557 Merged

Lecture#1
CE-557:Advance Concrete Technology

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU Varanasi
Syllabus
▪ Unit#1: (10 Lectures): Constituent materials and their properties, types of cement, fresh concrete,
workability.
▪ Unit#2: (6 Lectures): strength, elasticity and fracture of hardened concrete.
▪ Unit#3: (4 Lectures): Time dependent properties of concrete, durability of concrete.
▪ Unit#4: (6 Lectures): Concrete admixtures, mix design methods ; Manufacture and processes ;
Codal provisions.
▪ Unit#5: (4 Lectures) Special concretes and Concrete Mix Design
CE-564: Plastic Design of Structures 2

Suggested Books
▪ 1.Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice by M.S. Shetty.
▪ 2.Concrete Technology by S.S. Bhavikatti
▪ 3.Concrete Technology by J.J. Brooks A. M. Neville
▪ 4.IS 456 -2009 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE – CODE OF PRACTICE .
▪ 5.IS 10262: 2009 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING -GUIDELINES.

Indian Standrad Codes
Codes Description of code
IS 269:1989 Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 33 grade
IS 383:1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete
IS 455:1989 Specification for portland slag cement
IS 456:2000 Code for practice for plain and reinforced concrete
IS 457:1957 Code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures
IS 516:1959 Method for test for the strength of concrete
IS 650:1991 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement
IS 1199:1959 Method of sampling and analysis of concrete
IS 1343:1980 Code of practice for prestressed concrete
IS 1344:1981 Specification of calcined clay pozzolana
IS 1489 (Part 1):1991 Specification for Portland pozzolana cement, Part 1: Flyash based
IS 2430:1986 Methods for sampling of aggregates of concrete
IS 2502:1963 Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement
IS 2645:2003 Integral waterproofing compounds for cement mortar and concrete – Specification
IS 3466:1988 Specification for masonry cement

IS 3535:1986 Methods of sampling hydraulic cement

Modeling Concrete
My research work in the field of concrete
Stress-Strain Relation for Concrete
30
20
Stress (MPa)
Experiment
10
0
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005
Strain

Composite Beam: T-Joint of column with slab
7
Material properties used
• Concrete • Steel
• ExtendedYoung
Drucker-Prager model
modulus Poison Density Strength (kN/mm2) –Piecewise linear isotropic-kinematic hardening
(kN/mm2) ratio (Kg/mm3) model [1] based on Stress Modified Critical
Compressive Tensile Young modulus Poison Density
Strain (SMCS) criterion
(kN/mm2) ratio (Kg/mm3)
25.61 0.2 2.3x10-6 25.1 2.18
205 0.3 7.89x10-6
Parameter for extended Drucker-Prager model

(Degree)
500
67.1412 3.0 5.43 400
Stress (N/mm2)
300
200
Initial yield stress (N/mm2) Beam flange Diaphram
100 Beam web Column
Flange Web Column Diaphragm
0
319.54 366.54 325.54 315.54 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Strain
1) Ohsaki et al (2016): A piecewise linear isotropic-kinematic hardening model with semi-implicit rules for cyclic loading and its parameter identification, Computer Modeling and Engineering, Vol. 111(4), pp. 303-333.
Results: T-joint of beam-column
Cycle #1 800 Cycle #2 800
M
Current Simulation Current Simulation
600 600
Experiment
Experiment
400
400
200
0
ϴ 200
-0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02
0
ϴ
-200
-0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02
-400 -200
-600
-400
Cycle #3 1000
M
800 -600
Current Simulation
600
Experiment
400
200
ϴ
0
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04
-200
-400
-600
Preliminary results: Monotonic uniaxial
𝜎
̱ loading 𝑖𝑖
Crack stress 𝜎
̱𝑖𝑖,𝑡
Tensile crack strain, is modelled using crack softening behaviour
∞
𝐺𝑓 𝜎
̱𝑖𝑖 = 𝜎 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑝 − ̱
̱𝑖𝑖 𝜀 𝑖𝑖 − ̱ 𝜀𝑖𝑖0
න ̱𝑐𝑟
𝜎 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑟
̱ 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑟
𝑑̱ =
0 𝑙𝑟
𝜎
̱𝑖𝑖,𝑟
：Breaking energy
：representative length
4 𝜀̱𝑖𝑖0 𝜀̱𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑒

̱ 𝜀𝑖𝑖0
𝜀 𝑖𝑖 − ̱
3.5
-30
3
Axial Stress [MPa]
Experiment
Experiment
2.5 -25
Simulation (Lee et. al) Simulation
Axial Stress [MPa]

2 Simulation
-20
1.5
-15
1
-10
0.5
0 -5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006
Axial Strain 0
1. Lee, J. and Fenves, G.L. (1998), “A plasticdamagemodel for cyclic loading of concrete structures”, Journal of EngineeringMechanics, ASCE, 124: 892–900.
0 -0.002 -0.004 10-0.006
Cyclic uniaxial loading
• Cyclic loading
• Simulation results are in good agreement with experiment results and with those
reported in Lee et al.
• However, value of stiffness in re-loading and un-loading is different.
-30
Experiment
4
Simulation (Lee et.al)
-25
3.5 Simulation
Axial Stress [MPa]
3 Experimental
-20
Simulation (Lee et. al)
2.5
Axial Stress [MPa]

Simulation
2 -15
1.5
-10
1
0.5 -5
0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0
0 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
1. Lee, J. and Fenves, G.L. (1998), “A plasticdamagemodel for cyclic loading of concrete structures”, Journal of EngineeringMechanics, ASCE, 124: 892–900.
Biaxial Loading
• Biaxial loading test: Double symmetric compression
-45
-40
-35
-30
Case1-S1S1
z -25
Stress
-20 Case1-S1S3
50
y 200 -15 Simulation S1S1
200 x -10 Simulation S1S3
-5
0
-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Strain
2. Kupfer et. al: Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses, ACI, J. 66(8) 656-666
On-going work
Result of eigenvalue analysis
1st mode 2nd mode 3 rd mode

(0.536 s) (0.410 s) (0.348 s)
Specimen CAD model
RC Bridge Pier
Analysis model of RC bridge pier
Full-scale circular RC bridge pier
Crack growth in concrete at t=1sec

