change from type I to type II regardless
of the value of the constriction ratio M.
In cases where bridge approaches are designed for
overtopping, the effect of afflux becomes insignificant
once the roadway is overtopped. This can be illustrated by
the crossing of the Nottoway River in the USA as mentioned
in Section 8.6 of Ref. (1).
W
ith flow ove r the roadway es tab
lished^ resis
tance
decreased, resu l
ting in a corresponding reduct
ion in
both backwater ups
tream from the br
idge and
di
fferent
ial head across the embankmen ts
. In tu rn
reduct
ionin backwater caused the f low unde r the
br
idgeto dec rease .
The backwater fo
r the above b ridge reached a
maximum o f 0 .37 ft
. fo r the stage E l
. 70 . The
di
fferent
ial head ac
ross the embankment was
approximately doub
le this amoun t a t the same s tage
butfell to 0
.015 ft ,as the s tage reached El. 75.
Measurement Indica
ted tha t the h ighes
t mean ve loc
ity-
atta
ined under the br
idge was 4 f.p .s
.as the stage
approaches El. 70 dec re^^s
lng to 0 .7 f.p
.s. as the
stage approached E l. 75 '.
The above case is for a rather short bridge involving low

velocities, but the principle is the same regardless of
size, provided there is sufficient width of floodplain to
warrant the design.
3. Computation of Backwater
The expression for backwater presented in Ref. (1) has
been formulated by applying the principle of conservation
of energy between the point of maximum backwater upstream
of the bridge, section 1, and a point downstream from the
bridge at which normal stage has been established, section
4, Figure 3. The expression is reasonably valid if :-
the channel is approximately constant between

section 1 and 4;
the channel in the vicinity of the bridge is

essentially straight;
there is no appreciable erosion of the bed in

the constriction due to scour; and
the flow is subcritical, steady and reasonably

close to uniform.
If the flow is super-critical, results obtained from this

analysis would not be valid and care must be exercised if
data are to be used in the design. Calculations for
super-critical flow are not included in this program.
However, if an afflux calculation is required for super-
critical flow , it is advised that Chapter 10 of Ref. (1)
should be referred to.
The program allows afflux calculations with maximum water

level equal to the soffit level of the bridge. The program
will not perform any computations with the bridge fully or
partly submerged. If afflux calculations are required for
the bridge fully or partly submerged. Chapter 8 of Ref.
(1) should be consulted.
The expression for computation of backwater upstream from

a bridge constricting flow is as follows:
2 -
• An2 - - An2 -
hi = K ot2 + OLi (1)
2g L A4 J L Ai J 2g
Where
h^* total backwater (m)

K total backwater coefficient
a^ kinetic energy coefficient at section 1
CX2 kinetic energy coefficient at constriction
An2 gross water are^ in constriction measured below
normal stage (m^)
Vn2 average velocity in constriction for flow at
normal stage
A4 water area at section 4 where noannal stage is
established
Ai total water area at section 1, including that
produced by backwater
To compute backwater, ît is necessary to obtain the

approximate value of h^ by using the first part of the
expression (1)
hi = K* a2 ( la )
2g
The value of A^ in the second part of expression (1)

which depends on h^ , can then be determined and the
second term of the expression evaluated.
2 )
- An2 - - An2 - Vn22
«1 ( lb)
L A4 J Ai -1 2g
This part of the expression represents the difference in

kinetic energy between section 4 and 1, expressed in terms
of the velocity head Vn2 /2g . The equation may appear
cumbersome, but it has been set up as shown to permit
omission of the second part when the difference in kinetic
energy between section 1 and 4 is small enough to be
significant in the final result.
8
The energy term may be ignored if the following conditions

have been satisfied :
- M greater than 0.7V
- Vn2 less than 2m/sec, and
- K*Vn2^/2g less than 0.15 m
3. 1 Bridge Opening Ratio
The bridge opening ratio M, defines the degree of stream

constriction involved, expressed as the ratio of the flow
which can pass unimpeded through the bridge constriction
to the total flow of the stream. Referring to Figure 2,
the general equation is:-
Qb
M =
Qa + Qb + Qc
and for the condition shown in Figure 2,
210
M = = 0.60
70 + 210 + 70
The bridge opening ratio, M, is most easily explained in

terms of discharge but it is usually determined from
conveyance relations. Since conveyance is proportional to
discharge , assuming all subsections to have the same
slope, M can be expressed also as:
Kb
M =
Ka + Kb + Kc
where Kg^, K^, Kc are conveyances of the

subsections
3.2 K i n e t i c Energy Coefficient
As the velocity in a stream varies from a maximum at the

deepest portion of the channel to zero alona the banks,
the average velocity head, computed as (Q/Ai)"^/2g for the
stream at section 1, does not give a true measure of the
kinetic energy of the flow. A weighted average value of
the kinetic energy is obtained by multiplying the average
velocity head, above, by a kinetic energy coefficient, a^,
defined as:
s (qv^)
ai = -
QVi^
where
V = average velocity in a subsection,
q = discharge in same section.
Q = total discharge in river.
Vi= average velocity in river at section 1
or Q/Ai
A second coefficient, ol2, is required to correct the
velocity head for non-uniform velocity distribution under
the bridge.
S (qv2)
OL2 =
QV2^
where v, q and Q are defined as above but applying here to
the constricted cross section and V2 the average velocity
through the constriction = Q/A2. Curves for CX2 of Figure 6
are approximated by linear equation as shown below.
a2 = (ai - 1) * M + 1.
The kinetic energy coefficient ai can be computed but ol2

is not readily available for the proposed bridge. The
best that can be done in the case of the latter is to
collect, tabulate and compare values of CX2 for existing
bridges. This has been done. The relationship of a^ and
CX2 and M is shown in Figure 6 and is to be used for
estimating purposes only. The value of cx2 is usually less
than OLi for a given crossing but this is not always the
case. Actually there should be no definite relationship
between the two but the trend is there.
10
3. 3 Backwater Coefficient:
The value of the overall backwater coefficient K*, which

has been determined from experiments, varies with :-
Stream constriction as measured by the bridge
opening ratio M.
Type of bridge abutment, eg wingwall or spill-
through .
Number, size, shape and orientation of piers in
the constriction.
Eccentricity or asyiranetric location of bridge
with respect to floodplains.
Skew ( bridge crosses floodplain at other than
90® angle)
K* consists of a base curve coefficient Kt>, to which are

added incremental coefficients to account for the ef:êcts
of piers, eccentricity and skew. The value of K is
primarily dependent on the degree of constriction of the
flow but is influenced to a limited degree by other
factors.
K* = Kb + Ke + Ks+ Kp
The expression for K* is computed by the use of third

order polynomial equations that approximate the curves of
Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10.
3.4 E f f e c t of M and Abutments Shape

(Base C u r v e )
Figure 7 shows the base curve for the backwater

coefficient, K^, plotted as a function of the opening
ratio, M, for wingwall and spill-through type abutments.
Note that the coefficient , Kj^, increases with channel
constriction. The lower curve applies for 45° and 60°
wingwall and spill-through type abutments. Curves are also
included for 30° wingwall abutments and for 90° vertical
wall abutments for bridges up to 60m in length. For
bridges exceeding 60m in length, regardless of abutment
type, the lower curve is recommended. This is because
abutment geometry becomes less important to backwater as
the length increases. The base curve coefficient does not
include the effects produced by piers, eccentricity and
skew.
11
3. 5 Effect: of Piers ( Normal Crossing )
The effect produced on the backwater by the introduction

of piers in a bridge constriction is treated as an
incremental backwater coefficient designated AKp, which is
added to the base curve coefficient Kj^ when piers are
present in the waterway. The value of the incremental
backwater coefficient, AKp, is dependent on the ratio that
the area of the piers bears to the gross area of the
bridge opening, the shape of the piers, the value of the
bridge opening ratio M, and the skew of the piers to the
direction of the flood flow. The ratio of the water area
occupied by piers, Ap, to the gross area of the
constriction, An2f both oased on the normal water surface,
is designated by the letter J. In computing the gross
waterway area presence of piers in the
constriction is ignored. The incremental backwater
coefficient for the more common type of piers and pile
bents can be obtained from Figure 8. The incremental
backwater coefficients for pile bents can, for all
practical purposes, be considered independent of diameter,
width, or spacing of piles but should be increased if
there are more than five piles in the bent. A bent with
ten piles should be given a value AI^ about 20 percent
higher than that shown for bents with five piles. If there
is a possibility of debris collecting on the piers, or
piles, it is advisable to use a larger value of J to
compensate for the added obstruction.
3. 6 Effect of Piers ( Skewed Crossings )
For skewed crossings, the effect of piers is treated as

explained for normal crossings except for the computation
of J, An2 ^^^ M. The pier areas for skewed crossing, Ap,
is the sum of the individual pier areas normal to the
general direction of flow, as illustrated by the sketch in
Figure 8. Note how the width of the pier, Wp,is measured
when the pier is not parallel to the general direction of
flow. The area of the constriction, An2/ for skewed
crossings is based on the projected length of the bridge
bgcos©. Figure 13. Again An2 is the gross area value and
includes the area occupied by piers. The value of J is the
pier area, Ap divided by the projected gross area of the
bridge constriction, both measured normal to the general
direction of the flow.
3. 7 Effect of Eccentricity
Referring to the sketch in Figure 9, it should be noted

that the symbols Qa and Qc at section 1 were used to
represent the portion of the discharge obstructed by the
12
approach embankments. If the cross-section is extremely

asymmetrical so that Qa is less than 20 percent of Q^ or
vice versa, the backwater coefficient will be somewhat
larger than comparable values of M shown on the base
curve. The magnitude of the incremental backwater
coefficient, AKQ, accounting for the effect of
eccentricity is shown in Figure 9. Eccentricity, e, is
defined as 1 minus the ratio of the lesser to the greater
discharge either side of the projected length of the
bridge, or :
Qc
e = 1- where Qc < Qa
Qa
Qa
e = 1- where Qc > Qa
Qc
The largest influence on the backwater coefficient due to

eccentricity will occur when a bridge of the main channel
is located where a flood plain exists on only one side
and the eccentricity is unity.
3. 8 Effect of Skew
The method of computation for skew crossings differs from

that of normal crossings in the following respects :-
- The bridge opening ratio, M, is computed on the

projected length of bridge rather than on the length
along the centreline.
- The length is obtained by projecting the bridge
opening upstream parallel to the general direction of
flood flow as illustrated in Figure 13.
- The length of the constricted opening is bgcos©, and
the area An2 is based on this length.
Figure 10 shows the incremental backwater coefficient,

AKg, for the effect of skew, for wingwall and spill-
through type abutments. The incremental coefficient varies
with the opening ratio M, the angle of skew for the bridge
6 with the general direction of the flood flow, and the
alignment of the abutment faces, as indicated by the
sketch in Figure 10. Note that the incremental
coefficient, AKg, can be negative as well as positive. The
negative values result from the method of computation and
do not necessarily indicate that the backwater will be
reduced by employing a skew crossing.
It is reported in Ref (1) that skew crossings with angle

up to 20 produced no particularly objectionable results
13
for any of the abutment shapes investigated. As the angle

increases above 20^, however, the flow deteriorated; flow
concentration at the abutments produced large eddies,
reducing the efficiency of the waterway and increasing the
potential for scour. The above statement does not apply to
the case where a bridge spans most of the crossing with
little constriction.
4. Backwater Calculation
Procedures
This section describes some of the calculation procedures
which are incorporated into the program developed in this
project.
4.1 Discharge Calculations

This section deals with the calculation of stream
velocities and discharges for each sub-section, and for
the total section using the Manning equation.
4.1.1 Start by inserting abutment coordinates to the

cross section; for skewed crossing multiply
cross section chaînages by cos0; calculate slope
between points on the ground.
4.1.2 Determine where stage height intersects ground.
4.1.3 Calculate stage height to ground level of cross-

section and the wetted perimeter. For the two
end sections, the areas are approximated as
triangles and for the intervening sub-section,
the wetted perimeters are approximated by a
straight line.
4.1.4 Calculate conveyance ( k = ar^^^/n ) for each

sub-section.
4.1.5 Calculate total area and total conveyance.
4.1.6 Calculate total flow ( Qt = ktS^/^ )
4.1.7 Calculate flow in sub-section using (k/kt)*Qt
4.1.8 Calculate velocities for each sub-section using

V = q / a
14
4.2 Computation of K* Values
The total backwater coefficient K* is computed by the use

of third order polynomial equations that approximate the
curves of Figures 1, 8, 9, and 10.
4.2.1 Calculate the opening ratio M,
Calculate cx2 = (<^1 - 1) * M + 1 using Figure 6.
4.2.2 Calculate Kt> using stored values to simulate
curve in Figure 7.
4.2.3 If piers are present, Kp is calculated using
stored values to simulate curves in Figure 8.
The curves used are identified by the pier type
number.
4.2.4 For a skew bridge , Kg is calculated using
stored values to simulate curves in Figure 10.
The curve chosen is dependent on the angle of
skew. Figure 13 shows a typical skewed crossing
with a skew bridge.
Note that Kg can be negative as well as
positive.
4.2.5 For eccentric crossing, calculate :
e = 1-Qc/Qa where Qc < Qa

e = 1-Qa/Qc where Qc > Qa
then Ke is calculated using stored values to
simulate the curves in Figure 9.
No provision for adjustment of eccentricity has
been allowed for due to floodways.
4.3 Backwater Calculations
4.3.1 When the bridge input statements are read, X^b

and Y;^ are treated as ground points on the
cross-section; and they will be ranked
accordingly. If X;^ coincides with a point of
the cross-section then a value of 0.010 metre is
added to the chaînage of the bridge abutment.
The program will not allow any ground points in
the cross-section having the same chaînage.
4.3.2 Calculate abutment slope Si and Sj- using the
principle of similar triangles. The bridge
15
length, Lj^, is calculated for wingwall and

spill-through. The levels of the left and right
soffits of the bridge represent the top
elevation points of the abutments
4.3.3 Determine points of intersection of flood level

with abutment slopes and calculate Q^ and Qc
making allowance for spill-through and wingwall
type abutments.
4.3.4 Calculate Qt, = Qt"(Qa''"Qc) ^^^ M = Qt, / Qt
4.3.5 Calculate An2 ^Y superimposing the bridge cross

section onto natural cross-section.
Vn2 = Qt / An2
The pier area has been ignored.
4.4 Test for Froude number
4.4.1 The test is carried out for flow condition in

the constriction. Using the principle of similar
triangles; the average water width, b, between
abutments is estimated
4.4.2 Treating the waterway in the constriction as a

non-rectangular channel and, for a minimum
energy condition, the Froude number is
calculated.
Vn2 = g An2 / b
where Vn2 is the average velocity and b is the
surface width of flow.
4.4.3 By definition , Froude number is Vn2/(gy)'^
where y is the generalised average depth and

approximated as:
y = An2 /
4.4.4 The expression Vn2 / (9 is tested for

values to be lesser or greater than unity. A
message will print out for Froude number greater
than 1 saying that results are not to be used in
the design.
4.5 Sub-critical Backwater Calculations
The sub-critical flow backwater is estimated as

follows:
16
4.5.1 First the approximate backwater of K*a2Vn2/2g

is computed.
4.5.2 The waterway area A^ at section 1 is then

computed. Only equation (la) in section is
taken into account for the computation of h^ .
hi = K 02 ( la )
2g
Ai = hi* X b
4.5.3 The final backwater h^ , using equation 1 in

