Position Fixing: The Most Important

Element of Passage Planning

Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on May 6, 2017

Heavy traffic, extra Look out posted, hours of darkness. Suddenly the
GPS is gone !!! Ever experienced this ?

Believe me when it happens, you start doubting each and every

equipment. Even the ones which may be working fine at that moment.

Is the gyro giving correct heading ?  Is the echo sounder showing
correct depth ? You will doubt everything !!! That’s not good.

You will loose the sense of direction. And you would have tiny amount
of time to regain the sense and act in a way that is right.
The entire navigation depends upon knowing the position of the
ship. This is one of the most important task of a navigator.

But when I say position, I do not only mean GPS position. There are
many other ways of plotting the ship’s position. And as with the
situation of GPS failing, we must be ready to switch to other methods
of position fixing.
Before we proceed with discussing these methods, I must discuss a
term which is so much a part of passage planning. The term is
“position Fixing Interval”.

Position Fixing Interval

“Position fixing interval” is the maximum interval between two position

fixes. So if in a particular section of the passage, we have agreed to
the PFI of 01 hour, we must plot the ship’s position at least every hour.
But how do we decide the position fixing interval ?

For that just think why do we need to plot the position ? We plot
position to be sure that we are on our track and not drifting towards a
danger.

With that logic in mind, let us take an example.

I plot a position at 0800 Hrs. The agreed position fixing interval is 30

minutes. Now just after 0800 Hrs, the vessel starts to draft directly
towards a danger.
 I will only come to know about that at 0830 Hrs when I plot the next
position of the ship. If at 0830 Hrs, vessel is at the danger then the PFI
was set too high.Because before we could know that we are running
into danger, we already were at the danger.

So even if vessel deviates from its course, the interval between two
consecutive position fixes should be such that allows time to take the
course corrective action.

Method of position Fixes

There are many methods by which we can get a fix of the ship’s

position. Some of which are
 Celestial fix by using sextant

 Visual fix

 Radar Fix

 GPS
 Echo sounder

 Parallel Indexing

Primary method of position fixing

One of the element of passage planning is to identify the primary and
secondary method of position fixing at each leg of the passage.

There should always be at least two method of position fixing.

Now at open sea, the primary method is GPS and secondary method
would be “celestial fix”.

If there is a radar
conspicuous object, the primary method of position fixing becomes the
“radar fix”. Secondary in this case would be GPS.
Now if that object is also visible, primary method becomes the “Visual
fix”. In this case secondary method will be “Radar fix”.

The idea is that Visual fix gets the highest priority followed by radar
fix. And radar fix gets the priority over GPS.

On tankers the vetting inspectors expects that if available visual and/or

radar fixes must be plotted at least for the PFI.
 For example let us say that the set PFI is 10 Minutes and the
agreed position fixing method is Radar and Visual fix. Let us say we
plot position at

 0900 Hrs: Radar or Visual Fix

 0910: Position by GPS

 0920: Radar or Visual Fix

This is considered to be wrong and would draw a vetting observation

as the radar/visual position is plotted after 20 minutes where as PFI is
10 Minutes.

Celestial Fix using sextant

This method is not so popular during coastal navigation because of few

reasons.

One because this method requires some time to know the position
because of calculations involved.

Second because there are chances of user induced error (like error in
taking the sight). That may not be so nice when ship is navigating in
the proximity of dangers during coastal navigation.

But there is a gross misconception about this method among many

seafarers. Misconception is that position by celestial observations are
not accurate.

Instead, if we can have our hands set perfectly to take accurate

sextant altitude, the position obtained by this method are quite
accurate.

There are few disadvantages with this method.

Even though this method do not rely on electronic equipments and
satellites but it need nature in our favour.

We need clear sky and clear horizon so that we can measure the
altitude of the celestial body.

Even when the sky is clear, it is difficult to measure the sextant

altitude when ship is rolling.

“How to use sextant to get the ship’s position” is too big a topic to fit in
this post and I will write on that in detail on some other day.