Modeling Mechanical +Thermal Deformation
• Total strain is consisting of mechanical and thermal strain
𝑀
𝜖𝑖𝑗 = 𝜖𝑖𝑗 + 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝜃
Here, 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝜃 = 𝛼Δ𝛩𝛿𝑖𝑗
• Lagrangian for thermo-mechanical deformations
1 𝜃
ℒ 𝑢, 𝜖, 𝛩 = න 𝜖𝑖𝑗 𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝜖𝑘𝑙 − 2𝛼𝛩𝜖𝑘𝑙 𝑑𝑣
2
▪ Field variables are approximated as 𝛼 ≈ 𝛼𝛼𝜙𝛼 , 𝛩 ≈ 𝛩𝑑 = 𝛩𝛼𝑛 𝑃𝛼𝑛 , 𝜖𝑘𝑙𝜃 ≈ 𝜖𝑘𝑙𝑑𝜃 = 𝜖𝑘𝑙𝜃𝛼𝑛 𝑃𝛼𝑛 ,
𝑑 𝛽𝑚 𝑑 𝛽𝑚
𝜖𝑖𝑗 ≈ 𝜖𝑖𝑗 = 𝜖𝑖𝑗 𝑄𝛽𝑚 and 𝜖𝑘𝑙 ≈ 𝜖𝑘𝑙 = 𝜖𝑘𝑙 𝑄𝛽𝑚
• Substituting the approximations into the Lagrangian and applying Hamilton’s

Principal, 𝛿∫ ℒ 𝑑𝑡 = 0, following linear set of equations can be obtained.
𝑇
𝛽𝑚𝛼𝑛 𝑇 𝛽𝑚′ 𝛼′ 𝑛′
෍ 𝐼 𝛽𝑚𝑚′ 𝐵𝑖 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑗 𝑢 𝛼′ 𝑛′ − ෍ 𝐼 𝛽𝑚𝛼′ 𝑛′ 𝐵𝑖𝛽𝑚𝛼𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗𝜃𝛼′ 𝑛′ = {0}
Thermal cracking of concrete
• Set of experiments are numerically reproduced to test the

validity of the developed model.
• Temperature of Voronoi elements within 5mm red strip is

set to 1800oC to mimic moving LASER beam.
• LASER speed is set to 12mm/min.

T∞ = 20oC
• 2 cases are considered for simulation:

Case:1 RC block with 2 reinforcement bars.
Case:2 RC block with 4 reinforcement bars.
• Constituents of a RC block
1. Cement matrix
2. Reinforcement bars
3. Aggregates
• RC block consists of 12M Delaunay and 2M Voronoi elements.
• Material properties:
Mechanical properties Thermal properties
Specific Coefficient
Modulus Thermal
Material type Tensile Poisson’s Density heat of thermal
of conductivity
strength σ ratio ρ capacity h expansion α
elasticity k
(MPa) 𝑣 (kg m-3) −1 (Jkg −1 K−1) (10−6 K−1 )
E (GPa) (Wm K)
Cement matrix
17.5 2.25 0.1 2201 2.43 1040 15
Reinforcement 200
400 0.3 8050 50.2 510 11
bar
50
Aggregates 3 0.35 1076 2.75 850 7
Case:1
Cracks around
reinforcement bar
Cracks on top Experimental observation

Simulation result surface of RC
block
Case:1
t=0.25 sec t=38 sec
t=75 sec t=148 sec
Cracks evolution at different x-sections

Case:2
Horizontal crack connecting

reinforcement bars.
Top surface
crack
Simulation result Experimental observation
• Naked eye comparison suggests reasonable agreement between major

cracks in simulation and experiment.
Lecture#2
Assistant Professor
IIT BHU Varanasi
Syllabus
workability.
Codal provisions.
CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 2

Content of the Today’s Lecture
workability.
Codal provisions.

Concrete
▪ Mortar: Blend of water, cement and
sand
▪ Cement and Sand is suspended into water
▪ Concrete: A blend of water, cement,

sand and aggregate in a proportion
▪ cement and sand is suspended into water
in the presence of aggregate

Components of concrete
Concrete
Water Cement Sand Aggregate Admixture
Natural Artificial
Crushed Gravel
Igneous Sedimentory metamorphic

rocks rocks rocks
Cement
▪ Cemenitious material has been there since history of engineering construction
▪ Analysis of mortar from Great Pyramid showed that it contained 81.5% Calcium
Sulphate and 9.5% corbonate
▪ In India, Portland cement was first manufactured in 1904 near madras by South
India Industrial Ltd, which failed
▪ Later in 1912-13, Indian Cement Co. Ltd was established in Porbander and it
delivered 1000 tons of Portland Cement in 1914.

Manufacuring of Portland Cement
▪ Raw Material required are
1. Calcerous Material such as limestone or Chalk
2. Agrillaceous Material such as Shale or Clay
▪ Process of manufacturing cement includes

1. Grinding raw material
2. Mixing them in certain proportion and composition
3. Buring them in klin at a temp of 13000C
4. Clinker is cooled and grounded to fine powder with addition of 3-5% gypsum
5. Package preparation

Manufacturing of cement (Dry Process)

Manufacturing of cement (Wet Process)

Influence of cooling rate on compressive
strength
CE-577: Advance Concrete Technology 10

Chemical Composition

Chemical Composition as per IS 269-1989 for 33
grade cement

Chemical Composition

Heat of Hyderation

Hydration Reaction

Types of Cement
Types of Cement
(a) Ordinary Portland Cement (i) Porland Pozzolona Cement IS 1489
(i) OPC 33 Grade IS 269-1989 (j) Air Entraning Cement
(ii) OPC 43 Grade IS 8112: 1989 (k) Hydrophobic Cement IS 8043: 1989
(iii) OPC 53 Grade IS 12269:1987 (l) Masonry Cement IS 3466:1988
(b) Rapid Hardening Cement IS 8041:1990 (m) Oil Well Cement IS 8229: 1989
(c) Extra Rapid Hardening
(d) Suplhate Resisting Cement IS (n) Concrete Sleeper grade IRS-T 40
12330:1988 1985
(e) Portland Slag Cement IS 455:1989 (o) White Cement IS 8042: 1989
(f) Quick Settling Time IS 6909:1990 (p) High Alumina Cement IS 6452 1989
(g) Super Sulphate Cement IS 6909: 1990 (q) Ultra High Strength Cement
(h) Low Heat Cement IS 12600:1989
ASTM Classification
▪ Type I: for use in general concrete construction where special properties are not
required (Ordinary Portland Cement)
▪ Type II: General concrete construction exposed to moderate sulphate action or
moderate heat of hydration is required
▪ Type III: for use where early strength is required (Rapid Hardening Cement)
▪ Type IV: When low heat of hydration is required (Low Heat Cement)
▪ Type V: For use in high sulphate resistance is required (Sulphate Resisting
Cement)
▪ Type IP: consist of intimate and uniform blend of Portland Cement (or Portland
Blast Furnance Slag Cement)