•k
section 3, is then computed.
4.5.4 If the flow is critical then a message is

printed on the screen warning the user to treat
results carefully.
4.6 Bridge and Skew Section
For the various types of bridges on skew sections, hand

calculation is necessary to determine the effective width
of the bridge. The position of Xab2 and Xab3 for skew
section is important as the effective width is calculated
based on these two positions.
Bridge Type
Some caution must be exercised when making input of the

bridge used. The four cases are :
Skew bridge on a skew section. Figure 14

Square bridge on a skew section, Figures 15,16
Square bridge on a square section. Figure 17
Skew bridge on a square section, rarely used
Problems exist with the width of the bridge opening and

its effective width. The importance of getting the correct
effective width is that it affects the bridge ratio, M,
which in turn affects other calculations.
The method for calculating the effective width is

dependent on the type of bridge . The user must input the
effective Xab2 ^^^ âh3 ^^^ computer will resolve the
centre line distance between them. For spill-through
abutments the computer program visualises the bridge cross
section as shown in Figure 19.
17
S
tagehe
ight
S
I
Abutment
Pro
file
AB2 •AB3
Figure 19- Effective Width between

Abutment Toes
The program calculates the average bridge openingb, by :

(a) finding the distance between ^^^ ÂBS•
) finding the midpoint elevation between the stage
(b
height and the elevation points ^^^ ÂBS
(c) using similar triangles from this midpoint to

calculate b.
5. Floodways
This section deals with the procedure developed in this
program to handle the case when the floodways are
concurrently in operation with the bridge. The program
performs the following tasks :-
5.1 Reads floodway data such as road width, length of

floodway, invert level, coefficient of submergence,
and the assumed ratio of the length to maximum
backwater to the width of flow, L/b , from Figure 12.
5.2 Calculates the total head (H) above the floodway

using:
H = F1 + hi + So .L - I
I
where
18
L = the lenght to maximiun afflux

II = invert level of the floodway
So = lope of the stream bed
F1 = design flood level at Section 2
Note that the kinetic energy component of the total

head has been ignojed as it has already been taken
into account in (h^ ).
5.3 Calculates flow over roadway with the standard weir

equation.
Q = C . L . H 3/2
The coefficient of discharge C ranges from 1.39 to

1.72 for broad crested weirs under free flow
conditions. The value of C should be increased with
increasing head on the weir crest.
If H is greater than zero, the following calculations

take place :
H/1 ratio,
Cs/Cf, the coefficient of submergence.
If the tail water is unknown, then assumes free flow

condition using the ratio C g / C f = 1.
If the tail water is known, then a first trial run is

required to determine H assuming free flow condition,
and then a realistic value of C g / C f is read from
Figure 11 using H/D ratio obtained from the first
trial run.
The user is required to modify the data file

necessary for the coefficient of submergence , Cg/Cf.
Qf/c = L X H^-^ X Cf X Cg/Cf
where
Qf/c = floodway capacity

L = length of weir
H = total head for floodway
Cf = coefficient of discharge
Cs/Cf= coefficient of submergence
5.4 The program allows a maximum of one floodway per

approach, a total of two for the whole floodplain.
Invert levels of the road in the floodways are taken
as average invert levels.
5.5 The program then tests and identifies which of the

four cases of flow distribution applies.
19
5.5.1 Case 1
Qf/c,a < Qa
Qf/c,c < Qc
5.5.2 Case 2
Qf/c,a > Qa
Qf/c,c > Qc
5.5.3 Case 3
Qf/c,a > Qa
Qf/c,c < Qc
5.5.4 Case 4
Qf/c,a < Qa
Qf/c,a > Qc
where
Qf/c,a = floodway capacity right of opening

Qf/c,c = floodway capacity left opening
Numerical examples to clarify the four cases above are

shown in section 5.7.1.
5.6 The program can handle up to two floodways with two

different invert levels ( maximum of one per side ) .
If more are required, floodways with the same invert
level can be treated as one by summing their lengths.
The distribution of flow from Q^, Qb/ Qc to the
floodways is rather a complex matter and dependent on
a variety of local conditions. However, this program
assumes a simplified situation where the floodway to
the left of the bridge takes in flow from the left
cut-off section Q^ and the floodway to the right of
the bridge takes in flow from the right cut-off
section Qa* There will be no calculation of backwater
when Qa and Qc are exhausted or when the opening
ratio, M, is equal to unity.
If only one floodway is operating , say to the left

of the bridge and Qf/c,a ^ Qa/ ^h® excess is
proportionately drawn from Q^ and Q^. Again the
program will stop if M approaches unity.
5.7 For the purpose of calculating a new M due to the

effect of floodways for the four cases the following
computations are carried out
20
Case 1
where
Qf/c,a < Qa and Qf/c,c < Qc
Q total new = Q t " (Qf/c,a + Qf/c,c)
M = Qb / Q total new
If only one floodway is operating, a zero value is

assigned to the non-operating floodway.
Case 2
where
Qf/c,a > Qa and Qt/c,c > Qc
Q total new = Q t " (Qf/c,a + Qf/c,c)
Qbnew - Q total new
M = ( Qbnew / Q totalnew) = 1
Note that as both the floodways to the left and to
the right of the bridge have flow in excess of Q^ and
Qc respectively, the value of M is unity.
Case 3
where
Qf/c,a > Qa and Qf/c,c < Qc
Qad = {Qf/c,a - Qa)
Qcd = (Qc - Qf/c,c)
Qbnew = Qb "(Qb x Qad)/(Qb + Qcd)
Qcnew ^ Qcd "(Qcd X Qad)/(Qb + Qcd)
M ~ Qbnew / ( Qbnew Qcnew )
Case 4
Where
Qf/c,a < Qa and Qf/c,c > Qc
Similar calculations are carried out as Case 3 but,

21
M - Qbnew / (Qbnew + Qanew)

The nomenclature for the floodway proportions used in
paragraphs above are shown below:
Qf/c/a Total flow in floodway to the right of bridge.

Qf/c/c Total flow in floodway to the left of bridge.
Q t f/c Total flow in floodways left and right.
Qa Cut-off flow in channel to right of bridge.
Flow in channel over width of bridge without
Qb floodway.
Cut-off flow in channel to the left of bridge
Qc without floodway.
Cut-off flow in channel to right of bridge when
Qanew floodway is operating.
Flow in channel over width of bridge with
Qbnew floodway
Flow in channel to left of bridge when floodway
Qcnew is operating.
Qad Flow difference between Qf/c a ^^^ Qa-
Qcd Flow difference between Qf/c'c ^^^ Qc•
5.7.1 To help clarify the four cases above, numerical

examples are given in the table below based on
values of Qa, Qb, Qc given in Figure 2.
Numerical Example Clarifvina Four Cases of

Flo o dway s
No Floodways Operating
Flood-
Way Casel Case2 Case3 Case4
Qa 70 — — - - - -
Qb 210 — — — —
Qc 70 — — — —
Qf/c,a — 50 90 90 20
Qf/c,c —
50 90 40 80
Qanew —
20 0 0 48.08
Qbnew — 210 170 192.5 201.92
Qcnew — 20 0 27.5 0
M 0.6 0.84 1 0.88 0.81

22
5.8 With new M, a new value of a2 = («i-l) M + 1 is

computed.
5.9 Compute Q tf/c = Qt " (Qf/c,a + Qf/c,c)
5.10 Compute new K

j^ and sum with old K
r,, Ko to
get new K . ^ ® ®
*_
^ new - K^new Kp + Kq + Kg
5.11 From the backwater equation, the velocity Vn2 is
computed:
Vn20 Q
tot
aln
ew / An2
where Qto
tai
new is the total flow through the
bridge when floodway is in operation.
5.13 Compute new afflux
2 -
- An2 - - An2 1 Vn20
h^ = K a2 + a^ (1)
2g A4 J Ai J 2g
5.14 If the floodways take more than the total flow
of Qa and Q^ a message will print out saying
that QQ and Q^ are exhausted , the value of M is
equal to unity (or a2 is approaching a^). The
program will not carry out the backwater
calculation until the^ floodway data are
modified. To estimate hi under this condition
it is recommended that weir length be reduced
or the invert levels of weir under floodways
increased.
5.15 Attention must be drawn to the fact that

calculations are always being carried out under
the sub-critical flow condition. On the
completion of the calculations, a test for
Froude number is done for the flow under the
bridge and a message for the type of flow is
included in the printout. If the flow under the
bridge is super critical when the floodway is
operating the user must be aware of possible
inaccuracies and treat the backwater with
caution.
23
6. Conclusion
The program developed estimates the backwater resulting

from a road crossing up to 0.8 km of a stream. It is
limited to a single bridge, the superstructure of which
does not becomes submerged, with no floodway or one
floodway in each approach.
The program uses the principle of uniform open channel

flow and is based on the publication " Hydraulics of
Bridge Waterways " by JN Bradley, 1978.
Attempts were made to develop a program which balanced the

heads at the bridge and floodway using an iterative
procedure. This, however, was unsuccessful as the results
did not converge. As a result the program has been based
on a linear relationship between the opening ratio, M, and
the maximum backwater, and the relationship between M, a^,
OL
2, and Kj
^.
The program initially assumes no floodways and based on

this opening ratio, maximum backwater bridge backwater is
calculated. This backwater is then used to determined the
flow over the floodways using weir formula. The opening
ratio is then revised and the final bridge backwater is
calculated under floodway conditions. Further cycles of
this calculation were considered but abandoned as the
results did not converge.
The maximum allowable flow for floodway must not exceed

the difference between the total design flow and the flow
directly opposite to the bridge. The pregram does not
handle the situation where the flood flow capacity exceeds
the allowable flow (ie. the opening ratio is unity).
The results compare favourably with manual calculations

for the case with no floodways. However it is not possible
to verify the results from this program for the case with
floodways due to the lack of field measurements of actual
crossing or model testing.
The program is best suited to sites where only limited

survey data is available as this precludes the use of more
sophisticated program such as HEC-2.
24
7. Glossary of Terms
Ai - Area of flow including backwater at section 1
An2 ~ Gross area of flow in constriction below normal

water surface at section 2
A4 - Area of flow at section 4 at which normal water

surface is established.
Ap - Projected area of piers normal to flow between

normal water surface and stream bed
At - Sum of all sub-areas in approach channel
b - Average bridge opening on normal section.
Cf - Free flow over roadway embankment or coefficient of

discharge.
Cf/s - Submergence factor for flow over roadway.
F - Froude number.
g - Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2.
H - Total head for weir.
hi* - Total backwater upstream of the bridge
OLi - Velocity head coefficient at section 1
OL2 - Velocity head coefficient for constriction.
IL - Invert level of floodway.
Kb - Backwater coefficient from base curve.
Kp - Backwater coefficient for piers.
Ke - Backwater coefficient for eccentricity.
Kg " Backwater coefficient for skew.
K* - Total backwater coefficient.
k - Conveyance in sub-section of approach channel.
Lb - Length of bridge.
1 - Overall width of floodway.
M - Bridge opening ratio

25
n - Manning's roughness coefficient.

Twp - Total width of piers.
q - Discharge in subsection per unit width of approach

channel.
Qa - Flows to right of bridge.
Qb - Flow over bridge length.
Qc - Flow to left of bridge.
Qt - Total discharge
Qanew " Flows to right of bridge floodway condition.
Qbnew - Flow over bridge length floodway condition.
Qcnew " Flow to left of bridge floodway condition.
Qtotalnew " Total discharge through floodway condition.
r - Hydraul ic radius of subsection of main channel.
SQ - Channel slope.
Si - Left abutment slope.
Sr - Right abutment slope.
T^ - total width of flow
VQ - Critical velocity.
Vn2 ~ Average velocity in constriction.
Vl - Average velocity at section 1
Wp - Wetted perimeter.
âb ~ * coordinate of abutment intersection with ground

line.
Yab ~ y coordinate of abutment intersect with ground

line. ^
Y - Mean depth of flow under bridge.
F1 - Stage elevation.
d - Angle of skew of bridge with respect to flow.
Yic - Critical depth at section 1
Y2C ~ Critical depth at section 2

26
Y3c - Critical depth at section 3
Y4C - Critical depth at section 4
8. List of References
1. Bradley JN (1978) Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways,

second edition revised. Hydraulic Design Series
Nol, US Federation Highway Administration,
Washington DC.
2. NAASRA (1989) Bridge Waterways Hydrology and Design

Technical Report.
3. HEC-2 (1982) Water Surface Profiles User Manual, US

Army Corps of Engineers.
4. Daniel H Hoggan (1989) Computer Assisted Flood Plain

Hydrology and Hydraulics, US Army Corps of
Engineers' HEC-1 and HEC-2 Software Systems,
McGraw-Hill.
5. Liu HK, Bradley JN, and Plate EJ, Backwater Effects

of Piers and Abutments, Colorado State
University, Civil Engineering Section, Report
CER57HKL10, October 1957, 364pp.
6. Jenkins BS ( June 1980) Short Course on Channel &

Culvert Hydraulics, The University of New South
Wales, School of Civil Engineering.
7. Microsoft QuickBasic 4.0 (1988) Basic Language

Reference for IBM Personal Computers and
Compatibles.
8. Ottensmann JR, (1988) QuickBasic, Quick Reference

by QUE Corporation
9. Goodwin M (1989) QuickBasic, Advanced Programming

Tools, Management Information Source, Inc.
10. Aitkin PG (1989) QuickBasic, Advanced Techniques QUE

Corporation.
Z7
Appendix A
w
Qj.= 70m3/sec Qt3= 210m3/SGc =
Qg 70m3/sec
o o
0) b- <X)
U)
1^
CO </5
n
E E E E E
to iO ir> to to
CM CM CM CM CM Section
Maximum
V\
— \
Backwater J \
Section
Hi-H 11J n I HI-TIT
n ^ l J [J H - H - t ^ ^ - m
N Section
o
5
—I
u.
\1
LI ^
> > V l 7 7 / \ \ \ < < <
Section
Fig.2 Flow Lines for Typical Normal Crossing

Source Bradley (1978)
2S
© (D
®
N.W.S.
! Ji. > yzc FLOW

CRITICAL DEPTH yn
WS.
/ '
N.W.S.
y« > y2c
1
B-TYPE n A FLOW
(PASSES THROUGH CRITICAL)
HYDRAULIC JUMP
C-TYPE H B FLOW
(PASSES THROUGH CRITICAL)
' — _ C R I T X A L DEPTH
'N.W.S. """"""
D - T Y P E III FLOW
(SUPERCRITICAL)
Fig.3 T y p e of Flow E n c o u n t e r e d source s r a d i e y ( i s v s )

.W.S. A L O N G BANK
SECT. SECT.
•ACTUAL W. S. ON
L3-4
PROFILE ON STREAM
W. S. WITH BACKWATER—>
B
SECTION ©
SECTION @
0.
L,-i-2
D [ = 1.
t
I •'
V 1/
J., \
PLAN AT BRIDGE
Fig.4 Normal Crossing, Spillthrough Abutments

30
.W.S. ALONG BANK

SECT. SECT. SECT. SECT,
•1-2 -2-3 L3.4

PROFILE ON STREAM (t
' w ^
W. S. W I T H BACKWATER
B 1 ^ N O R M A L W.S.
Ob
SECTION ®
SECTION (D
PLAN AT BRIDGE I
Fig.5 Normal Crossing, Wingwall Abutments

31
3.4
3.4
M l ' 1 ! i !
1 ^ ! i 1 1 1 : ! ! ^ 3.0
3.0 ; • •: j ^ ^
I- • : I I
1 1 : 2.5
2.6 1 J - " ! .
•1 = 1 • 1
1 : I I I \ 2.2 OC
CX 2.2
2 1 I 1 1 1 ^
1.8
1.8
- i — O i - — ! — T r ; 1.4
1.4 —'— 1 1 — ' — -I--
1
r y - 1 i • : I 1.0
i 1 i ^ r
1.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 • 0.9 1-0
M
Fig.6 Aid for Estimating CX2 Source B r a d l e y (1978)