Position by GPS fixes

Do I need to say anything about GPS fixes ? Even the supernumaries

on board know how to plot GPS position.

This is most over relied method of position fixing. Over relied for a
good reason. It is Crisp accurate (most of the time) and quick fix.

On Modern ECDIS, navigators do not need to do anything in plotting

the GPS positions. These are plotted automatically at the set interval.

Some ECDIS can even record the ship’s position when it senses change
in any parameters like change in course.

For the passage planning we must ensure that PFI is set in the ECDIS,
so that GPS positions are marked and recorded automatically in the
ECDIS.

To set the PFI in furuno ECDIS, go to DISP -> SET -> and then choose
Symbol DISP.
Now go to Tracking. The Position fixing interval can be set under
Labels. Once set, the GPS position will be recorded at the mentioned
interval.

GPS fixes are accurate, no doubt about that. The only issue with GPS
fixes is the Complacency and over-reliance. Over-reliance to the extent
that we may find ourself unconfortable if the GPS fails.
 Radar Fixes

Position by radar gives quite accurate results and must be used

whenever we have radar conspicuous objects.

The advantage with radar fixes is that it just needs one object to get
the ship’s position. We can get the range and bearing of this object
and plot the same on the chart.

For example let us say we get the bearing of this light as 050 degrees
and range as 4.4 NM.

We will draw a line of 050 degrees to this light. We will then measure
4.4 NM on the compass and cut the bearing line with this distance.

In the same way, if you have two objects, you can plot the radar fix by
number of combinations of position lines like

 bearings of these two objects

 bearing of one object and range of other object

 range of both objects

As more and more ships are moving to the paperless navigation, we

must know how to fix the ship’s position by radar on ECDIS.

So let us fix the ship’s position on Furuno ECDIS.

Let us say for this island, we get a bearing of 010 Degrees and
distance 2.5NM from the radar.

On Furuno ECDIS go to Record -> This will open a position event

window. Choose LOP and then choose True-bearing + Distance option.

Now click on the point of the island for which the bearing and distance
were taken from the radar.
Now enter the bearing and distance in the position event window and
then click “Add”.

This will give you your position.

Now if you wish to record this position in the memory of ECDIS, click
“Record” in the position event window. The position will be plotted on
ECDIS and recorded in the memory.
 

If we have two bearings (or two range) of two objects, the process of
plotting radar fix on ECDIS is same as above. Just instead of “bearing
+ Distance”, choose “bearing” (or distance) option.

Visual Fixes

Visual fixes are least practiced position fixing method inspite of being
accurate. All it requires is a visual target and compass for taking its
bearing.

Position by Visual bearing of two objects

If we have two objects that are visible from the ship, the bearing of
these two can get us the ship’s position.
For a better accuracy of position by two bearings, the two bearings
should neither be too narrow nor too wide. Separation angle close to
45 degrees being the ideal one.

To plot the position by visual bearings of two objects, take the

bearings of both the objects simultaneously.

Now draw the bearing of these objects on the charts. The point where
these two bearings (position lines) intersect will be the ship’s position.

How to do this on ECDIS ?

The process is same what we did for plotting radar fix on ECDIS.

Position by Running Fix

Even when there is only one object visible for visual bearing, we can
still get the position. The method is called “running fix”.
In this method, we take the first bearing of this object before when it
is forward of our beam. Let us say we see a light Fl 5s 20m 16M. At
2000 Hrs we take its bearing and it comes out to be 020 degrees.

Plot it on the chart. This is the first position line at 2000 Hrs.

Take the second bearing of same object when it is abaft the beam. Say
this time we take the bearing at 2020 and the bearing is 300 Degrees.

Plot it on chart. This is the position line at 2020 Hrs.

Now we have two position lines but both are at different times. We
need to bring either of these position lines to the same time as the
other one.

How do we do that ?