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
▪ Governed by IS 269:1976
▪ Grades
▪ 33 Grades, 43 Grades and 53 Grades
▪ Chemical Composition
▪ CaO 60-67%
▪ SiO2 17-25%
▪ Al2O3 3-8%
▪ Fe2O3 0.5-6.0 % ;
▪ MgO 0.5-4.0%;
▪ Alkalis 0.3-1.2%; SO3 2.0-3.5%
▪ Faster rate of developing strength

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) IS 1489:1991
▪ Addition of 10%to 25% Pozzolanic materials (calcined clay or fly ash) in OPC Clinker
▪ Pozzolanic action
▪ Calcium Hydroxide + Pozzolana + Water → C-S-H (gel)
▪ Chemical Composition
▪ CaO 40-43%
▪ SiO2 28-32%
▪ Al2O3 8-10%
▪ Fe2O3 0.5-6.0 % ;
▪ MgO 0.5-4.0%;
▪ Alkalis 0.3-1.2%; SO3 2.0-3.5%
▪ Costly clinker is replaced by cheaper pozzolanic material

Rapid Hardening Cement (IS 8041-1990)
▪ Similar to OPC with ability to develop strength rapidly
▪ It should not be confused with “Quick Settling Cement”
▪ Rapid hardening cement develops the strength in 3 days what OPC does in 7 days
▪ Rapid development of strength is attributed to higer fineness of grinding and higher C 3S

and lower C2S component resulting into quicker hydration reaction
▪ Use of rapid hardening cement is recommened in following situation

▪ in pre-fabricated concrete construction
▪ where form-work has to be removed early for re-use
▪ raod repair
▪ cold weather concreting

Quick Setting Cement
▪ It sets very early by reducing the gypsum content at the time of clinker grinding
▪ Mostly used in under water concreting using pump, where quick setting is needed
▪

Sulphate Resisting Cement (IS 12330-1988)
▪ Sulphates react both with free
▪ calcium hydroxide in set-cement to form calcium sulphate
▪ hydrate of calcium aluminate to form calcium sulphoaluminate
▪ which is 227% of volume of original aluminate leading to cracking of concrete

▪ It is also known as Sulphate Attack, which is accelerated by alternating wetting
and drying
▪ 2C3A +C4AF should not exceed 25%
▪ Recommended usage
▪ in marine condition
▪ foundation and basement where soil is infested with sulphate

Portland Slag Cement (PSC) IS 455-1989
▪ obtained by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and grannular blast furnance
slag in suitable proportion
▪ quantity of granulated slag mixed with portland clinker will range from 25-65%
▪ early strength is due to cement clinker and later strength due to slag fraction
▪ Similar to OPC in fineness, setting time, soundness and strength
▪ rate of hardening is slower than OPC
▪ have low heat of hydration in cold weather coupled with moderately low strength
development may lead to frost damage

Ground Ganular Blast Furnace Cement (GGBS)
▪ Bombay Sewage Disposal project at Bandra, GGBS with 30% cement was used
for grouting fill-up trench around pre-cast sewer 3.5 m dia embeded 40 m below
MSL.
▪ Research shows that presence of GGBS enhances the intrinsic properties of
concrete both in fresh and hardened cement.
▪ The major advantages are
▪ reduced heat of hydration
▪ refinement of pore structure
▪ reduce permeability
▪ increased resistance to chemical attack

Summary of Lecture
▪ Constitutent of Cement
▪ Cement
▪ history
▪ manufacturing process
▪ types of cement

Lecture#3
Assistant Professor
IIT BHU Varanasi
Syllabus
workability.
Codal provisions.

Recap of the Previous Lecture
workability.
Codal provisions.

workability.
Codal provisions.

Testing of Cement
▪ Field Testing
▪ Laboratory Testing
No doubt, IS compliance confirmations will have been done at the factory laboratory
before the production comes out from the factory. But the cement may go bad
during transportation and storage prior to its use in works.

Field Testing
▪ Visual Inspection: no visible lump and cement should normally be greenish grey
▪ Temperature Check: Cement filled bag shall give you a cool feeling upon thrusting your hand into
cement bag
▪ Texture Testing: Cement shall give smooth not a gritty feeling upon rubbing the cement between
fingers.
▪ Floating Test: Particle shall float for some time before sinking upon throwing it on a water-filled
bucket
▪ Take about 100 grams of cement and a small quantity of water and make a stiff paste. From the
stiff paste, pat a cake with sharp edges. Put it on a glass plate and slowly take it under water in a
bucket. See that the shape of the cake is not disturbed while taking it down to the bottom of the
bucket. After 24 hours the cake should retain its original shape and at the same time it should also
set and attain some strength.
Laboratory Test
▪ Fineness Test
▪ Setting Time (initial and Final)
▪ Strength Test
▪ Soundness Test
▪ Heat of Hydration
▪ Chemical Composition Test

Fineness Test
▪ Finer cement offers a greater surface area for
hydration and hence faster the development of
strength
▪ Fineness of cement is tested in two ways :

▪ (a) By sieving.
▪ (b) By determination of specific surface

Sieve Test
▪ Weigh correctly 100 grams of cement and take it on a standard IS
Sieve No. 9 (90 microns).
▪ Break down the air-set lumps in the sample with fingers.
▪ Continuously sieve the sample giving circular and vertical motion for a
period of 15 minutes.
▪ Mechanical sieving devices may also be used. Weigh the residue left
on the sieve.
▪ This weight shall not exceed 10% for ordinary cement. Sieve test is
rarely used.