31
Kb Part of K *
Bridge Backwater Curve

(3.5233068 - 5.6472178 M + 1.2935649 M2 + 0.81928158 m3 (1)
Kb = (3.55656628 - 5.327075 M + 0.74911308 M2 + 1.0127993 M3 (2)
(3.8474216 - 6.0926954 M + 1.7707281 M2 + 0.47598725 M3 (3)
see Fig A2.1
10) 1
illiillJJiso' i 1 ' i
!i 1 —i
1!
- -
1 1
2.6 i v ! 1 in]iU'»s\
2.4 i \ I l l l l i l IIII I
, i
1 1
1 1
2.2 ! \ ^ ^ ^ Wing wa 1I 1 1
1 1
2.0 —J ^ !
1 1
1
fiSU YV VV
i 45® vying wall
1 1
1.8 ! ! / •: i
1 i X \ V ' ' mill m m u ^
1-6 i 1 I I x n;X ! ono^jVW-i i
K, All spill through ^ 1 1 1
1.4 fllfTf ff r»^ 1 1
or 45% and 60% WV / : —!
i n i i i 11 f v - H —
1.2 abutments over 1 !
1.0 60 m In length Spill t hrough

1 j
0.8 ! 1 1
1
i !
1
0.6 ! For lengths up - to 60 m ; ! •
0.4 ! ; ; : : : ; ; I . 1 i
!
0.2 1 ; ; i j i ' 1 ;
0 i i = i ; ! i : i i 1 i ! i
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8. 0.9 1.0
M
Fig.7 Backwater Coefficient Base Curves

Sub-critical Flow
3
3
w. W
idth of pier no
rma
l
P -
5 t
o f
low - met
res
.
Height 0/ p
ier expose
d
-^r-V
-
to flo
w - met
res.
0 , (Aqj base
d o n Number o f pie
rs.
y
j. lengt
h b )
V - hn2= To tal projected
NORMAL CROSS
ING area of p ier
s no rma lt o
flow -squa r
e me tres.
¡
¿yp 'n2 = Gross wa ter cross sec tio
n
^^ /w based on in constrictio
n base d o n
Q YKP^ '«
"gt
i^ bsco
s normal wa ter su rface,
(use projec te
d b r
idge
lengt
h no rma lt o flow
for ske
w c ross
ings )
SKEW
CROSSING J = An
NOTE : n2
0
.4 Swa
y b
rac
ing shou
ld b
e inc
lude
d i
n w
idt
h o
f p
il
e ben
ts.
F
ig.8Inc
rementa
l Backwa te r Coe fficientfo
r
P
iers. Source Bradley (1978)
3
4-
' I
di niii n\ i
/im
7r
I
rffI
TfX \
M 1ffT
If(
fi
r
e = 0- ) wher
e Q
c < Q
;
e = C-- ^) wher
e Q
g < Q
<
1
0
.20
1 e =1
.0
0
.16 f
k
0) 0
.12
<
e =0
.95 1
0
.08 1 \
0
.04
e =0
.90
1
V
\
e =0
.85
1 \
0 e = 0.80-0
F
ig.9Inc
rementa
l Backwater Coe
ff
ic ien t
fo
r Eccen
tric
ity
. Source Bradley (1978)
35
Fig.10 Incremental Backwater Coefficient

for Skew. Soarca Bradley (1978)
36
P E R C E N T S U B M E R G E N C E D / H x 100
82 84 86 aa on oo Q/I
o
u
cr
o
I-
o
<
u.
UJ
O
z
LU
O
(T
UJ
03
D
C/3
vT* 1.70
X
-J 1.68
ci"
II 1.66
o 1.64
2 1,.62
6"
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
H E A D ON R O A D W A Y H IN M E T R E S
Fig.11 Discharge Coefficients for Flow Over

Roadway Embankments. Sooxx» JjemiM et al (1975)
37
1
-2
1
-3
J
-0
0
-8
NOTE:FO
R ECCENTR
IC CROSS
ING
W
ITH e>0
-7 MULT
IPL
Y
i*
VALUE FRO
M CHAR
T B
Y(O
b t —A
! I i I I
0-6
1 >
1
0
-U
! 1
11
1 1
1
1
1
0-2
0
-8 0
-9 10
e-ECCENTR
ICITY
(C)
0- 0
-1 0-2 0
-3 0
-5 0-6 0
-7 0-8 0
-9
Ah
F
ig.12 D
istanc
eto Max
imu
m Backwa
terSourceBradle
y(1
978
)
3S
Fig.13 Skewed Crossing with Skewed Bridge

3"}
<j) = Angle of
skew
N.B. No hand calculation required.
Fig.14 Case 1 - Skew Bridge on a Skew Section

40
SIDE V I E W
OF BRIDGE
ABUTMENT
9 = Skew
Angle ^
Effective toe distance

BRIDGE A B U T M E N T S
L O O K I N G UPSTREAM
Fia.15 Square Bridge on a Skew Section

^ (a) Spillthrough Type
41
Abutment
£
ID
^
- i O
03
JO
¿ t
Abutment
Fig.16 Square Bridge on a Skew Section

(b) Wingwall Abutments
(b) Winowcll cDutments
S i m i l a r l y to part (a).
^ + W tan p
'NE; 'OLD 2
Hence for correct r e s u l t s X p. and X . . . must be entered in
the input information.

4
2^
p
r 9 = 0*
a /
/
/
PLAN
-c
(Sp
ill
throug
h case
]
W
idth Inpu
t
F
ig.17 Case 3-Squa
reB
ridg
eon aSqua
re
Sec
tion
Here the centre width equals the effective width and hence no extra
work Is required. That i s the abutment points inputted would be
Similar the same happens for the wingwall abutment case.

Â
43
(b
) W
ingwa
ll Ca
se
AB2
F
ig.18 W
ingwa
l l Case
The wingwal
l abu
tmenti s treate
d l
ike a
n inf
inite
ly th
in
spi
llthrough abutmen
t.
Hence X^g
^ = X^g
^
S
o th
e po
int
s (X^g^
, X^g^
, â
BS'^
ABS^ ^^
^ en
tere
d a
s inpu
t
Again car
e mustbe take
n w i
th X»
.^ an
d X
-p^ t
o en
sur
e the
y
give th
e effect
ive width.
44
Appendix B
Equations Contained Within Program
B.l J^butment: Slopes
Yabl - Yab2
Sl =
Xab2 - Xabl
Yab4 - Yab3
Sr- =
Xab4 - Xab3
B.2 Discharges
r = a/Wp
k = (l/n)ar ^^^
B.3 Bridge Length
Lb = Xab3 - Xab2 (Wing wall abutment )

or
Lt) = Xab4 - Xabl ( Spill through abutments )
B.4 Constriction
Vn2 = TQ / An2
B.5 Froude Number
F = Vn2 / Vc where Vc = gAn2/b

F1 - Yab3 F1 - Yab2
b = Xab3-Xab2 + +
2Sr 2Sl
or
b = Xab3 - Xab2 ( Wing wall )
45
B.6C
o]i
^>o
nen
t :o
fK
3
.5233068 - 5.6472178 M+ 1.293664
9 M
^ +0
.81928158 M
^ (1)
Kb= 3
.55656628 - 5
.327075 M+ 0
.7491130 8 M
^ +1
.0127993 M
^ (2)
3
.8474216 - 6.0926954 M+ 1.770728
1 M
^ +0
.47598726 M
^ (3)
B.7 Kp CQB^nent of k'
Pier Type
-0.05968 + 8.06452 I (1 )
-0.05393 + 6.57895 : (2 )
-0.04907 + 4.62963 I (3 )
-0.03939 + 3.78788 : (4 )
Ak= -0.02593 + 3.08642 : (5 )
-0.02593 + 2.56410 : (6 )
-0.02844 + 2.29358 : (7 )
-0.02978 + 1.68539 : (8 )
Pier Typ
e
0.327254 + 0.989413 M + 0.044095 M2

A
- 0.
61134 (8)
0.238817 + 1.174765 M + 0.136850 M2+ 0
.277804 (6,7)
0.146077 + 1.232713 M + 0.035751 m2
A
- 0.
416684 **
(4,5)
ok= 0.056796 + 1.383878 M - 0.023734 M2- 0.
416702 (3)
0.174052 + 0.607318 M + 1.190511 M2- 0.
972239 (2)
0.099387 + 0.837630 M + 0.841710 M2- 0777799
. (1)
=A k ak
B.8 Ke Component: of K*
e =1 - Qa/Qc if Qa< Qc
or
e = 1- Qc/Qa if Qa> Qc
Ke = 0 e =< 0.8
.166952 + .75107
-0 9 M -.95238 1 M2
A
+ .36825
4 e = 0.85
.040079 + .35992
-0 1 M - .399206 M2 + .07936
5 e = 0.90
.22155 .618412 M +1 .06461 M2 - .66774
9 e = 0.95
.428218 1 .27477 M +2.15479 M2 - .66774
9 e = 1.0
B.9 Ks Component ofK
-0.18655 + 0.341 M - 0.15585 (1) 0° < e< 10°

-0.458 M2 + 0.847 M - 0.40 (2) 10° < e< 20°
-0.640 M2 + 1.314 M - 0.674 (3) 20° < e< 30°
-0.8185 + 1.78 M - 0.964 (4) 30° < e< 40°
-0.842 m2 + 1.88 M - 1.064 (5) 40o < e< 45°
46
B.IO Total Backwater Coefficient

K = Kb + Kp + Ke + Kg
new = Kbnew + Kp + K© + Kg for floodway
B.ll Sub-Critical Backwater

SQv2 At^
al =
a2 = (al - 1) M + 1
2 n
V2n2 An2 n r n V n2
hi * = K * O^ + od (1)
2g A4 -J ^ Al 2g
V\2
Al = At + K CX2 w
2g
B.12 Total Head For Floodway Analysis
H = hi* + (L/b)xbSo - IL
B.13 Floodway Weir Coefficients

HI = H/1
-H^ + 0.45 H + 1.263 H < 0.2

if HI < 0.15 Cf = 0.0267 H + 1.6678 0.2 < H < 0.5
0.0057 H +1.6781 H > 0.5
(15H + 115.7)/70 0.15 < H < 0.22

if HI > 0.15 Cf = (H + 26.98)/l6 0.22 < H < 0.30
(1.71 H > 0.30
47
B.14 Submergence Factor Cs/C£
Table for Linear Interpolation
76 1.00 89 0.950
77 0.9996 90 0.935
78 0.999 91 0.915
79 0.9982 92 0.890
80 0.997 93 0.860
81 0.995 94 0.8325
82 0.993 95 0.780
83 0.990 96 0.720
84 0.986 97 0.640
85 0.981 98 0.570
86 0.976 99 0.440
87 0.970 100 0.301
88 0.962 >100 0.3
X = 100 X D/H
Y = Cs / Cf
Xn+1 " Xn
Cs/Cf = Yn +
Yn+1 - Yn
B.15 Floodway Capacity
Qf/c = L Cf Cg/Cf
48
Appendix C
List of variables in the program
Note: Program variable symbols may not be the same
as those terms used in the report. This is due
to the limitation of QuickBasic Language.
Abut$ : First line for abutment information

A() : Array for sectional waterway area
A1 ; Area at section 1
An2 : Area at section 2
A3 : Area at section 3
A4 : Area at section 4
Alphal : Kinetic energy coefficient at section 1
Alpha21 : Kinetic energy coefficient at section 2
due to bridge alone
Alpha22 : Kinetic energy coefficient at section 2 due
to bridge and floodway.
An2x() : Array for chaînage when bridge x-section
superimposed.
An2y() : Array for elevation when bridge x-section
superimposed.
An2 : Waterway area at bridge.
Ap : Area of piers submerged.
AV2 : Average velocity at section 2
Affluxl : Afflux due to bridge alone.
Afflux2 : Afflux due to bridge and floodway.
Bl : Bridge length
Curvee Backwater curve due to eccentricity

Curves Backwater curve due to skewness
Curveb Backwater curve due to abutment
Curvep Backwater curve due to pier
Cd() Coefficient of discharge
Cs() Coefficient of submergence
Deckinfo$ : Deck information

Deltak : Incremental backwater surface elevation due to
pier.
Deltas : Multiplication factor for influence of M on
incremental backwater surface elevation due to
pier.
Datfil$ : Data file
D : Average depth of flow at bridge
El() : Cross-sectional elevation array

ElpO : Pier elevation array
Elmin : Minimum elevation
Elmax : Maximxim elevation
Enter$ : Variable used for pausing the screen
49
Floodway$ Floodway information

F1 Flood level
F Froude number
Fls Flood level start
Flf Flood level finish
CI : Curve for eccentricity .8 < e < .85

C2 : Curve for eccentricity .85 < e < .90
C3 : Curve for eccentricity .9 < e < .95
C4 : Curve for eccentricity .95 < e < 1
Grapht$ : Graph title
HI : Variable used for the calculation of afflux

as to simplify formula
H2 : Variable used for the calculation of afflux
as to simplify formula
Hw() : Total head for floodway
Hl() ! Ratio H/1
II() : Invert level of weir

Inscx : X increment for screen plotting
Inscy : y increment for screen plotting
J Ratio of Ap/An2
Jobn$ Job name
Ks Skew backwater coefficient
Kp Pier backwater coefficient
Kb Base backwater coefficient
Kbl Base backwater coefficient due to bridge only
Kb2 Base backwater coefficient due to floodway
K() Array for conveyance at each section
KK Counter for bridge x-section
Lw() Length of weir

1 Width of roadways
M Opening ratio
Ml Opening ratio due to bridge alone
M2 Opening ratio due to bridge and floodway
n() Array for roughness coefficient

nm() Array for roughness coefficient
np Number of pier
n Number of points in the x-section
nl Variable defining subsection
nfw Floodway flag
Os() Array for offset

50
Optn : Option variable
Plot : Flag, 1 for channel x-section, 0 for channel

rating
Pierinfo$ : Pier information
Pwidth() : Pier width array
Qv2() : Product of unit flow by velocity square

Qa : Flow left of the bridge
Qb : Flow through bridge
Qc : Flow right of the bridge
Qae : Flow left of the bridge for eccentricity
Qbe : Flow through the bridge for eccentricity
Qce : Flow right of the bridgr for eccentricity
Tqe : Total flow for eccentricity
Qw(l) 2 Floodway capacity left
Qw(2) : Floodway capacity right
Qad : Flow difference between left of the floodway
and flow left of the bridge
Qcd : Flow difference between right of the floodway
and flow right of the bridge
Qanew : Portion of flow left of the bridge after
distributing flow to floodway
Qbnew : Portion of flow throughf the bridge after
Qcnew : Portion of flow right of the bridge after
Ratiolb : Ratio of length to maximum of afflux to width

of flow at the bridge
Ratx 2 X ratio of screen and offset
Raty : y ratio of screen and elevation
Slope () Slope between two points of the x-section

So Slope of the channel or flood slope
Skew Skew angle
Suba() Subsection of waterway area
Subp() Subsection of wetted perimeter
Subr() Subsection of hydraulic radius
SubqO Subsection of discharge
Subv() Subsection of velocity
Sumkl Total sum of backwater coefficient due to
bridge
sumk2 : Total sum of backwater coefficient due to
bridge
and floodway
Soffitl 2 Soffit elevation left
Soffitr 2 Soffit elevation right
Soffitm 2 Soffit elevation maximum
Soffitlsc 2 Soffit screen left
Soffitrsc 2 Soffit screen right
Tw() Subsection of flow width

51
Tw Total width of flow in the subroutine

Ttwl Total width of flow at section 1
Ttw2 Total width of flow at section 2
Tqv2 Total product of flow by velocity square
Ta Total waterarea
Tq Total flow
Ttq Total flow ( may me removed )
Tqw Total flow for floodway
VI : Average velocity at section 1