We know our course made good and speed, plot the this on the chart.
Now on this course line cut the distance covered in 20 minutes which is
the interval between two position lines. Let us name this point as point
A.

Now transfer your first position line to the point A. The point where it
cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position at 2020 Hrs. This is
because now both the position lines are at same time.
To get the position at 2000 Hrs, draw your course made good from the
2020 Hrs position. The point where it cuts the first position line will be
the ship’s position at 2000 Hrs.
 

How to get running fix plotted on ECDIS ? Let us plot this on furuno
ECDIS.

We take the first bearing of the fixed object and we plot first position
line on ECDIS. To do that from the left menu options go to Record ->
Event log -> Posn event.
This will show a pop up called position event.
Mark the first position line of the fixed object that you have taken the
visual bearing from and click “add” to add the position line.
Now when you have the 2nd bearing of the same object, mark the 2nd
bearing on the ECDIS in the same way. Make sure the option “transfer
off” is slected while marking both the bearing.
 

So we have the two position lines but both are at different times. We
need to transfer the 1st position to the present time to get a fix by
“running fix” method.

To do that, choose the position line number 1 from the position event
pop up (under LOP observations).

Then change the option to “Transfer to latest”.

Once we choose “transfer to latest” option for position line # 1, this
position line will be transferred to the latest time. You will also see TPL
marked on this position line which denotes “transferred position line”.

The position where it cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position.
 

The position where it cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position.
To record this position in the history data of ECDIS, just click on
“record” option in the “position event” pop up. This will mark the ship’s
position on the ECDIS and save it in the history data.
Position by Echo Sounder

I am sure not many discuss this as the position fixing method. Rightly

so. We have so many resources and we do not need to rely on echo
sounder for position fixing.

But as I said, when the GPS fails we start doubting everything and
each equipment. More methods of reassuring us about position can be
handy.

Echo sounder cannot be used as a position fixing tool but it can be

used to confirm the known position of the ship.

Have a look at this photo. This could be one of the place where we can
ascertain our position by echo sounder.
If we see depth of around 40 meters on echo sounder and at the same
time we take bearing of the edge of the island that is visible to us. We
draw position line from this island.

As there is only one point on this position line where the depth is
expected to be around 40 meters, this will be our estimated position.
As I said this is not the position fixing method. But we can use this as
a confirmation tool for the position we get from other methods.

Parallel Indexing
We earlier discussed that the interval between two position fixes
should be such that between any two fixes, the vessel must be safe.

But this would mean that during arrival into a port, we need to plot our
position every 60 seconds.

Many, including some third party inspectors may insist on this but this
is crazy. Imagine plotting the radar fixes every two minutes.

Sometimes even the chart would not be of such large scale that can
distinguish the two positions plotted at two minutes interval.

I feel PFI of less than 5 minutes is not practical. So how do we ensure

ship does not run into danger if PFI need to be less than 5 minutes and
we plot the position every 5 minutes ?

The answer is by “parallel indexing”.

We identify a fixed object and draw a line parallel to our course. We

then monitor the echo of this object on the radar.
If the echo stays on the line drawn parallel to the course, we are on
our course. If the echo deviates from the line, we are off track and we
must alter the course to bring the vessel on track.

This is a method which ensures continuous monitoring of the ship’s

position.

In the situations where PFI comes out to be less than 5 minutes, we

can set the PFI as 5 minutes and then monitor the ship’s position by
parallel indexing and plotting the position every 5 minutes.

Parallel indexing is a fantastic tool for monitoring the ship’s position.

For this reason, it must be used wherever a radar conspicuous object
or landmark is available.
 Conclusion

There is one basic requirement that a navigating officer on watch need

to fulfil. At all times he must know

 Where we are, and

 Where they (other targets) are

Sadly most of the groundings happens because we either do not know

one of these or both. If we know all the methods of plotting and then
confirming our position, we will never miss out where we are.

With now more and more ships going paperless, we must also
transform ourself to be able to use these methods on ECDIS.