Air Permeability Method
▪ for determining the fineness of cement as
represented by specific surface expressed
as total surface area in sq. cm/gm. of
cement.
▪ The principle is based on the relation
between the flow of air through the
cement bed and the surface area of the
particles comprising the cement bed
▪ From this the surface area per unit weight
of the body material can be related to the
permeability of a bed of a given porosity

▪ The cement bed in the permeability cell is 1
cm. high and 2.5 cm. in diameter
▪ Knowing the density of cement the weight
required to make a cement bed of porosity of
0.475 can be calculated
▪ Slowly pass on air through cement bed at
constant speed
▪ Adjust the rate of air flow until the flowmeter
shows a difference in level of 30-50 cm
▪ Read the difference in level (h1) of the
manometer and the difference in level (h2) of
the flowmeter

▪ Specific Surface is calculated using
ℎ1 14 𝜉 3𝐴
𝑆𝑊 = 𝐾 and 𝐾 =
ℎ2 𝑑(1−𝜉) 𝐶𝐿
▪ where, 𝜉 = 0.475
▪ A: Area of cement bed
▪ L: Length (cm) of the cement bed
▪ d: density of cement
▪ C Flowmeter constant

Standard Consistency Test
▪ For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and
strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used.
▪ The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate
to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the Mould.
▪ Vicat Apparatus is used to find out the percentage of water required to produce a
cement paste of standard consistency
▪ The standard consistency of the cement paste is some time called normal
consistency (CPNC).

Standard Consistency Test: Vicat Appratus
Procedure: A standard plunger, 10 mm
diameter, 50 mm long is attached and
brought down to touch the surface of
the paste in the test block and quickly
released allowing it to sink into the
paste by its own weight
Adjust water/cement ratios till such time

the plunger penetrates for a depth of
33-35 mm from the top

Setting Time: Initial Setting Time
▪ Apparatus Used: Vicat Apparatus
▪ Sample Preparation: Take 500 gm. of cement sample and guage it with 0.85
times the water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency (0.85
P).
▪ Measurement:
▪ Lower the needle (C) to bring it in contact with cement surface and release
▪ Allow it to penetrate into test block
▪ Note the time at which needle penetrate only to a depth of 33-35 mm from the
top.
▪ Noted time is initial setting time
Specification: As per I.S.: 269 –1976 initial setting time for cement shall not be less than 30 minutes.
Setting Time: Final Setting Time
▪ Apparatus Used: Vicat Apparatus
▪ Sample Preparation: Same sample used for initial setting time
▪ Measurement:
▪ Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by a circular attachment (F)
▪ Allow it to penetrate into test block
▪ Note the time at which center needle does not pierce through the paste more
than 0.5 mm.
▪ Noted time is final setting time

Compressive Strength of Cement
▪ Objective: to determine the compressive strength of cement
▪ Apparatus Used: Mould, Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
▪ Procedure:
1. 185 gms of given cement sample is mixed for one minutes with 3 times is weight of standard
sand.
2. Then p% water by weight of dry materials (p=Pn/4 + 3.0, Pn is water required for making
paste of normal consistency) is added to it and mixed for minimum 3 minutes but not more
than 4 minutes to bring a uniform colour.
3. 6 nos. 70.6 mm (50 cm2 surface area) well oiled and greased cube moulds are filled with the
mortar and compacted on standard vibration machine for 2 minutes.
4. The cubes are kept at 27 ±20C in atmosphere of 90% humidity for 24 hrs, and then kept
submerged in clean water.
5. Three cubes are tested at 3 days and three at 7- days with loading rate of 350 Kg/cm2/mt.
CE-557: Advance Concrete Technology

Soundness of Cement
▪ Objective: is to determine the extent of free uncombined lime present in the cement.
▪ Apparatus Used: Le-Chatelior’s apparatus, scale and water bath
▪ Procedure:
1. Taking 100 gms of cement, a cement paste with 0.78 time the water required for normal
consistency is prepared and placed in the mould resting on a glass plate.
2. Another glass plate is placed on its top.
3. The whole thing is then immediately placed in water bath whose temperature is between
270C to 320C and the distance between the tips of the pointers is measured after lapse of 24
hours.
4. The mould is then immersed in a water bath which is heated to boiling point in 20 to 30
minutes and kept at this temperature for one hour. After cooling to 27 0C the distance between
the tips of the pointers is again measured.
5. The difference between the two readings represents the expansion of the cement, i.e.,
soundness of the cement.
Soundness of Cement
As per IS : 269-1976 code this should not exceed 5 mm for aerated OPC and 10 mm for non aerated OPC and
as per IS 1489-1991 for PPC, & as per IS 455 -1989 for Portland slag cement.

Specific Gravity of Cement
▪ Objective: to determine the specific gravity and unit weight of cement
▪ Apparatus Used: Le Chatelier’s Flask
▪ Procedure:
1. Le Chatelier’s Flask is filled up to zero to 1 ml marks with kerosene oil and first reading is
recorded after immersing it in water bath at 270 ± 20C.
2. About 64 gms of the cement, shall be introduced in the flask after accurately weighing and
recording its weight.
3. Roll the flask after putting the stopper, so as to free the cement from any air bubbles and take
the level reading on the flask.
4. Now, Sp gr. =
Chemical Composition Test: Materail Characterization
▪ Methodology
▪ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
▪ Particle Size Distributution (PSD)
▪ X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
▪ The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is among the most flexible tools for
studying and analyzing microstructure topography as well as for elemental
analysis.
▪ The capturing of signals generated by field emission and sample interactions is
an essential factor for image generation during the SEM analysis.
▪ SEM involves the bombardment of fast-moving high-energy particles in the form
of a focused beam on the surface of the substrate material.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Dave et al. (2018), Green quaternary concrete composites: Characterization and evaluation of the mechanical properties, Struc ture Concrete, 19(2),

Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
▪ A distribution of particle sizes or particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental
characteristic of cement powder.
▪ Accurate PSDs are required in computational efforts to model the hydration
process and it is an important practical issue for the cement industry.
▪ Presently, the only available standard method for measuring the PSD of cement,
namely ASTM C115, is limited in scope, with a lower size detection limit of 7.5
µm.
Ferraris et. al (2004), Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Portland Cement Powder: Analysis of ASTM Round Robin Studies, Cement Concrete and
Aggregates 26(2): 1-11

Particle Size Distribution
Cumulative PSD of cement powder (CCRL 135) in IPA

as a function of ultrasonic treatment duration.
Ferraris et. al (2004), Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Portland Cement Powder:
Analysis of ASTM Round Robin Studies, Cement Concrete and Aggregates 26(2): 1-11

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
▪ X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of
characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-
rays from a material that has been excited by
being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or
gamma rays.
▪ The phenomenon is widely used for
elemental analysis and chemical analysis,
particularly in the investigation of metals,
glass, ceramics and building materials
Shan et. al (2015), Development of an Online X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis System for Heavy Typical X-ray fluorescence spectrum of the
Metals Measurement in Cement Raw Meal, Spectroscopy Letters 49(3)
cement raw meal
X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

Summary of the Lecture
▪ Testing of Cement
▪ Field Test
▪ Laboratory Test
▪ Fineness Test
▪ Setting Time (initial and Final)
▪ Strength Test
▪ Soundness Test
▪ Heat of Hydration
▪ Chemical Composition Test

Lecture#4
Assistant Professor
IIT BHU Varanasi
Syllabus
workability.
Codal provisions.

workability.
Codal provisions.