V2 : Average velocity at section section 2
VH : Velocity head
Vn2o : Average velocity at the bridge when floodway
is operational
Wfw() : Weir width
Xsc() : Xscreen ordinate

Xlbel$ : X-axis label
Xab{) : Array of abutment ordinate
Xsec$ : x-section information
Xtemp : Temporary variable used to insert abutment4=
coordinates
Xlbank : Point identifying left bank
Xrbank : Point identifying right bank
Pxlbank : Point identifying left bank
Pxrbank : Point identifying right bank
xl : Temporary variable used to simplify
calculation
x2 : Temporary variable used to simplify
calculation
calculation
calculation
xscmin : Screen ordinate
xscmax : Screen ordinate
xabscl : Abutment point
xabsc2 : Abutment point
xabscS : Abutment point
xabsc4 : Abutment point
Ysc() : Yscreen ordinate

Ylbel$ : Y axis label
Yab() : Array of abutment elevation on natural surface
Ytemp : Temporay variable used to simplify calculation
Yscmin : Ordinate of screen
Yscmaxl : Ordinate of screen
Yscmax2 : Ordinate of screen
Ymin : Minimum elvation in the x-section
Ymax : Maximum elevation point in the x-section
Yinc : Increment of elevation
Yymax : Top range of plot
52
Z1 : Temporary variable used to simplify

calculation
Z2 : Temporary variable used to simplify
calculation
53
Appendix D
Explanation of Input Data
Data file can be created by any commercial editor or
word processing. When data file is to be saved
unformatted or under text file mode.
First Line
<Job name up to 80 characters long>
Second Line
<Flood slope or channel slope>
Third Line
<Angle of Skew>
Fourth Line
<One line of text indicating start of input x-
sectional
coordinate>
Fifth Line
<Number of coordinate points, N >
Fifth + 1 Line
<Chainage>,< Elevation>, <Coefficient of roughness>
V
Fifth+N line <Chainage>, <Elevation>
Coefficient of roughness is not required for
the last chaînage
Abutment Information
<Chainage>, <Elevation> at natural surface
start of left abutment
54
<Chainage>,<Elevation> at natural surface

end of left abutment
start of Right abutment
end of right abutment
<Type of Abutment> wingwall WW, or spillthrough SP
<Type of Curve used> 1-3 see Figure 7.
Note : Input of abutment chaînages increase from left

to right for spillthrough abutments. For
wingwall abutment abutments, values XABl =
XAB2 and XAB3 = XAB4. The width between XAB2
and XAB3 must be the effective width as
explained in detail in Figures 14, 15, 16, 17
and 18. Hand calculation is required for the
coordinates of Xab2 and Xab3.
Pier Infozmatlon
<Number of Piers NP>,<Pier Curve> see Figure 8 for

Curve
<Pier 1 Elevation>,<Pier Width>
<Pier 2 Elevation>,<Pier Width>
<Pier NP Elevation>,<Pier Width> etc..
Pier width for skew crossing is the projected width

square to the direction of flow.
Deck Information
<Soffit Elevation, Left>,<Soffit Elevation Right>
Backwater analysis will be upto the minimum soffit

elevation.
Floodway Information
<Flag> 0 for no flooway, 1 with floodway

<Length>,<width>,<Invert Level>,<Cs/f> Left
<Length>,<width>,<Invert Level>,<Cs/f> Right
<L/b> see Figure 12 varies from 0 to 1.2
If only one floodway required then a zero value

is assigned to the begining of the line. The
The input of floodway data must be in the order as
shown above
55
SAMPLE OF DATA FILE
D NO FLOODWAY
Explanation
Bradley2 <Job name
.00042 <Flood Slope
0.0 <Angle of skew
X-SECTION <One line text identified cross section
20 <Nuinber of point in the cross section
0 35 0.04 <Chainage 1, elevation 1, roughness n 1-2
10 33.2 0.04
20 32.7 0.04
30 32.5 0.07
39 31.7 0.07
46.5 31.2 .035
48.1 31.0 .035
50 29.35 .035
51.3 29.15 .035
53.70 29.45 .035
54.60 30.45 .035
55.80 31.00 .035
56 31.4 .07
60 31.6 .07
64 31.8 .07 <Chainage 17, elevation 17, roughness n
17-18
18-19
83.6 32.7 .04 <Chainage 19, elevation 19, roughness n
19-20
102.5 35 <Chainage 20, elevation 20
ABUTMENT INFO <One line text for abutment information
34 32 <Left abutment chaînage, elevation start
39 31.7 <Left abutment chaînage, elevation finish
64 31.8 <Right abutment chaînage, elevation start
68 31.8 <Right abutment chaînage, elevation
finish
ST <Type of abutment
1 <Type of curve used
PIER INFO <One line text for pier information
2 3 <number of piers, pier curve used
31.4 0.5 <Pler 1 elevation at natural surface,
pier width
31.5 0.5 <Pier 2 elevation at natural surface,
pier width
DECK INFO <One line of text information for deck
36.5 36.5 <Soffit Elevation Left anr right
FLOODWAY INFO <One line of text information for
floodway
0 <Flag for no floodway, 1 if floodway
exists
56
D.2 NO FLCX)DWAY, NO PIER

Explanation
Bradley2 <Job name

.00042 <Flood Slope
0.0 <Angle of skew
X-SECTION <One line text identified start of cross
section
10 33.2 0.04
20 32.7 0.04
30 32.5 0.07
39 31.7 0.07
46.5 31.2 .035
48.1 31.0 .035
49.3 30.3 .035
50 29.35 .035
51.3 29.15 .035
53.70 29.45 .035
54.60 30.45 .035
55.80 31.00 .035
56 31.4 .07
60 31.6 .07
17-18
18-19
19-20
34 32 <Left abutment chainage, elevation start
39 31.7 <Left abutment chainage, elevation finish
64 31.8 <Right abutment chainage, elevation start
68 31.8 <Right abutment chainage, elevation
finish
0 <No pier
36.5 36.5 <<Soffit Elevation Left anr right
floodway
0 <Flag for no floodway, 1 if floodways
exist
57
D.3 ONE FLOODWAY, RIGHT OPENING

Explanation
Bradley2 <Job name

.00042 <Flood Slope
0.0 <Angle of skew
section
10 33.2 0.04
20 32.7 0.04
30 32.5 0.07
39 31.7 0.07
46.5 31.2 .035
48.1 31.0 .035
49.3 30.3 .035
50 29.35 .035
51.3 29.15 .035
53.70 29.45 .035
54.60 30.45 .035
55.80 31.00 .035
56 31.4 .07
60 31.6 .07
17-18
18-19
19-20
finish
pier width
pier width
floodway
1 <Flag for floodway, 0 for no floodway
50 8 35 1 <Length, width, invert level, Cs/Cf right
0 <no floodway at left opening
0.5 <Ratio of L/b see Figure 12
58
D.4 ONE FLOODWAY LEFT OPENING

Explanation
Bradley2 <Job name

.00042 <Flood Slope
0.0 <Angle of skew
section
20 <Niiinber of point in the cross section
10 33.2 0.04
20 32.7 0.04
30 32.5 0.07
39 31.7 0.07
46.5 31.2 .035
48.1 31.0 .035
49.3 30.3 .035
50 29.35 .035
51.3 29.15 .035
53.70 29.45 .035
54.60 30.45 .035
55.80 31.00 .035
56 31.4 .07
60 31.6 .07
17-18
18-19
83.6 32 7 .04 <Chainage 19, elevation 19, roughness n
19-20
finish
pier width
pier width
floodway
0 <no floodway at right opening
50 8 35 1 <Length, width, invert level, Cg/Cf left
59
D.5 TWO FLOODWAYS, NOT EXCEEDED

Explanation
Bradley2 <Job name

.00042 <Flood Slope
0.0 <Angle of skew
section
4 34 0.04 <Chainage 2 , elevation 2, roughness n 2-3
10 33.2 0.04
20 32.7 0.04
30 32.5 0.07
39 31.7 0.07
46.5 31.2 .035
48.1 31.0 .035
49.3 30.3 .035
50 29.35 .035
51.3 29.15 .035
53.70 29.45 .035
54.60 30.45 .035
55.80 31.00 .035
56 31.4 .07
60 31.6 .07
17-18
18-19
19-20
finish
pier width
pier width
floodway
40 8 35 1 <Length, width, invert level, Cg/Cf right
40 8 35 1 <Length, width, invert level, C f , Cg/Cf left
60
SAMPLE OUTPUT E
Example 1: NO FL(X)DWAY WITH PIER
Location Bradley2
Bed slope 0.0004 m/m
Skew Angle 0.00 degree
Number of points in the x-section 24
Point Chainage Elevation Manning
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
ABUTMENT INFORMATION
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type : ST
Base Backwater Curve Used : 1
PIER INFORMATION
Pier Type : 3 Number of Pier

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m
61
SOFFIT LEVEL INFORMATION :
Left 36.50 m Right 36.50 m
Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:
No Floodway
Bridge Waterway Calculations
Flood level 35.00 m

Flow left of main channel 58.05 m"3/sec
Flow in main channel 107.61 m"3/sec
Flow right of main channel 51.23 m"3/sec
Total discharge 216.89 m"3/sec
Opening ratio 0.50
Ave.vel. through channel 0.84 m/sec
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Constricted waterway area 106.17 m"2
Area of pier 3.55 m"2
Ave. vel. through bridge 2.11 m/sec
Base backwater coeff. 1.14
Eccentricity backwater coeff. 0.00
Pier backwater coeff. 0.07
Skew backwater coeff. 0.00
Total backwater coeff. 1.21
Total backwater 0.367 m
Froude Number at constriction 0.349 Subcritical
Flow
62
Example 2: N O FLCXJDWAY, NO PIER
Location Bradley2
Point Chainage Elevation Manning n
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type ST
Base Backwater Curve Used 1
PIER INFORMATION
No Pier, Single Span Bridge
Bridge Length 34.00

63
FLOOD INFORMATION:
No Floodway
Flood level 35.00 m

Opening ratio 0.50
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Flow
64
MD^ ONE FLCX)DWAY, Q^ NOT
Location Bradley2
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type ST
PIER INFORMATION
Pier Type Number of Pier : 2

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m

65
Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:
Flood Width of Invert Discharge Sumergence

length roadway level coefficient factor
Left 50.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000

Right 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level 35.00 m

Opening ratio 0.50
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Flow
FLOODWAY CALCULATIONS :
Area at section 1 295.85 m"2

Area at section 2 106.17 m'^2
Left Centre Right
(m^3/sec) (m"3/sec) (m'^3/sec)
Flow trough bridge 58.05 107.61 51.23
Floodway capacity 43.49 0.00
Portion through Bridge 14.56 107.61 51.23
Left Right
Flood length 50.000 m 0.000 m

Flood width 8.000 m 0.000 m
Flood invert level 35.000 m 0.000 m
Coefficient of discharge 1.678 0.000
Cofficient of submergence 1.000 0.000
Total Head 0.373 m 0.000 m
Distance to max. backwater 51.250 m
66
Bridge Bridge
No Floodway With Floodway
Opening Ratio 0.496 0.621

Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.351
Base backwater coeff. Kb 1.140 0.713
Eccentricity backwater coeff. Ke 0.000 0.000
Pier backwater coeff. Kp 0.073 0.073
Skew backwater coeff. Ks 0.000 0.000
Total backwater coeff. K* 1.213 0.785
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 1.061
Ave. Vel. through bridge 2.114 1.633
Final Backwater approximation 0.367 0.152
67
ÎcMSbio'^' FLOODWAY, Q^ NOT
Location Bradley2
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type : ST
PIER INFORMATION

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m
68
SOFFIT LEVEL INFORMATION ;

Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFOt^TION:
Flood Width of Invert Discharge Siimergence

Left 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
Right 50.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level 35.00 m

Opening ratio 0.50
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Area of pier 3.55 m
'^2
Flow
Area at section 1 295.85 m^2

Left Centre Right
K (m'^3/sec) (m^3/sec) (m'^3/sec)
Flow ôugh bridge 58.05 107.61 51.23
Floodw^ capacity 0.00 43.49
Left Right

69

Bridge Bridge

Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.351
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 1.061
70
EXAMPLE 5: ONE FLOODWAY, Qc EXCEEDED

Location Bradley2
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type ST
PIER INFORMATION
Pier Type Number of Pier

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m

71
Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:
Flood Width of Invert Discharge Suinergence

length roadway- level coefficient factor
Left 80.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000

Right 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level = 35.00 m

Flow left of main channel = 58.05 m^3/sec
Flow in main channel = 107.61 m^3/sec
Flow right of main channel = 51.23 m''3/sec
Total discharge = 216.89 m^3/sec
Opening ratio = 0.50
Ave.vel. through channel = 0.84 m/sec
Alpha1 = 1.57
Alpha2 = 1.28
Constricted waterway area = 106.17 m'^2
Area of pier = 3.55 m'^2
Ave. vel. through bridge = 2.11 m/sec
Base backwater coeff. = 1.14
Eccentricity backwater coeff. = 0.00
Pier backwater coeff. = 0.07
Skew backwater coeff. = 0.00
Total backwater coeff. = 1.21
Total backwater = 0.367 m
Froude Number at constriction = 0.349 Sube
Flow

Area at section 4 259.61 in
"2
Left Centre Right
(m"3/sec) (m^3/sec) (m''3/sec)
Left Right

72
Bridge Bridge
Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.383
Skew backwater c o e f f . Ks 0.000 0.000
T o t a l backwater coeff. K* 1.213 0.619
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 0.856
A v e . V e l . through bridge 2.114 1.387
F i n a l Backwater approximation 0.367 0.090
73
EXAMPLE 6: ONE FLOODWAY, Q_ EXCEEDED
Location Bradley2
Niimber of points in the x-section 24

1 0.00 35.00 0.040
2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type : ST
PIER INFORMATION

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m

74
Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:

Left 0
.00 0
.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
Right 80.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1
.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level 35.00 m

Opening ratio 0.50
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Area of pier 3.55 m'
^2
Flow
Area at section 1 295.85 m'

^2
Area at section 2 106.17 m'
^2
Left Centre Right
(m^3/sec) (m'^3/sec) (m^3/sec)
Left Right

75
Bridge Bridge
Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.367
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 0.954
76
EXAMPLE 7 : TWO F_.