▪ Unit#1: (10 Lectures): Constituent materials and their properties: Aggregates and their testing,
types of cement, fresh concrete, workability.
Codal provisions.

Aggregates
▪ Give body to concrete
▪ Reduce the shrinkage
▪ Effect economy
▪ Occupy 70-80% of volume of concrete
▪ mainly natural materials
▪ Concrete can be considered as two phase material: paste phase material and
aggregate phase

Classification
▪ Normal Weight Aggregate
▪ Light weight aggregates
▪ Heavy weight aggregates
▪ Normal Weight aggregates are further classified

▪ Natural: San, Gravel, Rock such as granite. Quantize, Basalt and Sand-Stone
▪ Artificial : Broken Bricks, Air-cooled Slag, Sintered fly ash, Bloated clay

Sources
▪ Almost all the aggregates materials are originated from bed rocks namely
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
▪ Aggregates from Igneous Rocks

▪ Most igneous rocks make highly satisfactory concrete aggregates because they are
normally hard, tough and dense
▪ have massive structure, entirely crystalline or wholly glassy or in combination in
between, depending upon the rate at which they were cooled during formation
▪ as a class are the most chemically active concrete aggregate and show a tendency to
react with the Alkalies in cement

Sources
▪ Aggregates from Sedimentary Rocks
▪ The deposition, cementation and consolidation takes place layer by layer beneath the
ocean bed leads to formation of Sedimentary Rocks
▪ The sedimentary rocks with the stratified structure are quarried and concrete aggregates
are derived from it.
▪ The quality of aggregates derived from sedimentary rocks will vary in quality depending
upon the cementing material and the pressure under which these rocks are originally
compacted
▪ Some siliceous sand stones have proved to be good concrete aggregate.
▪ Similarly, the limestone also can yield good concrete aggregate
▪ Sedimentary rocks vary from soft to hard, porous to dense and light to heavy

Sources
▪ Aggregates from Metamorphic Rocks
▪ Both igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks may be subjected to high temperature and
pressure which causes metamorphism which changes the structure and texture of rocks.
▪ Metamorphic rocks show foliated structure. The thickness of this foliation may vary from a few
centimeters to many meters.
▪ If the thickness of this foliation is less, then individual aggregate may exhibit foliation which is
not a desirable characteristic in aggregate
▪ It may be mentioned that many properties of aggregates namely, chemical and

mineral composition, petro-graphic description, specific gravity, hardness, strength,
physical and chemical stability, pore structure etc. depend mostly on the quality of
parent rock

Size
▪ The largest maximum size of aggregate practicable to handle under a given set of
conditions should be used.
▪ Maximum size used for concreting is 80 mm
▪ Using the largest possible maximum size will result in
▪ (i) reduction of the cement content
▪ (ii) reduction in water requirement
▪ (iii) reduction of drying shrinkage
▪ the maximum size of aggregate that can be used in any given condition may be
limited by the following conditions:
▪ (i ) Thickness of section; (ii ) Spacing of reinforcement;
▪ (iii ) Clear cover; (iv ) Mixing, handling and placing techniques.
Shape
▪ Rounded: Fully water worn or completely shaped by attrition
▪ Irregular: Naturally irregular or partly shaped by attrition, having rounded edges
▪ Angular: Possessing well-defined edges
▪ Flaky: Material, usually angular,
▪ of which the thickness is
▪ small relative to the width
▪ and/or length
Rounded Flaky Crushed

Angularity Number
▪ This is based on the percentage voids in the aggregate after compaction in a
specified manner. The test gives a value termed the angularity number.
▪ The method of determination is described in IS: 2386 (Part I) 1963.
▪ A quantity of single sized aggregate is filled into metal cylinder of three litre capacity.
▪ The aggregates are compacted in a standard manner and the percentage of void is
found out.
▪ The void can be found out by knowing the specific gravity of aggregate and bulk density
or by pouring water to the cylinder to bring the level of water upto the brim.
▪ If the void is 33% the angularity of such aggregate is considered zero.
▪ If the void is 44% the angularity number of such aggregate is considered 11.

Angularity Index
▪ Murdock suggested a different method for expressing the shape of aggregate by
a parameter called Angularity Index fA
3𝑓𝐻
𝑓𝐴 = + 1.0
20
▪ 𝑓𝐻 : Angularity Number

Texture
▪ Surface texture is the property, the measure of which depends upon the relative
degree to which particle surfaces are polished or dull, smooth or rough.
▪ Surface texture depends on hardness, grain size, pore structure, structure of the
rock, and the degree to which forces acting on the particle surface have
smoothed or roughend it.

Aggregate Crushing Value
▪ Aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate sample to crushing under gradually applied compressive load.
▪ Generally, this test is made on single sized aggregate passing 12.5 mm and
retained on 10 mm sieve
▪ The aggregate is placed in a cylindrical Mould and a load of 40 ton is applied
through a plunger
▪ The material crushed to finer than 2.36 mm is separated and expressed as a
percentage of the original weight taken in the Mould
▪ This percentage is referred as aggregate crushing value.
▪ The crushing value of aggregate is restricted to 30% for concrete used for roads
and pavements and 45% may be permitted for other structures.

Aggregate Impact Value
▪ With respect to concrete aggregates, toughness is usually
considered the resistance of the material to failure by impact
▪ a sample of standard aggregate kept in a Mould is subjected to
fifteen blows of a metal hammer of weight 14 Kgs. falling from
a height of 38 cms.
▪ The quantity of finer material (passing through 2.36 mm)
resulting from pounding will indicate the toughness of the
sample of aggregate.
▪ IS 283-1970 specifies that aggregate impact value shall not
exceed 45% by weight for aggregate used for concrete other
than wearing surface and 30% by weight, for concrete for
wearing surfaces, such as run ways, roads and pavements.

Aggregate Abrasion Value
▪ testing the aggregate with respect to its resistance to wear is an
important test for aggregate to be used for road constructions,
warehouse floors and pavement construction.
▪ Three tests are in common use to test aggregate for its
abrasion resistance.
▪ (i) Deval attrition test (IS 2386 (Part IV) – 1963)
▪ (ii) Dorry abrasion test (No IS Code)
▪ (iii) Los Angels test.
Los Angels test.

Bulk Density
▪ The bulk density or unit weight of an aggregate gives valuable information
regarding the shape and grading of the aggregate
▪ The bulk density of aggregate is measured by filling a container of known volume
in a standard manner and weighing it.
▪ Bulk density shows how densely the aggregate is packed when filled in a
standard manner.
▪ The bulk density depends on the particle size distribution and shape of the
particles
▪ Knowing the specific gravity of the aggregate in saturated and surface-dry
condition, the void ratio can also be calculated
𝐺𝑠 − 𝛾
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑 % =
𝐺𝑠
Specific Gravity
▪ With the specific gravity of each constituent known, its weight can be converted
into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit volume can be
calculated.
▪ Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the compacting factor
in connection with the workability measurements.
▪ Average specific gravity of the rocks vary from 2.6 to 2.8.

Absorption and Moisture Content
▪ Porosity and absorption of aggregate will affect the water/cement ratio and hence
the workability of concrete.
▪ The porosity of aggregate will also affect the durability of concrete when the
concrete is subjected to freezing and thawing and also when the concrete is
subjected to chemically aggressive liquids
▪ Testing:
▪ The water absorption of aggregate is determined by measuring the increase in weight of
an oven dry sample when immersed in water for 24 hours.
▪ The ratio of the increase in weight to the weight of the dry sample expressed as
percentage is known as absorption of aggregate.

Moisture Content

Fineness Modulus of Coarse and Fine Aggregates
▪ Objective: Fineness Modulus is a method of standardization of the grading of aggregate. It is only a
numerical index of fineness.
▪ Material Used: Aggregates and IS Sieves

▪ Procedure:
1. All the ten sieves are placed one over the other and material is placed in the top one.
2. The sieves are shaken in a sieve shaker.
3. The material retained on each sieve is weighed and the fineness modulus is calculated.
4. It is obtained by adding the percentage by weight of materials retained on each of the ten I.S. Sieves
and dividing it by 100
The fineness modules calculation table is given below:
Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate
I.S. 10 mm 20 mm
Wt. Retained Total wt. Cumulative Wt. Total wt. Cumulative Wt. Retained Total wt. Cumulative
Sieve Retained percentage Retained Retained percentage Retained percentage
75mm
40mm
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 µm
300 µm
150 µm
Total:
Fineness
▪ Objective: Fineness Modulus is a method of standardization of the grading of aggregate. It is only a
numerical index of fineness.
▪ Material Used: Aggregates and IS Sieves

▪ Procedure:
1. All the ten sieves are placed one over the other and material is placed in the top one.
2. The sieves are shaken in a sieve shaker.
3. The material retained on each sieve is weighed and the fineness modulus is calculated.
4. It is obtained by adding the percentage by weight of materials retained on each of the ten I.S. Sieves
and dividing it by 100
Slump Test of Concrete
▪ Workability: Workability is the property determining the effort required to manipulate a
freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity - ASTM C 125-93
Compaction and workability are very close to each other. Workability can also be defined as the amount of
useful internal work necessary to produce full compaction.
▪ Objective: To determine the workability of fresh concrete
▪ Apparatus Used:
1. A mould in the form of frustum a cone having the following internal dimensions)
▪ Dimensions mm
▪ Bottom Diameter 200
▪ Top Diameter 100
▪ Height 300
2. Tamping Rod : Steel tamping rod of 16 mm in diameter, 0.6 m long and rounded at one end.
▪ Procedure:
1. Prepare homogeneous concrete mix of proportion 1: 1.5: 3 by weight and w/c as 0.50.
2. The mould shall be filled in four layers, each approximately one quarter of the height of the
mould.
3. Each layer shall be tamped with twenty-five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.
4. The mould shall be removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.
5. the slump shall be measured immediately by determining the difference, between the height
of the mould and that of the highest point of the specimen.
Figure Source: Fouad M. Khalaf, Using Crushed Clay Brick as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 18(4), 2006
▪ What is Superplasticizer: Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable the
production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers
allow reduction in water content by 30% or more
Effect of Superplasticizer on slump of concrete:

The use of superplasticizer as admixture in concrete causes reduction in water-cement ratio for same
workability or increase in workability for same water cement ratio. Add 0.3 % superplasticizer by weight of
cement in the above mix and measure the slump.
Slump without superplasticizer =
Slump with superplasticizer =
Compaction Factor Test of Concrete
▪ Objective: To determine the workability of fresh concrete in terms of compaction
▪ Apparatus Used:
1. Compaction factor test apparatus
2. Mould
3. Tamping rod
4. Two trowels
5. Balance
6. Vibrator
Experiment#6: Compaction Factor Test of Concrete
▪ Procedure:
1. Grease the inner faces of the hoppers and the cylinder.
2. Determine the weight of the cylinder without top plate to the nearest 10 gm and mount it on the base of the frame.
3. Take sample of freshly mixed (1:1.5:3 Mix by weight and 0.50 W-C ratio) concrete and fill the upper hopper
gently to the brim. Do not press the mix.
4. Open the top hopper door two minutes after the completion of mixing allowing the sample to fall in to the lower
hopper.
5. After the concrete has come to rest, quickly remove the top plate of the cylinder and open the trap door of the
lower hopper allowing the sample to fall into the cylinder. If the concrete mixture does not easily fall from the
hoppers, push the mixture through by a rod gently from the top.
6. Clean the side of the cylinder and weigh to the nearest 10 gm. This weight shall be known as the weight of
partially compacted concrete.
7. The cylinder shall be refilled with concrete from the same sample in layers approximately 5 cm deep, the layers
being heavily rammed or preferably vibrated so as to obtain full compaction. Clean the side of the cylinder and
weigh it to the nearest 10 gm.
Compaction Factor Test of Concrete
▪ Calculations:
Weight of partially compacted concrete
▪ Compaction factor =
Weight of fully compacted concrete
▪
▪ C.F. = ………………………….
Also add 0.3 % superplasicizer by weight of cement in the above mix and measure
compaction factor.
▪ C.F. without super plasticizer =