Qa and Q^ NO CEEDED
Location Bradley2

1 o.'oo 35.^00 0.040
2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 - 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 V 31.70 ^ 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
ABUTMENT INFORMATION :
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type : ST
PIER INFORMATION
Pier Type Number of Pier : 2

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m
Bridge Length 34.00

77
FLOOD INFORMATION:

Left 50.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
Right 50.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level = 35. 00 m

Flow left of main channel = 58. 05 m^3/sec
Flow in main channel = 107. 61 m^3/sec
Flow right of main channel = 51. 23 m^3/sec
Total discharge = 216. 89 m^3/sec
Opening ratio = 0. 50
Ave.vel. through channel = 0. 84 m/sec
Alpha1 = 1. 57
Alpha2 = 1. 28
Constricted waterway area = 106. 17 m'^2
Area of pier = 3. 55 m"2
Ave. vel. through bridge = 2. 11 m/sec
Base backwater coeff. = 1. 14
Eccentricity backwater coeff. = 0. 00
Pier backwater coeff. = 0. 07
Skew backwater coeff. = 0. 00
Total backwater coeff. = 1. 21
Total backwater = 0. 367 m
Froude Number at constriction = 0. 349' Subc;
Flow

Left Centre Right
(m^3/sec) (m^3/sec) (m'^3/sec)
Flow ;tûgh bridge 58.05 107.61 51.23
F l o o d ^ y capacity 43.49 43.49
Portion through Bridge 14.56 107.61 7.75 /
Left ^ Ri^t

78
Bridge Bridge

Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.468
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 0.399
79
EXAMPLE 8
Location Bradley2
Niimber of points in the x-section 24
1 0.00 35.00 0.040

2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00

XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type ST
PIER INFORMATION

Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m

80
Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:

Left 70.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
Right 20.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level 35.00 m

Total discharge 216.89 m'^3/sec
Opening ratio 0.50
Alpha1 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Area of pier 3.55 m-2
Flow

Area at section 2 106.17 m^2
Left Centre Right
(m"3/sec) (m^3/sec) (m"3/sec)
Left Right

81
Bridge Bridge

Alpha1 1.566 1.566
Alpha2 1.281 1.430
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 0.585
82
EXAMPLE 9
Location Bradley2
Number of points In the x-sectlon 24
Point Chalnage Elevation Manning n
1 0.00 35.00 0.040
2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 TAB(I) 32.00
XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
ZAB(3) 64.00 TAB(3) 31.80
ZAB(4) 68.00 TAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type :ST
PIER INFORMATION
Pier Type : Number of Pier
Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m
SOFFIT LEVEL INFORMATION

Bridge Length 34.00
83
FLOOD INFORMATION:
Flood Width of Invert Discharge Simergence
Left 20.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
Right 70.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
L/b ratio 0.50

Flood level 35.00 m
Flow left of main channel 58.05 m'^3/sec
Flow in main channel 107.61 m'^3/sec
Flow right of main channel 51.23 m^3/sec
Total discharge 216.89 m'^3/sec
Opening ratio 0.50
Alphal 1.57
Alpha2 1.28
Constricted waterway area 106.17 m'^2
Area of pier 3.55 m'^2
Flow
FLOODWAY CALCULATIONS
Left Centre Right
(m"3/sec) (m'^3/sec) (m'^3/sec)
Left Right

84
Bridge Bridge
Opening Ratio 0.496 0 .726
Alphal 1.566 1 .566
Alpha2 1.281 1 .411
Base backwater coeff. Kb 1.140 0 .419
Eccentricity backwater coeff. Ke 0.000 0 .000
Pier backwater coeff. Kp 0.073 0 .073
Skew backwater coeff. Ks 0.000 0 .000
Total backwater coeff. K* 1.213 0 .492
Alpha2 X K* 1.553 0 .694
Ave. Vel. through bridge 2.114 1 .306
Final Backwater approximation 0.367 0 .066
85
EXAMPLE 10 : TWO FLOODWAYS^

Qa and Q
^;EXCEEDED
Location Bradley2
1 0.00 35.00 0.040
2 4.00 34.00 0.040
3 10.00 33.20 0.040
4 20.00 32.70 0.040
5 30.00 32.50 0.070
6 34.00 32.00 0.070
7 39.00 31.70 0.070
8 39.00 31.70 0.070
9 46.50 31.20 0.035
10 48.10 31.00 0.035
11 49.30 30.30 0.035
12 50.00 29.35 0.035
13 51.30 29.15 0.035
14 53.70 29.45 0.035
15 54.60 30.45 0.035
16 55.80 31.00 0.035
17 56.00 31.40 0.070
18 60.00 31.60 0.070
19 64.00 31.80 0.070
20 64.00 31.80 0.070
21 68.00 31.80 0.070
22 75.00 32.20 0.040
23 83.60 32.70 0.040
24 102.50 35.00
XAB(l) 34.00 YAB(l) 32.00
XAB(2) 39.00 YAB(2) 31.70
XAB(3) 64.00 YAB(3) 31.80
XAB(4) 68.00 YAB(4) 31.80
Abutment Type :ST
PIER INFORMATION
Elevation Width
31.40 m 0.50 m
31.50 m 0.50 m
86
SOFFIT LEVEL INFORMATION ;

Bridge Length 34.00
FLOOD INFORMATION:

Left 70.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1

.000
Right 70.00 8.00 35.00 1.678 1.000
L/b ratio 0.50
Flood level = 35.00 m

Flow left of main channel = 58.05 m^3/sec
Flow in main channel = 107.61 m^3/sec
Flow right of main channel = 51.23 m^3/sec
Total discharge = 216.89 m^3/sec
Opening ratio = 0.50
Ave.vel. through channel = 0.84 m/sec
Alpha1 = 1.57
Alpha2 = 1.28
Constricted waterway area = 106.17 m"2
Area of pier = 3.55 m"2
Ave. vel. through bridge = 2.11 m/sec
Base backwater coeff. = 1.14
Eccentricity backwater coeff. = 0.00
Pier backwater coeff. = 0.07
Skew backwater coeff. = 0.00
Total backwater coeff. = 1.21
Total backwater = 0.367 m
Froude Number at constriction = 0.349 Flow
subcritical
Left Centre Right

(m"3/sec) (m^3/sec) (m'^3/sec)
Flows from left and right banks are exhausted. Opening

ratio is equal to unity and afflux can be ignored .
If floodways are to be included in the analysis then it is
advised that the flood length be reduced OR invert levels
of roadways increased.
87
Appendix F
Program Listing
DECLARE SUB DISCOEF (HL!(), HW!(), WFW!(), CD!(), CS!())

DECLARE SUB VIEWXSEC (0S!(), el!(), XSC!(), YSCI(), n!,
XLBEL$, yLBEL$, GRAPHT$, xab(), soffiti, soffitr, PLOT)
DECLARE SUB SKEWFACTOR (M!, KS!, skew!, curves!)
DECLARE SUB ECCENT (M, KE, qae, qbe, curvee)
DECLARE SUB COEFFKB (curveb!, M!, KB!)
DECLARE SUB PIERTYPE (curvep!, J!, M!, deltak!, deltas!,
KP! )
DECLARE SUB AREAWET (0S!(), el!(), SL!(), A! ( ) , p!(),
TW!(), FL!, n!, TW!)
CLS
COLOR 3, 0
REM OPEN DATA FILE , DIMENSION ARRAY, AND READ DATA
COLOR 3, 0
PRINT " University of New
South Wales"
PRINT
PRINT " Bridge Waterways
Program'
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
INPUT " Input data file
DATFIL$
OPEN DATFIL$ FOR INPUT AS #1
INPUT #1, JOBN$
INPUT #1, S
INPUT #1, skew
INPUT #1, XSEC$
INPUT #1, n
DIM OS(n + 5), OSD(n + 5), el(n + 5), AN2X(n + 5)
DIM suba(n + 5 ) , subp(n + 5 ) , subr(n + 5)
DIM SUBQ(n + 5), SUBV(n + 5), QV2(n + 5), SUBK(n +
5)
DIM AN2Y(n + 5), XSC(n + 5), YSC(n + 5)
DIM SLOPE(n + 5), SL(n + 5), R(n + 5), n(n + 5),
MN(n + 5)
DIM A(n + 5), p(n + 5), V(n + 5), FL(15), ta(n + 5)
DIM tp(n + 5), TR(n + 5), tq(n + 5), TW(n + 5)
DIM HL(2), HW(2), WFW(2), CD(2), CS(2)
FOR I = 1 TO n
INPUT #1, OS(I), el(I)
IF I < n THEN INPUT #1, n(I)
NEXT I
REM INPUT LEFT AND RIGHT ABUTMENT TOES OF ABUTMENTS
INPUT #1, ABUTINFO$
INPUT #1, xab(l), yab(l), xab(2), yab(2)
INPUT #1, xab(3), yab(3), xab(4), yab(4)
88
INPUT #1, ABUT$

INPUT #1, curveb
INPUT #1, PIERINFO$
INPUT #1, np
IF np = 0 THEN 10
INPUT #1, curvep
FOR I = 1 TO np
INPUT #1, ELP(I), PWIDTH(I)
NEXT I
10 INPUT #1, DECKINFO$
INPUT #1, soffitl, soffitr
INPUT #1, floodway$
INPUT #1, nfw
IF nfw = 0 THEN 25
INPUT #1, lw(l)
IF lw(l) = 0 THEN 15
INPUT #1, WFW(l), il(l), CS(1)
15 INPUT #1, lw(2)
IF lw(2) = 0 THEN 20
INPUT #1, WFW(2), il(2), CS(2)
20 INPUT #1, ratiolb
25 REM
REM END OF INPUT DATA ##################
REM INSERT ABUTMENT COORDINATES TO THE CROSS
SECTION
FOR I = 1 TO 4
FOR J = 1 TO n - 1
IF xab(I) >= OS(J) AND xab(I) < OS(J + 1) THEN 30
NEXT J
30 IF I = 2 THEN XLBANK = J + 1
IF I = 3 THEN XRBANK = J + 1
XTEMP = OS(J + 1)
YTEMP = el(J + 1)
NTEMP = n(J)
OS(J + 1) = xab(I)
el(J + 1) = yab(I)
n(J) = NTEMP
FOR L = n + 1 TO J + 2 STEP -1
OS(L) = OS(L - 1)
el(L) = el(L - 1)
n(L 1) n(L - 2)
IF L = J + 2 THEN OS(L) = XTEMP
IF L = J + 2 THEN el(L) = YTEMP
IF L = J + 2 THEN n(L - 1) = NTEMP
NEXT L
n =n+1
NEXT I
REM IF ABUTMENT ORDINATES EQUAL X-SECTION ORDINATE
THEN ADD .001
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
IF OS(I) = OS(I + 1) THEN OS(I +
/1 ) = OS(I) + 001
SLOPE(I) = (el(I + 1) - el(I)) (OS(I + 1)
OS(I))
SL(I) = SLOPE(I)
NEXT I
REM CALCULATE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM elevation
elmax = el(l)
89
elmin = el(l)
FOR I = 1 TO n
IF el(I) > elmax THEN elmax = el(I)
IF el(I) < elmin THEN elmin = el(I)
NEXT I
IF skew = 0 THEN 500
REM SKEW NOT ZERO
REM CONVERT CROSS SECTION PERPENDICULAR TO FLOW
FOR I = 1 TO n
OS(I) = OS(I) * COS(skew * 3.1416 / 180)
NEXT I
500 CLS
SCREEN 0
WIDTH 80
COLOR 3, 0
PRINT " University of New
South Wales"
PRINT
PRINT " Bridge Waterways -
Afflux
PRINT
II
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT " 1. Calculate Afflux 4.
View X-Section"
PRINT
PRINT " 2. Calculate Rating Curve 5.
View Rating Curve"
PRINT
PRINT " 3. Print Input Data 6.
View Input Data"
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT " 7. Exit
PRINT
COLOR 12, 0
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT " Select option , then press
<enter> ";
INPUT OPTN
IF OPTN < 1 OR OPTN > 7 THEN 500
ON OPTN GOTO 10000, 20000, 60000, 40000, 30000,
50000, 90000
10000 CLS
REM Calculate Afflux
PRINT "Please note :"
PRINT " "
PRINT
PRINT USING "Bottom bed elevation ####.## m
elmin
IF soffitl <= soffitr THEN soffitm soffitr
IF soffitl >= soffitr THEN soffitm soffitl
PRINT USING "Soffit of the bridge ####.## m
90
soffitm
PRINT
COLOR 5, 0
PRINT "If input flood level is above existing
cross-section,"
PRINT "then vertical line is assumed at boundaries"
PRINT
INPUT "Input flood level FL
IF FL <= elmin THEN 10150
GOTO 10160
10150 PRINT "Flood level below channel bed, please re-
enter "
GOTO 10000
10160 ' flood level must be below deck level
IF FL > soffitl OR FL > soffitr THEN 10170
GOTO 10180
10170 PRINT "Flood level must be below deck level";
soffitl; "m, please re-enter "
INPUT "Press <enter> to continue "; enter$
GOTO 10000
10180 FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
SLOPE(I) = (el(I + 1) - el(I)) / (OS(I + 1) -
OS(I))
SL(I) = SLOPE(I)
NEXT I
CALL AREAWET(OS(), el(), SL(), A(), p(), TW(), FL,
n, TW)
twl = TW 'TOTAL WIDTH OF WATER SURFACE AREA
REM separate section section with same n left and
right abutments
REM left and right override section n for number of
section
L = 1
FOR J = 1 TO n - 1
IF J = XLBANK - 1 THEN 10200
IF J = XRBANK - 1 THEN 10200
IF n(J) <> n(J + 1) THEN 10200
suba(L) = suba(L) + A(J)
subp(L) = subp(L) + p(J)
MN(L) = n(J)
GOTO 10210
10200 suba(L) = suba(L) + A(J)
IF J = XLBANK - 1 THEN PXLBANK = L
IF J = XRBANK - 1 THEN PXRBANK = L + 1
IF L = 1 AND J = 1 THEN MN(L) = n(J)
L = L + 1
MN(L) = n(J)
10210 NEXT J
nl = L - 1
pnl = nl
FOR I = 1 TO nl
IF suba(I) = 0 THEN 10220
subr(I) = suba(I) / subp(I)
xl = subr(I) - (2 / 3)
x2 = S .5
SUBQ(I) = 'suba(I) * xl * x2 / MN(I)
91
K(I) = SUBQ(I) / (S) - .5

SUBV(I) = SUBQ(I) / suba(I)
QV2(I) = SUBQ(I) * SUBV(I) ^
tqv2 = tqv2 + QV2(I)
ta ta + suba(I)
tq tq + SUBQ(I)
tk tk + K(I)
tp tp + subp(I)
IF <= PXLBANK THEN qa = qa + SUBQ(I)
IF > PXLBANK AND I < PXRBANK THEN QB = QB +
SUBQ(I)
IF I >= PXRBANK THEN qc = qc + SUBQ(I)
10220 NEXT I
PRINT
a4 = ta
10240 PRINT
M = QB / tq
Ml = M
VI = tq / ta
ALPHl = tqv2 / (tq * VI " 2)
alph21 = (ALPHl - 1) * M + 1
REM CALCULATE BASE BACKWATER COEFFICIENT
CALL COEFFKB(curveb, M, KB)
Ml = M
kbl = KB
IF KB < 0 THEN KB = 0
qae = qa
qbe = QB
qce = qc
TQe = tq
CALL ECCENT(M, KE, qae, qce, curvee)
kel = KE
IF kel < 0 THEN kel = 0
bl = xab(4) - xab(l) 'bridge length
IF BLENGTH > 6 0 THEN cuirveb = 1
'ta = 0: tp = 0:
'tqv2 = 0
TW = 0:
'tk = 0
'FOR I = 1 TO nl
'suba(I) = 0: subp(I) = 0
'SUBQ(I) = 0: SUBR(I) = 0
'SUBV(I) = 0: TW(I) = 0
'QV2(I) = 0: K(I) = 0
'NEXT I
REM
##########################################################
REM calculate waterway area at section 2
REM SUPERIMPOSE ABUTMENT COORDINATE TO X-SECTION
KK = 3 'START OF X-SECTION AFTER LEFT TOE OF
ABUTMENT
FOR I = 1 TO n
IF OS(I) <= xab(2) THEN 10500
IF OS(I) >= xab(3) THEN 10500
AN2X(KK) = OS(I)
AN2Y(KK) = el(I)
KK = KK + 1
92
10500 NEXT I
COUNT = KK
AN2X(1) = xab(l)
AN2Y(1) = soffitl
AN2X(2) = xab(2)
AN2Y(2) = yab(2)
AN2X(COUNT) = xab(3)
AN2Y(C0UNT) = yab(3)
AN2X(C0UNT + 1) = xab(4)
AN2Y(C0UNT + 1) = soffitr
FOR I = 1 TO COUNT - 1
SLOPE(I) = (AN2Y(I + 1) - AN2Y(I)) / (AN2X(I + 1) -
AN2X(I))
NEXT I
FOR I = 1 TO COUNT - 1
SL(I) = SLOPE(I)
NEXT I
CALL AREAWET(AN2X(), AN2Y(), SL(), A(), p(), T W O
FL, COUNT, TW)
tw2 = TW
FOR 1 = 1 TO COUNT - 1
AN2 = AN2 + A(I)
NEXT I
IF np = 0 THEN 10505
FOR 1 = 1 TO np
ap = ap + (FL - ELP(I)) PWIDTH(I)
NEXT I
IF ap < 0 THEN ap = 0
vn2 = tq / (AN2 - ap)
J = ap / AN2
10505 IF np = 0 THEN ap = 0
IF np = 0 THEN KPl = 0
vn2 = tq / (AN2 - ap)
CALL PIERTYPE{curvep, J, M, deltak, deltas, KP)
KPl = KP
10506 IF skew <> 0! THEN 10510
KS = 0
GOTO 10520
10510 CALL SKEWFACTOR(M, KS, skew, curves)
KSl = KS
10520 SUMKl = kbl + kel + KPl + KSl
VH = (vn2) ^ 2 / (2 * 9.81)
HI = SUMKl * alph21 * VH
A1 = a4 + HI * twl
H2 = ALPHl * ((AN2 / a4) ^ 2 - (AN2 / Al) ^ 2) VH
affluxl = HI + H2
IF M = 1 THEN affluxl = 0
D = AN2 / tw2
F = vn2 / (9.81 * D) " .5
REM
##########################################*##*#*##*########
CLS
PRINT "Location : JOBN$
PRINT USING "Flood level ###.## metres FL
PRINT USING "Bed slope #.##### m/m "; S
PRINT USING "Skew Angle ##.## degree"; skew
93
COLOR 1 2 , 0
PRINT "SECT. n a P r
V qv"2 k"
PRINT " m m
m^3/sec m/sec
PRINT
FOR I = 1 TO nl
PRINT USING "### #.### ####.## ####.##"; I;
MN(I); suba(I);
PRINT USING " ##.## #####.## ####.##"; subp(I);
subr(I); SUBQ(I);
PRINT USING " ##.## #####.## #######"; SUBV(I);
QV2(I); K(I)
NEXT I
PRINT
REM AREA OF SECTION-4 IS ASSUMED TO BE THE SAME AS
SECTION AT BRIDGE
PRINT USING "Total ####.## ####.##"; ta; tp;
PRINT USING " ######.## #######.##
####### "; tq; tqv2; tk
PRINT
COLOR 5, 0
CLS
PRINT "BRIDGE WATERWAY CALCULATIONS"
PRINT " "
PRINT USING Flood level
#####.### m "; FL
PRINT USING " Flow left of main channel
#####.### m-3/sec"; qa
PRINT USING " Flow in main channel
#####.### in'^3/sec"; QB
PRINT USING " Flow right of main channel
#####.### m-3/sec"; qc
PRINT USING " Total discharge
#####.### m-3/sec"; tq
PRINT USING " Opening ratio
##.### "; Ml
PRINT USING " Ave.vel. through channel
#####.### m/sec"; VI
PRINT USING " Alpha1
####.### ALPHl
#####.### alph21
PRINT USING " Constricted waterway area
####.### m'^2"; AN2
PRINT USING " Area of pier
###.### m-2"; ap
PRINT USING " Ave. vel. through bridge
###.### m/sec"; vn2
PRINT USING " Base backwater coeff.
####.### kbl
PRINT USING " Eccentricity backwater coeff.
##.### kel
PRINT USING " Pier backwater coeff.
####.### ! KPl
PRINT USING Skew backwater coeff.
94
####.### KSl
PRINT USING Total backwater coeff.
####.### SUMKl
PRINT USING Final Backwater approximation
####.### m"; affluxl
PRINT USING Froude Number at constriction
###.### F;
IF PF < 1 THEN PRINT " Flow is subcritical "
IF PF > 1 THEN PRINT " Flow is supercritical, not
valid results "
REM
###########################################################
##
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
A(I) = 0
P(I) = 0
NEXT I
PRINT
INPUT Press <enter> to continue enter$
10540 REM
###########################################################
#####
IF nfw = 0 THEN 15500
COLOR 5, 0
REM Floodways Analysis
REM The program will allow two floodways maximum
REM one on each side of the bridge or two on one
side
REM and no floodway on the other side.
LMA = ratiolb * tw2
HW(1) = FL + affluxl + S * LMA - il(l)
HW(2) = FL + affluxl + S * LMA - il(2)
IF HW(1) <= 0 THEN HW(1) = 0
IF HW(2) <= 0 THEN HW(2) = 0
IF il(l) <= 0 THEN HW(1) = 0
IF il(2) <= 0 THEN HW(2) = 0
CALL DISCOEF(HL(), HW(), WFW(), CD(), CS())
IF HW(1) > 0 THEN qw(l) = CD(1) * CS(1) * HW(1)
(2 / 3) lw(l)
IF HW(2) > 0 THEN qw(2) = CD(2) * CS(2) * HW(2)
(2 / 3) * lw(2)
IF qw(l) <= 0 THEN qw(l) = 0
IF qw(2) <= 0 THEN qw(2) = 0
REM'CHECK CONDITIONS OF FLOOWAYS
tqw = qw(l) + qw(2)
IF qw(l) <= qa AND qw(2) <= qc THEN 10550
IF q w ^ ) > qa AND qw(2) > qc THEN 10560
IF q w ^ ) > qa AND qw(2) < qc THEN 10570
IF q w ^ ) < qa AND qw(2) > qc THEN 10580
10550 REM ##################################
REM QA AND QC NOT EXHAUSTED
tqw = qw(l) qw(2)
qanew = qa - qw(l)
qcnew = qc - qw(2)
qbnew = QB
M = QB / (QB + qanew + qcnew)
m2 = M
95
CALL COEFFKB (curveb, M, KB)

kb2 = KB
si
iink2 = kb2 + kel + KPl + KSl
alph22 = (ALPHl- 1)* m2 + 1
xl= (AN2/ a4)" 2
x2 = (AN2/ A l) 2
x3 = (xl- x2)* ALPHl
x4 = a lph22 * suink2
VN20 = (tq - qw( l)- qw(2)) / AN2
afflux2 = (x3 + x4)* (VN20" 2)/ ( 2* 9 .81)
VN2I= ((affluxl* 2 * 9 .81) /(x 4 + x3))" . 5
GOTO 15500
10570 RE M QW (1)>QA AND QW (2
)<QC
IF tqw > (qa + qc) THEN 10560
qad = (qw( l)- qa)
qcd = (qc - qw(2))
qfax = qad
qfcx = 0
qbnew = QB - ( (QB * qad)/ (Q B + qcd))
qcnew = qcd - ((qcd * qad) /(Q B + qcd))
qanew = 0
M = qbnew / (qbne w - qcnew)
m2 = M
kb2 = KB
siiink2 = kb2 + kel + KPl + KSl
a lph22 = (ALPHl- 1)* m2 + 1
xl= (AN2/ a4) 2
x2 = (AN2/ A l) " 2
x4 = a lph22 * sumk2
VN20 = (tq - qw( l)- qw(2)) / AN2
aff lux2 = (x3 + x4)* (VN20" 2)/ ( 2* 9 .81)
VN2I= ((affluxl* 2 * 9 .81) /(x 4 + x3))" . 5
GOTO 15500
10580 RE M QW (1)< QA AND QW (2)> QC
I F tqw > (qa + qc) THEN 10560
qad = (qa - qw( l))
qcd = (qw (2)- qc)
qcnew = 0
qbnew = QB - ( (QB * qcd)/ (Q B + qad))
qanew = qad - ((qad * qcd)/ (Q B qad))
M = qbnew / (qbne w + qanew)
m2 = M
kb2 = KB
suink2 = kb2 + kel + KPl + KSl
alph22 = (ALPHl- 1)* m2 + 1
xl= (AN2/ a4)" 2
x2 = (AN2/ A l) " 2
x4 = a lph22 * su ink2
VN20 = (tq - qw( l)- qw(2)) / AN2
aff lux2 = (x3 + x4)* (VN20 - 2 )/ ( 2* 9 .81)
VN2I= ((affluxl* 2 * 9 .81) /(x 4 -H x3))" . 5
GOTO 15500
10560 RE M QW (1 )> QA AN D QW (2 ) > QC EXHAUSTE D
96
tqw = qw(l) + qw(2)

NQB = tq - tqw
M = (NQB + tqw) / (tq)
COLOR 3, 0
PRINT
PRINT " Left
Centre Right"
PRINT " (m-^S/sec)
(m"3/sec) (m"3/sec)
PRINT USING " Flow trough bridge
####.## qa; QB; qc
PRINT USING " Floodway capacity
####.## ####.##"; qw(l); qw(2)
PRINT
PRINT " Flows from left and right banks are
exhausted. Opening "
PRINT " ratio is equal to unity and afflux can be
ignored.If floodways"
PRINT " are to be included in the analysis then
it is advised that flood"
PRINT " flood lengths be reduced OR invert levels
of roadways increased."
PRINT
PRINT
GOTO 10530
15500 IF nfw = 0 THEN 10530
CLS
PRINT "FLOODWAY CALCULATIONS : "
PRINT
PRINT USING Area at section 1 ####.## m'^2 A1
PRINT USING Area at section 2 ####.## m-2
AN2
PRINT USING " Area at section 4 ####.## m-2"; a4
PRINT " Left
Centre Right"
PRINT " (m'^3/sec)
(m'^3/sec) (m"3/sec)
PRINT USING " Flow trough bridge
####.## ####.## qa; QB; qc
Floodway capacity
####.## PRINT USING " ####.##"; qw(l); qw(2)
####.## PRINT USING Portion of flow through Bridge
####.## ####.## "; qanew; qbnew; qcnew
PRINT
PRINT " Left
Right"
PRINT
PRINT USING " Flood length
####.### m ####.### m "; lw(l); lw(2)
PRINT USING " Flood width
##.### m ####.### m "; WFW(l); WFW(2)
PRINT USING " Flood invert level
####.### m ####.### m "; il(l); il(2)
PRINT USING " Coefficient of discharge
#.### ####.### CD(1); CD(2)
PRINT USING " Cofficient of submergence
#.### ####.### CS(1); CS(2)
97
PRINT USING " Total Head

#.### m #.### m HW(1); HW(2)
PRINT USING " Length to maximum afllux
####.### m ratiolb * tw2
PRINT
INPUT "Press <enter> to continue enterS
PRINT " Bridge
Bridge "
PRINT " No Floodway
With Floodway "
PRINT
PRINT USING " Opening Ratio
#.### #.### Ml; m2
#.### #.### ALPHl; ALPHl
#.### #.### alph21; alph22
PRINT USING " Base backwater coeff. Kb
#.### #.### kbl; kb2
PRINT USING " Eccentricity backwater coeff. Ke
#.### #.### kel; ke2
PRINT USING " Pier backwater coeff. Kp
#.### #.### KPl; KPl
PRINT USING " Skew backwater coeff. Ks
#.### #.### KSl; KSl
PRINT USING " Total backwater coeff. K*
#.### #.### SUMKl; sumk2
PRINT USING " Alpha2 x K*
#.### #.### alph21 * SUMKl; alph22 * sumk2
PRINT USING " Ave. Vel. through bridge
#.### #.### "; vn2; VN20
PRINT USING " Final Backwater approximation
#.### #.### "; affluxl; afflux2
PRINT
PRINT
10530 INPUT "Print out afflux calculations (y/n) "; p$
p$ = UCASE$(p$)
IF p$ <> "N" AND p$ <> "Y" THEN 10530
IF p$ = "N" THEN 15510
IF p$ = "Y" THEN GOSUB PRTl
15510 GOSUB CLEARVARS
GOTO 500
20000 REM *********************************
CLS
REM RANGE OF ANALYSIS
PRINT " "
PRINT
elmin PRINT USING "Bottom Bed Elevation ####.## metres
PRINT USING "Top Bed Elevation ####.## metres
elmax
PRINT
COLOR 5, 0
PRINT "If input flood level is above top bed
98
elevation,"
PRINT then vertical lines are assumed at
boundaries"
PRINT
INPUT "Input start water surface elevation (m)
FLS
IF FLS <= elmin THEN 20000
20620 INPUT "Input top water surface elevation (m)
FLF
IF FLF <= FLS THEN 20620
INCRE = (FLF - FLS) / 10
FL = FLS
CLS
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT "Location : "; JOBN$
PRINT
PRINT "Channel Rating "
PRINT
PRINT "Water Waterway- Discharge"
PRINT "Level Area I
PRINT
PRINT " (m) (m-2) (m"3/sec)"
PRINT
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
OS(I))
SL(I) = SLOPE(I)
NEXT I
20630 FOR M = 1 TO 11
n, TW) CALL AREAWET(OS(), el(), SL(), A(), p(), TW(), FL,
L = 1
FOR J = 1 TO n - 1
IF n(J) <> n(J + 1) THEN 20640
MN(L) = n(J)
20640 GOTO 20650
IF L = 1 AND J = 1 THEN MN(L) = n(J)
L = L + 1
20650 MN(L) = n(J)
NEXT J
FOR I = 1 TO L - 1
xl = subr(I) - (2 / 3)
x2 = S .5
SUBQ(I) = suba(I) * xl * x2 / MN(I)
ta = ta + suba(I)
99
tq = tq + SUBQ(I)
20660 NEXT I
COLOR 13, 0
FL(M) = FL
ta(M) = ta
tq(M) = tq
PRINT USING "###.## #####.# #####.##"; FL(M);
ta(M); tq(M)
ta = 0: tp = 0: tq = 0
FOR I = 1 TO L - 1
suba(I) = 0: subp(I) = 0
SUBQ(I) = 0: SUBV(I) = 0
subr(I) = 0
NEXT I
FL = FL + INCRE
NEXT M
COLOR 13, 0
PRINT
20700 INPUT "Do you wish to print results (y/n) p$
p$ = UCASE$(p$)
IF p$ = "N" THEN 20800
IF p$ <> "Y" THEN 20700
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT "Location : "; JOBN$
LPRINT
LPRINT "Water Waterway Discharge"
LPRINT "Level Area
LPRINT
LPRINT " (m)
LPRINT (m"2) (m"3/sec)"
FOR I = 1 TO 11
LPRINT USING "###.##
ta(I); tq(I) #####.# ####.##"; FL(I);
NEXT I
INPUT "Press <enter> to continue
20800 GOSUB CLEARVARS ; enter$
GOTO 500
30000 REM
##########################################################
CLS
REM plot rating curve
PRINT " "
PRINT
PRINT USING "Bottom Bed Elevation ####.## metres "
elmin
PRINT USING "Top Bed Elevetion ####.## metres
elmax
PRINT
PRINT "If input flood level is above top bed
elevation,"
PRINT "then vertical lines are assumed at
boundaries"
PRINT
INPUT "Input bottom water surface elevation (m)
FLS
100
IF FLS <= elmin THEN 30000

30820 INPUT "Input top water surface eleveation (m)
FLF
IF FLF <= FLS THEN 30820
INCRE = (FLF - FLS) / 10
FL = FLS
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
OS(I))
SL(I) = SLOPE(I)
NEXT I
30830 REM
FOR M = 1 TO 11
CALL AREAWET(OS(), el(). SL(), A(), p(), T W O , FL,
n, TW)
L = 1
FOR J = 1 TO n - 1
IF n(J) <> n(J + 1) THEN 30640
suba(L) = suba(L) A(J)
subp(L) = subp(L) 4 P(J)
MN(L) = n(J)
GOTO 30650
30640 suba(L) = suba(L) 4 A(J)
subp(L) = subp(L) ^^ ,
P(J)
IF L = 1 AND J = 1 THEn'mN(L)
THEN MN(L) = n(J)
L = L + 1
MN(L) = n(J)
30650 NEXT J
FOR I = 1 TO L - 1
xl = subr(I) " (2 / 3)
x2 = S .5
SUBQ(I) = suba(I) xl * x2 / MN(I)
ta = ta -I- suba(I)
tq = tq 4 SUBQ(I)
30660 NEXT I
COLOR 13, 0
FL(M) = FL
ta(M) = ta
tq(M) = tq
ta = 0: tp = 0: tq = 0
FOR I = 1 TO L - 1
suba(I) = 0 : subp(I) = 0
SUBQ(I) = 0: SUBV(I) = 0
subr(I) = 0
NEXT I
FL = FL INCRE
PRINT USING "Please wait, while computing - ###.##
% completed"; (M / 11) * 100
NEXT M
XLBEL$ = "Discharge ( m"3/sec ) "
YLBEL$ = "Elevation (m)
101
GRAPHT$ = "Rating Curve"