Experiment#7: Compression Test of Concrete
▪ Objective: to determine the compressive strength of concrete
▪ Apparatus Used:
1. Six cube moulds 150 mm in size,
2. 6 cylinder moulds of 150x300mm size,
3. Mixer, vibrator, weighing machine
4. Compression testing machine
Compression Test of Concrete
▪ Procedure:
1. For preparing the concrete of given proportion ( 1 : 1.5: 3) by weight and 0.50 w/c ratio, calculate the required amount of coarse aggregate,
fine aggregate, cement and water. ( 20 mm and 10 mm aggregate should be mixed in the ratio of 0.6 : 0.4 of total coarse aggregate).
2. Weigh the required quantities of the coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water and mix them thoroughly in the mechanical mixer
until uniform colour of concrete is obtained. Oil the cube and cylinder moulds. Fill concrete in cube moulds in two layers of 75mm and ram
it thoroughly. Fill cylinder moulds in four layers 75mm each and ram each layer. Flush off concrete with a trowel.
3. The specimens are removed from the moulds after 24 hrs. and cured in water for 7 and 28 days. Compression tests of cube and cylindrical
specimens are made after removal from curing tank in saturated surface dry condition. The size and weight of each specimen be recorded.
The specimens are tested after 7 and 28 days in the compression testing machine. The load should be increased uniformly and without
shock. The rate of loading should be adjusted through rate control valve by hand to 140 Kg/cm2/min. or 32 tons/min. for cube and 25
tons/min for cylinder. The type of failure and appearance of concrete are noted.
Experiment#7: Compression Test of Concrete
Weight of Specimen
Curing period Specimen Specimen Specimen Average Remar
No.1 No.2 No.3 Weight ks
(Kg.)
7 days(cube)
28 days(cube)
7 days(cylinder)
Result of cube and cylinder Strength 28 days(cylinder)

Curing Load in kN Average Average
period Specim Specime Specime load in Stress in Remarks
en No.1 n No.2 n No.3 kN N/mm2
7 days
(cube)
28 days
(cube)
7 days
(cylinde
r)
28 days
(cylinde
r)
Summary of the Lecture
▪ Types of Aggreagte
▪ their properties
▪ Their testing
▪ Detemination of flaliness
▪ Determination of Mechanical Properties
▪ Fresh Concrete
▪ Workability
▪ Measurement of Workability
▪ Slump test
▪ Compaction factor test

Effect of w/c ratio on Strength of Concrete
▪ Objective: to study the impact of water content on the strength of concrete
▪ Apparatus Used: Nine cube moulds of 150 mm size, weighing balance, slump cone, bucket and
vibrator.
▪ Procedure:
1. Mix the cement fine and coarse aggregate in 1:1.5:3 ratio by weight.
2. Take three specimen and add 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 W-C ratio.
3. Carry out the slump test with each sample and cast 3 cubes taking fresh sample with the above mix
proportion.
4. Test the cubes after 28 days and plot the relationship between W-C ratio (X-axis) and the compressive
strength (Y-axis). ( 20 mm and 10 mm aggregate should be mixed in the ratio of 0.6 : 0.4 of total
coarse aggregate).
Effect of w/c ratio on Strength of Concrete
OBSERVATION:
Sl. No. W-C Load in kN Average Compressi
ratio Slum Sample Sample Sample (kN) ve strength
p No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 in N/mm2
1. 0.45
2. 0.50
3. 0.55
Lecture#5
Assistant Professor
IIT BHU Varanasi
Syllabus
workability.
Codal provisions.

workability.
Codal provisions.

workability.
Codal provisions.

Compression Test of Concrete
▪ Objective: to determine the compressive strength of concrete
▪ Apparatus Used:
1. Six cube moulds 150 mm in size,
2. 6 cylinder moulds of 150x300mm size,
3. Mixer, vibrator, weighing machine
4. Compression testing machine
Compaction of concrete
▪ process adopted to expel the entrapped air from
concrete
▪ The lower the workability, higher is the amount of
air entrapped.
▪ In other words, stiff concrete mix has high
percentage of entrapped air and,
▪ therefore , would need higher compacting efforts
than high workable mixes.

Method of Compacting
▪ Hand Compaction
▪ Rodding, Ramming, Tamping
▪ Compaction by Vibration
▪ Internal vibrator
▪ Formwork vibrator
▪ Table vibrator
▪ Plateform vibrator
▪ Surface vobrator
▪ vibratory Roller
▪ Compaction by Pressure and Jolting

▪ Compation by Spinning
General Points on Using Vibrators
▪ Vibrators may be powered by any of the following units:
▪ (a ) Electric motors either driving the vibrator through flexible shaft or situated in the
head of the vibrator.
▪ (b) Internal combustion engine driving the vibrator needle through flexible shaft, and
▪ (c ) Compressed-air motor situated near the head of the vibrator
▪ Vibrators conforming to the requirements of IS 2505-1963 (i.e., Specification for

concrete vibrators, immersion type) shall be used.
▪ The size and characteristics of the vibrator suitable for a particular job vary with
the concrete mix design, quality and workability of concrete, placing conditions,
size and shape of the member and shall be selected depending upon various
requirements.

Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect
Curing of Concrete
▪ Curing can also be described as keeping the concrete moist and warm enough so
that the hydration of cement can continue.
▪ More elaborately, it can be described as the process of maintaining a satisfactory
moisture content and a favourable temperature in concrete during the period
immediately following placement, so that hydration of cement may continue until
the desired properties are developed to a sufficient degree to meet the
requirement of service.

Curing Method
▪ Water Curing
▪ Membrane Curing
▪ Application of Heat
▪ Miscellaneous

Water Curing
▪ Immersion
▪ Ponding
▪ Spraying or Fogging
▪ Wet covering

Membrane Curing
▪ Membrane curing is a good method of maintaining a satisfactory
state of wetness in the body of concrete to promote continuous
hydration when original water/cement ratio used is not less than
0.5.
▪ To achieve best results, membrane is applied after one or two
days’ of actual wet curing.
▪ Since no replenishing of water is done after the membrane has
been applied it should be ensured that the membrane is of good
quality and it is applied effectively.
▪ Two or three coats may be required for effective sealing of the
surface to prevent the evaporation of water.