PLOT = 1
CALL VIEWXSEC(tq(), FL(), XSC(), YSC(), 11, XLBEL$,
YLBEL$, GRAPHT$, xab(), soffitl, soffitr, PLOT)
COLOR 13, 0
GOSUB CLEARVARS
GOTO 500
40000 REM Plot channel x-section

PLOT = 0
XLBEL$ = "Distance (m) "
YLBEL$ = "Elevation (m)"
GRAPHT$ = "Channel Cross - Section "
CALL VIEWXSEC(OS(), el(), XSC(), YSC(), n, XLBEL$,
YLBEL$, GRAPHT$, xab(), soffitl, soffitr, PLOT)
GOTO 500
50000 REM view input data
CLS
PRINT "Location : "; JOBN$
PRINT USING "Bed slope = ##.#### m/m"; S
PRINT USING "Skew Angle = ##.## degree"; skew
CLS
PRINT "Number of points in the x-section"; n
PRINT
PRINT "Point Chaînage Elevation Manning n"
PRINT
FOR I = 1 TO n
PRINT USING "#### ####.## ####.## "; I;
OS(I); el(I);
IF I = n THEN 50400
PRINT USING " ##.###"; n(I)
IF I MOD 15 = 0 THEN 50100
GOTO 50400
50100 PRINT
PRINT "Point Chaînage Elevation Manning n"
PRINT
50400 NEXT I
INPUT " press <enter> to continue "; enter$
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT "ABUTMENT INFORMATION :"
PRINT
FORMAT$ = "####.##"
FOR I = 1 TO 4
PRINT " XAB("; I; ") ";
PRINT USING FORMATS; xab(I);
PRINT " YAB("; I; ")
PRINT USING FORMATS; yab(I)
NEXT I
PRINT " Abutment Type : "; ABUT$
PRINT " Base Backwater Curve Used : "; curveb
PRINT
PRINT "PIER INFORMATION : "
PRINT
IF np = 0 THEN GOTO 50500
102

PRINT " Pier Type : curvep; " Number of
Pier :"; np
PRINT " Elevation Width "
PRINT " (m) (iti) ••
FOR I = 1 TO np
PRINT USING " ####.## ####.##";
ELP(I); PWIDTH(I)
NEXT I
GOTO 50600
50500 PRINT " No pier, one single span bridge "
PRINT
50600 PRINT
INPUT "Press <enter> to continue enter$
PRINT "SOFFIT ELEVATION
PRINT
PRINT " Left Right"
PRINT " (m) (m)"
PRINT USING "####.## ####.##"; soffitl; soffitr
PRINT
PRINT "FLOODWAY INFORMATION :"
PRINT
PRINT " Flood Width of Invert
Sumergence"
PRINT " level roadway level
factor "
PRINT USING " Left ####.## ##.## ####.##
#.###"; lw(l); WFW(l); il(l); CS(1)
PRINT USING " Right ####.## ##.## ####.##
#.###"; lw(2); WFW(2); il(2); CS(2)
PRINT
PRINT USING " L/b ratio ###.## "; ratiolb
50900 COLOR 3, 0
GOTO 500
60000 REM ################################
REM print input data
LPRINT "Location : "; JOBN$
LPRINT USING "Bed slope = ##.#### m/m"; S
LPRINT USING "Skew Angle = ##.## degree"; skew
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT "Number of points in the x-section"; n
LPRINT
LPRINT "Point Chaînage Elevation Manning n"
LPRINT
FOR I = 1 TO n
LPRINT USING "#### ####.## ####.## I;
OS(I); el(I);
IF I = n THEN 60400
LPRINT USING " ##.###"; n(I)
60400 NEXT I
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT
103
LPRINT 'ABUTMENT INFORMATION

LPRINT
FORMAT$ = " # # # # . # # "
FOR I = 1 TO 4
LPRINT XAB("; I; ' )
LPRINT USING FORMAT$; xab(I);
" ?
LPRINT " YAB("; I; " ) }

LPRINT USING FORMAT$; yab(I)'
NEXT I
LPRINT
LPRINT Abutment Type : "; ABUT$
LPRINT Base Backwater Curve Used curveb
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT PIER INFORMATION:
LPRINT
LPRINT Pier Type curvep
LPRINT Number of Pier : np
LPRINT
LPRINT Elevation Width "
LPRINT (m) (m)"
FOR I = 1 TO np
LPRINT USING •• ####.## ####.##"; ELP(I)
PWIDTH(I)
NEXT I
GOTO 60200
60100 LPRINT
LPRINT " No pier, one single span bridge"
60200 LPRINT
LPRINT "UNDER DECK ELEVATION:
LPRINT
LPRINT " Left Right"
LPRINT " (m) (m) "
LPRINT USING soffiti;
soffitr
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT FLOODWAY INFORMATION:
LPRINT
LPRINT Flood Width of Invert
Sumergence"
LPRINT level roadway level
factor "
IF lw(l) = 0 THEN WFW(l) = 0
IF lw(l) = 0 THEN il(l) = 0
IF lw(l) = 0 THEN CD(1) = 0
IF lw(l) = 0 THEN CS(1) = 0
IF lw(2) = 0 THEN WFW(l) = 0
IF lw(2) = 0 THEN il(l) = 0
IF lw(2) = 0 THEN CD(1) = 0
IF lw(2) = 0 THEN CS(1) = 0
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " Left ####.## ####.## ####.##
####.###"; lw(l); WFW(l) ; il(l); CS(1) ####.## ####.##
LPRINT USING " Right ####.##
104
####.###"; lw(2); WFW(2); il(2); CS(2)

LPRINT
LPRINT USING " L/b ratio ###.## ratiolb
GOTO 60500
60300 LPRINT " No floodway "
60500 PRINT
PRINT
INPUT "Press <enter> to continue enter$
GOTO 500
90000 REM END OF MAIN PROGRAM
END
PRTl: REM
#####################################################
LPRINT "Location JOBN$
LPRINT USING "Bed slope : ##.#### m/m"; S
LPRINT USING "Skew Angle : ##.## degree"; skew
LPRINT
LPRINT "Number of points in the x-section"; n
LPRINT
LPRINT "Point Chainage Elevation Manning n"
LPRINT
FOR I = 1 TO n
LPRINT USING "#### ####.## ####.## "; I;
OS(I); el(I);
IF I = n THEN GOTO 100200
LPRINT USING " ##.###"; n(I)
100100 NEXT I
100200 LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT "ABUTMENT INFORMATION :"
LPRINT
FOR I = 1 TO 4
LPRINT USING " XAB(#) ###.## YAB(#)
###.## I; xab(I); I; yab(I)
NEXT I
LPRINT " Abutment Type : ";
ABUT$
LPRINT Base Backwater Curve Used
curveb
LPRINT
LPRINT "PIER INFORMATION"
LPRINT
LPRINT " Pier Type ; curvep; "
Number of Pier :"; np
LPRINT " Elevation Width
FOR I = 1 TO np
LPRINT USING " ####.## m ####.##
m"; ELP(I); PWIDTH(I)
NEXT I
GOTO 100310
100300 LPRINT
LPRINT " No Pier, Single Span Bridge"
LPRINT
100310 LPRINT
LPRINT "SOFFIT LEVEL INFORMATION :"
LPRINT
105
LPRINT USING " Left ####.## m Right

####.## m"; soffitl; soffitr
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " Bridge Length ####.## ; bl
LPRINT
LPRINT "FLOOD INFORMATION:"
LPRINT
IF nfw = 0 THEN GOTO 100400
LPRINT " Flood Width of Invert
Discharge Sumergence"
LPRINT " length roadway level
coefficient factor "
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " Left ####.## ###.## ###.##
#.### #.###"; lw(l); WFW(l); il(l); CD(1); CS(1)
LPRINT USING " Right ####.## ###.## ###.##
#.### #.###"; lw(2); WFW(2); ii(2); CD(2); CS(2)
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " L/b ratio ###.## "; ratiolb
LPRINT
GOTO 100410
100400 LPRINT " No Floodway "
LPRINT
LPRINT
100410 LPRINT
LPRINT "Bridge Waterway Calculations"
LPRINT " "
LPRINT USING "Flood level
#####.## m "; FL
LPRINT USING "Flow left of main channel
#####.## m-3/sec"; qa
LPRINT USING "Flow in main channel
#####.## m-3/sec"; QB
LPRINT USING "Flow right of main channel
#####.## m-â/sec"; qc
LPRINT USING "Total discharge
#####.## m'â/sec"; tq
LPRINT USING "Opening ratio
##.## "; Ml
LPRINT USING "Ave.vel. through channel
#####.## m/sec"; VI
LPRINT USING "Alpha1
####.## "; ALPHl
LPRINT USING "Alpha2
#####.## "; alph21
LPRINT USING 'Constricted waterway area
####.## m-2"; AN2
LPRINT USING •Area of pier
###.## m-2"; ap
LPRINT USING "Ave. vel. through bridge
###.## m/sec"; vn2
LPRINT USING Base backwater coeff.
####.## 3cbl
LPRINT USING Eccentricity backwater coeff.
##.## "; kel
LPRINT USING "Pier backwater coeff.
####.## KPl
106
LPRINT USING "Skew backwater coeff.

####.## KSl
LPRINT USING "Total backwater coeff.
####.## SUMKl
LPRINT USING "Total backwater
####.### m"; affluxl
LPRINT USING "Froude Number at constriction
###.### F;
IF PF < 1 THEN LPRINT " Subcritical Flow "
IF PF > 1 THEN LPRINT " Supercritical Flow"
120000 IF nfw = 0 THEN GOTO 120530
LPRINT
LPRINT "FLOODWAY CALCULATIONS : "
IF qw(l) > qa AND qw(2) > qc THEN GOTO 120540
LPRINT
LPRINT USING Area at section 1 ####.## m-2";
A1
LPRINT USING Area at section 2 ####.## m'^2";
AN2
LPRINT USING Area at section 4 ####.## m"2";
a4
LPRINT " Left
Centre Right"
LPRINT " (m^3/sec)
(m'^S/sec) (m-^S/sec)
LPRINT USING " Flow trough bridge ####.##
####.## ####.## "; qa; QB; qc
LPRINT USING " Floodway capacity ####.##
####.##"; qw(l); qw(2)
LPRINT USING " Portion through Bridge ####.##
####.## ####.## ";
qanew; qbnew; qcnew
LPRINT
LPRINT " Left
Right"
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " Flood length
####.### m ####.### m "; lw(l); lw(2)
LPRINT USING " Flood width
##.### m ####.### m "; WFW(l); WFW(2)
LPRINT USING " Flood invert level
####.### m ####.### m "; il(l); il(2)
LPRINT USING " Coefficient of discharge
#.### ####.### "; CD(1); CD(2)
LPRINT USING " Cofficient of submergence
#.### ####.### CS(1); CS(2)
LPRINT USING " Total Head
#.### m #.### m HW(1); HW(2)
LPRINT USING " Distance to max. backwater
####.### m "; ratiolb * twl
LPRINT
LPRINT " Bridge
Bridge "
LPRINT " No Floodway
With Floodway "
LPRINT
LPRINT USING " Opening Ratio
#.### #.### Ml; m2
107
LPRINT USING " Alpha1

### #.### ALPHl; ALPHl
LPRINT ING " Alpha2
### ; alph21; alph22
LPRINT ING " Base backwater coeff. Kb
### ; kbl; kb2
LPRINT ING " Eccentricity backwater coeff. Ke
### ; kel; ke2
LPRINT ING " Pier backwater coeff. Kp
### ; KPl; KPl
LPRINT ING " Skew backwater coeff. Ks
### ; KSl; KSl
LPRINT ING " Total backwater coeff. K*
### ; SUMKl; suink2
LPRINT ING " Alpha2 x K*
### ; alph21 * SUMKl; alph22 * suink2
LPRINT ING " Ave. Vel. through bridge
### ; vn2; VN20
LPRINT ING " Final Backwater approximation
### #.###
GOTO 12
120540 LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT " Left Centre
Right"
LPRINT " (m"3/sec) (m"3/sec)
(m"3/sec)"
LPRINT USING " Flow trough bridge ####.##
####.## ####.## qa; QB; qc
LPRINT USING " Floodway capacity ####.##
####.##"; qw(l); qw(2)
LPRINT
LPRINT
LPRINT " Flows from left and right banks are
exhausted. Opening"
LPRINT " ratio is equal to unity and afflux can
be ignored . If"
LPRINT " floodways are to be included in the
analysis then it is"
LPRINT " advised that the flood length be reduced
OR invert levels"
LPRINT " of roadways increased. "
LPRINT
120530 LPRINT
RETURN
CLEARVARS:
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
SLOPE(I) = 0: TW(I) = 0
subp(I) = 0: subr(I) = 0
suba(I) = 0: SUBQ(I) = 0
MN(I) = 0
NEXT I
108
FORI = 1 TO 1 1
ta(I)= 0
tp(I)= 0
tq(I)= 0
NEXTI
KB= 0: kbl= 0: kb2= 0
ALPHl= 0: alph22= 0: alph21= 0
s\imk2= 0: SUMKl= 0
affluxl= 0: afflux2= 0
qa= 0: QB= 0: qc= 0: tq= 0
VH=0:H1=0:H2=0:
AN2= 0: A1= 0: a4= 0
qw(l)= 0: qw(2)= 0
HW(1)= 0: HW(2)= 0
tw2= 0: twl= 0: TW= 0:
ta= 0: tp= 0: ap= 0
tqw= 0
tqv2= 0
tk= 0
RETURN
SUB AREAWET (0S() , el(), SL(), A(), p(), TW(), FL, n, TW)
FORI = 1 TOn - 1
IF FL< el(I) AND FL< el(I+ 1) THEN 115 0
IF FL> el(I) AND FL> el(I+ 1) THEN 110 0
IF FL< el(I) AND FL> el(I+ 1) THEN 104 0
IF FL< el(I+ 1) AND FL> el(I) THEN 105 0
IF FL= el(I) THEN 118 0
IF FL= el(I+ 1) THEN 119 0
1040 REM FLOO D LEVEL BETWEEN TWO POINTS AND ON NEGATIV E

SLOPE
DEPTHl= el(I)- el(I+ 1)

DEPTH2= FL- el(I+ 1)
xl= OS(I+ 1)- OS(I)
x2= xl* DEPTH2/ DEPTHl
TW(I)= x2
A(I)= x2* DEPTH2/ 2
p(I)= (x2" 2 + DEPTH2" 2)" .5
GOTO 120 0
1050 RE M **** FLOOD LEVEL BETWEEN TWO POINTS AN D

POSITIVE SLOP E
DEPTHl= el(I+ 1)- el(I)

DEPTH2= FL- el(I)
xl= OS(I+ 1)- OS(I)
x2= xl* DEPTH2/ DEPTHl
TW(I)= x2
A(I)= x2* DEPTH2/ 2
p(I)= (x2" 2 + DEPTH2" 2)" .5
GOTO 120 0
109
1100 R E M **** FLOOD L E V E L G R E A T E R T H A N TWO POINTS &

S L O P E - V E O R +VE
xl = OS{I + 1) - OS(I)
TW(I) = xl
DEPTHl = F L - el(I)
DEPTH2 = FL - el(I + 1)
IF SL(I) < 0 THEN DEPTH3 = el(I) - el(I + 1)
IF SL(I) > 0 THEN DEPTHS = el(I + 1) - el(I)
IF SL(I) = 0 T H E N 1120
A(I) = (DEPTHl + DEPTH2) * xl / 2
p(I) = (xl 2 + DEPTH3 " 2) .5
GOTO 1200
1120 R E M W H E N FLOOD L E V E L A B O V E TWO POINTS & SLOPE =0

A(I) = xl * DEPTHl
p(I) = xl
TW(I) = xl
GOTO 1200
1150 R E M ***** W H E N FLOOD LEVEL IS BELOW TWO POINTS

p(I) = 0
A(I) = 0
TW(I) = 0
GOTO 1200
1180 R E M **** FLOOD L E V E L INTERSECTS FIRST O R D I N A T E

IF SL(I) < 0 T H E N 1185
R E M F O R SLOPE(I)=0 O R SLOPE(I)>0 BOTH A(I) & P(I)=0
A(I) = 0
p(I) = 0
TW(I) = 0
G O T O 1200
1185 D E P T H l = el(I) - el(I + 1)

xl = OS(I + 1) - OS(I)
TW(I) = xl
A ( I ) = DEPTHl * xl / 2
p(I) = (xl 2 + DEPTHl " 2) " .5
G O T O 1200
1190 R E M **** FLOOD L E V E L INTERSECTS SECOND POINT

IF SL(I) > 0 T H E N 1195
A(I) = 0
p(I) = 0
TW(I) = 0
G O T O 1200
1195 D E P T H l = el(I + 1) - el(I)

xl = OS(I + 1) - OS(I)
TW(I) = xl
A ( I ) = xl * DEPTHl / 2
p(I) = (xl 2 + DEPTHl " 2) " .5
1200 NEXT I
REM TOTAL WIDTH OF FLOW AT BRIDGE OR NATURAL
F O R I = 1 TO n - 1
110
TW = TW + TW(I)
NEXT I
END SUB
SUB COEFFKB (curveb, M, KB)
ON curveb GOTO 5100, 5200, 5300
5100 KB = 3.5233068# - 5.6472178* * M + 1.2936649* * M -
2 + .81928158# * M ^ 3
EXIT SUB
5200 KB = 3.55656628* - 5.327075 * M + .74911308* * M -
2 + 1.0127993* * M - 3
EXIT SUB
5300 KB = 3.8474216* - 6.0926954* * M + 1.7707281* * M -
2 + .47598726* * M " 3
END SUB
SUB DISCOEF (HL(), HW(), WFW(), CD(), CS())

REM SUBROUTINE TO FIND COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
FOR I = 1 TO 2
IF WFW(I) = 0 THEN 3005
HL(I) = HW(I) / WFW(I)
3005 NEXT I
IF HL(1) < .15 AND CS(1) = 1 THEN 3000
' NOT FREE FLOW CONDITION
IF HL(1) > .15 AND HL(1) <= .22 THEN CD(1) = (15 *
HL(1) + 115.7) / 70
IF HL(1) > .22 AND HL(1) <= .3 THEN CD(1) = (HL(1)
+ 26.98) / 16
IF HL(1) > .3 THEN CD(1) = 1.71
GOTO 3010
3000 ' FREE FLOW CONDITION
IF HW(1) <= .2 THEN CD(1) = -HW(1) " 2 + .45 * H +
1.623
IF HW(1) > .2 AND HW(1) <= .5 THEN CD(1) = .0267 *
HW(1) + 1.6678
IF HW(1) > .5 THEN CD(1) = .0057 * HW(1) + 1.6781
3010 IF HL(2) < .15 AND CS(2) = 1 THEN 3020
' NOT FREE FLOW CONDITION
IF HL(2) > .15 AND HL(2) <= .22 THEN CD(2) = (15 *
HL(2) + 115.7) / 70
IF HL(2) > .22 AND HL(2) <= .3 THEN CD(2) = (HL(2)
+ 26.98) / 16
IF HL(2) > .3 THEN CD(2) = 1.71
GOTO 3030
3020 ' FREE FLOW CONDITION
IF HW(2) <= .2 THEN CD(2) = -HW(2) " 2 + .45 * H +
1.623
IF HW(2) > .2 AND HW(2) <= .5 THEN CD(2) = .0267 *
HW(2) + 1.6678
IF HW(2) > .5 THEN CD(2) = .0057 * HW(2) + 1.6781
3030 REM
END SUB
SUB ECCENT (M, KE, qae, qce, curvee)
IF qae > qce THEN e = 1 - qce / qae
IF qce > qae THEN e = 1 - qae / qce
IF M >= 1 THEN GOTO 2350
111
IF e <= .8 THEN GOTO 2350

IF e > .8 AND e <= .85 THEN curvee = 1
IF e > .95 AND e <= 1 THEN curvee = 4
ON curvee GOTO 2310, 2320, 2330, 2340
2310 el = -.166952 + .751079 * M - .952381 * M " 2 +
.368254 * M " 3
cO = O
IF M < .65 THEN el = .02
zl = e - .8
z2 = el / .05
KE = cO + (zl z2)
EXIT SUB
2320 c2 = -.040079 .359921 M - .399206 * M 2 +
.079365 * M " 3
el = -.166952 .751079 * M - .952381 M 2+
.368254 * M " 3
IF M < .5 THEN c2 = .05
IF M < .65 THEN el = .02
zl = e - .85
z2 = (c2 - el) / .05
KE = el + (zl * z2)
EXIT SUB
2330 c3 = .22155 - .618412 * M + 1.06461 * M 2 -
.667749 * M " 3
c2 = -.040079 + .359921 * M - .399206 * M 2 +
.079365 * M " 3
IF M < .45 THEN e3 = .1
IF M < .5 THEN e2 = .05
zl = e - .9
z2 = (c3 - e2) / .05
KE = c2 + (zl * z2)
EXIT SUB
2340 c4 = .428218 - 1.274774 * M + 2.154797 * M " 2 -
1.308241 * M " 3
c3 = .22155 - .618412 * M + 1.06461 * M 2 -
.667749 * M
IF M < .45 THEN c4 = 17
IF M < .45 THEN c3 = 1
zl = e - .95
z2 = (c4 - c3) / .05
KE = c3 + (zl * z2)
EXIT SUB
2350 KE = O
EXIT SUB
END SUB
SUB PIERTYPE (curvep, J, M, ^' ^Vcnn c-7nn

ON curvep GOTO 6100, 6200, 6300, 6400, 6500, 6600, 6700,
6800
6100 deltak = -.05986 + 8.06452 * J

deltas = .099387 + .83763 * M + .84171 * M 2-
.777799 * M " 3
KP = deltak * deltas
EXIT SUB
112
6200 deltak = -.05395 + 6.57895 * J

deltas = .174052 + .607318 * M + 1.190511 * M " 2 -
.972239 * M " 3
EXIT SUB
6300 deltak = -.04907 + 4.62963 * J
deltas = .056796 + 1.383878 * M - .023734 * M 2 -
.416702 * M " 3
EXIT SUB
6400 deltak = -.03939 + 3.78788 * J
deltas = .146077 + 1.232713 * M + .035751 * M " 2 -
.416684 * M " 3
EXIT SUB
6500 deltak = -.02593 + 3.08642 * J
deltas = .146077 + 1.232713 * M + .035751 * M " 2 -
.416684 * M 3
EXIT SUB
6600 deltak = -.02564 + 2.5641 * J
deltas = .238817 + 1.174765 * M - .13685 * M " 2 +
.277804 * M " 3
EXIT SUB
6700 deltak = -.02844 + 2.29358 * J
deltas = .238817 + 1.174765 * M - .13685 * M " 2 +
.277804 * M " 3
EXIT SUB
6800 deltak = -.02978 + 1.68539 * J
deltas = .327254 + .989413 * M + .044095 * M 2 -
.61134 * M " 3
END SUB
SUB SKEWFACTOR (M, KS, skew, curves)

IF skew > 0 AND skew <= 10 THEN curves = 1
IF skew > 10 AND skew < = 2 0 THEN curves = 2
IF skew > 30 AND skew < = 4 0 THEN curves = 4
ON curves GOTO 7100, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500
7100 KS = -.18655 * M " 2 + .341 * M - .15585
EXIT SUB
7200 KS = -.458 * M 2 + .847 * M - .4
EXIT SUB
7300 KS = -.64 * M " 2 + 1.314 * M - .674
EXIT SUB
7400 KS = -.8185 * M " 2 + 1.78 * M - .964
EXIT SUB
7500 KS = -.842 * M " 2 + 1.88 * M - 1.064
EXIT SUB
END SUB
SUB VIEWXSEC (0S(), el(), XSC(), YSC(), n, XLBEL$, YLBEL$,

GRAPHT$, xab(), soffiti, soffitr, PLOT)
113
SCREEN 9
XMIN = 0S(1)
XMAX = 0S(1)
YMIN = el(l)
YMAX = el(l)
FOR I = 1 TO n
IF OS(I) > XMAX THEN XMAX = OS(I)
IF OS(I) < XMIN THEN XMIN = OS(I)
NEXT I
FOR I = 1 TO n
IF el(I) > YMAX THEN YMAX = el(I)
IF el(I) < YMIN THEN YMIN = el(I)
NEXT I
XSCMIN = 0: XSCMAX = 550
YSCMIN = 0: YSCMAXl = 350: YSCMAX2 = 200
RATX = (XSCMAX - XSCMIN) / (XMAX - XMIN)
RATY = (YSCMAX2 - YSCMIN) / (YMAX - YMIN)
LL = 1
REM CONVERT COORDINATE X-Y TO SCREEN COORDINATE
FOR I = 1 TO n
IF OS(I) = xab(l) THEN XABSCl =
IF OS(I) = xab(2) THEN XABSC2 =
XSC(I) = (OS(I) - XMIN) * RATX
YSC(I) = (el(I) - YMIN) * RATY
NEXT I
soffitlsc = (soffiti - YMIN) RATY
soffitrsc = (soffitr - YMIN) RATY
VIEW (70, 50)-(570, 300), , 13

WINDOW (XSCMIN, YSCMIN)-(XSCMAX, YSCMAXl)
RSCX = XSCMAX - XSCMIN
RSCY = YSCMAX2 - YSCMIN
INSCX = XSCMAX / 10
INSCY = RSCY / 5
REM DRAW VERTICAL LINE
STYLE% = &H8888
FOR I = 1 TO 10
LINE (INSCX * I, 0)-(INSCX * I, 400), 4, , STYLE%
NEXT I
REM DRAW HORIZONTAL LINE
FOR I = 1 TO 8
LINE (0, INSCY * I)-(550, INSCY * I) STYLE%
NEXT I
REM PLOT
FOR I = 1 TO n - 1
LINE (XSC(I), YSC(I))-(XSC(I + 1) YSC(I + 1)), 2
CIRCLE (XSC(I), YSC(I)), 2, 15
REM PLOT ABUTMENTS
IF I = XABSCl THEN CIRCLE (XSC(I) YSC(I)), 2, 13
IF = XABSC2 THEN CIRCLE (XSC(I) YSC(I)), 2, 13
IF = XABSC3 THEN CIRCLE (XSC(I) YSC(I)), 2, 13
IF = XABSC4 THEN CIRCLE (XSC(I) YSC(I)), + 2, 13
IF = n - 1 THEN CIRCLE (XSC(I + 1), YSC(I 1))
Ir 15
NEXT I
114
IF PLOT = 1 THEN 5998 'PLOT=0 CHANNEL PL0T=1 RATE

LINE (XSC(XABSCl), soffitlsc)-(XSC(XABSC2),
YSC(XABSC2)), 4
LINE (XSC(XABSCl), soffitlsc)-(XSC(1), soffitlsc),
4
LINE (XSC(XABSC4), soffitrsc)-(XSC(XABSC3),
YSC(XABSC3)), 4
LINE (XSC(XABSC4), soffitrsc)-(XSC(n), soffitrsc).
4
5998 COLOR 4, 0
LOCATE 3, 30
PRINT GRAPHT$
REM annotate y-axis
LOCATE 4, 4
PRINT YLBEL$
YINC = (YMAX - YMIN) / 5
YYMAX = YMAX + 4 * YINC
L =1
COLOR 9, 0
FOR I = 1 TO 9
IF I = 1 THEN L 6
IF 2 THEN L 8
IF 3 THEN L 10
IF 4 THEN L 12
IF 5 THEN L 14
IF 6 THEN L 16
IF 7 THEN L 18
IF 8 THEN L 20
IF 9 THEN L 22
LOCATE L, 1
PRINT USING "#####.##"; YYMAX - YINC * I
5999 NEXT I
REM annotate x-axis "

XINC = (XMAX - XMIN) / 10
LOCATE 23, 5
COLOR 9, 0
PRINT USING "######"; XMIN;
FOR I = 1 TO 10
IF I MOD 4=0 THEN PRINT "
PRINT USING "######"; XMIN + I * XINC;
NEXT I
LOCATE 24, 35
COLOR 4, 0
PRINT XLBEL$
COLOR 13, 0
LOCATE 25, 10
INPUT "press <enter> to continue "; enter$
L =0
END SUB
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Calculation of afflux at bridges with floodways

Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/56457 in https://

Submitted by PHANTA KHAMPHOUNVONG

Advice from Jerome Goh ( Main Roads Western Australia ) is

1 Summary of Program Structure 4

Sample of Data Files 53

Example 1No Floodway, With Pier 60

The manner in which flow is contracted in passing through

The objective of this project is to estimate the afflux

The expression for computation of afflux upstream from a

hj* maximum backwater (m)

Determination o | the rise in water surface at Section 1,

Backwater estimates are based on the total backwater

the stream constriction as measured by the

The total backwater coefficient K* is expressed as:

Kb is the backwater coefficient for abutment

In this project, the procedure for estimation of backwater

Backwater calculations can be carried out for flood levels

2. Type of Flow Encountered

Referring to Figure 3A, it is seen that the normal water

All design information in this program is limited to type

2.2 Field Verification

In development of the procedures set out in Ref.(l)

The above case is for a rather short bridge involving low

the channel is approximately constant between

the channel in the vicinity of the bridge is

there is no appreciable erosion of the bed in

the flow is subcritical, steady and reasonably

If the flow is super-critical, results obtained from this

The program allows afflux calculations with maximum water

The expression for computation of backwater upstream from

h^* total backwater (m)

To compute backwater, ^it is necessary to obtain the

The value of A^ in the second part of expression (1)

This part of the expression represents the difference in

The energy term may be ignored if the following conditions

- M greater than 0.7V

- Vn2 less than 2m/sec, and

- K*Vn2^/2g less than 0.15 m

3. 1 Bridge Opening Ratio

The bridge opening ratio M, defines the degree of stream

and for the condition shown in Figure 2,

The bridge opening ratio, M, is most easily explained in

where Kg^, K^, Kc are conveyances of the

As the velocity in a stream varies from a maximum at the

The kinetic energy coefficient ai can be computed but ol2

The value of the overall backwater coefficient K*, which

K* consists of a base curve coefficient Kt>, to which are

The expression for K* is computed by the use of third

3.4 E f f e c t of M and Abutments Shape

Figure 7 shows the base curve for the backwater

3. 5 Effect: of Piers ( Normal Crossing )

The effect produced on the backwater by the introduction

3. 6 Effect of Piers ( Skewed Crossings )

For skewed crossings, the effect of piers is treated as

Referring to the sketch in Figure 9, it should be noted

approach embankments. If the cross-section is extremely

The largest influence on the backwater coefficient due to