Application of heat
▪ The development of strength of concrete is a function of not only time but also
that of temperature.
▪ When concrete is subjected to higher temperature it accelerates the hydration
process resulting in faster development of strength.
▪ Concrete cannot be subjected to dry heat to accelerate the hydration process as
the presence of moisture is also an essential requisite.
▪ Therefore, subjecting the concrete to higher temperature and maintaining the
required wetness can be achieved by subjecting the concrete to steam curing.

Application of heat
▪ The exposure of concrete to higher temperature is done in the following manner:
▪ (a) Steam curing at ordinary pressure.
▪ (b) Steam curing at high pressure.
▪ (c) Curing by Infra-red radiation.
▪ (d) Electrical curing.
Beam under steam curing.

A steam-curving cycle

When to Start Curing and how Long to Cure
▪ In an arid region, concrete placed as a road slab or roof slab gets dried up in a
very short time, say within 2 hours
▪ Question is how early water can be applied over concrete surface so that uninterrupted
and continued hydration takes place, without causing interference with the water/cement
ratio
▪ Duration:
▪ For general guidance, concrete must be cured till it attains about 70% of specified
strength. At lower temperature curing period must be increase.
▪ Pozzolanic cement or concrete admixed with pozzolanic material is required to be cured
for longer duration.
▪ Mass concrete, heavy footings, large piers, abutments, should be cured for at least 2
weeks.

Maturity Concept of Concrete
▪ Since the strength development of concrete depends on both time and temperature it can be said that
strength is a function of summation of product of time and temperature.
▪ This summation is called maturity of concrete.
Maturity = Σ (time x temperature)
▪ It was experimentally found that the hydration of concrete continues to take place upto about –11°C.
▪ Maturity is measured in degree centigrade hours (°C hrs) or degree centigrade days (°C days).
▪ Asample of concrete cured at 18°C for 28 days is taken as fully matured concrete. Its maturity would
be equal to
28 x 24 x [18 – (–11)] = 19488°C h.
▪ However, in standard calculations the maturity of fully cured concrete is taken as 19,800°Ch..

Maturity Concept of Concrete
▪ We can calculate the percentage strength of identical concrete at any other
maturity by using the following equation given by Plowman
▪ Strength at any maturity as a percentage of strength at maturity of 19,800°Ch
(𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1000
▪ The values of coefficients, A and B depend on the strength level of concrete

Numerical Problem
▪ Laboratory experiments conducted at (Pune) on a particular mix showed a
strength of 45 MPa for fully matured concrete. Find whether formwork can be
removed for an identical concrete placed at Srinagar at the age 15 days when the
average temperature is 5°C if the concrete is likely to be subjected to a stripping
stress of 35.0 MPa.

Strength of Concrete
Influencing factors
▪ Ratio of cement to mixing water (w/c ratio)
▪ Ratio of cement to aggregate
▪ Grading, surface texture, shape, strength and stiffness of aggregate particle
▪ Maximum size of aggreagtes
▪

Water/Cement Ratio
▪ In 1918, Abram presented his classic law in the form
𝐴
𝑆=
𝐵𝑥
▪ where, 𝑥 is w/c ratio and A & B are constant. A=14,000lbs/sq in, and B=7
▪ Feret, 1897, a general rule defining the strength of concrete paste and concrete
in terms of volume fractions of the constituents by the equation
𝑐 2
𝑆=𝐾
𝑐+𝑒+𝑎
▪ 𝑆 is strength, 𝐾 is constant. 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑎 is amount of cement, water and air respectively.
w/c ratio

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Lecture#1

CE-557:Advance Concrete Technology

▪ Unit#2: (6 Lectures): strength, elasticity and fracture of hardened concrete.

▪ Unit#3: (4 Lectures): Time dependent properties of concrete, durability of concrete.

▪ Unit#5: (4 Lectures) Special concretes and Concrete Mix Design

CE-564: Plastic Design of Structures 2

▪ 2.Concrete Technology by S.S. Bhavikatti

▪ 3.Concrete Technology by J.J. Brooks A. M. Neville

▪ 4.IS 456 -2009 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE – CODE OF PRACTICE .

▪ 5.IS 10262: 2009 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING -GUIDELINES.

CE-564: Plastic Design of Structures 3

IS 3466:1988 Specification for masonry cement

CE-564: Plastic Design of Structures 4

CE-564: Plastic Design of Structures 6

Parameter for extended Drucker-Prager model

4 𝜀̱𝑖𝑖0 𝜀̱𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑒

Axial Stress [MPa]

Axial Stress [MPa]

200 x -10 Simulation S1S3

Result of eigenvalue analysis

1st mode 2nd mode 3 rd mode

Analysis model of RC bridge pier

Full-scale circular RC bridge pier

Crack growth in concrete at t=1sec

• Substituting the approximations into the Lagrangian and applying Hamilton’s

• Set of experiments are numerically reproduced to test the

• Temperature of Voronoi elements within 5mm red strip is

• LASER speed is set to 12mm/min.

• 2 cases are considered for simulation:

Cracks on top Experimental observation

t=0.25 sec t=38 sec

t=75 sec t=148 sec

Cracks evolution at different x-sections

Horizontal crack connecting

Simulation result Experimental observation

• Naked eye comparison suggests reasonable agreement between major

▪ Unit#2: (6 Lectures): strength, elasticity and fracture of hardened concrete.

▪ Unit#3: (4 Lectures): Time dependent properties of concrete, durability of concrete.

▪ Unit#5: (4 Lectures) Special concretes and Concrete Mix Design

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 2

▪ Unit#2: (6 Lectures): strength, elasticity and fracture of hardened concrete.

▪ Unit#3: (4 Lectures): Time dependent properties of concrete, durability of concrete.

▪ Unit#5: (4 Lectures) Special concretes and Concrete Mix Design

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 3

▪ Concrete: A blend of water, cement,

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 4

Water Cement Sand Aggregate Admixture

Igneous Sedimentory metamorphic

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 6

▪ Process of manufacturing cement includes

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 7

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 8

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technolgy 9

CE-577: Advance Concrete Technology 10

CE-577: Advance Concrete Technology 11

CE-577: Advance Concrete Technology 12

CE-577: Advance Concrete Technology 13

CE-557: Advance Concrete Technology 14